Stone Art / Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1891-1892, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1896, pages 47-178.

by Gerard Fowke

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Anahuac, p. 101.

[2] Ibid., p. 98.

[3] Dawson, Sir William; Fossil Men, p. 121.

[4] Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 741.

[5] Ibid., p. 748.

[6] Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p. 169.

[7] Lubbock, Sir John; Prehistoric Times, p. 569.

[8] Early History of Mankind, p. 203.

[9] Abbott, C. C., in American Naturalist, vol. X, p. 494.

[10] Perkins; Ibid, vol. XIII, p. 738.

[11] Adair; History of American Indians, p 405.

[12] Long, S. H.; Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, p. 211.

[13] Knight, E. H.; Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 242.

[14] Wood, J. G.; Natural History of Mankind, p. 200.

[15] Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

[16] Beverly, Robt.; History of Virginia, 1722, p. 198.

[17] Wyth, John; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 14.

[18] Catlin, Geo.; Last Rambles Among the Indians, pp. 100-101.

[19] Mohr, Smithsonian Report for 1881, p. 618; Barber, Amer. Nat., vol. XII, p. 403; McGuire, Ibid., vol. XVII, p. 587; Walker, Science, vol. IX, p. 10; Schumacher, Eleventh Annual Report of Peabody Museum, p. 263.

[20] Dawson, J. W.; Fossil Men, p. 16.

[21] Ibid., p. 132.

[22] Morgan, L. H.; League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

[23] Stevens, E. T.; Flint Chips, p. 174.

[24] Evans, John; Stone Implements, p. 218.

[25] Ibid., p. 227.

[26] Dodge, R. I.; Wild Indians, p. 254. Schoolcraft, H. R.; Indian Tribes, vol. IV, p. 107. Catlin, Geo.; North American Indians, vol. I, p. 416.

[27] Powers, Stephen; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III, p. 433.

[28] Stone Implements, p. 218.

[29] Ibid., p. 213.

[30] Adair, James; American Indians, p. 409.

[31] Lawson, John; History of North Carolina, p. 53.

[32] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 315-320.

[33] Fossil Men and Their Modern Representatives, p. 112.

[34] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate I, fig. 3.

[35] Lewis and Clarke; Travels, p. 425.

[36] Powers; Contributions to N. A. Ethnology, vol. III, p. 52.

[37] Ibid., p. 433.

[38] Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 119.

[39] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.

[40] League of the Iroquois, p. 359.

[41] Carver, Jonathan; Travels in North America, p. 191.

[42] Report to Regents of the Univ. of New York, vol. II, p. 86.

[43] Schoolcraft; Notes on the Iroquois, p. 239.

[44] Schumacher; 11th Ann. Rept. Peabody Museum, p. 264.

[45] Powers; Contributions to N. A. Eth. vol. III, p. 377.

[46] Flint Chips, p. 95.

[47] Abbott, C. C.; Primitive Industry, chap. 28.

[48] Jones, C. C.; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.

[49] Nilsson, S.; Stone Age, p. 25.

[50] Thatcher, B. B.; Indian Traits, vol. I, p. 70.

[51] Jones; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, p. 338.

[52] Amer. Naturalist, vol. XX, p. 574.

[53] Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 41; also 11th Ann. Rept. Peabody Museum, p. 265.

[54] Primitive Industry, p. 244.

[55] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 95.

[56] Ibid., p. 96. Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 381.

[57] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 499.

[58] Dale, L.; in Journal of Anth. Inst. of Great Br. and Ireland, vol. I, p. 347.

[59] Layard, E. L.; in ibid., appendix, c.

[60] Griesbach, C. L.; in ibid., p. cliv.

[61] W. D. Gooch says they were used as club heads by the predecessors of the Bushmen, who now use them as diggers; ibid., vol. XI, p. 128.

[62] Knight, E. H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 232.

[63] Stone Implements, p. 194.

[64] Bul. Bur. of Eth., “Perforated Stones from California.”

[65] Adair; American Indians, p. 402.

[66] Lawson; History of North Carolina, p. 98.

[67] Morgan; League of the Iroquois, p. 299.

[68] Irving, J. T.; Indian Sketches, vol. II, p. 142.

[69] Cremony, J. C.; Life Among the Apaches, p. 302.

[70] Matthews, W.; Smithsonian Report for 1884, p. 814.

[71] Report of Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. III, p. 114.

[72] Long; Expedition to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 205.

[73] Brackinridge, H. M.; Views of Louisiana, p. 256.

[74] Catlin; North American Indians, vol. I, p. 132.

[75] Schumacher, in Twelfth Annual Report Peabody Museum, p. 622.

[76] Lubbock; Prehistoric Times, p. 648.

[77] Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ireland, vol. II, p. 647.

[78] Stone Implements, p. 218.

[79] Ibid., p. 227.

[80] For any or all of which purposes they may have been used in the course of their manufacture.

[81] Captivity Among the Indians, Lexington, 1799; reprinted, Cincinnati, 1870, p. 36.

[82] Eells, Myron; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 81.

[83] Primitive Industry, p. 229.

[84] Flint Chips, p. 581.

[85] Henshaw in Amer. Jour. Arch., vol. I, pp. 105-114.

[86] Pear-shaped stones with the smaller end cut squarely off are frequent in Georgia; they are about the size of turkey eggs. Jones; Antiq. Southern Indians, p. 372.

[87] Stone Age, p. 215.

[88] Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 408.

[89] American Indians, p. 48.

[90] Stone Age, p. 83.

[91] Im Thurn in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. XI. p. 445.

[92] Powers; Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, pp. 52 and 79.

[93] Chase; MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[94] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 131.

[95] Abbott; Primitive Industry, p. 373.

[96] Brickell, John; Nat. History of N.C., p. 317.

[97] Wyth; Graphic Sketches, part I, plate 8.

[98] Schoolcraft in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., vol. I, p.401, pl. I.

[99] I am informed by Prof. Cyrus Thomas that he noticed in the collection of Mr. Neff. Gambier, Ohio, a “boat-shape stone” attached to the underside of a stone pipe, which the owner informed him was thus attached when found.

[100] Evans; Stone Implements, p. 383.

[101] Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 100.

[102] Expl. in the Valley of the Amazon, vol. II, p. 74.

[103] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 90.

[104] Amer. Naturalist, vol. VII, p. 180.

[105] Flint Chips, p. 478.

[106] MS. Rept. on Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[107] Some perforated stones that will not come under any of these heads are here noted separately under the National Museum numbers:

131614. An elliptical piece of steatite, with notches at each end for suspension, “tallies” all around the edge, and four holes on the longer axis.—Bradley county, Tennessee.

62879. A steatite ornament, shape like a bird’s head.—Jefferson county, Tennessee.

131856. A short, wedge-shape ornament of barite, drilled at the larger end.—Loudon county, Tennessee; also a similar but much larger ornament of indurated red clay, possibly catlinite, from a mound in the same county, represented in [figure 149]. The edges of the holes are much worn by a cord.

90847. A small ellipsoidal steatite bead, with several deep incisions around the edge.—Kanawha valley, West Virginia.

116335. A small marble bead; form like the rim of a bottle mouth.—Bradley county, Tennessee.

113943. Three small pendants of cannel coal. One is in shape like the keystone of an arch, with hole at smaller end; the other two are apparently in imitation of a bear’s tusk.—Kanawha valley, West Virginia.

91761. A limestone celt, 6½ inches long, either much weathered since made or else never highly polished, with a large hole drilled in from both sides at the center.—Bartow county, Georgia.

116067. A sandstone celt, with a hole drilled near one corner at the top.—Loudon county, Tennessee.

97764. A large polished piece of steatite, curved from end to end, or claw-shaped. One end is pointed; the other blunt and rounded, with a hole drilled through it.—Caldwell county, North Carolina.

[108] Gillman, H.; in Smithsonian Report for 1873, p. 371.

[109] Primitive Industry, p. 371.

[110] Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 30.

[111] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I p. 212.

[112] Schumacher, Paul; Hayden Surv., Bull. 3, 1877, p. 548.

[113] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 253.

[114] Contributions to N.A. Eth., vol. III, p. 426.

[115] Native Races, vol. I, p. 589.

[116] Ibid., p. 566.

[117] Antiquities of the Southern Indians, pp. 362-364.

[118] Hoffman, W. J.; "The Midē´wiwin of the Ojibwa." Seventh Annual Rep. Bur. Eth., 1885-86, p. 278, pl. XVIII.

[119] Amer. Antiquarian, vol. II, p. 154.

[120] Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 268.

[121] Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 130.

[122] De Forest, J. W.; History of Indians of Conn., p. 5.

[123] Peabody Mus., 11th Ann. Rept., p. 271.

[124] Fossil Men, p. 125.

[125] Fossil Men., p. 119.

[126] Proc. A. A. A. S., vol. XXXI, p. 592.

[127] Since this was written several thousand specimens have been found in a small mound near Chillicothe, Ohio. The nearest point at which similar material is known to exist is between Corydon and Leavenworth, Indiana.

[128] Flint Chips, p. 442.

[129] Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 140.

[130] Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.

[131] Journal Anth. Ins. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol XI, p. 447.

[132] Anthropology, p. 245.

[133] Jewitt, Llewellyn; Grave-mounds and their Contents, p. 121.

[134] Stone Implements, p. 374.

[135] Op. cit., p. 245.

[136] Stone Implements, p. 36 (from Craveri).

[137] Stone Implements, p. 36 (from De Pourtales).

[138] Ibid., p. 35 (from Belcher).

[139] Ibid., p. 38.

[140] Crook in Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.

[141] Catlin; Last Rambles, pp. 184, 185.

[142] Ibid., p. 290.

[143] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 81 (from Belcher).

[144] Ibid., p. 84.

[145] Powers in Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

[146] Ibid., p 374.

[147] Bancroft; Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.

[148] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.

[149] Beckwith in Rep. Pac. R. R. Survey, vol. II, p. 43.

[150] History of Virginia.

[151] Redding in Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.

[152] Cheever in ibid., vol. IV, p. 139.

[153] Cited by Stevens, Flint Chips, p. 78.

[154] Hayden Survey, Bull. 3, 1877, p. 547.

[155] MS. account of the Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[156] Prehistoric America, p. 170.

[157] Smithsonian Report for 1871, p. 420.

[158] MS. Shell Mounds of Oregon.

[159] Flint Chips, p. 77.

[160] Prehistoric Times, p. 106 (from Dodge and Blackmore).

[161] Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

[162] History of Mankind, p. 188.

[163] Adair; American Indians, p. 403.

[164] Adair; American Indians, p. 410.

[165] Cheever in Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 139.

[166] The section below shows this more plainly.

[167] Amer. Naturalist, vol. X, p. 116.

[168] Indian Tribes, vol. II, p. 74, fig. 5.

[169] Nat. Hist, of N. C., p. 318.

[170] League of the Iroquois, p. 359.

[171] Anahuac, p. 332.

[172] Bourke, John G.; Snake Dance of the Moquis, p. 251. See also Dodge; Our Wild Indians, plate 5.

[173] Long; Exp. to Rocky Mountains, vol. I, p. 290. Dodge; Our Wild Indians, p. 418.

[174] Prehistoric Times, p. 122.

[175] Holub, E., in Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. X, p. 460.

[176] Stone Implements, p. 48.

[177] Native Races, vol. I, p. 189.

[178] Hayden Surv., Bul. 3, 1877, p. 43.

[179] Brickell; Nat. Hist. of N. C., p. 339.

[180] Antiq. of the Southern Indians, p. 230.

[181] Stone Implements, p. 46.

[182] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 96. Tylor; Early History of Mankind, p. 188.

[183] It would seem that in using a wood or horn drill, water would be a disadvantage, as the drill would swell and wear rapidly away when wet, thus choking the bore. The sand also would be forced into the drill instead of sticking to its surface, thus being less effective.

[184] Quoted by Dawson; Fossil Men, p. 124.

[185] Evans; Stone Implements, p. 353.

[186] Stone Implements.

[187] Hayden Survey, 1872, p. 653.

[188] Smithsonian Report for 1879, p. 236.

[189] Ibid, 1870, p. 390.

[190] Our Wild Indians, p. 256.

[191] Gillespie, Dr. W.; Jour. Anth. Inst. Gt. Br. and Ird., vol. VI, p. 260.

[192] Indian Tribes, vol I, p. 253.

[193] Nilsson; Stone Age, p. 46.

[194] Stone Implements, p. 256.

[195] Stone Implements, p. 263.

[196] Ibid., pp. 20, 23, and 35.

[197] Anahuac, p. 99.

[198] Ibid, pp. 231, 232 (note).

[199] Stone Age, p. 261 (note).

[200] Amer. Naturalist, vol. XIII, p. 665.

[201] Hayden Survey, Bul. 3, 1877, p. 547.

[202] Flint Chips, p. 77.

[203] Contributions to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 104.

[204] Native Races, vol. I, p. 342.

[205] Schoolcraft; Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 212.

[206] Stevens; Flint Chips, p. 78 (from Powers).

[207] Catlin; Last Rambles Among the Indians, p. 187.

[208] Indian Tribes, vol. III, p. 467.

[209] Stone Implements, p. 17.

[210] League of the Iroquois, p. 358.

[211] Indian Tribes, vol. I, p. 213.

[212] Cont. to N. A. Eth., vol. III, p. 52.

[213] League of the Iroquois, pp. 306, 308.

[214] Amer. Nat., vol. IV, p. 140.

[215] Our Wild Indians, p. 418.