FOOTNOTES
[340] Hulakoo Khan, son and successor of the great Zingis, and the conqueror of Bagdad.
[341] Ajemi.
[342] Hassan Beg.
[343] This action was fought near Malatia, at a point previous to the Euphrates entering the Gerger Gorge (Elegia). The islands do not now exist, and they were probably (considering the time of year) only sandbanks left by the fall of the river.
[344] Calo Johannes. See Zeno, [p. 9].
[345] Despina Khatoon; i.e., “Lady” or “Queen” Despina.
[346] Hassan Beg.
[347] Sheikh Hyder. See Zeno, [p. 48].
[348] Present Kharput. See Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 3]; and Zeno, [p. 42].
[349] Diarbekr.
[350] Amid (Diarbekr). The Church of San Giorgio, or Mar Jurjees, was an old Jacobite church, but is now in ruins. See Zeno, [p. 42].
[351] It was David Comnenus who was the last Emperor of Trebizond, Calo Johannes, his elder brother, having died before the Turkish invasion.
[352] Trebizond was taken by Mahomet II in 1461.
[353] Ibrahim.
[354] Peer Ahmed. See Zeno, [p. 15].
[355] Shebban Kara Hissar. See Zeno, [p. 23].
[356] Niksar?
[357] The city of Konieh; but the text denotes a river rather, probably the Iris.
[358] Tchelebee or the noble, a common title among the Ottoman princes.
[359] Yusuf Khan.
[360] Tocat.
[361] Achmet Pasha.
[362] Afioom Kara Hissar. Zeno, [p. 19].
[363] Cutayeh.
[364] Daoud.
[365] Achmet Pasha.
[366] Amasia. See Zeno, [p. 37].
[367] Bajazet Tchelebee.
[368] Quzbvassi. The Goose’s Plain.
[369] Djim or Zizim. See Zeno, [p. 22].
[370] Amurath.
[371] Ikindjis.
[372] The Ikindjis, irregular troops.
[373] Amasia, birthplace of Strabo and Mithridates.
[374] Sivas. See Zeno, [p. 23].
[375] The Iris or Kizzil Irmak.
[376] Niksar.
[377] Koili Hissar. See Zeno, [p. 23].
[378] Shebban Kara Hissar. The alum mines are still worked, but yield little revenue. See Zeno, [p. 23].
[379] Probably Egin. See Zeno, [p. 23].
[380] Erzingan.
[381] Malatia.
[382] Khalul.
[383] Called Unghermaumet in Zeno.
[384] Amurath Palæologus.
[385] Knolles, in his History of the Turks, says that a great Pasha Mahomet was assassinated by the janissaries on the accession of Bajazet II to the throne, but makes no mention of this incident.
[386] Baiboort. See Zeno, [p. 26].
[387] Tabeada.
[388] How this happened it is not easy to understand, as Zeno says the Persian king pursued the Turks with only a flying column.
[389] Zeno says fourteen thousand.
[390] Shiraz; it has still a great manufacture of sword-blades and armour.
[392] Baiboort.
[393] Erzeroum or Erzingan.
[394] Shebban Kara Hissar.
[395] Called Darap by Zeno.
[396] Sanjak.
[397] Koili, or Koyumlu Hissar.
[398] Niksar.
[399] Shiraz, a far more important town then than it is now.
[400] Kerman.
[401] Syria.
[402] Khaleel and Yakoob.
[403] Angiolello had evidently by this time left the Turkish camp and joined the Persians.
[404] Gori.
[405] Tiflis, the present capital of Russian Trans-Caucasia, on the river Kur, was founded in 1063. It has a population of fifty thousand, and, under the Russian sway, has become almost like a European town.
[406] Padishah.
[407] Khaleel is generally called the eldest of Uzun Hassan’s sons.
[408] Amida, present Diarbekr.
[409] Orfa. See Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 2].
[410] Birjik, or Bir, ancient Apamea. See Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 2].
[411] Baisongor.
[412] Ahmed.
[413] Eluan-Alwung, or Alumut, son of Sultan Yakoob.
[414] Sheikh Hyder.
[415] There were sons of Shah Yakoob living, namely, Aluan Beg and Morad Khan, who were more direct descendants of Uzun Hassan.
[416] Ardebil.
[417] The other authors give a different account; they expressly state that Sheikh Hyder was not up in arms against the king, whatever his ulterior object may have been, but was engaged in an expedition into Circassia.
[418] Khoi.
[419] Zeno says the battle took place near Derbend—far enough, certainly, from Van.
[420] Ak Tammar, the Van Lake, so called by the Armenians. The island is, to this day, the seat of the Catholicos, and is fully described by Layard.
[421] See [above], where it is stated that their mother was married a second time; and [page 105], where it is said Ismail put her to death. It is more probable that another of their father’s wives is denoted in these other cases.
[422] Kara Bagh.
[423] Schamachi.
[424] Vide Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 13].
[425] Kur, or Cyrus.
[426] Schamachi.
[427] Zeno, [p. 51], says he had only sixteen thousand men under him after being joined by the Georgians.
[428] Diarbekr, the hereditary city of the Ak Koinloos.
[429] Stepmother, according to Zeno, which is certainly more probable.
[430] Morad Khan, brother of Aluan Beg.
[431] Irak-el Ajim.
[432] Ispahan, Yezd, and Shiraz.
[433] Khorassan.
[434] The other authors agree in stating that he escaped to Alla-ed Douleh’s country; at any rate, he was no further trouble to Ismail Sofi.
[435] Morad Khan.
[436] Bagdad is situated on the Tigris, not the Euphrates, but the modern city of Hillah is supposed to represent the site of the ancient Babylon.
[437] Jezireh ebn Omar on the Tigris. See Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 4].
[438] Orfa and Mardin. See Travels of a Merchant, [caps. 2] and [4].
[439] Hesn Keyf, Ciphas of Procopius. Baldwin de Bourg and Jocelyn de Courtenay were confined here after their capture by Sookman, the Ortokide lord of the place, and Dejekermish, lord of Mosul. See Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 4].
[440] Alla-ed Douleh.
[441] Kharput. Jocelyn was again captured, together with his kinsman, by Balak, the Ortokide, and confined in this place. See Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 3].
[442] Alla-ed Douleh, written “Abnadulat” above.
[443] Erzingan.
[444] Ko-li Beg.
[445] Zekkaria Beg.
[446] Kaisarieh.
[447] El Bostan, or Albistan. See Zeno, [p. 54].
[448] The Jihoon.
[449] Marash. See Zeno, [p. 54].
[450] Kara Dagh.
[451] Malatia.
[452] Amir Beg.
[453] Diarbekr.
[454] Kharput.
[455] Named Becarbec.
[456] Khoi.
[457] Sheibani Khan. See Zeno, [p. 55].
[458] Khorassan and Astrabad.
[459] Ispahan.
[460] Called Astibisti in the Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 8].
[461] Kara Bagh.
[462] Shirvan and Schamachi.
[463] Bairambec, the conqueror of Van and Ismael’s brother-in-law. See Travels of a Merchant, [cap. 6].
[464] Baku.
[465] Astrabad.
[466] Derbend. See Zeno, [p. 44].
[467] Demir Kapoo, or the Iron Gate.
[468] Astrakhan.
[469] “Sheikh, Sheikh.” In this sense it means simply a holy man, not God.
[470] Rather the twelve Imaums.
[471] Syria.
[472] Sheibani Khan, the Usbeg. See Zeno, [p. 55].
[473] Irak Ajemi.
[474] Ispahan.
[475] Kashan.
[476] Astrabad.
[477] Jarood.
[478] Most probably Bairambec, the king’s brother-in-law, mentioned before.
[479] Custagialu, another brother-in-law of the king.
[480] Astrabad, Khorassan, Herat.
[481] Kashan.
[482] The battle of Merv Shah Jehan, in which Sheibani Khan was killed, took place in 1514.
[483] Jarood.
[484] Bitlis. See Zeno, [p. 8].
[485] Iris.
[486] At Gumish Khaneh.
[487] Kharput.
[488] The Van lake, at its nearest point, is scarcely twenty English miles from Bitlis.
[489] Khoi is nearly a hundred miles from the Van lake.
[490] This is the shortest and most direct route from Tocat to Persia and quite different from the one just mentioned.
[492] Casveen.
[493] Khafour el Ghouri, called Campson Gauri later on.
[494] We have an instance of this sort in our own annals, viz., the presents sent by the Dauphin to Henry V.
[495] Baiburt.
[496] These were the latest conquests made by Selim from Persia.
[497] Euxaghly, near Malatia, called Ciamassum by Knolles, who says it was situated near the confluence of the Melas (Kara Su) with the Euphrates.
[498] Kaisarieh.
[499] Knolles says that Aladeules was betrayed by his nephew, Alis Beg, who became the Turkish governor of the country.
[500] Kazi Asker.
[501] This was contrary to the advice of Algazeli, who advised Campson to protract the war and not to risk all on one battle.
[502] Sanjak.
[503] Knolles says the 7th.
[504] Sybeius Baluan.
[505] Knolles says that the Mamelukes lost the battle through the treachery of Caierbec, who had a secret understanding with Selim. The Turks were almost put to rout by Sibes and Algazeli, when the desertion of the Governor of Aleppo and the opportune arrival of Sinan Pasha turned the fortune of the fight. Sibes and Campson Gauri were both killed in the battle, which took place, according to Knolles, on the 7th of August, 1516, the same day that the battle of Schalderan took place two years before.
[506] Kafoor el Ghouri, the last Soldan of Egypt but one, died 1516, and was succeeded by Tomant Bey.
[507] Jonnses Pasha put to death soon afterwards by Selim.
[508] Gaza.
[509] Devetdar.
[510] Tomant Bey, last Soldan of Egypt.
[511] Sinan Pasha, Selim’s best general—his valour and generalship had saved him upon more than one occasion; for instance, at the battle of Schalderan, and again in the conflict with the Mamelukes.
[512] Knolles says, in his History of the Turks, p. 535:—“The Bassà had placed his harquebusiers in the wings of his battell, which were raunged of a great length in their rankes, thereby to use their peeces at more liberty and with more ease to enclose the enemie: in the middle were placed the horsemen to receive the first charge of the Mamalukes. Gazelles approaching the enemy, sent before the troupes of the Arabian light horsemen to trouble the wings of the enemies battell, and with a square battell of his Mamalukes charged the middle battell of the Turks. The battell was a great while most terrible, and the victorie doubtfull; for, although the Turkes in number farre exceeded, yet were they not able to endure the armed and courageous Mamalukes, but were glad to give ground; and, quite disordered by the breaking-in of the Mamalukes, as men discouraged, began to look about them which way they might flie; when, by the commaundement of Sinan, the harquebusiers, who, with the first volley of their shot, had repulsed the Arabians, wheeling about enclosed all the enemies battell. By which means both men and horse were a farre off slaine, with the multitude of the deadly shot, where true valour helped not them, so on every side enclosed. For where any troupe of the Mamalukes pressed forward upon the Turkes, they quickly retired, and in all places of the battell, as much as they could, shunned to encounter their enemies with their horsemen, labouring onely to gaule them with shot. Gazelles seeing his horses spent with extreame wearinesse, and that he was not to expect any further helpe, his Arabians now beginning to fall from him; and also, considering that many of his most valiant souldiours were either slaine or wounded, and having also himselfe received a great wound in his necke, he, with the rest of his armie, made way through the middest of his enemies, and having lost divers of his ensignes, fled back againe to Caire, through the same sandie deserts whereby he came. In this battell was lost the Governor of Alexandria and Orchamus, Governor of Caire (both men of great account among the Mamalukes), and beside them a great number of Arabians, with a thousand or more of the Mamaluke horseman. Neither got Sinan a joyfull or unbloudie victorie, having lost above two thousand of his best horsemen, and amongst them certaine commaunders, men of great marke.”
[513] Petra?
[514] Tomant Bey.
[515] At Maharra, six miles from Cairo.
[516] Allem, called Heylims the Devetdar, by Knolles.
[517] By a Mamaluke captain named Bidon, frequently mentioned by Knolles.
[518] The well of Zemzem.
[519] Knolles says, Tomant Bey, after showing great personal courage, was forced to order a retreat, which soon became a flight. The battle was fought on the 24th January, 1517.
[520] The Mamelukes were repulsed, and were then attacked in Cairo by Selim.
[521] Delta?
[522] Called Albuchomar by Knolles.
[523] Mustafà, Algazeli, and Caierbec were sent in pursuit.
[524] He was first tortured to make him reveal where he was supposed to have hidden the great treasures of Campson Gauri.
[525] Cazi Asker.
[526] Shah Tamasp.
[527] Elias Mirza, King of Shirvan. Vide [Alessandri].
[528] Bahram Mirza.
[529] Shah Tamasp.
THE TRAVELS
OF A
MERCHANT IN PERSIA.