Cohortes Voluntariorum and other Regiments of Roman Citizens.

The character of these regiments has already been discussed on pp. 65-7, where the origin of the greater number, at any rate, was traced to the exceptional levies made during the Pannonian revolt of 6-9, and after the defeat of Varus in the latter year. This levy included not only free-born Roman citizens, ingenui, but also freedmen enrolled in cohortes voluntariorum. The latter form a series numbered up to thirty-two, which may have included the cohortes ingenuorum. The latter may, however, have been numbered separately, and it must be admitted that the presence of a Cohors IV Voluntariorum is rather against the hypothesis, previously advanced, that the first six numbers of the series were reserved for the ingenui. It is impossible to argue from the fact that a cohors voluntariorum and a cohors ingenuorum never appear bearing the same numbers, since the series has many gaps, and only the following regiments can be traced:

I Ingenuorum C. R.[552]

v. 3936.

IV Voluntariorum C. R.

Pannonia Superior.

VI Ingenuorum C. R.

Germania Inferior.

VIII Voluntariorum C. R.

Dalmatia.

XIII Voluntariorum C. R.

iii. 6321.

XV Voluntariorum C. R.

Germania Inferior.

XVIII Voluntariorum C. R.

Pannonia Superior.

XIX Voluntariorum C. R.

vii. 383.

XXIII Voluntariorum C. R.

Pannonia Superior.

XXIV Voluntariorum C. R.

Germania Superior.

XXVI Voluntariorum C. R.[553]

Germania Superior.

XXX Voluntariorum C. R.

Germania Superior.

XXXII Voluntariorum C. R.

Germania Superior.

The following regiments seem to have a similar character, although weknow nothing concerning the occasion of their creation:

I Italica Voluntariorum C. R.

xiv. 171.

II Italica Voluntariorum C. R. M.

Cappadocia.

I Campanorum Voluntariorum C. R.[554]

Dalmatia—Pannonia Inferior.

Lastly, a series of at least seven regiments bearing the inexplicabletitle of Campestris, of which only the following have left traces:

III Campestris

Dacia.

VII Campestris

Syria.

The following three regiments should perhaps be included in the samecategory:

Ala I C. R.

Pannonia Inferior.

Cohors Apuleia C. R.

Cappadocia.

Cohors I Lepidiana C. R.

Moesia Inferior.

In a final section I have grouped together regiments which bearnon-ethnical titles, and a few cases of ethnical titles which are atpresent inexplicable, owing to our ignorance of the situation of thetribes referred to. In the former case it must, however, be rememberedthat many of these regiments may have had ethnical titles which are notmentioned in the only references to them which we possess.

Alae.

Augusta

Noricum.

Augusta[555]

Moesia Inferior.

Augusta[556]

Egypt.

Augusta C. R.

Pannonia Inferior.

Augusta Germanica

Pisidia.[557]

Augusta Moesica

Germania Inferior.

Augusta Syriaca

Syria.

Augusta ob virtutem appellata[558]

Britain.

Claudia Nova

Dalmatia—Germania Superior—Moesia Inferior.

I Augusta Gemina Colonorum

Cappadocia.

Constantium[559]

A. E. 1911. 107.

I Ulpia Contariorum M. C. R.

Pannonia Superior.

Flavia

Africa.

I Flavia Fidelis M.

Raetia.

I Flavia Gemelliana

Raetia.

I Flavia Gemina

Germania Superior.

I Flavia Singularium C. R.

Raetia.

II Flavia M.

Raetia.

Miliaria

Mauretania Caesariensis.

Miliaria

Dacia.

I Augusta Nerviana M.

Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Praetoria C. R.

Syria.

Scubulorum

Germania Superior.

I Ulpia Singularium

Syria.

Tautorum Victrix

Tarraconensis.

II Ulpia Auriana[560]

Cappadocia.

Cohorts.

Aelia Expedita

viii. 9358.

I Augusta

Syria.

II Augusta supposed on account of the existence of

III Augusta[561]

vi. 3508.

Baetica

v. 5127.

I Classica

Germania Inferior.

I Aelia Classica

Britain.

II Classica

Syria.

Claudia E.

Cappadocia.

III Coll…

Moesia Inferior.

I Dongonum supposed on account of the existence of

II Dongonum

Britain.

The Lollianus inscription (iii. 600) mentions a mysteriously namedCohors II Equitum, which seems also to be referred to on an Italianinscription (v. 2841) as Cohors II Equitatum. The Cohors VI Equestrismentioned by Pliny (Ep. ad Tra. 106) may belong to the same series.The best explanation of these curious titles is to suppose that theyare all varieties of equitata.

I Flavia E.

Africa.

I Flavia E.

Germania Inferior.

Flaviana[562]

C. I. G. 3615.

V Gemina

Palestine.

I Latabiensium

Germania Inferior.

Maritima

ii. 2224.

Miliaria

Syria.

Naut…

Alpes Maritimae.

I Augusta Nerviana Velox

Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Nurritanorum

Mauretania Caesariensis.

Scutata C. R.

Egypt.

I Aelia Singularium

Mauretania Caesariensis.

I Ulpia supposed on account of the existence of

II Ulpia E. C. R.

Syria.

This last section completes our survey of the auxiliary forces of the Empire so far as they are known to us, and it is some satisfaction to feel that so far as the mere names of the regiments go our knowledge is now approaching completion. The recently discovered diploma for Moesia Superior (A. E. 1912. 128), which gave the names of twenty-four regiments which were stationed in the province in 103, did not mention one previously unknown to us, and a glance at the Année Épigraphique for the past ten years will show how rarely a fresh name appears among the numerous inscriptions dealing with the auxilia. This knowledge does not, of course, carry us very far; while so many regiments are merely known to us by name from one or two casual inscriptions, we can tell neither the total number of auxilia maintained at any one time nor the relative strength of the frontier garrisons, and a host of minor problems are even further from solution. The very fact, however, that new evidence is now so slow to accumulate seemed to justify the attempt to utilize the available material and state summarily such conclusions as are at present attainable on a subject of some interest and importance to all students of the Roman Empire.