NOTES
[335]. Laws of Ky., 1904, pp. 181–82.
[336]. The Outlook, vol. 85, pp. 921–23.
[337]. The Nation, vol. 79, pp. 389–90.
[338]. 94 S. W. 623 (1906).
[339]. Berea College v. Com. of Ky., 1908, 211 U. S. 45.
[340]. Pol. Code, 1906, sec. 1662.
[341]. Laws of Calif., 1880, p. 38; 1885, p. 100; 1891, p. 160; 1893, p. 253; 1903, p. 86. See also Laws of Calif., 1869–70, p. 838; 1909, extra sess., p. 904.
[342]. President Roosevelt’s Message to Congress, December 18, 1906, with Secretary Metcalf’s Report.
[343]. The Outlook, vol. 86, pp. 246–52.
[344]. Art. VI, par. 2.
[345]. Harper’s Weekly, vol. 51, p. 295; Current Literature, vol. 42, p. 237.
[346]. Raleigh, N. C., News and Observer, Feb. 13, 1909.
[347]. Boston Evening Transcript, Feb. 18, 1910.
[348]. Ibid., Feb. 15, 1907, p. 8, col. 7.
[349]. Laws of O., 1828–29, p. 73.
[350]. Williams v. Directors of Sch. Dist. No. 6, 1834, Wright’s Rep. (O.) 578.
[351]. Laws of O., 1847–48, pp. 81–83.
[352]. Ibid., 1848–49, pp. 17–18. See Curwen’s Revised Stat., II, pp. 1465–66.
[353]. Stewart v. Southard, 1848, 17 O. 402.
[354]. State v. City of Cincinnati, 1860, 19 O. 178, at p. 196.
[355]. Laws of O., 1852, p. 441.
[356]. Van Camp v. Board of Education of Logan, 1859, 9 O. S. 406.
[357]. Lane v. Baker, 1843, 12 O. 238.
[358]. Revised Stat., 1843, p. 314.
[359]. Lewis v. Henley, 1850, 2 Ind. 332.
[360]. 59 Mass. (5 Cushing) 198 (1849).
[361]. Revised Stat., 1852, p. 115.
[362]. Art. XIII, sec. 1.
[363]. Art. XIV, sec. 256.
[364]. Laws of Ala., 1868, p. 148.
[365]. Ibid., 1878, p. 136.
[366]. Ibid., 1884–85, p. 349. See Code, 1907, I, sec. 1757.
[367]. Acts of Ark., 1866–67, p. 100.
[368]. Ibid., 1873, p. 423. See Kirby’s Digest, 1904, secs. 7536 and 7613.
[369]. Art. XII, sec. 12.
[370]. Laws of Fla., 1895, pp. 96–97. See General Stat., 1906, sec. 3810.
[371]. Laws of Ga., 1866, p. 59.
[372]. Art. VIII, sec. 1.
[373]. Laws of Ga., 1872, p. 69. See Code, 1895, I, sec. 1378.
[374]. Laws of Ky., 1869–70, I, p. 127.
[375]. Art. VI, sec. 187.
[376]. Laws of Ky., 1904, pp. 181–82. See Statutes, 1909, secs. 5606–10.
[377]. Title VII, art. 135.
[378]. Title VII.
[379]. Title VIII.
[380]. Laws of La., 1871, pp. 208–10.
[381]. Ibid., 1875, pp. 50–52.
[382]. Ibid., 1880, pp. 110–11.
[383]. Art. 248.
[384]. Laws of Md., 1870, pp. 555–56.
[385]. Ibid., 1872, p. 650. See Laws of Md., 1874, p. 690.
[386]. Pub. Gen. Laws, II, art. 77, secs. 124–27.
[387]. Laws of Miss., 1878, p. 103.
[388]. Sec. 207.
[389]. Code, 1906, sec. 4562.
[390]. Art. IX, sec. 2.
[391]. Laws of Mo., 1864, p. 126.
[392]. Ibid., 1868, p. 170.
[393]. Ibid., 1869, p. 86.
[394]. Art. IX, sec. 2.
[395]. Laws of Mo., 1889, p. 226. See Statutes, 1906, secs. 9774–76.
[396]. Art. IX, sec. 2.
[397]. Pub. Laws of N. C., 1901, p. 64.
[398]. Ibid., 1903, p. 756.
[399]. Revisal of 1905, II, sec. 4086. See Pell’s Revisal of 1908, sec. 4086.
[400]. Statutes, 1890, secs. 6464–72.
[401]. Laws of Okla., 1901, pp. 205–10.
[402]. Art. XIII, sec. 3.
[403]. Laws of Okla., 1907–08, pp. 694–95. See Statutes, 1908, secs. 6551–56.
[404]. Art. X, sec. 10.
[405]. Booker T. Washington, “The Story of the Negro,” 1909, Doubleday, Page & Co., II, p. 38.
[406]. Art. XI, sec. 7. See Laws of S. C., 1896, p. 171, and Code, 1902, I, sec. 1231.
[407]. Laws of Tenn., 1865–66, p. 65.
[408]. Art. XI, sec. 12.
[409]. Laws of Tenn., 1873, p. 46.
[410]. Ibid., p. 9. See Shannon’s Code, 1896, sec. 1451, and Supplement, 1897–1903, p. 843.
[411]. Art. VII, sec. 7.
[412]. Laws of Texas, 1876, p. 209.
[413]. Ibid., 1884, p. 40.
[414]. Ibid., 1893, p. 198.
[415]. Ibid., 1895, p. 29. See Sayles’s Civil Statutes, II, art. 3907, and Supplement, 1897–1906, pp. 421–22.
[416]. Laws of Va., 1881–82, p. 37.
[417]. Ibid., 1895–96, p. 352.
[418]. Sec. 140. See Pollard’s Code, 1904, sec. 1492.
[419]. Laws of Calif., 1869–70, pp. 838–39.
[420]. Ward v. Flood, 1874, 48 Calif., 36.
[421]. Deering’s Code and Statutes, I, secs. 1669–71.
[422]. Wysinger v. Crookshank, 1890, 23 P. 54.
[423]. Laws of Del., 1879–81, p. 385.
[424]. Ibid., 1887–89, pp. 650–51, 655, and 658.
[425]. Ibid., 1891–93, p. 693.
[426]. Ibid., 1898–99, p. 193. See Del. Laws of 1852, as amended 1893, pp. 341 and 348.
[427]. Statutes, 1896, III, p. 3730, sec. 292.
[428]. Chase v. Stephenson, 1874, 71 Ill. 383.
[429]. People v. Board of Education of Quincy, 1882, 101 Ill. 308.
[430]. People v. Board of Education of Upper Alton, 1889, 21 N. E. 187.
[431]. People v. Mayor, etc. of City of Alton, 1899, 54 N. E. 421.
[432]. Raleigh, N. C., News and Observer, Nov. 29, 1906.
[433]. 233 Ill. 542 (1908).
[434]. Boston Evening Transcript, Nov. 28, 1908, pt. 2, p. 9, col. 5.
[435]. Laws of Ind., 1869, p. 41.
[436]. Cory v. Carter, 1874, 48 Ind. 327, at pp. 362–63.
[437]. Laws of Ind., 1877, p. 124.
[438]. State v. Grubbs, 1882, 85 Ind. 213.
[439]. State v. Mitchell, 1883, 93 Ind. 303.
[440]. Clark v. Board of Sch. Dirs., 1868, 24 Ia. 266.
[441]. Smith v. Dirs. of the Ind. Sch. of the Dist. of Keokuk, 1875, 40 Ia. 518; Dove v. Ind. Sch. Dist. of Keokuk, 1875, 41 Ia. 689.
[442]. General Stat., 1868, chap. 18, art. 5, sec. 75.
[443]. Laws of Kan., 1876, p. 238.
[444]. Ibid., 1879, p. 163.
[445]. Reynolds v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1903, 72 P. 274; Williams v. Board of Education of Parsons, 1909, 99 P. 216.
[446]. Board of Education v. Tinnon, 1881, 26 Kan. 1; Knox v. Board of Education of Independence, 1891, 25 P. 616; Rowles v. Board of Education of Wichita, 1907, 91 P. 88.
[447]. Letter from the Superintendent of Schools of Kansas to the Superintendent of Schools of North Carolina. Raleigh, N. C., News and Observer, Aug. 24, 1906.
[448]. Laws of Nev., 1864–65, p. 426.
[449]. State v. Duffy, 1872, 7 Nev. 342.
[450]. Laws of N. J., 1881, p. 186.
[451]. Pierce v. Union Dist. Sch. Trustees, 1884, 46 N. J. L. (17 Vroom) 76.
[452]. Raleigh, N. C., News and Observer, Feb. 18, 1906.
[453]. Dallas v. Fosdick, 1869, 40 How. Prac. (N. Y.) 249.
[454]. People v. Easton, 1872, 13 Abb. Prac. (N. S.) 159.
[455]. People v. Gallagher, 1883, 93 N. Y. 438.
[456]. People v. School Board of Borough of Queens, 1899, 61 N. Y. Sup. 330.
[457]. Laws of N. Y., 1864, p. 1281.
[458]. Ibid., 1894, II, p. 1288.
[459]. Ibid., 1900, II, p. 1173.
[460]. Laws of O., 1878, p. 513.
[461]. Ibid., 1887, p. 34.
[462]. State v. Board of Education of Oxford, 1887, 2 O. Cir. Ct. Rep. 557.
[463]. Laws of Pa., 1869, p. 160.
[464]. Ibid., 1872, pp. 1048–49.
[465]. Com. v. Williamson, 1873, 30 Legal Intelligencer, 406.
[466]. Laws of Pa., 1881, p. 76.
[467]. Kaine v. Sch. Dirs., 1882, 101 Pa. S. 490.
[468]. Laws of W. Va., 1865, p. 54.
[469]. Ibid., 1871, p. 206; 1872–73, p. 391; 1881, pp. 176–77; 1901, pp. 159–60.
[470]. Art. XII, sec. 8.
[471]. Martin v. Board of Education of Morgan Co., 1896, 42 W. Va. 514; Williams v. Board of Education of Fairfax Dist., 1898, 45 W. Va. 199.
[472]. Revised Stat., 1887, sec. 3947.
[473]. Revised Stat., 1901, secs. 2179 and 2231.
[474]. Laws of Ariz., 1909, pp. 171–72.
[475]. Art. IX, sec. 8.
[476]. Art. IX, sec. 6.
[477]. Acts and Resolves of Mass., 1854–55, pp. 674–75.
[478]. Revised Laws, 1902, I, p. 478. See Acts and Resolves of Mass., 1894, p. 609; 1898, p. 453.
[479]. Compiled Laws, 1897, II, sec. 4683, p. 1478.
[480]. Raleigh, N. C., News and Observer, Nov. 22, 1908.
[481]. Booker v. Grand Rapids Medical College, 1909, 120 N. W. 589.
[482]. Revised Laws, 1905, sec. 1403.
[483]. Laws of N. M., 1901, p. 147.
[484]. U. S. Stat. L., 191, chap. 156, secs. 16–17.
[485]. 26 U. S. Stat. L., 417–18, chap. 841, sec. 1.
[486]. Laws of Fla., 1895, pp. 96–97.
[487]. Laws of Tenn., 1901, p. 9.
[488]. Laws of Okla., 1907–08, pp. 694–95.
[489]. Lehew v. Brummell, 1891, 15 S. W. 765.
[490]. State v. Board of Education of Cincinnati, 1876, 1 Weekly Law. Bul. 190.
[491]. Reynolds v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1903, 72 P. 274, at p. 280.
[492]. Board of Education of Richmond Co. v. Cummings, 1898, 29 S. E. 488.
[493]. 175 U. S. 528 (1899).
[494]. Raleigh, N. C., News and Observer, Sept. 25 and Oct. 10, 1909. See also The World’s Work, July, 1909.
[495]. The International Year-book, 1907, p. 545.
[496]. Code, 1896, secs. 3607–08.
[497]. Code, 1907, I, sec. 1858.
[498]. Laws of Del., 1875, pp. 82–83.
[499]. Ibid., 1887–89, pp. 147–48.
[500]. Laws of Ky., 1867, pp. 94–95.
[501]. Ibid., 1869, p. 7.
[502]. Ibid., 1873, p. 509.
[503]. Ibid., p. 238.
[504]. Ibid., pp. 193–94.
[505]. Ibid., pp. 554–55.
[506]. Ibid., adj. sess., pp. 471–72.
[507]. Marshall v. Donovan, 1874, 10 Bush (Ky.) 681.
[508]. Laws of Ky., 1873–74, pp. 63–66.
[509]. Ibid., local, 1879–80, I, pp. 257–59.
[510]. Claybrook v. Owensboro, 1883, 16 Fed. 297, at p. 302.
[511]. Dawson v. Lee, 1885, 83 Ky. 49.
[512]. Laws of Ky., 1885–86, I, pp. 877–91.
[513]. Ibid., 1904, pp. 129–31.
[514]. Crosby v. City of Mayfield, 1909, 117 S. W. 316.
[515]. Pruitt v. Gaston Co. Commissioners, 1886, 94 N. C. 709; Riggles v. City of Durham, 1886, 94 N. C. 800.
[516]. Art. X, sec. 7.
CHAPTER IX
SEPARATION OF RACES IN PUBLIC CONVEYANCES
There is perhaps no phase of the American race problem which has been discussed so much within the last decade as the so-called “Jim Crow” laws, the statutes requiring separate accommodations for white and colored passengers in public conveyances. This arises largely from the fact that these legislative enactments are of general concern, while the other legal distinctions have directly affected only certain classes of each race. Laws prohibiting intermarriage, for instance, concern only those of marriageable age; suffrage restrictions apply only to males of voting age; and statutes requiring separate schools affect immediately only children and youths; but the laws requiring white and colored passengers to occupy separate seats, compartments, or coaches concern every man, woman, and child, who travels, the country over. They affect not only those living in the States where the laws are in force, but the entire traveling public. The white man or the Negro in Massachusetts may not care anything about the suffrage restrictions of South Carolina, but, if he travels through the South, he must experience the requirements of the “Jim Crow” laws.