APPENDIX
A SUGGESTED OUTLINE FOR BIOLOGY BEGINNING IN THE FALL
LIST OF TOPICS
First Term
First week. Why study Biology? Relation to human health, hygiene. Relations existing between plants and animals. Relation of bacteria to man. Uses of plants and animals. Conservation of plants and animals. Relation to life of citizen in the city. Plants and animals in relation to their environment. What is the environment; light, heat, water, soil, food, etc. What plants take out of the environment. What animals take out of the environment. Dependence of plants and animals upon the factors of the environment. Laboratory: Study of a plant or an animal in the school or at home to determine what it takes from its environment.
Second week. Some Relations existing between Plants (Green) and Animals. Field trip planned to show that insects feed upon plants; make their homes upon plants. That flowers are pollinated by insects. Insects lay eggs upon certain food plants. Green plants make food for animals. Other relations. (Time allotment. One day trip, collecting, etc.; two days' discussion of trip in all its relations.) Make a careful study of the locality you wish to visit, have a plan that the pupils know about beforehand. Review and hygiene of pupil's environment, 2 days.
Third week. Study of a Flower, Parts Essential to Pollination Named. Adaptations for insect pollination worked out in laboratory. Study of bee or butterfly as an insect carrier of pollen. Names of parts of insect learned. Elementary knowledge of groups of insects seen on field trip. Bees, butterflies, grasshoppers, beetles, possibly flies and bugs. Drawing of a flower, parts labeled. Drawing of an insect, outline only, parts labeled. Careful study of some fall flower fitted for insect pollination with an insect as pollinating agent. Some examples of cross-pollination explained. Practical value of cross-pollination.
Fourth week. Living Plants and Animals Compared. Parts of plants, functions; organs, tissues, cells. Demonstration cells of onion or elodea. How cells form others. What living matter can do. Reproduction. Growth of pollen tube, fertilization. Development of ovule into seed. Fruits, how formed. Uses, to man.
Fifth week. What makes a Seed Grow. Bean seed, a baby plant, and food supply. Food, what is it? Organic nutrients, tests for starch, protein, oil. Show their presence in seeds.
Sixth week. Need for Foods. Germination of bean due to (a) presence of foods, (b) outside factors. What is done with the food. Release of energy. Examples of engine, plants, human body. Oxidation in body. Proof by experiment. Test for presence of CO2. Oxidation in growing plant, experiment. Respiration a general need for both plants and animals.
Seventh week. Need for Digestion. The corn grain. Parts, growth, food supply outside body of plant, how does it get inside. Digestion, need for. Test for grape sugar. Enzymes, their function. Action of diastase on starch.
Eighth week. What Plants take from the Soil, How they do This. Use of root. Influence of gravity and water. Why? Absorption a function. Root hairs. Demonstration. Pocket gardens, optional home work, but each pupil must work on root hairs from actual specimen. How root absorbs. Osmosis; what substances will osmose. Experiments to demonstrate this.
Ninth week. Composition of Soil. What root hairs take out of soil. Plant needs mineral matter to make living matter. Why? Nitrogen necessary. Sources of nitrogen, the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Relation of this to man. Rotation of crops.
Tenth week. How Green Plants make Food. Passage of liquids up stem. Demonstration. Structure of a green leaf. Cellular structure demonstrated. Microscopic demonstration of cells, stoma, air spaces, chlorophyll bodies. Evaporation of water from green leaf, regulation of transpiration.
Eleventh week. Midterm Examinations. Sun a source of energy. Effect of light on green plants. Experimental proof. Starch made in green leaf. Light and air necessary for starch making. Proof. Protein making in leaf. By-products in starch making. Proof. Respiration.
Twelfth week. The Circulation and Distribution of Food in Green Plants. Uses of bark, wood, what part of stem does food pass down. Willow twig experiment. Summary of functions of living matter in plant. Forestry lecture. Economic uses of green plants. Reports.
Thirteenth week. Plants without Chlorophyll in their Relation to Man. Saprophytic fungi. Molds. Growth on bread or other substances. Conditions most favorable for growth. Favorite foods. Methods of prevention. Economic importance.
Fourteenth week. Yeasts in their Relation to Man. Experiments to show fermentation is caused by yeasts. Experiments to show conditions necessary for fermentation. The part played by yeasts in bread making, in wine making, in other industries. Structure of yeast demonstrated. Summary.
Fifteenth week. Experiments to show where Bacteria may be found and Conditions necessary to Growth Begun. Have cultures collected and placed in a warm room during the holidays. Suggested experiments are exposure to air of quiet room and room with persons moving, dust of floor, knife blade, etc.
Sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth weeks. The Month of January should be Devoted to the Study of Bacteria in their General Relations to Man. Economically, both directly and indirectly. Especial emphasis placed on the nature and necessity of decay. Bacteria in relation to disease should also be emphasized. The experiments to be performed and the topics expected to be covered follow.
Conditions Favorable and Unfavorable for Growth of Bacteria. (Use bouillon cultures.) Effect of intense heat, sterile bouillon exposed to air, effect of boiling, effect of cold, effect of antiseptics (corrosive sublimate, carbolic acid, boric acid, formalin, etc.), effect of large amounts of sugar and salt and the relation of this to preserving, etc. Bring out practical application of principles demonstrated. Discuss sterilization in medicine and surgery, cold storage, canning, sterilization, e.g. laundries, etc., use of antiseptics, preserving by means of salt and sugar. Microscopic demonstration of bacteria. Methods of reproduction. Importance in causing organic decay, fixation of nitrogen, various useful forms in cheese making, butter ripening, etc. Harmfulness of bacteria as disease producers. Specific diseases discussed: tuberculosis, typhoid, infective colds, blood poisoning, etc. Vaccination. Antitoxins begun—continued after knowledge of human body is gained. Work of Lister and Pasteur.
Nineteenth and twentieth weeks. Review and Examinations.
Second Term
First week. The Balanced Aquarium. Carbon and nitrogen cycles. Balanced aquarium and hay infusion compared.
Second week. One Protozoan, Demonstration to show Changes in Shape, Response to Stimuli, Summary of Vital Processes in Cell. Food getting, digestion, assimilation, oxidation, excretion, growth, reproduction. Internal structure of protozoan. Protozoa as cause of disease.
Third week. General Survey of Animal Kingdom. Survey introduced by museum trip if possible. Protozoa, worm, insect, fish, mammal. Distinction between vertebrate and invertebrate. Character of mammalia. Division of labor emphasized. Man's place in nature.
Fourth week. Study of the Frog. Relation to habitat, adaptations for locomotion, food getting, respiration, comparison of frog and fish on latter point. Osmotic exchange of gases emphasized. Cell respiration.
Fifth week. Metamorphosis of Frog. Fertilization, cell division, and differentiation emphasized. Touch on plant and animal breeding. Function of chromosomes as bearers of heredity. Comparison of bird's egg and mammal embryo.
Sixth week. Factors in Breeding. 1. Variation. 2. Selection. 3. Heredity fixes variation. 4. Hybridizing. 5. Control of environment. Eugenics in relation to (a) crime, (b) disease, (c) genius. Continuity of germ plasm. Work of Darwin, Mendel, De Vries, Burbank.
Seventh week. A Brief Study of the Gross Structure of the Human Body. Skin, muscles, bones. Removal of lime from bone by HCl to show other substances and need for lime. Effect of posture, spinal curvature, fractures, sprains.
Eighth week. Need for Food. Nutritive value of food. Use of charts to show foods rich in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, water, refuse. The relation of age, sex, work, and environment to the food requirements. What is a cheap food. Price list of common foods at present time. Efforts of government to secure a cheap food supply for the people. Digestibility of foods.
Ninth week. How the Fuel Value of Food has been Determined. Meaning of calorie. The 100-caloric portion, its use in determining a daily or weekly dietary. Standard dietary as determined by Atwater. Comparison of standards of Chittenden and Voit with those of Atwater.
Tenth week. Study of Pupil's Dietary. Planning ideal meals. Individual dietaries for one day required from each pupil. Discussions and corrections. The family dietary. Relation to cost.
Eleventh week. Digestion. The digestive system in the frog and in man compared. Drawings of each. Glands and enzymes. Internal secretions and their importance. Demonstration of glandular tissues. Experiment to show digestion of starch in mouth.
Twelfth week. Digestion Continued. Digestion of white of egg by gastric juice. Digestion of starch with pancreatic fluid. Functions of pancreatic juice. Microscopic examination of emulsion. Reasons for digestion. Part played by osmosis. Demonstration of osmosis. Non-osmosis of non-digested foods, comparison between osmosable qualities of starch and grape sugar.
Thirteenth week. Absorption. Where and how foods are absorbed. The structure of a villus explained. Course taken by foods after absorption. Function of liver. Blood making the result of absorption. Composition of blood, red and colorless corpuscles, plasma, blood plates, antibodies. Microscopic drawing of corpuscles of frog's and man's blood.
Fourteenth week. Circulation of Blood. The heart and lungs of frog demonstrated. Heart of man a force pump, explain with use of force pump. Demonstration of beef's heart. Circulation and changes of blood in various parts of body. Work of cells with reference to blood made clear. Capillary circulation (demonstration of circulation in tadpole's tail or web of frog's foot).
Fifteenth week. Respiration and Excretion. Necessity for taking of oxygen to cells and removal of wastes from cells. Part played by blood and lymph. Mechanics of breathing (use of experiments). Changes of air and blood in lungs (experiments). Best methods of ventilation (experiments). Elimination of wastes from blood by lungs, skin, and kidneys. Cell respiration.
Sixteenth week. Hygiene of Organs of Excretion, especially care of skin. The general structure and functions of the central nervous system. Sensory and motor nerves. Reflexes, instincts, habits. Habit formation, importance of right habits. Rules for habit formation. Habit-forming drugs and other agents. Lecture.
Seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth weeks. Civic Hygiene and Sanitation. Hygiene of special senses, eye and ear. A well citizen an efficient citizen. Public health is purchasable. Improvement of environment a means of obtaining this. Civic hygiene and sanitation. Cleaning up neighborhood, inquiry into home and street conditions. Fighting the fly. Conditions of milk and water supply. Relation of above to disease. Work of Board of Health, etc. Review and Examinations.
SUGGESTED SYLLABUS FOR COURSE BEGINNING FEBRUARY 1 AND ENDING THE FOLLOWING JANUARY
First Term
First week. Why study Biology? Relation to human health, hygiene. Relations existing between plants and animals. Relation of bacteria to man. Uses of plants and animals. Conservation of plants and animals. Relation to life of citizen in this city. Needs of plants and animals: (1) food, (2) water, (3) air, (4) proper temperature. Study of a single plant or animal in relation to its environment. Problems of city government: (a) storage, preservation and distribution of foods, (b) water supply, (c) overcrowded tenements, (d) street cleaning, (e) clean schools. Biological problems in city government.
Second week. Interrelations between Plants and Animals. Plants furnish food, clothing, shelter, and medicine. Animals use food, shelter. Man's use of plants as above. Man's use of animals as above. Plant and animal industries. Use of balanced aquarium as illustrative material.
Third week. Destruction of Food and Other Things by Mold. Home experiment. Conditions favorable to growth of mold. Food, moisture, temperature. Destruction of commodities by mold: food, leather, clothing.
Fourth week, fifth week. Destruction of Foods by Bacteria. Experiment. To show where bacteria are found. Soil, dust, water, milk, hands, mouth. Use and harm of decay. Relation to agriculture. Experiment. Conditions favorable and unfavorable to growth of bacteria: boiling, cold, sugar, salt. Bacteria in relation to disease briefly mentioned. Bacteria in industries.
Sixth week. Use of Stored Food by Young Green Plant: (a) for energy, (b) for construction of tissue. Experiment. Structure of bean seed. Draw to show outer coat, cotyledon, hypocotyl, and plumule. Test for starch and sugar (grape). Test for oil, protein, water, mineral matter. Use of all nutrients to seedling.
Seventh week. Other Needs of Young Plants. Home experiments to show (a) temperature, (b) amount of water most favorable to germination. Experiment. To show need of oxygen. To show that germinating seeds give off carbon dioxide. Proof of presence of carbon dioxide in breath. The needs of a young plant compared with those of a boy or girl.
Eighth week. Digestion in Seedling. Structure of corn grain. Experiment. To show that starch is digested in a growing seedling (corn). Experiment. To show that diastase digests starch. Discussion of experiments.
Ninth week. What Plants take from the Soil and How they do This. Use of roots. Proof that it holds plant in position, takes in water and mineral matter, and in some cases stores food. Influence of gravity and water. Labeled drawing of root hair. Root hair as a cell emphasized. Osmosis demonstrated.
Tenth week. Composition of the Soil. Demonstration of presence of mineral and organic substances in the soil. What root hairs take from the soil. Mineral matter necessary and why. Importance and sources of nitrogen. Soil exhaustion and its prevention. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Review bacteria of decay. Rotation of crops.
Eleventh week. Upward Course of Materials in the Stem. Demonstration of pea seedlings with eosin to show above. Demonstration of evaporation of water from a leaf. Action of stomata in control of transpiration. Cellular structure of leaf. Demonstration of elodea to show cell.
Twelfth week. Sun a Source of Energy. Heliotropism. Demonstration. Necessity of sunlight for starch manufacture. Necessity of air for starch manufacture. By-products in starch making. Oil manufacture in leaf. Protein manufacture in plant. Respiration.
Thirteenth week. Reproduction. Necessity for (a) perpetuation, (b) regeneration. Study of a typical flower to show sepals, petals, stamens, pistil. Functions of each part. Cross and longitudinal sections of ovary shown and drawn. Emphasis on essential organs. Pollination, self and cross. (Note. At least one field trip must be planned for the month of May. This trip will take up the following topics: The relations between flowers and insects. The food and shelter relation between plants and animals. Recognition of 5 to 10 common trees. Need of conservation of forests. An extra trip could well be taken to give child a little knowledge and love for spring flowers and awakening nature.)
Fourteenth week. Study of the Bee Or Butterfly with Reference to Adaptations for Insect Pollination. Study of an irregular flower to show adaptations for insect visitors. Fertilization begun. Growth of pollen tubes.
Fifteenth week. Fertilization Completed. Use of chart to show part played by egg and sperm cell. Ultimate result the formation of embryo and its growth under favorable conditions into young plant. Relation of flower and fruit, pea, or bean used for this purpose. Development of fleshy fruit. Apple used for this purpose.
Sixteenth week. Maturing of Parts and Storing of Food in Seed and Fruit. The devices for scattering the seeds and relation to future plants. Résumé of processes of nutrition to show how materials found in fruit and seed are obtained by the plant.
Seventeenth week. Plant Breeding. Factors: (a) selective planting, (b) cross-pollination, (c) hybridizing. Heredity and variation begun. Darwin and Burbank mentioned.
Eighteenth and nineteenth weeks. The Natural Resources of Man: Soil, Water, Plants, Animals. The relation of plant life to the above factors of the environment. The relation of insects to plants (forage and other crops) and the relation of birds to insects. Need for conservation of the helpful factors in the environment of plants. Attention called to some native birds as insect and wood destroyers.
Twentieth week. Review and Examinations.
Second Term
First week. The Balanced Aquarium. Study of conditions producing this. The rôle of green plants, the rôle of animals. What causes the balance. How the balance may be upset. The nitrogen cycle. What it means in the world outside the aquarium. Symbiosis as opposed to parasitism. Examples.
Second week. Study of the Paramœcium. Study of a hay infusion to show how environment reacts upon animals. Relation to environment. Study of cell under microscope to show reactions. Structure of cell. Response to stimuli, function of cilia, gullet, nucleus, contractile vacuoles, food vacuoles, asexual reproduction. Drawings to show how locomotion is performed, general structure. Copy chart for fine structure.
Third week. A Bird's-eye View of the Animal Kingdom. One day. Development of a multicellular organism. (Use models.) One day. Physiological division of labor. Tissues, organs. Functions common to all animals. Illustrative material. Optional trip to museum for use of illustrative material to illustrate the principal characteristics of (a) a simple metazoan, sponge, or hydrazoan, (b) a segmented worm, (c) a crustacean (Decapod), (d) an insect, (e) a mollusk and echinoderm, (f) vertebrates. (Differences between vertebrates and invertebrates.) The characteristics of the vertebrates. Distinguish between fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds, mammals. Two days for discussion. Man's place in the animal series, elementary discussion of what evolution means.
Fourth week. The Economic Importance of Animals. Uses of animals: (1) As food. Directly: fish, shellfish, birds, domesticated mammals. (2) Indirectly as food: protozoa, crustacea. (3) They destroy harmful animals and plants. Snakes—birds; birds—insects; birds—weed seeds; herbivorous animals—weeds. (4) Furnish clothing, etc. Pearl buttons, etc. (5) Animal industries, silkworm culture, etc. (6) Domesticated animals.
Animals do harm: (1) To gardens. (2) To crops. (3) To stored food; examples, rats, insects, etc. (4) To forest and shade trees. (5) To human life. Disease: parasitism and its results,—examples, from worms, etc.; disease carriers fly, etc. Preventive measures. Methods of extermination.
References to Toothaker's Commercial Raw Materials. Use one day for laboratory work from references.
Fifth week. The Study of a Water-breathing Vertebrate. Two days. The fish, adaptations in body, fins, for food getting, for breathing. Structure of gills shown. Laboratory demonstration to show how water gets to the gills. Drawings. Outline of fish, gills. Required trip to aquarium. Object, to see fish in environment. One day. Home work at market. Why are some fish more expensive than others. Economic importance of fish. Relation of habits of (a) food getting, (b) spawning to catching and extermination of fish. Two days. Means of preventing overfishing, stocking, fishing laws, artificial fertilization of eggs, methods. Development of fish egg. Comparison with that of frog and bird.
Sixth week. The Factors Underlying Plant and Animal Breeding. Study of pupils in class to show heredity and variation. Conclusion. Animals tend to vary and to be like their ancestors. Heredity, rôle of sex cells, chromosomes. Principles of plant breeding. Selective planting, hybridizing, work of Darwin, Mendel, De Vries, and Burbank. Methods and results. Animal breeding, examples given, results. Improvement of man: (1) by control of environment, (a) example of clean-up campaign, 1913; (2) by control of individual, personal hygiene, and control of heredity. Eugenics. Examples from Davenport, Goddard, etc.
Seventh week. The Human Machine. Skin, bones and muscles, function of each. Examples and demonstration with skeleton. Organs of body cavity; show manikin. Work done by cells in body.
Eighth week. Study of Foods to determine: (a) nutritive value. Exercise with food charts to determine foods rich in water, starch, sugar, fats, proteins, mineral salts, refuse. One day. (b) Nutritive value of foods as related to work, age, sex, environment, cost, and digestibility. Foods compared to determine what is really a cheap food.
Ninth week. How the Fuel Value of Food has been Determined. The dietaries of Atwater, Chittenden, and Voit. The 100-calorie portion table and its use.
Tenth week. The Application of the 100-calorie Portion to the Making of the Daily Dietaries. Luncheon dietaries. A balanced dietary for pupil for one day. Family dietaries. Relation to cost. Reasons for this.
Eleventh week. Food Adulterations. Tests. Drugs and the alcohol question.
Twelfth week. Digestion. The alimentary canal of frog and of man compared. Drawings. (One day.) The work of glands. Work of salivary gland. Enzymes, internal secretions. Experiments to show (a) digestion of starch by saliva, (b) digestion of proteins by gastric or pancreatic juice, (c) emulsification of fats in the presence of an alkaline medium. Functions of other digestive glands. Movements of stomach and intestine discussed and explained.
Thirteenth week. Absorption. How it takes place, where it takes place. Passage of foods into blood, function of liver, glycogen.
Fourteenth week. The Blood and its Circulation. Composition and functions of plasma, red corpuscles, colorless corpuscles, blood plates, antibodies. The lymph and work of tissues. The blood and its method of distribution. Heart a force pump. Demonstration. Arteries, capillaries (demonstration), veins. Hygiene of exercise.
Fifteenth week. What Respiration does for the Body. The apparatus used. Changes of blood within lungs, changes of air within lungs. Demonstration. Cell respiration. The mechanics of respiration. Demonstration. Ventilation, need for, explain proper ventilation. Demonstration. Hygiene of fresh air and proper breathing. Dusting, sweeping, etc.
Sixteenth week. Excretion, Organs of. Skin and kidneys, regulation of body heat. Colds and fevers. Proper care of skin, hygiene. Summary of blood changes in body. Explanation of same.
Seventeenth week. Body Control and Habit Formation. Nervous system, nerve control. The neuron theory, brain psychology explained in brief. Habits and habit formation. Hygiene of sense organs.
Eighteenth and nineteenth weeks. Civic Hygiene and Sanitation. The Improvement Of One's Environment. Civic conditions discussed. Water, milk, food supplies. Relation to disease. How safeguarded. How help improve conditions in city.
Twentieth week. Review and Examinations.
(This outline may be introduced with Plant Biology, or, better, may come as application of the work in Second-term Biology.)
The Environment. Changes for betterment under control. How a city boy may improve his environment: by proper clothing, proper food and preparation of food, by care in home life; by sanitary conditions in neighborhood and in home.
Review of Activities of Cell. Irritability, food taking, assimilation, oxidation, excretion, reproduction. Similarity of functions of plant and animal cells. All cells perform these functions. Some cells perform functions especially well, e.g. contracting muscle cells. All cells need food and oxygen. Some must have this carried to them. A system of tubes carries blood which carries food and oxygen. Food must be prepared to get into the blood. Digestive system: mouth, teeth, stomach, intestines, glands, and digestive juices. Uses of above in preparing food to pass into the blood. Absorption of food into the blood. How oxygen gets to the cells. Nose, throat, windpipe, lungs; blood goes to lungs and carries away oxygen. Excretion. Cells give up wastes to blood and these wastes taken out of blood by kidneys and other glands and passed out of body. Sweat, urine, carbon dioxide.
Certain Kinds of Work performed by Certain Kinds of Cells. Advantage of this. Cells of movement. Muscles, tissues. Bones as levers necessary for some movements. This especially true for legs and arms. Skeleton also necessary for protection of internal organs and support of body. Making of special things in the body, e.g. digestive juices given to certain cells called gland cells. Working together or coördination of different organs provided for by nervous system. This is composed of cells which are highly irritable or sensitive. Collections of these nerve cells give us the power of feeling or sensation and of thinking.
Dietetics. Diet influenced by age, weight, occupation, temperature or climate, cheapness of food, digestibility.
Nutrients. List of nutrients found in seeds and fruits, also other common foods. Need of nutrients for human body. Nitrogenous foods, examples. A mixed diet best.
Digestion and Indigestion. What is digestion? Where does it take place? Causes of indigestion. Eating too rapidly and not chewing food. Eating foods hard to digest. Overeating. Eating between meals. Hard exercise immediately before or after eating.
Constipation. A condition in which the bowels do not move at least once every day. Dangers of constipation. Poisonous materials may be absorbed, causing lack of inclination to work, headache. Importance of regular habits of emptying the bowels. Each one must try to get at the cause of constipation in his own case. Causes of constipation. Lack of exercise, improper food, not drinking enough water, lack of laxative food, as fruits; lack of sleep, lack of regular habits. Remedies. Avoid use of drugs. Half hour before breakfast a glass of hot water, exercise of abdominal muscles, laxative foods, form habit of moving bowels after breakfast.
Hygiene of Circulation and Absorption. How digested foods get to the cells. Absorption. Definition. The passing of the digested food into the blood. How accomplished. Blood vessels. In walls of stomach and food tube. Membrane of cells separating food from blood. Food passes by osmosis through the membrane and by osmosis through the thin walls of the blood vessels.
Circulation of Foods. Blood contains foods, oxygen, and waste materials. Heart pumps the blood, blood vessels subdivide until very small and thin, so food, etc., passes from them to cells. Hygiene of the heart.
Transpiration and Excretion. Skin, function in excretion. Bathing. Care of skin. Hot baths. Bathe at least twice a week. Cold baths, how taken. Bathtub not a necessity. Effect of latter on educating skin to react. Relation to catching cold.
Care of Scalp and Nails. Scalp should be washed weekly. If dandruff present, wash often enough to keep clean. Baldness often results from dandruff. Finger nails cut even with end of fingers and cleaned daily with scrub brush.
Hygiene of Respiration. Definition of respiration. Object of respiration. (Connection between circulation and respiration.) Necessity of oxygen. Organs of respiration. Lungs most important. Deep breath, function. Ventilation, reasons for. Mouth breathing. Results. Lessened mental power, nasal catarrh, colds easily caught.
Plants Harmful To Man. Poison ivy and mushrooms. Treatment. Poisoning. Send for physician. Cause vomiting by (1) finger, (2) mustard and water. (Note. An unconscious person should not be given anything by the mouth unless he can swallow.) Relation of yeasts and bacteria to man. Fermentation a cause of indigestion. Relation to candy, sirups, sour stomach, formation of gas causes pain.
Bacteria of Mouth and Alimentary Canal. Entrance of bacteria by mouth and nose. Nose: "cold in the head," grippe, catarrh. Mouth: decay of teeth, tonsillitis, diphtheria. Germs pass from one person to another, no one originates germs in himself. Precautions against receiving and transferring germs. Common drinking cups, towels, coins, lead pencils, moistening fingers to turn pages in book or to count roll of bills. Tuberculosis germs. Entrance by mouth, lungs favorite place, may be any part of body. Dust of air, sweeping streets, watering a necessity. Spitting in streets and in public buildings. Germs of typhoid fever. Entrance: water, milk, fresh uncooked vegetables, oysters. Thrive in small intestines. Preventable. Typhoid epidemics, methods of prevention of typhoid. Conditions favorable for growth of specific disease germs. Work of Boards of Health.
Home sanitary conditions, sunlight, air, curtains and blinds, open windows. Live out of doors as much as possible. Cleanliness. Bare walls well scrubbed better than carpets and rugs. Lace curtains, iron bedsteads, one thickness of paper on walls. Open plumbing, dry cellars, all garbage promptly removed.
This outline is largely the work of Dr. L. J. Mason and Dr. C. H. Morse of the department of biology of the De Witt Clinton High School.