An Essay on Mediæval Economic Teaching

by George O'Brien

INDEX

Abelard, 14.
Acts of the Apostles, 168.
communism in, 44, 46.
Adam, 140.
and Eve, slavery the result of their sin, 92.
Administrative occupations, position in artes possessivae, 143.
Ægidius Romanus, 98, 197, 225.
Agriculture, position in artes possessivae, 142, 143.
its encouragement recommended, 143.
Albertus Magnus, 16, 82, 176, 186, 197.
Albigenses, the, belief in communism, 66.
Alcuin, 14.
Alexander of Hales, 176, 185.
Alexander III., Pope, 187.
attitude to usury, 174.
Alfric, see Colloquy of Archbishop, The.
Almsgiving, as justice, not charity, 69.
duty of, 80.
enforcement by the State, 85.
summary of mediæval teaching on, 84.
the early Church on, 52.
Ambition, a virtue, 79.
Ambrosius de Vignate, 191, 208.
Ananias, 46, 52.
Ancients, loss of economic teaching of, 15.
Angelus de Periglis de Perusio, 209, 210.
Antoine, 87, 172, 223.
Antoninus of Florence, 9, 68, 79, 110, 122, 181, 196.
Ape of Aristotle, the, see Albertus Magnus.
Apostles, the, attitude to manual labour, 223.
attitude to private property and communism, 48.
attitude to usury, 168.
Apostles, the, fornication expressly forbidden by, 168.
teaching regarding slavery, 89.
Apostoli, the, belief in communism, 66.
Aquinas, see Thomas Aquinas.
Aragon, personal rent charges permitted in, 205.
Architecture, see Manufacture.
Archivio Giuridico, 225.
Ardant, 69.
Aristotle, 14, 16, 36, 97, 98, 142, 146, 169, 215, 219.
as source for Thomas Aquinas, 62.
attitude of Thomas Aquinas to his opinion, 94 et seq.
Cossa on his influence, 17.
his principles maintained through Thomas Aquinas, 19.
his theory of slavery opposed to that of St. Augustine, 93.
influence on controversies of the schools, 17.
influence on mediæval thought, 16.
renewed study of, 16.
Arnold, 203.
Artes pecuniativae, 142.
Artes possessivae, 142.
encouragement recommended by Aquinas, 143.
Arnobius, 45.
Ashley, Sir W.H., 3, 6, 7, 18, 21, 23, 27, 29, 30, 33, 40, 76,
105, 113, 126, 134, 146, 149, 175, 185, 186, 187, 188,
190, 191, 195, 196, 197, 198, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207,
211, 212.
Augustinians, the, 195.
Ausmo, Nicholas de, 156.
Avarice, an offence against liberality, 79.
a sin towards the individual himself and the community, 78.
relativity of, 75.
Avarice, the necessary basis of trade, 145.
Ayenbite of Inwit, The, 151.

Baldus, 187, 208.
[Greek: banousia], a sin, 77, 78.
Barabbas, 231.
Bartlett, Dr. V., 56, 90.
Bartolus, 187.
Baudrillard, 76.
Beauvais, Vincent de, 7, 16.
Bégards, the, belief in communism, 66.
Benedict XIV., Pope, an encyclical of, 183.
Benigni, 61.
Bergier, 45.
Bernardine of Siena, 112, 181.
Biel, 99, 100, 104, 106, 107, 108, 112, 118, 121, 124, 145, 150,
156, 180, 185, 205, 208, 211, 221.
Bimetallism, Oresme's support of, 219.
Blanqui, 146.
Bohemia, communistic teaching in, 86.
Böhm-Bawerk, 174, 200, 203, 211.
Bottomry, contract of, 211.
Brant, Sebastian, 137.
Brants, V.L.J.L., 9, 10, 13, 19, 21, 66, 101, 111, 112, 114, 121,
122, 123, 142, 159, 181, 208, 215, 216, 217, 218, 225.
Breslau, refusal to pay rent in, 204.
Brunetto Latini, 123.
Building, see Manufacture.
Buridan, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 109, 110, 143, 180, 191, 198, 217.

Cabet, 42. Caepolla, 108, 118, 120. Cajetan, 65, 79. on the Summa, 68. Calippe, Abbé, 49, 62. on Thomas Aquinas, 68. Calixtus III., Pope, decree regarding rent, 205. Cambium, 155. conditions justifying, 157. dealt with by Brants, 159. minutum, 157, 158. motives justifying, 157. per litteras, 157, 158. siccum, 157. the three kinds of, 157, 158. when justifiable, not a loan, 158. Campsor, the, his remuneration approved, 156. Canon law the source of knowledge of Christian economic teaching, 13. Canonist doctrine, dealt with by Sir W. Ashley, 2. Dr. Cunningham's estimate of its importance, 27. its impracticability demonstrated by Endemann, 20. value of the study of, 29. Canonists, the, 117. Capital, question of the productivity of, 198 et seq. Carletus, 120, 150, 193, 211. Carlyle, Dr., 44, 58, 63. Castro, Paul, 208. Catholic Encyclopaedia, The, definition of 'Middle Ages,' 3. on Communism, 46. on Just Price, 112, 126. on Political Economy, 30. on Population, 225. on Slavery, 90, 100. Cato, 162. Cattle-breeding, see Agriculture. Census constitutivus, 203. reservativus, 203. Centesima, the maximum rate of interest in Borne, 161. Cesana, montes pietatis at, 196. Champagny, 80. Change, see Cambium. Chevallier, 20. Christ, 42, 231. a working man, 137. attitude to manual labour, 223. attitude to private property and communism, 47. teaching regarding slavery, 89. Christendom, economic unity of, 11. Christian economic teaching, 13. economists, their attempts to reinstitute mediæval economics, 228. Christian Monitor, The, 139. Christian Exhortation, The, on the protection of the farmer, 143. Christianity, as providing an ethical basis of society, 31. attitude to manual labour, 137, 223. attitude to slavery, 88. foundations and origin of its code of social justice, 229. Christianity, influence in abolition of Roman slavery, 99 et seq. possibility of adopting ethics without dogmas of, 229. reformation of family life by, 226. relation of economic teaching of, to socialism, 33. social theory of, 12. Church, economic teaching of the mediæval, 12. the, attitude to commerce at end of the Middle Ages, 152. the, attitude to monies pietatis, 197. the, effect of economic teaching of, on material progress, 223. the, necessity for understanding economic teaching of, 32. the, principles followed by, in fixing price, 114. the, prohibition of usury not peculiar to, 160. the, socialist view of its teaching on usury, 198. the early, 230. the early teaching on usury, 167 et seq. Cicero, 56, 58, 162. Civil Law, Commentaries on, a source of knowledge of Christian economic teaching, 13. Civilisation, result of its advance in the thirteenth century, 15. Classical economists, recent reaction against, 29. Cleary, Dr., 35, 135, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 185, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, 205. Clement of Alexandria, see St. Clement. of Rome, see St. Clement. Clergy, the, and usury, 169. the, prohibition of trading by, 151. Coinage, see Money. Collegantia, 207. Colloquy of Archbishop Alfric, The, 149. Commenda, the, 206. Commendatarius, the, 207. Commendator, the, 207. Common estimation, of just price not the final criterion, 134. Commerce, attitude of later fifteenth century to, 150. attitude of mediæval theologians to, 136. attitude of the Church at end of Middle Ages, 152. condemnation of, by early Christians, 145. condemnation of, by scholastics, 146. dangerous to virtue, 145, 151. definition of, 144. extension of, in thirteenth century, 15. factors making for its illegality, 151. gradual change of mediæval attitude to, 152. justification of, not based on payment for labour, 154. legitimacy dependent on methods, 146. legitimacy dependent on motives, 148. motives regarded as justifying, 153. necessity for, realised, 147. necessity of controlling its operations, 154. not dealt with by early writers, 13. position in the artes possessivae, 143. prohibition of speculative, 151. rules applying to, defined by Nider, 150. Communism, alleged, of early Christians, 43. not part of scholastic teaching, 66. Community of user, doctrine of, 85. no relation to modern socialistic communism, 86. Commutations, see Exchange. Compensation, for failure to repay loans by date stipulated, 185. for profit hindered, 189. Competition, effect of unrestricted, 31. Comte, his definition of 'Middle Ages' followed by Dr. Ingram, 3. Conquerors, their right to enslavement of the conquered adopted by Aquinas, 96. Constantine, 43. Constantinople, fall of, regarded as end of the Middle Ages, 4. Consumption, regulation of, 32. wise, importance of, 227. wise, the aim of mediæval teaching, 223. Contract, Thomas Aquinas on, 38. Corinthians, Epistle to the, 48. Corpus Juris Canonici, 13, 146. Cossa, L.,5, 6, 17, 108, 220. Credit, 119. Crusades, the, influence of, 15. the, influence on trade, 146. Cunningham, Dr. W., 2, 9, 10, 11, 13, 23, 24, 26, 27, 79, 116, 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 138, 139, 152, 212, 218. Currency, see Money. Cyprian, 168, 170. attitude to property, 50.

Damnum emergens, 185, 196.
nature of, 186.
universal admission of, 187.
Dante, 216.
De Regimine Principum, doubtful authorship of, 20.
Delisle, 27.
Démocratie Chrétienne, 199.
Deposit, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Desbuquois, Abbé, 36, 39, 104, 110, 116, 120.
Deuteronomy, 163.
Devas, 30, 49, 226.
Dictionary of Political Economy, 30, 105, 112, 135, 212.
Dictionnaire de Théologie, 45.
Didache, the, attitude to usury, 168, 170.
Diocletian rescript, regarding sales, 104.
Distribution, just, the aim of mediæval teaching, 223.
need for just, 31, 227.
regulation of, 32.
Dominicans, the, 195, 196.
Dominium eminens of the State, 69.
Donatus, 14.
Dublin Review, The, 43.
Duns Scotus, 149, 185, 188, 192.
Dureau de la Malle, 225.

Ecclesiastes, 151.
Eck, 211.
'Economic,' interpretation of, 3, 6 et seq.
'Economic Man,' imaginary figure conceived by classical economists, 8.
Economic Review, The, 44.
Economics, causes of lack of interest in, 14.
Elvira, the Council of, decree against usury, 169.
Emperor, the, temporal vicar of God, 11.
Encyclopaedia Britannica, The, definition of 'Middle Ages,' 4.
Endemann, 19, 20, 23, 27, 34, 108, 120, 124, 134, 151, 155, 157, 158,
177, 186, 187, 190, 191, 195, 196, 203, 204, 216, 218.
Ephesians, Epistle to the, 89.
Equality, of men, 94.
Esdras, 165.
Espinas, A., 8, 17, 163, 197, 218.
Essenes, the, and communism, 47.
Ethics, error of disregarding in economics, 29.
Eve, see Adam and.
Exchange, regulation of, 32.
justice in, 36 et seq.
theory of, see Cambium.
Exodus, 163.
Ezekiel, 165.

Fathers, the, see Church, the early.
Favre, 173.
Feudalism, increased organisation of, in thirteenth century, 15.
Fornication, expressly forbidden by the Apostles, 168.
Franciscans, the, 195, 196.
Franciscus Patricius de Senlis, 225.
Franck, A., 20, 90, 97.
Fratricelli, the, belief in communism, 66.
Fundamentum, distinction from titulus, 64 et seq.
Funk, Dr., 113, 172, 203.

Galileo, 159.
Gand, Henri de, 110, 149.
Garden of Eden, private property in, 55.
Gasquet, 224.
Genesis, 137, 226.
Genoa, the Archbishop of, 207.
letter from Alexander III. to, 187.
Gentile, prohibition of usury between Jew and, 164.
Gentiles, prohibition of usury not imposed on converts from, 168.
taking of usury from, justified, 165.
Genucian Law, the, interest prohibited by, 160.
Gerbert, 14.
Gerdilius, 100.
Gerson, 39, 71, 104, 106, 108, 112, 118, 137, 182, 197.
Gide and Rist, 9.
Golden Age, the, private property in, 55.
Gospel, the, preached to the poor, 137.
Gospels, the, on usury, 166.
Goyau, G., 67, 224.

Haney, L.H., 2, 5, 41, 136.
Heeren, A.H.L., 146.
Hettinger, 226.
Hilary of Poictiers, 60.
Hincmar, 14.
Hiring, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Hogan, Dr., 43, 47, 49, 137.
Hohoff, Abbé, 114, 199.
Hostiensis, 188.
Hoyta, Henricus de, 19.
Huet, 47.
Hunter, W.A., 105, 161.
Hunting, see Agriculture.

Idleness, contrasted attitudes of ancient and Christian civilisations
to, 137.
Income, unearned, approved by scholastics, 113.
justice of, 198 et seq.
socialist theory of its injustice not supported by scholastics, 214.
recognition of, 212.
Individualism, of Christianity, 12.
Industry, development of, in thirteenth century, 15.
Ingolstadt, 211.
Ingram, Dr. J.K., 2, 3, 4, 12, 17, 18, 23, 24.
Innocent III., Pope, attitude to usury, 175.
in favour of unearned income, 207.
Insurance, a contract of, 210.
Interamna, montes pietatis at, 196.
Interesse proximum, suggested alternative term to damnum emergens,
187.
Interesse remotum, suggested alternative term to lucrum cessans, 187.
Interest, justification of, 184.
Interest, laws regarding, in Rome, 160.
taking of, disapproved by Greek and Roman philosophers, 161.
see also Usury.
Irish Ecclesiastical Record, The, 43, 47, 49, 109, 137.
Irish Theological Quarterly, The, 9, 68, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135.
Isidore, 95.
Isidore of Seville, 15.
his opinions on money regarded as final, 214.
Italian States, forced loans in the, 195.
Ivo, 169.

Janet, P.A.R., 59, 61, 89, 91, 93, 97.
Jannet, Claudio, 183.
Janssen, J., 28, 68, 86, 125, 138, 139, 141, 143, 150, 154, 224.
Jarrett, Fr., 83, 84.
Jeremiah, 165.
Jerusalem, the Church of, social system in, 44 et seq.
St. Paul's appeal for funds, 48.
the Council of, prohibition of usury not imposed on converts by, 168.
Jesuits, the, invention of trinus contractus attributed to, 211.
Jewish Encyclopaedia, The, on usury, 165.
Jews, attitude to usury, 160, 165.
prohibition of usury between, 164.
John of Salisbury, 14.
Jourdain, 5, 14, 16, 149, 176, 183, 221.
Jus abutendi, 87.
divinum, 173.
humanum, 174.
naturale, 173.
Just price, a Christian conception, 104.
authorities empowered to fix, 108.
comparison of mediæval theory with that of classical economists, 125.
difference from modern competition price, 116.
elasticity of, 117.
factors determining, 109 et seq.
Just price, fixed by common estimation, 115 et seq.
fixing of, by law, 106.
in money-lending, 179.
mediæval teaching on, 103.
necessity for adhering to, 108.
of wages, see Wages.
rules for guidance in fixing by law, 107.
nature of, 127 et seq.
value of canonical doctrine, 123.
Justinian, rates of interest fixed by, 161.
Justinian Code, 28, 172.

Kelleher, Father, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134.
Knabenbaur, 166.
Knies, 80, 114, 135.
Koran, the, the taking of interest forbidden in, 166.

Labour, as title to property, 65.
Christian teaching on its dignity, 137.
division into honourable and degrading, 141.
necessity and honourableness of all forms of, 140.
only one constituent in the estimation of just price, 157.
relative importance of, in determining value, 113.
the motives which should actuate, 153.
Lactantius, 45, 56 et seq., 91.
Langenstein, 19, 107, 111, 112, 121, 122, 124, 137, 141, 203.
Larceny Act, the, 27.
Lateran Council, the, judgment in favour of montes pietatis, 197.
Councils, the, of 1139 and 1179, declaration against usurers by, 174.
Laurentius de Rodulphis, 157, 195, 209.
Law, natural and positive, in relation to property, 64.
Le Blant, 216.
Lecky, 176, 211.
Leo the Great, 146.
Lessius, 117, 124.
Letting, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Levasseur, 138, 139, 224.
Leviticus, 163.
Liberalitas, its opposing vices, 74.
meaning of, 73.
Liberality, relation to justice, 73.
Lisieux, Bishop of, see Oresme, Nicholas.
List, 146, 224.
Loan, Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
Loans, analogy between sales and, 182.
forced, in the Italian States, 195.
the real nature of, 178.
Locatio operarum, 210, 213.
Logic, mediæval study of, 14.
Loria, 149.
Lucca, montes pietatis at, 196.
Lucrum cessans, 185, 186, 195, 202.
recognition of, 187 et seq.
Lyons, Council of, ordinances against usurers, 175.

Macleod, 218.
Magnificentia, duty of, 77.
Maimonides, 164.
Malthusianism, 225.
Mansi, 169.
Mantua, montes pietatis at, 196.
Manufacture, position in the artes possessivae, 142 et seq.
Marcian Capella, 15.
Marriage, attitude of Thomas Aquinas towards, 225.
Marshall, 30.
Martin V., Pope, his bull on rent, 204.
Marx, Karl, theory of value not supported by scholastics, 113, 114.
Mastrofini, his interpretation of a verse of St. Luke, 166.
Maximian, rescript regarding sales, 105.
Mayronis, François de, 149, 156.
Mediæval, interpretation of, 3 et seq.
Menger, Anton, 199.
Merchant, the, necessity for control of, see Commerce.
Metz-Noblat, de, 183.
Meyer, Rudolph, 198.
Middle Ages, definition of the term by various authorities, 3 et seq.
early writers of, no reference to economic questions, 13.
Milan, 211.
Mohammed, prohibition of usury by his followers, 160.
Mohammedans, taking of interest by, forbidden, 166.
Monasteries, the, their example in manual labour, 138, 223.
Money, as a form of capital, 201.
a vendible commodity, 158.
changing, see Cambium.
different kinds of variation of, 219 et seq.
ignorance of early Middle Ages regarding, 214 et seq.
invention of, 103.
most suitable metals for, 219.
not discussed by early mediæval writers, 14.
sterility of, 180.
the sovereign's power in relation to, 219.
treatment of, by Isidore of Seville, 15.
utility of, as treated by Aristotle, 16.
variations in value of, 216 et seq.
value of, not to be changed unnecessarily, 219.
Monopolies, mediæval views on, 124.
Montes pietatis, 194.
attitude of the Church to, 197.
controversy over interest charged by, 196.
Montes profani, 195 et seq.
Moral theology, 130.
Morality, economic, in the Middle Ages, 10.
More, Sir Thomas, 48.
Mosheim, 44.
Munificence, duty of, 77.
Mutuum, 202, 210, 213, 214.
nature of, 178, 183.
risk involved in, 192.

Natural rights, distinction between absolute and commensurate
in slavery, 95.
Navarrus, 190.
Necessaries, two kinds distinguished by Thomas Aquinas, 83.
Neumann, 182.
New Testament, the, 176.
cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174.
Nice, Council of, on usury, 169, 170.
Nicholas v., Pope, bull on personal rent charges, 205.
Nider, 39, 110, 118, 134, 150, 181, 193.
Nitti, F.S., 43, 69.
Noel, Conrad, 49.
Numa, as origin of 'nummi,' 15.

Occupancy, as title to property, 65.
Old Testament, the, 176.
attitude to usury, 163, 165.
cited in support of prohibition of usury, 174.
Oresme, Nicholas, 143, 215, 216, 219.
his influence, 221.
his work on money, 214, 217 et seq.
Origen, 45.
Orvieto, first montes pietatis started at, 196.
Ownership, see Property.

Padua, montes pietatis at, 196.
Palgrave, 30, 105, 112, 135, 212.
Parma, montes pietatis at, 196.
Partnership, division of remuneration, 209.
scholastic teaching on, 202, 205 et seq.
the two kinds of, 209.
Parvificentia, a sin, 77, 78.
Patria, potestas, 226.
Pelagius, views condemned by Council, A.D. 415, 61.
Pennafort, Raymond de, 27, 149.
Periculum sortis, 191, 192, 212.
Périn, 183, 226.
Perugia, montes pietatis at, 196.
Philip the Fair, his method of increasing the revenue, 216.
Philosophers, the, their condemnation of usury, 161.
Pigonneau, 146.
Plato, his objection to usury, 161.
Plutarch, attitude to usury, 163.
Poena conventionalis, 185.
difference from interest, 186.
Political economy, errors of classical school, 8.
difference between mediæval and modern methods, 6.
Pope, the, his denunciation of Philip the Fair, 216.
the spiritual vicar of God, 10.
Popes, the, and almsgiving, 69.
pronouncements by, on rent, 204.
their protection of montes pietatis, 197.
Population, mediæval attitude to, 224.
Poverty, as the cause of sin, 78.
Prescription, as title to property, 65.
Price, just, see Just price.
Priscian, 14.
Prodigality, an offence against liberality, 79.
a sin towards the individual and the community, 78.
distinction from liberality, 76.
Production, an honourable vocation, 226.
cost of, as a factor in determining value, 111 et seq.
extended, the aim of mediæval teaching, 223.
regulation of, 32.
Professions, see Labour.
Profit, of the campsor to be determined by just price, 158.
'Profiteer,' the, doctrine of just price a weapon against, 125.
Profiteering, prohibition of, 151.
Property, duties attaching to, 69.
duties in respect of exchange of, 102.
immovable, rule for determining value, 120.
in human beings, 88.
private, duties attaching to, 40.
right of, 39.
teaching of mediæval Church, 41 et seq.
the foundation of mediæval economics, 40.
the keystone of economic system of later theologians, 66.
Proverbs, 165.
Prutz, 146.
Psalms, 137, 165, 171.

Rabanas Mauras, 14.
Rambaud, 7, 8, 13, 80, 87, 100, 114, 146, 151, 182, 183, 188, 197,
203, 213, 215.
Reformation, the, 211.
attacks on monastic life during, 138.
Renaissance, the, 218.
Rent, pronouncements on, by the Popes, 204.
refusal to pay, in Breslau, 204.
scholastic teaching on, 202 et seq.
Revue Archéologique, La, 61.
Riches, the early Church on their abuse, 53.
Rickaby, 75.
Risk, remuneration for, 152, 157, 191.
Rist, see Gide.
Roman Empire, the, fall of, regarded as beginning of Middle Ages, 3.
jurists, their views on slavery accepted by Thomas Aquinas, 94.
Romans, Epistle to the, 48.
Rome, condemnation of usury by the philosophers of, 162.
laws regarding interest in, 160.
Numa, King of, 15.
policy of, enforced by clergy, 11.
the attitude to manual labour in, 137.
Roscher, W.G.F., 5, 13, 19, 34, 46, 48, 87, 88, 107, 108, 112, 114,
121, 125, 142, 163, 166, 172, 186, 204, 215, 217.
Ryan, Dr. J.A., 49, 74, 117, 123, 135.

Sabatier, 223.
St. Ambrose, 49, 52, 60, 82, 171.
quoted by Aquinas, 71.
St. Anselm, 14.
St. Anthony, advice to his followers, 223.
St. Augustine, 49, 57, 60, 63, 92, 93, 97, 98, 105, 146, 154, 172, 224.
theory of slavery analysed by Janet, 93.
views on slavery accepted by Aquinas, 94 et seq.
St. Barnabas, 45.
St. Basil, 49, 153, 171, 224.
quoted by Aquinas, 71.
St. Benedict, 152.
Rule of, 224.
St. Clement of Alexandria, 45, 49, 54, 168, 170.
St. Clement of Rome, 49, 54.
St. Cyprian, 45, 50, 168, 170.
St. Gregory Nazianzen, 54.
St. Gregory of Nyssa, 171.
St. Gregory the Great, 49.
St. Hilary, 171.
St. Isidore, 62.
St. Jerome, 49, 145, 171, 224.
St. John Chrysostom, 49, 51, 52.
St. Joseph, represented as a carpenter, 139.
St. Justin, 45.
St. Justin Martyn, 49.
St. Lucian, 45.
St. Luke, 82.
St. Luke, doubtful meaning of a verse in, 168.
interpretation of a doubtful verse in, 168, 171.
St. Macharius, 223.
St. Matthew, 38, 47.
St. Pachomius, 223.
St. Paul, 137.
attitude to private property and communism, 48.
on possession, cited by St. Augustine, 60.
teaching on slavery, 89.
followed by Christian teachers, 90.
St. Peter, 46.
teaching on slavery, 89.
St. Peter Damian, 83.
St. Thomas, see Thomas Aquinas.
Sale, Roman law as applied to, 104.
Thomas Aquinas on, 38.
treatment by fifteenth-century writers, 18.
Sales, analogy between loans and, 182.
Salvador, 48.
Salvian, 55.
Sapphira, 46, 52.
Saturnus, result of banishment from heaven, 56.
Saving, an act of liberality, 72 et seq.
Scherer, 146.
Scotus, Duns, see Duns.
Scotus Erigenus, 14.
Semaine Sociale de France, La, 49, 62, 68, 104, 111.
Seneca, 59, 89, 90.
view of usury, 163.
Serfdom, 99.
Sertillanges, 80.
Servus, St. Augustine's theory of origin, 93.
Sevona, montes pietatis at, 196.
Sicily, personal rent charges permitted in, 205.
Sidgwick, Professor Henry, 29, 31.
Sinigaglia, 225.
Sixtus V., Pope, condemnation of trinus contractus, 211.
Slater, Father, 109, 128, 129, 130.
Slavery, analogy with property, 97.
attitude of Christianity to, 88.
limits of master's rights, 100.
three kinds of, 99.
views of Christian Church and philosophers reconciled by
Aquinas, 93 et seq.
Smith, Adam, 29.
Societas, 206, 207, 210, 213.
Socialism, as providing an ethical basis of society, 31.
danger of, 32.
relation of its economic teaching to Christianity, 33.
Socialists, claim to authority of the early Christians, 49 et seq.
attempts to construct Utopia, 228.
their communism not the 'community of user' advocated by
scholastics, 86.
their interpretations of St. Augustine, 58.
their main principles, 230.
their philosophy at variance with Christianity, 231.
their principles not derived from mediæval teaching, 230.
their view of the Church's teaching on usury, 198.
Socius stans, 207.
Solon, laws of, as affecting usury, 160.
Songe du Vergier, 225.
Stagyrite, the, see Aristotle.
Stoic tradition, the, 58.
Stoicism, inferiority to Christian teaching on slavery, 89.
Stoics, the, 93.
Stintzing, 20.
Sudre, 47, 48.
Summa Angelica, 186.
Astesana, 186.
Pisana, 156.
Superabundance, relativity of, 75.

'Teaching,' interpretation of, 3, 19 et seq.
mediæval, its relation to practice, 21.
ethical nature of, 27.
Temperance, in the use of goods, 70.
Tertullian, 45, 49, 145, 168, 170.
Thessalonians, Epistle to the, 137.
Thirteenth century, progress made in the, 15.
Thomas Aquinas, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 41, 42, 46, 52, 62
et seq., 67, 69, 70, 71 et seq., 74 et seq., 77, 78, 80, 81,
82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 101, 105, 111, 112, 114,
117, 119, 121, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147,
148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 156, 162, 167, 173, 174, 176, 182, 186,
188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 197, 206, 207, 208, 215, 230.
Ticinum, Synod of, decree on usury, 173.
Tillage, see Agriculture.
Time, the sale of, 182.
Timothy, 151.
Titulus, distinction from fundamentum, 64.
Tractatus Universi Juris, 19.
Tradesman, see Commerce.
Trade, see Commerce.
Troplong, 226.
Trinus contractus, 210, 211.
Trithemius, 85, 124, 137, 149.
Twelve Tables, the, maximum rate of interest fixed by, 160.

Unciarum foenus, doubtful meaning of, 160.
Usufruct, Aquinas on, 38.
Usurers, see Usury.
Usury and the clergy, 169.
a sin against justice, 175.
attitude of the Apostles, 168.
attitude of various religious and legal systems, 160.
borrowing at, circumstances justifying, 194.
broader basis of discussion after twelfth century, 173.
dealt with by ecclesiastical courts, 175.
condemned by Councils, 13.
by philosophers, 161, 162.
as a sin against charity, 168, 171.
controversies over prohibition, 159.
definition of, by Lateran Council, 197.
doubt as to Gospel teaching on, 167.
Usury, ecclesiastical legislation on, 174.
inconclusive teaching of the early Church, 172.
increased payment for credit regarded as, 119.
injustice of, according to Aristotle, 16.
in the Old Testament, 163.
not suppressed by civil law, 172.
patristic and episcopal utterances in favour of, 172.
not permitted by civil authorities, 197 et seq.
popular attitude to, 163.
prohibition of, 133, 173, 183, 184.
proof of justice of unearned income, 213.
position in canonist doctrine, 33.
not imposed on converts from Gentiles, 168.
secular legislation in favour of, declared void, 175.
teaching of the early Church, 167 et seq.
treatment by fifteenth-century writers, 18.

Value, factors determining, 129.
not systematically treated till fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, 111.
See also Price.
Vaudois, the, belief in communism, 66.
Verona, montes pietatis at, 196.
Vienne, Council of, 175.
Vio, Thomas da, 196.
Virgin, the Blessed, represented spinning, 139.
Virginity, recommended for the few, 225.
Viterbo, montes pietatis at, 196.

Wages, rules determining, 120.
as factor in cost of production, 111.
attitude of mediæval and modern working classes towards
fixing, 126 et seq.
fixed by a public authority, 121.
Wages, paucity of authority on, before sixteenth century, 121.
Wallon, 90, 137, 140.
Wealth, theory of, according to Aristotle, 16.
Wealth, not an end in itself, 80.
Weber, 206.
William of Paris, 176.
Wolowski, 216, 217, 221.