Conclusion—a proposition proved by argument.
Connotative terms—denote a subject, and imply an attribute.—-. J.S. Mill.
Consciousness—sensation of existences.
Definition—the separation of a thing, as by a boundary, from everything else.
Discovery—finding out something already existing.
Effect—the immediate, invariable consequent, or the change produced by power.
ENTHYMEME-An argument with one premiss suppressed being understood.
Experience—events which have taken place within a person's own knowledge.—Whately.
Fallacy—an apparent argument.
General Terms—express the notion of partial similarity.
Generalisation—tracing certain points of resemblance.—naming one respect in which many things agree.
Induction—universalisation of truth by inference from uniform facts.
Intuition—imaginary looking.—Whewell,
Logic—a scientific use of facts.
Logical Truth—that which admits of proof.—Chambers.
Mind—the unknown percipient of sensation.—J. S. Mill.
Necessary Truths—are those in which we not only learn that the proposition is true, but see that it must be true; in which the negative of the truth is not only false, but impossible; in which we cannot, even by an effort of the imagination, or in a supposition, conceive the reverse of that which is asserted.—Dr. Whewell: Phil. Inductive Sciences, pp. 54-5, vol. 1.*
* As 'necessary truths' are much talked of I have introduced here, from Whewell, the completest definition with which I am acquainted. For myself, I coincide on this question with J. S. Mill, as quoted pp. 22-3.
Non-connotative Terms—denote a subject only and an attribute only.—J. S. Mill.
Philosophy—the science of realities in opposition to that of mere appearances—the attempt to comprehend things as they are, rather than as they seem.—Morell.
Point at issue—the real question to be decided.
Power in logic, is the relation of circumstances to each other in time.
Premises the propositions which precede a "conclusion."—the name of the propositions from which a conclusion is deduced.
Principle—an invariable rule.
Proof—sufficient evidence; the balance of probability in favour of a proposition.
Proposition—a sentence which affirms or denies something.—Whately.—An expression in words of a judgment.—J. S. Mill, Reason—the recognition of facts.—the classification of facts.—following in the pathway of facts.—the power of discerning coherences.—a premiss placed after its conclusion.—the minor premiss—in the sense of Reason for asserting something.
Reasoning—argumentation.—process, the same always. Subject—first term of a proposition.
Syllogism—1. A general rule. 2. A fact contained under that rule. 3. A conclusion that the fact is so contained.—an argument stated regularly and at full length.—a valid argument so stated that its conclusiveness is evident from the mere form of the expression.
Technical Terms—the tools of art.—Whately.
Technical Language—regularly formed, defined, and agreed on set of expressions.
Testimony—second-hand experience. Direct evidence is that which is professedly given. Incidental, is corroboration casually introduced on one subject in the course of an evidence delivered on another.
Theory—is a system of rules intended to explain a class of facts. The rules should be precise, and rest on a rigorous induction of facts or probabilities.
Tradition—the relation of a circumstance, not committed to writing by any person who observed it, but communicated orally from one to another for a long period of time.