Handbook of Railroad Construction; For the use of American engineers. / Containing the necessary rules, tables, and formulæ for the location, construction, equipment, and management of railroads, as built in the United States.

by George L. Vose

OF THE FORCES AT WORK IN BRIDGES.

140. There are four distinct strains to which a piece of timber or a bar of metal may be exposed, each of which tends to destroy the piece in a different manner. The amount and character of these strains, depend upon the position of the bar or beam, and upon the direction of the force.

A beam may be pulled apart by stretching,—Tension.

It may be destroyed by crushing,—Compression.

It may be broken transversely,—Cross strain.

It may be crushed across the grain,—Detrusion.