FOOTNOTES:
[25] ‘Political Economy,’ by Mill, Bk. I. Chap. V.
[26] ‘Statesman’s Yearbook,’ 1883, p. 257.
[27] ‘Whitaker’s Almanack,’ 1883, p. 254.
[28] ‘Statesman’s Yearbook,’ 1883. p. 257.
[29] Albert Leffingwell.
The truth of a religion may perhaps be gauged by the fulfilment of the utterances of its prophets. Let us analyze some of these.
| Prophecy. | Fulfilment. |
| Even the free importation of foreign corn could very little affect the interest of the farmers of Great Britain.... If there were no bounty, less corn would be exported, so it is probable that, one year with another, less corn would be imported than at present.... The average quantity imported one year with another amounts only to 23,728 quarters. (Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith, Bk. IV, Chap. II.) | Total importations of wheat in 1881 = 17,000,000 quarters as against 23,728 prophesied by Adam Smith. |
| The Americans are a very cautious, far-seeing people, and every one who knows them knows that they would never have tolerated their protective tariff if we had met their advances by receiving their agricultural products in exchange for our manufacturing products. (Cobden, 1842.) | After receiving the agricultural products of America for thirty-eight years, we find the Americans are as strong protectionists as ever, and the presidential message, 4th December 1883, recommends that America should retaliate on all countries taxing American produce. |
| I speak my unfeigned convictions when I say I believe there is no interest in the country that would receive so much benefit from the repeal of the Corn Laws as the Farm-tenant interest in this country. (Cobden, 1844.) | After thirty-eight years of free trade Prophet Bright admits that the agricultural classes, owners and occupiers of land have lost more than £150,000,000. Numerous farm-tenants have emigrated to protectionist America. |
| I believe when the future historian comes to write the history of agriculture, he will have to state:—In such a year there was a stringent Corn law passed for the protection of agriculture. From that time agriculture slumbered in England, and it was not until, by the aid of the Anti-Corn-Law- League, the Corn Law was utterly abolished, that agriculture sprung up into the full vigour of existence in England, to become what it is now, like the manufactures, unrivalled in the world. (Cobden, 1844.) to protectionist countries; landowners had sold their land at ruinous prices, and invested the residue in America. Never was ruin more complete.” | The true historian will have to record:—
“After the introduction of free trade, although the general advance of wealth due to improvements in science, steam and electricity gave to England, from time to time, the appearance of agricultural prosperity, yet agriculture gradually decayed; and in 1884 millions of acres had gone out of tillage; land had become foul and was badly farmed; hundreds of farms were absolutely untenanted; farmers had emigrated |
| |
| You have no more right to doubt that the sun will rise in the heavens, than to doubt that, in ten years from the time when England inaugurates the glorious era of commercial freedom, every civilized country will be free-trader to the backbone. (Cobden, 1844.) | Not only is no other country free-trader, but even England is getting rather shaky in her adhesion. Mr. Forster, at Bradford, entreated his hearers not to “say anything that might induce foreigners to suspect that our faith in free trade was shaken” Mr. Bright, in his letter to Mr. Lord, wrote; “To return to Protection, under the name of Reciprocity, is to confess to Protectionists abroad that we have been wrong and they have been right.” |
| I believe that if you abolish the Corn Laws and adopt free trade in its simplicity, there will not be a tariff in Europe that will not be changed in less than five years to follow your example. (Cobden, 1846.) | After thirty-eight years not a single country in Europe has been foolish enough to follow our example. France has drawn back from her commercial treaty with us. Mr. Thiers, in his speech of January 18th, 1880, said: “In the first country in the world arrangements are made to protect the different branches of native industry.” |
| Bastiat prophesied that France would adopt free trade in six years after England had adopted it. | France has not adopted free trade, and is more strongly protectionist than ever. |
| Bastiat prophesied that, without free trade, no country can prosper. | Statistics given in the next chapter shows that the relative prosperity of protectionist countries is greater than that of England. |
| Bastiat prophesied that because Belgium had rejected free trade her ruin was certain. | Belgium is enjoying wonderful prosperity. |
Professor Cairnes says:—
“The able men who led the agitation for the repeal of the Corn Laws promised much more than this. They told us that the Poor Laws were to follow the Corn Laws; that pauperism would disappear with the restrictions upon trade, and the workhouses ere long become obsolete institutions. I fear this part of the programme has scarcely been fulfilled; those ugly social features, those violent contrasts of poverty and wealth, that strike so unpleasantly the eye of every foreign observer in this country, are still painfully prominent. The signs of the extinction of pauperism are not very apparent.”[30]
Disraeli prophesied in 1852:—
“The time will come when the working classes in England will come to you on bended knees, and pray you to undo your present legislation.”
And it really seems as if the time was approaching for the fulfilment of his prophecy, for I read in a recent Paper:
“It is the intention of the leading men among the Cotton Operatives to move next session for a Royal Commission to enquire as to what extent, if any, we suffer from foreign competition, and what bearing free trade may have on the question.”
Sir Edward Sullivan also stated in a recent speech that:
“Already a number of Operatives, far more than is necessary to turn a general election, have, through their delegates, given in their adherence to Fair trade.”[31]
Fair trade is one step in the direction of protection.