General shape of Egypt, [1]—Chief divisions: twofold division, [2]; threefold division, [3]—The Egypt of the maps unreal, [4]—Egypt, "the gift of the river," in what sense, [5], [6]—The Fayoum, [7]—- Egyptian speculations concerning the Nile, [7], [8]—The Nile not beautiful, [8]—Size of Egypt, [9]—Fertility, [10]—Geographical situation, [11], [12]—The Nile, as a means of communication, [12], [13], Phenomena of the inundation, [13], [14]—Climate of Egypt. [14]—Geology, [15]—Flora and Fauna, [16], [17]—General monotony, [19]—Exceptions, [20]-[22].
Origin of the Egyptians, [23]—Phenomena of their language and type, [24]—Two marked varieties of physique. [25]—Two types of character: the melancholic, [25], [27]: the gay, [27]-[29]—Character of the Egyptian religion: polytheism, [30], [31]—Animal worship, [31]-[33]—Worship of the monarch, [33]—Osirid saga, [34], [35]—Evil gods, [36]—Local cults, [37]—Esoteric religion, [38]; how reconciled with the popular belief, [39]—Conviction of a life after death, [40], [41]—Moral code, [41]-[43]—Actual state of morals, [43]—Ranks of society, [44], [45].
Early Egyptian myths: the Seb and Thoth legends, [46], [47]—The destruction of mankind by Ra, [48]—Traditions concerning M'na, or Menes, [48]—Site of Memphis, [49]—Great Temple of Phthah at Memphis, [50], [51]—Names of Memphis, [51]—Question of the existence of M'na, [52], [53]—Supposed successors of M'na, [54]—First historical Egyptian, Sneferu, [55]—The Egypt of his time, [56]—Hieroglyphics, [57]—Tombs, [58]—Incipient pyramids, [59], [60]—Social condition of the people, [60]—Manners, [61]—Position of women, [62]-[64].
Difficult to realize the conception of a great pyramid, [65]—Egyptian idea of one, [66]—Number of pyramids in Egypt: the Principal Three, [67]—Description of the "Third Pyramid," [67]-[71]; of the "Second Pyramid," [72]; of the "First" or "Great Pyramid," [75]-[81]—The traditional builders, Khufu, Shafra, and Menkaura, [82]; the pyramids their tombs, [82]—Grandeur of Khufu's conception, [83]—Cruelty involved in it, [84], [85]—The builders' hopes not realized, [85], [86]—Skill displayed in the construction, [86]—Magnificence of the architectural effect, [89]—Inferiority of the "Third Pyramid," [90]—Continuance of the pyramid period, [91]-[94].
THE RISE OF THEBES TO POWER, AND THE EARLY THEBAN KINGS [95]-[119]
Shift of the seat of power—site of Thebes, [95]—Origin of the name of Thebes, [96]—Earliest known Theban king, Antef I., [97]—His successors, Mentu-hotep I. and "Antef the Great," [98]—Other Antefs and Mentu-hoteps, [98], [99]—Sankh-ka-ra and his fleet, [99], [100]—Dynasty of Usurtasens and Amenemhats: spirit of their civilization, [100], [101]—Reign of Amenemhat I., [102]—His wars and hunting expeditions, [103], [104]—Usurtasen I.: his wars, [105]—His sculptures and architectural works, [106]—His obelisk, [107], [109]—Reign of Amenemhat II.: tablet belonging to his time, [109], [110]—Usurtasen II. and his conquests, [111], [112].
Dangers connected with the inundation of the Nile, twofold, [113]—An excessive inundation, [114]; a defective one, [115]—Sufferings from these causes under Amenemhat III., [115], [116]—Possible storage of water, [117]—Amenemhat's reservoir, the "Lake Mœris," [118]—Doubts as to its dimensions, [119], [120]—Amenemhat's "Labyrinth," [121]—His pyramid, and name of Ra-n-mat, [122], [123].
Wanderings of the Patriarch, [124]—Necessity which drove him into Egypt, [125]—Passage of the Desert, [126]—A dread anxiety unfaithfully met, [127]—Reception on the frontier, and removal of Sarah to the court, [128]—Abraham's material well-being, [129]—The Pharaoh restores Sarah, [130]—Probable date of the visit, [130]—Other immigrants, [131].
THE GREAT INVASION—THE HYKSOS OR SHEPHERD KINGS—JOSEPH AND APEPI [132]-[146]
Exemption of Egypt hitherto from foreign attack, [132]—Threatening movements among the populations of Asia, [133]—Manetho's tale of the "Shepherd" invasion, [134]—The probable reality, [135], [136]—Upper Egypt not overrun, [137]—The first Hyksos king, Set, or Saites, [138]—Duration of the rule, doubtful, [139]—Character of the rule improves with time, [140]—Apepi's great works at Tanis, [144]—Apepi and Ra-sekenen, [145]—Apepi and Joseph, [146].
HOW THE HYKSOS WERE EXPELLED FROM EGYPT [147]-[169]
Rapid deterioration of conquering races generally, [147], [148]—Recovery of the Egyptians from the ill effects of the invasion, [149]—Second rise of Thebes to greatness, [150]—War of Apepi with Ra-sekenen III., [151]—Succession of Aahmes; war continues, [152]—The Hyksos quit Egypt, [153]—Aahmes perhaps assisted by the Ethiopians, [153]-[157].
THE FIRST GREAT WARRIOR KING, THOTHMES I. [158]-[169]
Early wars of Thothmes in Ethiopia and Nubia, [158]-[160]—His desire to avenge the Hyksos invasion, [161]—Condition of Western Asia at this period, [162], [163]—Geographical sketch of the countries to be attacked, [164], [165]—Probable information of Thothmes on these matters, [167]—His great expedition into Syria and Mesopotamia, [167]—His buildings, [168]—His greatness insufficiently appreciated, [169].
High estimation of women in Egypt, [170]—Early position of Hatasu as joint ruler with Thothmes II., [173]—Her buildings at this period, [173]—Her assumption of male attire and titles, [174]-[177]—Her nominal regency for Thothmes III., and real sovereignty, [177], [178]—Construction and voyage of her fleet, [178], [183]—Return of the expedition to Thebes, [184]—Construction of a temple to commemorate it, [185]—Joint reign of Hatasu with Thothmes III.—Her obelisks, [186]—Her name obliterated by Thothmes, [187].
THOTHMES THE THIRD AND AMENHOTEP THE SECOND [189]-[207]
First expedition of Thothmes III. into Asia, [189]-[191]—His second and subsequent campaigns, [191], [192]—Great expedition of his thirty-third year, [192], [193]—Adventure with an elephant, [194]—Further expeditions: amount of plunder and tribute, [195]—Interest in natural history, [196]—Employment of a navy, [197]—Song of victory on the walls of the Temple of Karnak, [198]-[199]—Architectural works, [199]-[201]—Their present wide diffusion, [202]—Thothmes compared with Alexander, [203]—Description of his person, [204]—Position of the Israelites under Thothmes III., [205]—Short reign of Amenhotep II., [206].
AMEN-HOTEP III. AND HIS GREAT WORKS—THE VOCAL MEMNON [208]-[222]
The "Twin Colossi" of Thebes: their impressiveness, [208]-[211]—The account given of them by their sculptor, [212]—The Eastern Colossus, why called "The Vocal Memnon," [213], [214]—Earliest testimony to its being "vocal," [214]—Rational account of the phenomenon, [215]-[217]—Amenhotep's temple at Luxor, [217], [218]—His other buildings, [219]—His wars and expeditions, [219], [220]—His lion hunts; his physiognomy and character, [221], [222].
Obscure nature of the heresy of the Disk-worshippers, [223]-[225]—Possible connection of Disk-worship with the Israelites, [226]—Hostility of the Disk-worshippers to the old Egyptian religion, [227]—The introduction of the "heresy" traced to Queen Taia, [228]—Great development of the "heresy" under her son, Amenhotep IV., or Khuenaten, [229]—Other changes introduced by him, [230].
Advance of the Hittite power in Syria, [231]—War of Saplal with Ramesses I., [231]—War of Seti I. with Maut-enar, [232]—Great Syrian campaign of Seti, followed by a treaty, [233], [235]—Seti's other wars, [236]—His great wall, [237]—Hittite war of Ramesses II., [238], [240]—Poem of Pentaour, [241]—Results of the battle of Kadesh, a new treaty and an inter-marriage, [242], [243]—Military decline of Egypt, [244]—Egyptian art reaches its highest point: Great Hall of Columns at Karnak, [245]—Tomb of Seti, [246], [247]—Colossi of Ramesses II., [248]—Ramesses II. the great oppressor of the Israelites, [249]—- Physiognomies of Seti I. and Ramesses II, [250]-[252].
MENEPHTHAH I., THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS [253]-[268]
Good prospect of peace on Menephthah's accession, [253]—General sketch of his reign, [254]—Invasion of the Maxyes, [255]—Their Mediterranean allies, [256], [257]—Repulse of the invasion, [258]-[261]—Israelite troubles, [262]-[264]—Loss of the Egyptian chariot force in the Red Sea, [265]—Internal revolts and difficulties, [265]—General review of the civilization of the period, [266]-[268].
THE DECLINE OF EGYPT UNDER THE LATER RAMESSIDES [269]-[287]
Temporary disintegration of Egypt, [269]—Reign of Setnekht, [270]—Reign of Ramesses III., [271]—General restlessness of the nations in his time [272],—Libyan invasion of Egypt, [273], [274]—Great invasion of the Tekaru, Tanauna, and others, [275], [276]—First naval battle on record, [277], [278]—Part taken by Ramesses in the fight, [278]-[281]—Campaign of revenge, [282]—Later years of Ramesses peaceful, [283]—General decline of Egypt, [284]—Insignificance of the later Ramessides, [284], [285]—Deterioration in art, literature, and morals, [285], [287].
Influence of the priests in Egypt, [288]—Ordinary relations between them and the kings, [289]—High-priesthood of Ammon becomes hereditary; Herhor, [290]—Reign of Pinetem I., [293]—Reign of Men-khepr-ra, [294]—Rise of the kingdom of the Israelites, [295]—Friendly relations established between Pinetem II. and Solomon, [296]—Effect on Hebrew art and architecture, [297].
Shishak's family Semitic, but not Assyrian or Babylonian, [298]—Connected by marriage with the priest-kings, [299], [300]—Reception of Jeroboam by Shishak, [301]—Shishak's expedition against Rehoboam, [302]—Aid lent to Jeroboam in his own kingdom, [303]—Arab conquests, [304]—Karnak inscription, [305]—Shishak's successors, [306]—War of Zerah (Osorkon II.?) with Asa, [307]—Effect of Zerah's defeat, [309]—Decline of the dynasty, [310]—Disintegration of Egypt, [310], [311]—Further deterioration in literature and art, [311]-[313].
THE LAND SHADOWING WITH WINGS—EGYPT UNDER THE ETHIOPIANS [314]-[330]
Vague use of the term Ethiopia, [314]—Ethiopian kingdom of Napata, [315]—Wealth of Napata, [316]—Piankhi's rise to power, [317]—His protectorate of Egypt, [318]—Revolt of Tafnekht and others, [318]—Suppression of the revolt, [319]-[323]—Death of Piankhi, and revolt of Bek-en-ranf, [323]—Power of Shabak established over Egypt, [324]—General character of the Ethiopian rule, [325]—Advance of Assyria towards the Egyptian border, [325]—Collision between Sargon and Shabak, [326]—Reign of Shabatok—Sennacherib threatens Egypt, [327]—Reign of Tehrak, [328]-[330].
THE FIGHT OVER THE CARCASE—ETHIOPIA v. ASSYRIA [331]-[341]
Egypt attacked by Esarhaddon, [331], [332]—Great battle near Memphis, [333]—Memphis taken, and flight of Tehrak to Napata, [334]—Egypt split up into small states by Esarhaddon, [334], [335]—Tehrak renews the struggle, [336]—Tehrak driven out by Asshur-bani-pal, [337]—His last effort, [337]—Attempt made by Rut-Ammon fails, [338]—Temporary success of Mi-Ammon-nut, [339]—Egypt becomes once more an Assyrian dependency, [340]—Her wretched condition, [341].
THE CORPSE COMES TO LIFE AGAIN—PSAMATIK I. AND HIS SON, NECO [342]-[359]
Foreign help needed to save a sinking state, [342]—Libyan origin of Psamatik I., [344]—His revolt connected with the decline of Assyria, [345]—Assistance rendered him by Gyges, [345]—His struggle with the petty princes, [346]—Reign of Psamatik: place assigned by him to the mercenaries, [347]—His measures for restoring Egypt to her former prosperity, [348], [349]—He encourages intercourse between Egypt and Greece, [350]-[352]—Egypt restored to life: character of the new life, [353]—Later years of Psamatik: conquest of Ashdod, [354]—Reign of Neco: his two fleets, [355]—His circumnavigation of Africa, [356]—His conquest of Syria, [357]—Jeremiah on the battle of Carchemish, [358]—Neco's dream of empire terminates, [359].
THE LATER SAÏTE KINGS—PSAMATIK II., APRIES, AND AMASIS [360]-[367]
The Saïtic revival in art and architecture,[360]—Some recovery of military strength, [361]—Expedition of Psamatik II. into Ethiopia, [362]—Part taken by Apries in the war between Nebuchadnezzar and Zedekiah, [363]—His Phœnician conquests, [364]—His expedition against Cyrene, [364]—Invasion of Egypt by Nebuchadnezzar, [365]—Quiet reign of Amasis, [366]—The Saïtic revival not the recovery of true national life, [367].
Patient acquiescence of Amasis in his position of tributary to Babylon, [368]—Rise of the Persian power under Cyrus, and appeal made by Crœsus to Amasis, League of Egypt, Lydia, and Babylon, [369], [370]—Precipitancy of Crœsus, [371]—Fall of Babylon, [371]—Later wars of Cyrus, [372]—Preparations made against Egypt by Cambyses, [373], [374]—Great battle of Pelusium, [375]—Psamatik III, besieged in Memphis, [376]—Fall of Memphis, and cruel treatment of the Egyptians by Cambyses, [377], [378]—His iconoclasm checked by some considerations of policy, [379]—Conciliatory measures of Darius Hystaspis, [379], [380].
First revolt, under Khabash, easily suppressed by Xerxes, [381], [382]—Second revolt under Inarus and Amyrtæus, assisted by Athens, [382], [383]—Suppressed by Megabyzus, [384]—Herodotus in Egypt, [385]—Third revolt, under Nefaa-rut, attains a certain success; a native monarchy re-established, [386].
Unquiet time under the earlier successors of Nefaa-rut, [387]—Preparations of Nectanebo (Nekht Hor-heb) for the better protection of Egypt against the Persians, [388]—Invasion of Egypt by Pharnabazus and Iphicrates, [389]—Failure of the expedition, [390]—A faint revival of art and architecture, [391].
Reign of Te-her (Tacho), [393]—Reign of Nectanebo II. (Nekht-nebf), [394]—Revolt of Sidon, and great expedition of Ochus, [394], [395]—Sidon betrayed by Tennes and Memnon of Rhodes, [396]—March upon Egypt: disposition of the Persian forces, [397]—Skirmish at Pelusium, and retreat of Nekht-nebf to Memphis, [398], [399]—Capture of Pelusium, [399]—Surrender of Bubastis, [400]—Nehkt-nebf flies to Ethiopia, [401]—General reflections, [402].
