TITLE LIST OF OPEN COURT PUBLICATIONS ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY AUTHORS
ANESAKI, M.
345. BUDDHIST AND CHRISTIAN GOSPELS, Being Gospel Parallels from Pali Texts. Now first compared from the originals by Albert J. Edmunds. Edited with parallels and notes from the Chinese Buddhist Triptaka by M. Anesaki. $1.50 net.
BAYNE, JULIA TAFT.
323. HADLEY BALLADS. Julia Taft Bayne. 75c net.
BERKELEY, GEORGE.
307. A TREATISE CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. George Berkeley. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
308. THREE DIALOGUES BETWEEN HYLAS AND PHILONOUS. George Berkeley. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
BINET, ALFRED.
201. THE PSYCHIC LIFE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS. Alfred Binet. 75c. (3s. 6d.)
270. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF REASONING. Alfred Binet. Transl. by Adam Gowans Whyte. 75c net. (3s. 6d.)
296. ON DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS. Alfred Binet. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
BLOOMFIELD, MAURICE.
334. CERBERUS, THE DOG OF HADES. The History of an Idea. Prof. M. Bloomfield. Boards, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
BONNEY, HONORABLE CHARLES CARROLL.
304. WORLD'S CONGRESS ADDRESSES, Delivered by the President, the Hon. C. C. Bonney. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
BONNEY, FLORENCE PEORIA.
286. MEDITATIONS (Poems). Florence Peoria Bonney. Cloth, ($1.00 net.)
BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS.
325. THE GODS OF THE EGYPTIANS OR STUDIES IN EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY. E. A. Wallis Budge. With plates and illustrations. 2 vols. Cloth, $20.00 net.
226. THE BOOK OF THE DEAD, a translation of the Chapters, Hymns, etc., of the Theban Recension. E. A. Wallis Budge. Illustrated. 3 vols. $3.75 per set net. Vols. VI, VII, VIII in the series of Books on Egypt and Chaldea.
317. A HISTORY OF EGYPT, From the End of the Neolithic Period to the Death of Cleopatra VII, B. C. 30. E. A. Wallis Budge. Richly illustrated. 8 vols. Cloth; $10.00 net.
I. Egypt in the Neolithic and Archaic Period.
II. Egypt Under the Great Pyramid Builders.
III. Egypt Under the Amenembats and Hyksos.
IV. Egypt and her Asiatic Empire.
V. Egypt Under Rameses the Great.
VI. Egypt Under the Priest Kings and Tanites and Nubians.
VII. Egypt Under the Saites, Persians and Ptolemies.
VIII. Egypt Under the Ptolemies and Cleopatra VII.
CARUS, DR. PAUL.
204. FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS, the Method of Philosophy as a Systematic Arrangement of Knowledge. Paul Carus. Cloth, $1.50. (7s. 6d.)
207. THE SOUL OF MAN, an Investigation of the Facts of Physiological and Experimental Psychology. Paul Carus. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. (6s. net.)
208. PRIMER OF PHILOSOPHY. Paul Carus. Cloth, $1.00. (5s.)
210. MONISM AND MELIORISM, A Philosophical Essay on Causality and Ethics. Paul Carus. Paper, 50c. (2s. 6d.)
213. (a) THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE TOOL. 10c. (6d.) (b) OUR NEED OF PHILOSOPHY. 5c. (3d.) (c) SCIENCE A RELIGIOUS REVELATION. 5c. (3d.) Paul Carus.
290. THE SURD OF METAPHYSICS, An Inquiry into the Question Are there Things-in-themselves? Paul Carus. Cloth, $1.25 net. (5s. 6d. net.)
303. KANT AND SPENCER, A Study of the Fallacies of Agnosticism. Paul Carus. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
312. KANT'S PROLEGOMENA TO ANY FUTURE METAPHYSICS. Edited by Paul Carus. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
215. THE GOSPEL OF BUDDHA, According to Old Records, told by Paul Carus. Cloth, $1.00. (5s.)
254. BUDDHISM AND ITS CHRISTIAN CRITICS. Paul Carus. $1.25. (6s. 6d.)
261. GODWARD, A Record of Religious Progress. Paul Carus. 50c. (2s. 6d.)
278. THE HISTORY OF THE DEVIL AND THE IDEA OF EVIL, From the Earliest Times to the Present day. Paul Carus. Illustrated. $6.00. (30s.)
280. HISTORY OF THE CROSS. Paul Carus. (In preparation.)
321. THE AGE OF CHRIST. A Brief Review of the Conditions under which Christianity originated. Paul Carus. Paper, 15c net. (10d.)
341. THE DHARMA, or the Religion of Enlightenment, An Exposition of Buddhism. Paul Carus. 15c. (9d.)
216. DAS EVANGELIUM BUDDHAS. A German translation of The Gospel of Buddha. Cloth, $1.25. (5 marks.)
255. LAO-TZE'S TAO TEH KING. Chinese English. With Introduction, Transliteration and Notes by Paul Carus. $3.00 (15s.)
275. THE WORLD'S PARLIAMENT OF RELIGIONS AND THE RELIGIOUS PARLIAMENT EXTENSION, a Memorial Published by the Religious Parliament Extension Committee. Popular edition. C. C. Bonney and Paul Carus.
205. HOMILIES OF SCIENCE. Paul Carus. Cloth, gilt top, $1.50. (7s. 6d.)
206. THE IDEA OF GOD. Paul Carus. Paper, 15c. (9d.)
211. THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE. Paul Carus. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d.)
212. KARMA, A STORY OF BUDDHIST ETHICS. Paul Carus. Illustrated by Kwason Suzuki. American edition. 15c. (10d.)
268. THE ETHICAL PROBLEM. Three Lectures on Ethics as a Science. Paul Carus. Cloth, $1.25. (6s. 6d.)
285. WHENCE AND WHITHER. An Inquiry into the Nature of the Soul, Its Origin and Its Destiny. Paul Carus. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
291. NIRVANA, A STORY OF BUDDHIST PSYCHOLOGY. Paul Carus. Illustrated by Kwason Suzuki. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
302. THE DAWN OF A NEW RELIGIOUS ERA, AND OTHER ESSAYS. Paul Carus. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
209. TRUTH IN FICTION, Twelve Tales with a Moral. Paul Carus. Cloth, 1.00 net. (5s.)
217. KARMA, A STORY OF EARLY BUDDHISM. Paul Carus. Illustrated. Crêpe paper, tied in silk. 75c. (3s. 6d.)
2170. KARMA, Eine buddhistische Erzählung. Paul Carus. Illustrated. 35c.
246. THE CROWN OF THORNS, a Story of the Time of Christ. Paul Carus. Illustrated. Cloth 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
247. THE CHIEF'S DAUGHTER, a Legend of Niagara. Paul Carus. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d.)
267. SACRED TUNES FOR THE CONSECRATION OF LIFE. Hymns of the Religion of Science. Paul Carus. 50c.
281. GREEK MYTHOLOGY. Paul Carus. In preparation.
282. EROS AND PSYCHE, A Fairy-Tale of Ancient Greece, Retold after Apuleius, by Paul Carus. Illustrated. $1.50 net. (6s. net.)
295. THE NATURE OF THE STATE. Paul Carus. Cloth 50c net. (2s. 6d. net)
224. GOETHE AND SCHILLER'S XENIONS. Selected and translated by Paul Carus. Paper, 50c. (2s. 6d.)
243. FRIEDRICH SCHILLER, A Sketch of His Life and an Appreciation of His Poetry. Paul Carus. Bds. 75c.
CLEMENT, ERNEST W.
331. THE JAPANESE FLORAL CALENDAR. E. W. Clement. Illustrated. Boards, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL.
277. SOLOMON AND SOLOMONIC LITERATURE. M. D. Conway. Cloth, $1.50 net. (6s.)
COPE, E. D.
219. THE PRIMARY FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. E. D. Cope, Ph. D. 2d ed. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net. (10s.)
CORNILL, CARL HEINRICH.
220. THE PROPHETS OF ISRAEL, Popular Sketches from Old Testament History. C. H. Cornill. Transl. by S. F. Corkran. $1.00 net. (5s.)
259. THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL, From the Earliest Times to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans. C. H. Cornill. Transl. by W. H. Carruth. Cloth, $1.50 (7s. 6d.)
262. GESCHICHTE DES VOLKES ISRAEL. C. H. Cornill. Gebunden $2.00. (8 Mark.)
251. THE RISE OF THE PEOPLE OF ISRAEL. C. H. Cornill, in Epitomes of Three Sciences: Comparative Philology, Psychology and Old Testament History. H. H. Oldenberg, J. Jastrow, C. H. Cornill. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d.)
CUMONT, FRANZ.
319. THE MYSTERIES OF MITHRA. Prof. Franz Cumont. Transl. by T. J. McCormack. Illus. Cloth, $1.50 net. (6s. 6d. net.)
DEDEKIND, RICHARD.
287. ESSAYS ON THE THEORY OF NUMBERS. I. Continuity and Irrational Numbers. II. The Nature and Meaning Of Numbers. R. Dedekind. Transl. by W. W. Beman. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
DELITZSCH, DR. FRIEDRICH.
293. BABEL AND BIBLE, A Lecture on the Significance of Assyriological Research for Religion. Prof. F. Delitzsch. Translated by T. J. McCormack. Illustrated. 50c net.
293a. BABEL AND BIBLE. Two Lectures on the Significance of Assyriological Research for Religion, Embodying the most important Criticisms and the Author's Replies. Prof. F. Delitzsch. Translated by T. J. McCormack and W. H. Carruth. 75c net.
DE MORGAN, AUGUSTUS.
264. ON THE STUDY AND DIFFICULTIES OF MATHEMATICS. Augustus De Morgan. Cloth, $1.25 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
271. ELEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS. Augustus De Morgan. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
DESCARTES, RENÉ.
301. DISCOURSE ON THE METHOD OF RIGHTLY CONDUCTING THE REASON AND SEEKING TRUTH IN THE SCIENCES. René Descartes. Transl. by John Veitch. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
310. THE MEDITATIONS AND SELECTIONS FROM THE PRINCIPLES of René Descartes. Transl. by John Veitch. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
346. THE PRINCIPLES OF DESCARTES' PHILOSOPHY by Benedictus de Spinoza. Introduction by Halbert Hains Britan, Ph. D. Cloth, 75c net, mailed 85c.
DE VRIES, HUGO.
332. SPECIES AND VARIETIES, THEIR ORIGIN BY MUTATION. Prof. Hugo de Vries. Edited by D. T. MacDougal. $5.00 net. (21s. net.)
EDMUNDS, ALBERT J.
218. HYMNS OF THE FAITH (DHAMMAPADA), being an Ancient Anthology Preserved in the Sacred Scriptures of the Buddhists. Transl. by Albert J. Edmunds. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
345. BUDDHIST AND CHRISTIAN GOSPELS, Being Gospel Parallels from Pali Texts. Now first compared from the originals by Albert J. Edmunds. Edited with parallels and notes from the Chinese Buddhist Triptaka by M. Anesaki. $1.50 net.
EVANS, HENRY RIDGELY.
330. THE NAPOLEON MYTH. H. R. Evans. With "The Grand Erratum," by J. B. Pérès, and Introduction by Paul Carus. Illustrated. Boards, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
347. THE OLD AND THE NEW MAGIC. Henry R. Evans. Illustr. Cloth, gilt top. $1.50 net, mailed $1.70.
FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR.
349. ON LIFE AFTER DEATH. Gustav Theodor Fechner. Tr. from the German by Hugo Wernekke. Bds. 75c.
FINK, DR. CARL.
272. A BRIEF HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS. Dr. Karl Fink. Transl. from the German by W. W. Beman and D. E. Smith. Cloth, $1.50 net. (5s. 6d. net.)
FREYTAG, GUSTAV.
248. MARTIN LUTHER. Gustav Freytag. Transl. by H. E. O. Heinemann. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00 net. (5s.)
221. THE LOST MANUSCRIPT. A Novel. Gustav Freytag. Two vols. Cloth, $4.00. (21s.)
221a. THE SAME. One vol. $1.00. (5s.)
GARBE, RICHARD.
223. THE PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT INDIA. Prof. R. Garbe. Cloth, 50c net. (23. 6d. net.)
222. THE REDEMPTION OF THE BRAHMAN. A novel. Richard Garbe. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
GOODWIN, REV. T. A.
225. LOVERS THREE THOUSAND YEARS AGO, as indicated by The Song of Solomon. Rev. T. A. Goodwin. 50c net. (2s. 6d.)
GUNKEL, HERMANN.
227. THE LEGENDS OF GENESIS. Prof. H. Gunkel. Transl. by Prof. W. H. Carruth. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
HAUPT, PAUL.
292. BIBLICAL LOVE-DITTIES, A CRITICAL INTERPRETATION AND TRANSLATION OF THE SONG OF SOLOMON. Prof. Paul Haupt. Paper, 5c. (3d.)
HERING, PROF. EWALD.
298. ON MEMORY AND THE SPECIFIC ENERGIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. E. Hering. Cl. 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
HILBERT, DAVID.
289. THE FOUNDATIONS OF GEOMETRY. Prof. David Hilbert. Transl. by E. J. Townsend. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
HOLYOAKE, GEORGE JACOB.
228. ENGLISH SECULARISM, A Confession of Belief. G. J. Holyoake. Cloth, 50c net.
HUC, M.
244. TRAVELS IN TARTARY, THIBET AND CHINA, During the Years 1844-5-6. M. Huc. Transl. by W. Haslitt. Illustrated. One volume. $1.25 net. (5s. net.)
260. THE SAME. Two volumes. $2.00. (10s. net.)
HUEPPE, DR. FERDINAND.
257. THE PRINCIPLES OF BACTERIOLOGY. Ferdinand Hueppe. Transl. by Dr. E. O. Jordan. $1.75 net. (9s.)
HUME, DAVID.
305. AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. David Hume. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
306. AN ENQUIRY CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALS. David Hume. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
HUTCHINSON, WOODS.
256. THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO DARWIN. Woods Hutchinson. Cloth, $1.50. (6s.)
HYLAN, JOHN P.
309. PUBLIC WORSHIP, A STUDY IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION. J. P. Hylan. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
INGRAHAM, ANDREW.
322. SWAIN SCHOOL LECTURES. Andrew Ingraham. $1.00 net.
KHEIRALLA, GEORGE IBRAHIM.
326. BEHA 'U'LLAH (THE GLORY OF GOD). Ibrahim George Kheiralla, assisted by Howard MacNutt. $3.00.
LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS.
258. LECTURES ON ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS. J. L. Lagrange. Transl. by T. J. McCormack. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
LEIBNIZ, G. W.
311. LEIBNIZ: DISCOURSE ON METAPHYSICS, CORRESPONDENCE WITH ARNAULD and MONADOLOGY. Dr. George R. Montgomery. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
LEVY-BRUHL, LUCIEN.
273. HISTORY OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY IN FRANCE. Lucien Lévy-Bruhl. With portraits. $3.00 net. (12s. net.)
LOYSON, EMILIE HYACINTHE.
338. TO JERUSALEM THROUGH THE LANDS OF ISLAM. Emilie Hyacinthe Loyson. Illustrated. Cloth, $2.50.
MACH, ERNST.
229. THE SCIENCE OF MECHANICS, A Critical and Historical Account of its Development. Prof. Ernst Mach. Transl. by T. J. McCormack. Illustrated. $2.00 net. (9s. 6d. net.)
230. POPULAR SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. Professor Ernst Mach. Transl. by T. J. McCormack. Illust. $1.50 net. (7s. 6d. net.)
250. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE SENSATIONS. Prof. Ernst Mach. Transl. by C. M. Williams. $1.25 net. (6s. 6d.)
MILLS, LAWRENCE H.
318. ZARATHUSHTRIAN GATHAS, in Meter and Rhythm. Prof. Lawrence H. Mills. Cloth, $2.00.
339. ZARATHUSHTRA AND THE GREEKS, a Treatise upon the Antiquities of the Avesta with Special Reference to the Logos-Conception. Prof. Lawrence H. Mills. Cloth, $2.00 net.
MUELLER, F. MAX.
231. THREE INTRODUCTORY LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT. F. Max Müller. With a correspondence on Thought without words between F. Max Müller and Francis Galton, the Duke of Argyll, G. J. Romanes and Others. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
232. THREE LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF LANGUAGE. With a supplement, My Predecessors. F. Max Müller. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
NAEGELI, CARL VON.
300. A MECHANICO-PHYSIOLOGICAL THEORY OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. Carl von Nägeli. Cloth, 50c net. (23. 6d. net)
NOIRÉ, LUDWIG.
297. ON THE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE, and THE LOGOS THEORY. Ludwig Noiré. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
OLDENBERG, PROF. H.
233. ANCIENT INDIA, Its Language and Religions. Prof. H. Oldenberg. Cloth, 50c net. (2s. 6d.)
POWELL, J. W.
263. TRUTH AND ERROR, or the Science of Intellection. J. W. Powell. $1.75. (7s. 6d.)
315. JOHN WESLEY POWELL: A Memorial to an American Explorer and Scholar. Mrs. M. D. Lincoln, G. K. Gilbert, M. Baker and Paul Carus. Edited by G. K. Gilbert. Paper, 50c net.
RADAU, DR. HUGO.
294. THE CREATION STORY OF GENESIS I. A Sumerian Theogony and Cosmogony. H. Radau. Bds., 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
RIBOT, TH.
234. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ATTENTION. Th. Ribot. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
235. THE DISEASES OF PERSONALITY. Th. Ribot. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
236. THE DISEASES OF THE WILL. Th. Ribot. Transl. by Merwin-Marie Snell. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
279. THE EVOLUTION OF GENERAL IDEAS. Th. Ribot. Transl. by Frances A. Welby. Cloth, $1.25. (5s.)
ROMANES, GEORGE JOHN.
237. DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN, An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions. George John Romanes. Three volumes. $4.00 net.
238. Part I. The Darwinian Theory. Cloth, $2.00.
239. Part II. Post-Darwinian Questions: Heredity and Utility. Cloth, $1.50.
252. Part III. Post-Darwinian Questions: Isolation and Physiological Selection. Cloth, $1.00.
240. AN EXAMINATION OF WEISMANNISM. George John Romanes. Cloth, $1.00 net.
214. A CANDID EXAMINATION OF THEISM. Physicus (the late G. J. Romanes). Cloth, $2.00.
242. THOUGHTS ON RELIGION. The late G. J. Romanes. Edited by Charles Gore. Cloth, $1.25 net.
ROW, T. SUNDARA.
284. GEOMETRIC EXERCISES IN PAPER FOLDING. T. Sundara Row. Edited by W. W. Beman, and D. E. Smith. Illustrated. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
RUTH, J. A.
329. WHAT IS THE BIBLE? J. A. Ruth. 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
SCHUBERT, HERMANN.
266. MATHEMATICAL ESSAYS AND RECREATIONS. Prof. Hermann Schubert. Transl. by T. J. McCormack. Cloth, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
SHUTE, D. KERFOOT.
276. A FIRST BOOK IN ORGANIC EVOLUTION. D. Kerfoot Shute. Cloth, $2.00 net. (7s. 6d. net.)
STANLEY, HIRAM M.
274. PSYCHOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. An Outline Sketch. Hiram M. Stanley. Boards, 40c net. (2s.)
ST. ANSELM.
324. ST. ANSELM: PROSLOGIUM; MONOLOGIUM; AN APPENDIX IN BEHALF OF THE FOOL, by Gaunilan; and CUR DEUS HOMO. Transl. by S. N. Deane. Cloth, $1.00 net.
STARR, FREDERICK.
327. READINGS FROM MODERN MEXICAN AUTHORS. Frederick Starr. $1.25 net. (5s. 6d. net.)
328. THE AINU GROUP AT THE SAINT LOUIS EXPOSITION. Frederick Starr. Illustrated. Boards, 75c net. (3s. 6d. net.)
STRODE, MURIEL.
333. MY LITTLE BOOK OF PRAYER. Muriel Strode. Boards, 50c net. (2s. 6d. net.)
333a. THE SAME. Cloth, $1.00 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
SUZUKI, TEITARO.
283. ACVAGHOSHA'S DISCOURSE ON THE AWAKENING OF FAITH IN THE MAHAYANA. Translated by Teitaro Suzuki. Cloth, $1.25 net. (5s. net.)
TOLSTOY, COUNT LEO.
348. CHRISTIANITY AND PATRIOTISM with Pertinent Extracts from other Essays. Count Leo Tolstoy. Trans. by Paul Borger and others. Paper, 35c net, mailed 40c.
TOPINARD, PAUL.
269. SCIENCE AND FAITH, OR MAN AS AN ANIMAL, AND MAN AS A MEMBER OF SOCIETY, with a DISCUSSION OF ANIMAL SOCIETIES, by Paul Topinard. Transl. by T. J. McCormack. $1.50 net. (6s. 6d. net.)
TRUMBULL, M. M.
243. WHEELBARROW, Articles and Discussions of the Labor Question, including the Controversy with Mr. Lyman J. Gage on the Ethics of the Board of Trade; and also the Controversy with Hugh O. Pentecost and Others, on the Single Tax Question. Cloth, $1.00. (5s.)
245. THE FREE TRADE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND. M. M. Trumbull. Cloth, 75c. (3s. 6d.)
WAGNER, RICHARD.
249. A PILGRIMAGE TO BEETHOVEN. A Novel by Richard Wagner. Transl. by O. W. Weyer. Boards, 50c net. (25. 6d.)
WEISMANN, AUGUST.
299. ON GERMINAL SELECTION, as a Source of definite Variation. August Weismann. Transl. by T. J. McCormack. Cloth, 60c net. (3s. net.)
WITHERS, JOHN WILLIAM.
335. EUCLID'S PARALLEL POSTULATE: Its Nature, Validity and Place in Geometrical Systems. J. W. Withers, Ph. D., Cloth, $1.25 net. (4s. 6d. net.)
YAMADA, KEICHYU.
265. SCENES FROM THE LIFE OF BUDDHA. Reproduced from paintings by Prof. Keichyu Yamada. $2.50 net. (15s.)
316. THE TEMPLES OF THE ORIENT AND THEIR MESSAGE IN THE LIGHT OF HOLY SCRIPTURE, Dante's Vision, and Bunyan's Allegory. By the author of "Clear Round!" "Things Touching the King," etc. $4.00.
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SMITH, PROF. DAVID EUGENE.
202c. PORTRAITS OF MATHEMATICIANS. Edited by Prof. D. B. Smith. 12 portraits on Imp. Jap. Vellum, $5.00; 12 portraits on Am. plate paper, $3.00.
THE RELIGION OF SCIENCE LIBRARY
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FOOTNOTES
[1] It will be remembered that I regard Weismann's theory of heredity, with all its deductive consequences, as still sub judice.
[2] Darwinism, p. 150.
[3] The Darwinian Theory, and the Law of Migration (Eng. Trans., Stanford, London, 1873).
[4] I may here most conveniently define the senses in which all the following terms will be used throughout the present discussion:—Species of isolation are, as above stated, homogamy and apogamy, or isolation as discriminate and indiscriminate. Forms of isolation are modes of isolation, such as the geographical, the sexual, the instinctive, or any other of the numerous means whereby isolation of either species may be secured. Cases of isolation are the instances in which any of the forms of isolation may be at work: thus, if a group of n intergenerants be segregated into five groups, a, b, c, d, e, then, before the segregation there would have been one case of isolation, but after the segregation there would be five such cases.
[5] Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation (Zool. Journal, Linn. Soc., vol. xx. pp. 189-274).
[6] The passage proceeds to show that in view of this consideration we have a strong additional reason for rejecting the a priori dogma that all specific characters must necessarily be useful characters. For it is evident that any divergence of specific character which is brought about in this way need not present any utilitarian significance—although, of course, natural selection will ensure that it shall never be deleterious.
[7] Revue Scientifique, Nov. 23, 1889.
[8] Nature, Oct. 10, 1889, p. 568.
[9] e. g. p. 81.
[10] See Chapter xxiii. vol. ii. p. 262. (Edition of 1888.)
[11] This term may here be taken as equivalent to Isolation.
[12] Zool. Journal Lin. Soc., vol. xix. pp. 337-411.
[13] Ibid., vol. xx. pp. 202-212.
[14] Zool. Journal Lin. Soc., vol. xxiii. p. 313.
[15] See Nineteenth Century, January, 1887, pp. 61, 62.
[16] Nicaragua, p. 207.
[17] Nature, vol. xxxi. p. 4.
[18] Zool. Journal, Lin. Soc., vol. xix. pp. 337-411 (1886); and for Mr. Gulick's papers, ibid., vol. xx. pp. 189-274 (1887), vol. xxiii. pp. 312-380 (1889). Mr. Gulick has recently drawn my attention, in a private letter, to the fact that as early as 1872 a paper of his was read at the British Association, bearing the title Diversity of Evolution under one set of External Conditions, and that here the principle of physiological segregation is stated. Although it does not appear that Mr. Gulick then appreciated the great importance of this principle, it entitles him to claim priority.
[19] Darwinism, p. 169.
[20] Origin of Species, p. 136.
[21] Darwinism, p. 152.
[22] Origin of Species, pp. 44, 45.
[23] Origin of Species, ed. 6, pp. 134, 135.
[24] Archives des Sciences physiques et naturelles (Genève), vol. liii. (1875), pp. 211-236.
[25] Remarques sur le fait de l'existence en société à l'état sauvage des espèces végétales affines et sur d'autres faits relatifs à la question de l'espèce, par Alexis Jordan; lues au congrès de l'Association Française pour l'Avancemeat des Sciences, 2me session, Lyon, séance de 28 Août, 1873.
[26] Evolution and its Relations to Religious Thought, &c. pp. 236-7.
[27] Life and Letters, vol. ii. p. 28.
[28] Ibid.
[29] Origin of Species, p. 80, 6th ed. (1872).
[30] Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 158.
[31] Ibid. p. 159.
[32] Ibid. p. 160.
[33] The analogy is radically unsound because unconscious selection differs from methodical selection only in the degree of "separation" which it effects. These two forms of selection do not necessarily differ from one another in regard to the number of characters which are being simultaneously diversified; for while it may be the object of methodical selection to breed for modification of a single character alone, it may, on the other hand, be the result of unconscious selection to diversify an originally uniform stock, as Darwin himself observes with regard to horse-breeding. The real distinction between monotypic and polytypic evolution is, not at all with reference to the degree of isolation (i. e. amount of "separation"), but to the number of cases in which any efficient degree of it occurs (i. e. whether in but a single case, or in two or more cases).
[34] Life and Letters, vol. iii. pp. 157-8.
[35] Ibid. pp. 157-8.
[36] Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 161.
[37] Page 81. The three forms of isolation mentioned are, "from haunting different stations, from breeding at slightly different seasons, or from the individuals of each variety preferring to pair together."
[38] Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 159.
[39] Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 155.
[40] Variation, &c., vol. ii. p. 262.
[41] Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 161.
[42] Die Darwin'sche Theorie und das Migrationsgesetz (1868): Ueber den Einfluss der geographischen Isolirung, &c. (1870).
[43] For instance, speaking of common, or continuous areas, he says:—"In this case a constant variety, or new species, cannot be produced, because the free crossing of a new variety with the old unaltered stock will always cause it to revert to the original type; in other words, will destroy the new form. The formation of a real variety, which Darwin, as we know, regards as the commencement of a new species, will only succeed when a few individuals, having crossed the barrier of their habitat, are able to separate themselves for a long time from the old stock." And the last sentence, given as a summary of his whole doctrine, is—"The geographical isolation of the form, a necessary consequence of migration, is the cause of its typical character."
[44] Ueber den Einfluss der Isolirung auf die Artbildung (1872).
[45] Loc. cit., p. 43.
[46] Physiological Selection, pp. 348, 389.
[47] Loc. cit., p. 54.
[48] Nature, vol. xliii. p. 410, and vol. xliv. p. 29.
[49] Darwinism, p. 143.
[50] In Appendix to H. M. Stanley's How I found Livingstone, 2nd ed. London, 1872, p. 715.
[51] Animal Life and Intelligence, pp. 98, 99 (1890-1891).
[52] The Factors of Evolution (1891).
[53] Darwinism, p. 151.
[54] Ibid.
[55] Loc. cit., p. 151.
[56] Namely, Lycaena denzelii, L. pheretes, Argynnis pales, Erebia mante.
[57] Since the above was written, I have heard of some cases which seem to present greater difficulties to our theory than those above quoted. These refer to some of the numerous species of land mollusca which inhabit the isolated rocks near Madeira (Dezertas). My informant is Dr. Grabham, who has himself investigated the matter, and reports as follows:—
"It is no uncommon thing to meet with examples of the same species, sub-fossil, recent, and living upon one spot, and presenting no variation in the long record of descent." Then, after naming these examples, he adds, "All seem to vary immediately on attaining new ground, assuming many aspects in different districts."
Unquestionably these statements support, in a very absolute manner, Mr. Wallace's opinion, while making directly against my own. It is but fair, however, to add that the cases are not numerous (some half-dozen at the most, and all within the limits of a single genus), and that, even in the opinion of my informant himself, the facts have not hitherto been sufficiently investigated for any decisive judgement to be formed upon them.
[58] Vol. xliii. p. 127.
[59] This refers to what I understand Mr. Wallace to say in the Nature correspondence is the supposition on which his own theory of the origin of species by cross-infertility is founded. But in the original statement of that theory itself, it is everywhere "supposed" that when species are originated by cross-infertility, the initial change is the physiological change. In his original statement of that theory, therefore, he literally went further than I had gone in my "original paper," with reference to supposing the physiological change to be the initial change. I do not doubt that this is due to some oversight of expression; but it is curious that, having made it, he should still continue his endeavour to fix exactly the same oversight upon me.
[60] "Positive segregation" is Mr. Gulick's term for forms of homogamy other than that which is due to selective fertility. Of these other, or "positive" forms, natural selection is one; but as it is far from being the only one, the criticism points out that utility is not the only conserving principle with which selective fertility may be associated.
[61] By Intensive Segregation Mr. Gulick means what I have called Independent Variability.
[62] His sentence, "all fertility not correlated with some useful variation has a constant tendency to effect its own elimination," still further restricts the possible action of physiological selection to cases where at least one of the other forms of homogamy with which it is associated is natural selection. Or, in other words, it is represented that physiological selection must always be associated with natural selection, even if it be likewise associated with any other form of exclusive breeding. But as this further limitation appears to me self-evidently unjustifiable (seeing that utility is not the only possible means of securing effective isolation) I here neglect it, and take the wider ground marked out above. It is needless to say that this is giving Mr. Wallace every possible advantage, by not holding him to his still narrower ground.
[63] In our Nature correspondence of 1890-1891, Mr. Wallace remarked: "If Dr. Romanes will carefully work out numerically (as I have attempted to do) a few cases showing the preservative and accumulative agency of pure physiological selection within an otherwise undifferentiated species, he will do more for his theory than volumes of general disquisition or any number of assertions that it does possess this power." Several months before this was written I had already in my hands Mr. Moulton's letter, with its accompanying calculations.
[64] As, for example, in the case of sexuality in general. It is not to the advantage of such individual male Arthropoda as perish after the performance of the sexual act that they should perform it; but its performance is necessary for the perpetuation of their species.—G. J. R.
[65] In this anticipation Mr. Moulton is right. The well-known botanist, Mr. Bennett, read a most interesting paper on the subject before the British Association in 1881. His results have since been corroborated by other observers. In particular, Mr. R. M. Christy has recorded the movements of 76 insects while visiting at least 2,400 flowers. (Entomologist, July 1883, and Zool. Journal Lin. Soc., August 1883.) The following is an analysis of his results. In the case of butterflies, in twelve observations on nearly as many species, there are recorded altogether 99 visits to fifteen species of flowers; and of these 99 visits 94 were constant to the same species, leaving only 5 visits to any other, or second species. In the case of the hive-bee, there were 8 individuals observed: these visited altogether 258 flowers, and all the visits paid by the same individual were paid to the same species in each of the eight cases. Lastly, as regards bumble-bees, there were altogether observed 55 individuals belonging to four species. These paid altogether 1751 visits to 94 species of flowers. Of these 1751 visits, 1605 were paid to one species, 131 to two species, 16 to three, 6 to four, and 1 to five. Adding all these results together, we find that 75 insects (butterflies and bees) visited 117 species of flowers: of these visits, 1957 were constant to one species of flower; 136 were paid also to a second species, 16 also to a third, 6 also to a fourth, and 1 also to a fifth. Or, otherwise stated, while 1957 were absolutely constant, from such absolute constancy there were only 159 deviations. Moreover, if we eliminate three individual humble bees, which paid nearly an equal number of visits to two species (and, therefore, would have ministered to the work of physiological selection almost as well as the others), the 159 deviations become reduced to 72, or about four per cent. of the whole.—G. J. R.
[66] Here follows the Appendix presenting the calculations on which the above results are founded; but it seems unnecessary to reproduce it on the present occasion.—G. J. R.
[67] Doctrine of Descent and Darwinism, Eng. trans. p. 139.
Transcriber's Notes
In paragraph 4 of page 171 "peculiarites" has been corrected to "peculiarities"
Variable spacing in the following abbreviation was left as it was in the original: "i. e." (22 instances) and "i.e." (14 instances).
Different hyphenation patterns were left as in the original text:
| prepotent (1 instance) | pre-potent (1 instance) |
| presupposes (1) | pre-supposes (1) |
| reacting(5) | re-acting (1) |
| restatement (1) | re-statement (2) |
| superinduced (2) | super-induced (1) |