ILLUSTRATIONS

Part I
Growth, Manufacture and Distribution
Refined Sugar, showing form of crystals [Frontispiece]
Sugar Cane, showing eyes or buds [To face page 4]
Roots of Sugar Cane [6]
Jungle-like Vegetation of Cane Field [7]
Leaf-Hopper [10]
Sugar Cane [11]
Experiment Station [12]
Plantation Scene in Hawaii—light-colored foliage is sugar cane [13]
Steam Plough [14]
Planting Cane [15]
Irrigation Ditch, showing tunnel [16]
Irrigation Ditch [17]
Young Sugar Cane [18]
Ripe Sugar Cane, showing tassels [19]
Cutting Cane [20]
Loading Cane [21]
Train-Load of Cane ready for the mill [22]
A Modern Mill [23]
Cane Carrier and Mechanical Unloader [24]
Another Type of Cane Unloader [25]
Twelve-Roller Mill [26]
Modern Crushing Plant; two fifteen-roller mills and crushers, capacity 105 tons per hour [27]
Delivering Bagasse to Fire-Room [28]
General Interior View of Modern Raw-Sugar Mill [29]
Filter Presses [30]
Set of Quadruple Evaporators [31]
Vacuum Pans [32]
Centrifugal Machines [33]
Filling, Weighing and Sewing Sacks [34]
Train-Load of Raw Sugar leaving mill [35]
Steamer Loading Sugar Alongside of Dock [38]
Loading Sugar at an Outport in Hawaii [39]
Polariscope (in body of text) [Page 40]
A Modern Refinery, showing water and rail transportation facilities [To face page 46]
Plan Elevation of a Modern Refinery [47]
Steamer Discharging Raw Sugar at Refinery Dock [48]
Sugar Stored in Warehouse—25,000 tons shown in this picture [49]
Cut-in Station, showing sugar first entering the refining process [50]
Centrifugal Machine, motor driven [51]
Bag Filters, showing bags in place [56]
Filter Presses [57]
Making New Bags and Lining the Washed Bags [58]
Printing the Empty Raw-Sugar Bags [59]
Char Filters [60]
Char Filters, showing outlet pipes [61]
Top of Char Filters, showing pipe connections [62]
Exterior View of Char Drier [63]
Interior Arrangement of Char Drier [64]
Exterior View of Char Kilns, showing oil-burning apparatus [65]
A Refinery Vacuum Pan and Pump [66]
Arrangement of Steam Coils in a Vacuum Pan [67]
Refinery Centrifugal Machines [68]
Exterior View of Sweater [69]
Front View of Sweater, showing steam coils for heating the air [70]
Interior View of Sweater [71]
Separator, closed, ready for operation [72]
Separators, one of which is open, showing three screens for separating the sugar grains [73]
Filling, Weighing and Sewing 100-pound Sacks [74]
Filling, Weighing and Sewing 25-pound Sacks [75]
Filling Barrels [76]
Method of Handling Barrels [77]
Cube Sugar Machine [78]
Carton Machine [79]
Filling, Weighing and Sewing 2-pound, 5-pound and 10-pound Bags [80]
Laboratory [86]
Oil-Burning Boiler Plant [87]
Inland-Waterway Steamer Loading Sugar at Refinery Dock [92]
Car-Float Arriving at Refinery Dock [93]
Sugar Beet[1] [100]
Another Type of Sugar Beet [101]
Ploughing with Caterpillar Engine [102]
Planting Beet Seed [103]
Thinning [104]
Cultivating [105]
Field of Ripe Beets [106]
Topping Beets [107]
Hauling Beets [108]
Delivering Beets to the Factory by Wagon [109]
Delivering Beets to the Factory by Train [110]
General Interior View of Beet-Sugar Factory, showing filter presses in foreground; pans and evaporators in rear [111]
Diffusion Battery, showing diffusion cells in circular arrangement [112]
Diffusion Battery, showing diffusion cells in straight lines [113]
Weighing, Filling and Sewing Bags in a Beet Factory [114]
Cattle Feeding on Beet Pulp [115]
The First Successful Beet-Sugar Factory in America—Alvarado, California [116]
Part II
History of the Industry
A Modern Beet-Sugar Factory [117]
Christopher Columbus [124]
Olivier de Serres [128]
Andreas Marggraf [129]
Franz Carl Achard [130]
First Beet-Sugar Factory in the World—Built at Cunern, Silesia, 1802 [131]
Napoleon I [132]
Building in Salt Lake City, Utah, in which the First Beet-Sugar Machinery Brought to the West was Installed [150]
E. H. Dyer, the Father of Beet Sugar in America [151]
Hauling Cane in the Fields, Louisiana [178]
Hauling Cane in the Fields, Louisiana [179]
Sugar Plantation Scene in Porto Rico[2] [182]
Sugar-Shipping Port, Porto Rico [183]
Ploughing Cane Field with Steam Plough, Porto Rico [184]
Unloading Sugar Cane at a Mill, Porto Rico [185]
Ploughing Field Before Planting Cane, Philippines [190]
Ploughing at La Carlota, Occidental Negros, Philippines [191]
Hauling Cane, Philippines [192]
Carabao Mill, Philippines [193]
Old-Style Sugar Mill, Philippines, showing poor crushing [194]
Tinguian Cane Crusher, Lingayen, Philippines [195]
Old Water-Driven Mill, Island of Negros, Philippines [196]
Mill Driven by Water Power, Occidental Negros, Philippines [197]
Native Sugar Factory, Pampanga Province, Philippines [198]
Interior of Camarin, Philippines [199]
Luzon Sugar Refinery, Malabon, Rizal, Philippines [200]
Loading Sugar on Lorchas, Philippines [201]
Central Factory, General View, Cuba[3] [202]
Cuban Central, General View [203]
Cane Field, Cuba [204]
Loading Cane on Ox-Carts, Cuba [205]
Train-Load of Sugar Cane, Cuba [208]
Self-Dumping Cane Car, Cuba [209]
Morelands Sugar Mill, Vere, Jamaica. Photo by H. H. Cousins [216]
The Fleet, Morelands, Vere, Jamaica. Photo by H. H. Cousins [217]
Leveling a Cane Field, Peru [250]
Leveling Ground by Steam, Peru [251]
Planting Cane, Peru [252]
Portable Branch Line of Field Railway and Cane Cutters, Peru [253]
Hauling Cane-Laden Cars with Ox-Team, Peru [254]
Train-Load of Cane En Route to the Factory, Peru [255]
Sugar Plantation between Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil [260]
Train-Load of Cane En Route to the Ingenio La Mendieta, Argentina [270]
Unloading a Car of Cane, Tucumán, Argentina [271]
Battery of Boilers, Ingenio, La Trinidad, Tucumán, Argentina [272]
Home of Superintendent of a Sugar Plantation, Tucumán, Argentina [273]
Ingenio Nueva Baviera, Tucumán, Argentina [274]
Ingenio Nueva Baviera, Tucumán, Argentina [275]
Kohekirin Mill, Formosa [280]
Sugar Cane Affected by the Sereh, Java [296]
Seedling Canes, Java [297]
Cutting Cane, Maroochy River, South Queensland [302]
Carting Cane to Mill, Ingham District, North Queensland [303]
Isis Central Mill, Childers, South Queensland [304]
Cane Unloader, Mulgrave Central Sugar Mill, Cairns District, North Queensland [305]
Sugar Mill, Nahan Factory, India [330]
Centrifugal Worked by Hand, India [331]
Wooden Mill from Gorakhpur, India (in body of text) [Page 332]
Boiling by Old Method, India [To face page 332]
Furnace and Pans for Making Rab, India [333]
Stone Mill, Agra, India (in body of text) [Page 333]
Small Locomotive Used to Draw Cane-Cars, 2-foot Gauge, India [To face page 334]
Loading Cane Carrier, Marhourah Factory, India [335]
Water-Driven Centrifugals, Marhourah Factory, India [336]
Champaran Sugar Company, Ltd., Barrah Chakia, Champaran, India [337]

Part I
Growth, Manufacture and Distribution