FOOTNOTES:
[1] Livy, xxii. 37 ‘Milite atque equite scire nisi Romano Latinique nominis non uti populum Romanum: levium armorum auxilia etiam externa vidisse in castris Romanis’. Cf. Polybius, iii. 75.
[2] Cf. Varro, De Lat. ling. v. 90 ‘auxilium appellatum ab auctu, quum accesserant ei qui adiumento essent alienigenae’. Festus, Epit. 17 ‘auxiliares dicuntur in bello socii Romanorum exterarum nationum’.
[3] Livy, xlii. 35.
[4] Livy, xliii. 7.
[5] Plutarch, Vit. C. Gracchi 16; Caesar, Bell. Gall. ii. 7.
[6] The famous occasion when Caesar, distrusting his auxiliaries, mounted some of the tenth legion, proves conclusively that he had then no citizen cavalry in his army. Caesar, Bell. Gall. i. 42.
[7] Sallust, Bell. Iug. 46.
[8] Caesar, Bell. Gall. ii. 7.
[9] See Dr. T. Ashby’s article in the Classical Review for August 1909, and A. E. 1911, n. 126, for a further fragment of the text.
[10] Cf. Caesar, Bell. Gall. vii. 13 ‘Germanos equites circiter CCCC summittit, quos ab initio habere secum instituerat’, and c. 65 of the same book.
[11] Auct. de bell. Afr. 6 ‘Accidit res incredibilis, ut equites minus xxx Galli Maurorum equitum duo milia loco pellerent’.
[12] Appian, Bell. Civ. iv. 88.
[13] The First Mithridatic War is a very good example.
[14] Dio Cassius, lii. 27.
[15] Velleius, ii. 112; Tac. Ann. iv. 24.
[16] Josephus, Bell. Iud. iii. 4. 2.
[17] Arrian, Ect. 7.
[18] Tac. Ann. i. 56; ii. 11.
[19] Dio Cassius, lv. 29.
[20] Velleius, ii. 113.
[21] Tac. Hist. iv. 12, Germ. 29.
[22] Tac. Hist. i. 55.
[23] Tac. Hist. iii. 47 ‘Caesa ibi (at Trapezus) cohors, regium auxilium olim; mox donati civitate Romana signa armaque in nostrum modum, desidiam licentiamque Graecorum retinebant’.
[24] D. lviii (138-46).
[25] viii. 18042 (Hadrian’s speech) and D. civ (106) for Noricum.
[26] viii. 9358, 9359, 21039.
[27] Tac. Ann. iv. 46 ‘Causa motus super hominum ingenium, quod pati dilectus et validissimum quemque militiae nostrae dare aspernabantur, ne regibus quidem parere nisi ex libidine soliti, aut si mitterent auxilia, suos ductores praeficere nec nisi adversum accolas belligerare’.
[28] The praefecti civitatium, usually ex-centurions, who are mentioned on many inscriptions. Cf. v. 1838, ix. 2564.
[29] The question how far this practice was maintained will be found discussed in a later section.
[30] They undoubtedly furnished the octo auxiliarium cohortibus sent to Britain by Nero in 61. Cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 38, and Hist. iv. 12.
[31] Tac. Hist. iv. 12 ‘cohortibus quas vetere instituto nobilissimi popularium regebant’.
[32] For the Helvetii see Tac. Hist. i. 67 ‘castelli quod olim Helvetii suis militibus ac stipendiis tuebantur’. The Raetian militia are mentioned in the following chapter: ‘Raeticae alae cohortesque et ipsorum Raetorum iuventus, sueta armis et more militiae exercita.’ It is quite clear that there were in the province (a) regular auxiliary regiments; (b) a native militia. I do not understand Professor Reid’s statement (The Municipalities of the Roman Empire, p. 203) that ‘the troops maintained there were not Roman legions with regular auxiliaries but contingents of allied forces’.
[33] Tac. Hist. ii. 69 ‘reddita civitatibus Gallorum auxilia, ingens numerus et prima statim defectione inter inania belli adsumptus’.