Reading Exercise.
The Story of Yug-pa-c̀an the Brahman[47].
༄༅ ༎ཡུལ་[48]ན་[49]བྲམ་[50]ཞིག༌འདུག་[51]སྟེ[52]། རབ་[53]ཞིག་[54]། དེས་[55]བ་[56]ཁྱིམ་[57]བ་[58]པ་[59]དང༌། ཏེས་[[93]]སྨྲས་[60]སློར་[61]ཅེས་[62]ཞེས་[63]ཞེས་[64]ཏེ་[65]པ་[66]གོ །དེས་[67]ངའི་[68]འདོང་[69]ཏེ། དེས་[70]རྩིག་[[94]]སྟེང་[71]མཆོངས་[72]ནས་[73]ནས། ཁྱོད་[74]སྦྱིན་[75] ལམ་[76]ཞིག་[77]ཤང་[78]ཞིག་[79]པ་[80]ཞེས་[81]སྟེའུ་[82]༎ དེས་[[95]]ངོ༌། །དེ་[83] རྒྱལ་[84] །དེ་[85]དེ་[86]བྱིན་[87]ནི་[88]། ལྕེ་[89]མཐོང་[90]མ་[91]པས་[92]ཞིག་[93]ནི་[94]གླང་[[96]]ཕྲོགས། གཉིས་[95]བདག་[96] དབྱུག་[97]། མི་[98]། དབྱུག་[99]མོ་[100]ཏེ་[101]བ་[102]རྟ་[103]རྡོ་[[97]]གྱིས་[104]འཇིགས་[105]མ་[106]འདི་[107]ཀྱི་[108]ཤིག །དེས་[109]། དབྱུག་[110]བདག་[111]ཆུར་[112]ཁ་[113]ལྕེ་ [[98]]གཅིག་[114]ཞལ་ [[99]]
A list of the more frequent verbs[115].
a) Four-rooted verbs.
| Pres. | Perf. | Fut. | Imperv. | WT | ||||
| འགེགས་ | བཀག་ | དགག་ | ཁོག་ | stop, hinder. | kag-c̀e | |||
| འགེངས་ | བཀང་ | དགང་ | ཁོང་ | fill. | kaṅ-c̀e | |||
| འགེལ་ | བཀལ་ | དགལ་ | ཁོལ་ | lade, put on … | kal-c̀e | |||
| གཅོད་ | བཅད་ | གཅད་ | ཆོད་ | cut. | c̀ad-c̀e imprv. c̀od | |||
| འཆིང་ | བཅིངས་ | བཅིང་ | ཆིང་ | tie, bind. | ||||
| འཆོ་ |  | བཅོ(ས)༌ | བཅོ་ | ཆོས་ | make. | c̀o-c̀e pf. and imp. c̀os | ||
| འཆོས་ | ||||||||
| འཇིག་ | (བ)ཤིག་ | གཞིག་ | ཤིགས་ | destroy. | s̀ig-c̀e | |||
| འཇུག་ | བཅུག་ | གཞུག་ | ཆུག་ | put in. | c̀ʽug-c̀e | |||
| འཇོག་ | བཞག་ | གཞག་ | ཞོག་ | put, place. | (C: z̀ag-pa) | |||
| འཇོག་ | བཞོགས་ | གཞོག་ | ཞོག་ | cut. | z̀og-c̀e | |||
| གཏོང་ | བཏང་ | གཏང་ | ཐོང་ | give. | taṅ-c̀e imp. toṅ | |||
| ལྟ་ | བལྟས་ | བལྟ་ | ལྟོས་ | look. | (l)ta-c̀e [[100]] | |||
| འདེགས་ | བཏེག་ | གདེགས་ | ཐེག་ | lift; weigh. | tag-c̀e imp. tog | |||
| འདེབས་ | བཏབ་ | གདབ་ | ཐོབ་ | throw. | tab-c̀e imp. tob | |||
| འདོགས་ | བཏགས་ | གདགས་ | ཐོགས་ | tie, bind. | tag-c̀e imp. tog, tag toṅ | |||
| འདོན་ | བཏོན་ | གདོན་ | ཐོན་ | get, drive, out. | ton-c̀e always for [འབྱིན་] | |||
| འཕེན་ | འཕངས་ | འཕང་ | ཕོང་ | throw, hurt. | pʽaṅ-c̀e | |||
| བྱེད་ | བྱས་ | བྱ་ | བྱོས་ | do, make. | for it c̀o-c̀e | |||
| འབེབས་ | ཕབ་ | དབབ་ | ཕོབ་ | bring, let, down. | pʽab-c̀e | |||
| འཚག་ |  | འཚགས་ | | བཙག་ | ཚོག་ | filter, sift. | tʽsag-c̀e | |
| བཙགས་ | ||||||||
| འཚོང་ | བཙོངས་ | བཙོང་ | ཚོང་ | sell. | tsoṅ-c̀e | |||
| འཛིན་ | གཟུང་, ཟིན་ | གཟུང་ | ཟུང་ | seize. | zum-c̀e | |||
| ལེན་ | བླངས་ | བླང་ | ལོང(ས)༌, ལོན་ | take. | len-c̀e, laṅ-c̀e | |||
| སློབ་ | བསླབ(ས)༌ | བསླབ་ | སློབ་ | learn; teach. | lab-c̀e | |||
b) Three-rooted verbs.
| Pres. | Perf. | Fut. | Imperv. | WT | |
| འཁུར་ | བཀུར་ | ཁུར་ | carry. | kʽur-c̀e | |
| འཁྱོང་ | ཁྱོངས་ | ཁྱོང་ | bring. | kʽyoṅ-c̀e for [འཁྱེར་] [[101]] | |
| རྒྱབ་ | བརྒྱབ་ | རྒྱོབ་ | throw, cast. | gyab-c̀e imp. gyob for [འདེབས་] | |
| རྒྱུག་ | (བ)རྒྱུག(ས)༌ | རྒྱུག་ | run. | gyug-c̀e | |
| གཅོག་ | བཅག་ | ཆོག་ | break. | c̀ag-c̀e, imp. c̀og | |
| འཆད་ | བཤད་ | ཤོད་ | tell, explain. | s̀ad-c̀e | |
| རྟེན་ | བརྟེན་ | རྟོན་ | hold. | ten-c̀e | |
| འདྲེན་ | དྲང་ | དྲོངས་ | draw. | to lead: ran-c̀e to remove: ḍeṅ-c̀e | |
| འབབ་ | བབ(ས)༌ | བོབ(ས)༌ | descend. | ||
| འབུད་ | ཕུ(ས)༌ | དབུ་ | ཕུས་ | blow (act.). | pʽu-c̀e |
| འབུད་ | ཕུད་ | དབུད་ | ཕུད་ | put off, drop (act.). | pʽud-c̀e |
| འབྱིན་ | ཕྱུང་ | དབྱུང་ | ཕྱུང་ | take, pull out. | pʽin-c̀e |
| འབྱེད་ | ཕྱེ(ས)༌ | དབྱེ་ | ཕྱེ(ས)༌ | open (act.). | pʽe-c̀e, imp. pʽe(s). |
| སྨྲ་ | སྨྲས་ | སྨྲོས་ | say. | s. [ཟེར་] | |
| ལང་ | ལངས་ | ལོང་ | rise. | laṅ-c̀e |
c) Two-rooted verbs.
| Pres. | Perf. | Imperv. | WT | |
| སྐྱེ་ | སྐྱེས་ | be born. | skye-c̀e | |
| སྐྱེད་ | བསྐྱེད་ | bear, beget. | skye-c̀e | |
| འཁྱེར་ | ཁྱེར་ | ཁྱེར་ | carry. | kʽyer-c̀e [[102]] |
| འགྱུར་ | གྱུར་ | གྱུར་ | become. | gyur-c̀e |
| འགྲོ་ | སོང་ | སོང་ | go; become. [only in certain sentences. | ḍo-c̀e |
| སྒྱུར་ | བསྒྱུར་ | སྒྱུར་ | alter. | gyur-c̀e |
| ངུ་ | ངུས་ | weep. | ṅu-c̀e | |
| འཆི་ | ཤི་ | die. | s̀i-c̀e | |
| འཆོར་ | ཤོར་ | flee. | s̀or-c̀e | |
| འཇུག་ | ཞུགས་ | ཞུགས་ | enter. | z̀ug-c̀e |
| ཉོ་ | ཉོས་ | buy. | ño-c̀e | |
| སྡོད་ | བསྡད་ | སྡོད་ | sit; stay. | dad-c̀e imp. dod |
| འཕེལ་ | ཕེལ་ | increase (neutr.) | pʽel-c̀e | |
| བླུག་ | བླུག(ས)༌ | བླུག(ས)༌ | pour. | lug-c̀e |
| འབུད་ | བུད་ | blow (neutr.) | pʽu-c̀e | |
| འབོད་ | བོས་ | བོས་ | call. | bo-c̀e, imp. bos (boi, bō̤). |
| འབྱུང་ | བྱུང་ | appear, originate. | j̀uṅ-c̀e | |
| མྱོང་ | མྱང་ | enjoy. | ñaṅ-c̀e | |
| རྩིག་ | བརྩིགས་ | བརྩིགས་ | build up. | tsig-c̀e |
| ཞུ་ | ཞུས་ | ཞུས་ | ask. | z̀u-c̀e (j̀u-c̀e) |
| སླེབ་ | བསླེབས་ | arrive. | leb-c̀e |
[[103]]
d) One-rooted verbs.
| WT | |||
| དགའ་ | be glad, to like. | Ld. | γa-c̀e, W besides འཐད་ |
| འགྲིལ་ | fall, drop. | ḍil-c̀e, also འདྲིལ་(བ་) | |
| མཆོང་, མཆོངས་ | leap, jump. | c̀ʽoṅ-c̀e | |
| ཉལ་ | lie down. | ñal-c̀e | |
| ཐུག་ | meet. | tʽug-c̀e | |
| ཐུབ་ | be able. | tʽub-c̀e | |
| ཐོབ་ | find, get. | tʽob-c̀e | |
| ཐོས་ | hear. | (tʽsor-c̀e) | |
| མཐོང་ | see. | tʽoṅ-c̀e | |
| འཐད་ | be glad, to like. | tʽad-c̀e, nearly always for དགའ་ and འདོད་ | |
| འཐོན་ | come out, go out. | tʽon-c̀e, usual for འབྱུང་ | |
| འདོད་ | wish, like, desire. | rare. | |
| ནུས་ | be able. | s. | [ཐུབ་] |
| གནས་ | stay, dwell, remain. | nas (nai, nā̤)-c̀e, but usually: dad-c̀e | |
| འབར་ | burn. | bar-c̀e | |
| ཚོར་ | perceive. | tʽsor-c̀e, and usual for ཐོས་ | |
| མཛད་ | do, make (resp.). | dzad-c̀e, imp. dzod. [[104]] | |
| ཟེར་ | say. | zer-c̀e, usual for སྨྲ་ | |
| ལུས་ | remain, be left. | lus-c̀e | |
| ལོག་ | turn back, return. | log-c̀e | |
| ཤེས་ | know. | s̀es (s̀ē)-c̀e | |
| (ཧ་)གོ་ | understand. | há-go-c̀e |
[2] The numbers refer to the notes at the end of the collection, exhibiting the spelling of some of the words that are most disfigured in pronunciation. [↑]
[3] vulgar supine [41, Note 1]. [↑]
[31] བསྐྱལ་ prf. of སྐྱེལ་ [↑]
[43] ཟུམ་ i.o. བཟུང་ from འཛིན་ [↑]
[47] From the Dzaṅ-lun (མཛངས་). [↑]
[50] བྱེད་, perf. བྱས་, fut. བྱ་, iv. བྱོས་ ‘to make, do’, in some cases: ‘to say, call’, ཞེས་ ‘so to be called, so called’.—དབྱུག་ is a translation of the Sanscrit name दण्डिन्. [↑]
[53] [40. 1. b] and [47. 3. b]. [↑]
[54] [34. 1]. and [40. 1]. g. [↑]
[57] perf. of གཏོང་ ‘to give; to send, let go’. [↑]
[58] perf. of ལང་ ‘to rise’. [↑]
[61] imp. of སྦྱིན་ ‘to give’, སླར༌༌༌ ‘to return’. [↑]
[63] གཏོང་ s. [57]); ‘don’t let pass’; [38. 2]. [↑]
[64] perf. of ལེན་ ‘take, seize’. [↑]
[65] perf. of འཕེན་ ‘to throw, fling’. [↑]
[66] perf. of གཅོག་ ‘to break’. [↑]
[69] perf. of རྩོམ་ ‘to prepare, purpose’. [↑]
[70] rule [30]. is not always strictly observed. [↑]
[72] perf. of ལྟུང་ ‘to fall’. [↑]
[73] perf. of འཛིན་ ‘to seize’. [↑]
[75] [41. A. 6. b]; ཞེས་ = ཞེས་. [↑]
[77] ‘from the inner (i.e. other) to this’, ‘across’. [↑]
[78] carpenter (lit. ‘lakṛiwālā’, cf. [12. 1].). [↑]
[79] perf. of འདྲི་ ‘to ask’. [↑]
[82] perf. of སྐྱུར་ ‘to throw down’. [↑]
[85] if the verb is in the infv., the subject is usually put in the accus., when we use the genitive. [↑]
[86] ‘returning it so that the owner saw it’; [41. B. 2. b]. [↑]
[87] ‘I did not return it with the mouth i.e. by saying anything’. [↑]
[88] ‘because ([41. A. 8]) that Yugp. did not say it (viz: I give back)’. [↑]
[91] perf. of འདོགས་ ‘to tie, fasten’. [↑]
[92] impv. of འབྱིན་ ‘to take out, pull out’ etc. [↑]
[93] ‘firstly’, less frequent and somewhat different from དང་ ([22]). [↑]
[97] ‘it is better that Y. should be the winner, than that besides having been robbed of my ox, I should lose my eyes into the bargain’. [↑]
[98] ‘another said: O god! etc.’ (ལྷ་ used in addressing a king like Sanscr. देव). [↑]
[99] perf. of འགུམ་ ‘to kill’; འགུམ་ ‘to die’ has perf. གུམ་; an elegant word ([24, Note]). [↑]
[100] perf. of འཇུག་ ‘to enter’. [↑]
[101] མཆི་, perf. མཆིས་ ‘to go, walk’; eleg. ‘to say’. [↑]
[103] Nomin. for Instrum., s. [30] fin. [↑]
[104] perf. of མང་ ‘to be much, many; to become m.’. [↑]
[105] partic., ‘that a man was concealed (behind it)’. [↑]
[108] imper. of བགྱིད་ eleg. for བྱེད་; ‘go and make the husband of this same (woman)’. [↑]
[109] ‘than that he should be (my) husband’. [↑]
[111] partic., ‘the axe which I held from (i.e. with) my mouth’. [↑]
[112] [40. 3] ‘whatever things be carried, it being right to carry them on the shoulder’. [↑]
[114] ༌༌སོ་ ‘different, several’, ༌༌ནས་—‘separately, each for himself’. [↑]
[115] They are here arranged according to the number of the roots, though these are in many instances, not so strictly observed, even in printed books, as they ought to be. It should especially be remarked that the mute ས་ in the perf. and imp. is in most cases either put or omitted very arbitrarily. [↑]