Battles of English History

by H. B. George

INDEX

• Abbeville, ford of Somme at, [60]
• Acies, order of battle, [30]
• — why necessarily a line, [175]
• — mediæval use of word, [30]
• Afghan war, its cause, [305]
• — failure of, [306]
• Agincourt, battle of, [5], [87] sqq.
• Agmen, order of march, [30], [175]
• Albuera, battle of, [211]
• Aliwal, battle of, [310]
• Alma, battle of, [272]
• Almanza, battle of, [169]
• Almaraz, bridge on Tagus, [223]
• Almeida, fortress on Portuguese frontier, [206], [216]
• — taken by Massena, [207]
• — re-taken by Wellington, [211]
• America, rivalry of England and France in, [179], [183]
• — War of Independence, [194]
• Angus, E. of, before Flodden, [120]
• Arapiles hills at Salamanca, [224]
• Archers, Norman, at Hastings, [25]
• — at Falkirk, [44]
• — at Bannockburn, [48], [49]
• — formation of, for defence, [62]
• — at Crecy, [63]
• — at Poitiers, [76], [77]
• — at Agincourt, [90]
• — at Verneuil, [93]
• — at Towton, [108]
• — at Flodden, [126]
• (See also [Long-bow].)
• Arcot, Clive's defence of, [295]
• Argaum, battle of, [303]
• Armagnac faction in France, [81], [92]
• Armies, standing, begin at end of Middle Ages, [129]
• — — none in England in Civil War, [129]
• — — feeling against, in England, [151]
• — — become necessary, [152]
• Arrivall of King Edward, [113]
• Artillery, developed before hand firearms, [115]
• — long of little use save in sieges, [116]
• — gave supremacy to crown, [116]
• — at siege of Harfleur, [82]
• — — Orleans, [97]
• — — Sebastopol, [286]
• — at Minden, [185]
• Artillery at Alma, [272]
• — at Gujerat, [314]
• — Sikhs strong in, [307]
• — earliest was breechloading, [115]
• Aspern, battle of, [205]
• Assye, battle of, [302]
• Atherton Moor, battle of, [132]
• Auberoche, battle of, [56]
• Auckland, Lord, Governor-General of India, [306]
• Audacity often the best policy:
• — at Oudenarde, [171]
• — at Talavera, [203]
• — at Balaclava, [278]
• — with Orientals, [290], [302]
• Axe, main weapon of English at Hastings, [21]
• Babinet, Col., his memoir on battle of Poitiers, [71n]
• Badajos, position of, [206], [218]
• — surrendered to French, [210]
• — sieges of, [211], [218]
• Baden, Margrave of, in Blenheim campaign, [157]
• Baillie, Scottish general at Marston Moor, [137]
• Baker of Swinbrook, [75n]
• — his account of Bannockburn, [47], [49]
• — — Crecy, [62]
• — — Poitiers, [76]
• Balaclava, flank march to, [274]
• — battle of, [276]
• Balliol, John, K. of Scotland, [41]
• Bannockburn, battle of, [4], [48]
• — consequences of, [50]
• — compared to Crecy, [67]
• Barbour, his life of Bruce, [47]
• Barnard, Gen., at Delhi, [318]
• Barnet, battle of, [111]
• Bastide, [93n]
• Battle Abbey, [23]
• Battles, nature of interest in, [1] sqq.
• — locality of, how determined, [4]
• — mediæval meaning of word, [30n]
• — cannot be understood if isolated, [3]
• — lessons from, [6]
• Bavaria, Elector of, in Blenheim campaign, [157]
• Bayeux tapestry, [20n]
• Bayonet, invention of, [116]
• Bedford, Regent, [92]
• Belgian troops in Wellington's army, [240]
• — at Quatre Bras, [243]
• — at Waterloo, [254]
• Bengal, conquest of, [299]
• Berar, rajah of, [301]
• Beresford, Gen., at Albuera, [211]
• Berkeley, Sir M., at Poitiers, [77]
• Berwick, captured by Edward I., [43]
• — James duke of, [169]
• Black Prince at Crecy, [64]
• — his raid through France, [68]
• — takes position at Poitiers, [70]
• — negotiates for peace, [74]
• — leads final charge in battle, [78]
• — his death, [79]
• Blake, Spanish general at Albuera, [211]
• Blenheim, French position at, [159]
• — scheme of allies for attacking, [161]
• — details of battle, [162]
• — importance of victory, [164]
• Blucher, marshal, in Waterloo campaign, [239]
• — co-operation with Wellington, [245], [249], [263]
• — defeated at Ligny, [246]
• — retreats on Wavre, [247]
• — his personal zeal, [259]
• Bohemia, John K. of, at Crecy, [64]
• Bosquet, Gen., at Inkerman, [283]
• Boulevard, [91n]
• Bretigny, treaty of, [78]
• Britons, conquered by Romans, [9]
• — — by Saxons, [10]
• Broglie, D. of, at Minden, [184]
• Bruce, Robt. K. of Scotland, [46]
• — his tactics at Bannockburn, [47]
• — his exploit before the battle, [48]
• Brunswick, D. of, killed at Quatre Bras, [244]
• Brussels, in Waterloo campaign, [243]
• Bulow, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [242], [259], [262]
• Burgos, siege of, [227]
• Burgundy, John D. of, murdered, [92]
• — Philip D. of, sides with English, [92]
• — — abandons them, [99]
• — Charles D. of, helps Edward IV., [109]
• — Louis D. of, at Oudenarde, [170]
• Busaco, battle of, [208]
• Cabul, [306]
• Cadogan, Gen., at Oudenarde, [171]
• Calais, siege of, [64]
• — Henry V. marches for, [82]
• Calcutta, Black Hole of, [296]
• Cambuskenneth, battle of, [42]
• Campbell, Sir Colin, at Balaclava, [275]
• — at Chillianwalla, [313]
• — at Gujerat, [314]
• — relieves Lucknow, [316]
• Cannon. See Artillery
• Captal de Buch at Poitiers, [77]
• Cardigan, E. of, at Balaclava, [277]
• Cardinerie, La, on field of Poitiers, [70]
• Cathcart, Gen., killed at Inkerman, [282]
• Cauveripak, Clive's victory at, [296]
• Cavalry, mailed. See [Men-at-Arms]
• — cannot stand on defensive, [73]
• — most important arm in 17th century, [130]
• — at Edgehill, [131]
• — at Marston Moor, [138]
• — at Naseby, [143]
• — element of weakness in line of battle at Blenheim, [160]
• — — at Minden, [185]
• — not properly used after Ligny, [247]
• — French, at Waterloo, [260]
• — Russian, in Crimea not used, [274]
• — English, at Balaclava, [277], [278]
• — Mahratta, [300]
• Challenge to single combat sent by William I., [22]
• — — Henry V., [82]
• — to fight a battle sent to Henry V., [83]
• — — to James IV. of Scotland, [120]
• Chandernagore, [297]
• Charleroi, [242]
• Charles VI. of France, [81], [92]
• Charles I., precipitated civil war, [129]
• — at Edgehill, [131]
• — besieges Gloucester, [132]
• — drives Essex into Cornwall, [140]
• — mismanages Naseby campaign, [142]
• — takes refuge with Scots, [144]
• — executed, [145]
• Charles II. begins standing army, [151]
• Cheriton, battle of, [133]
• Chillianwalla, battle of, [312]
• Chroniclers, mediæval, their weak points, [16], [19], [20n], [32], [47], [72], [113]
• Church supported William the Conqueror, [14]
• Churchill, Gen., at Blenheim, [162]
• Ciudad Rodrigo, position of, [206]
• — sieges of, [207], [216]
• Civil War, peculiar character of, [128]
• — local division of parties in, [130]
• Clausel, Gen., at Salamanca, [226]
• Clifford, Ld., at Towton, [104]
• Clive, Robert, founded English power in India, [295]
• — sent to recover Calcutta, [296]
• — allies secretly with Meer Jaffier, [297]
• — wins Plassy, [299]
• Cnut divided England into earldoms, [11]
• Colborne, Col., at Waterloo, [262]
• Column, definition of, [176]
• — English, at Fontenoy, [181]
• — versus line. See [Line]
• Combination of different arms at Hastings, [25]
• — at Falkirk, [45]
• — at Crecy, [61], [73]
• Conquest, when impossible, [46]
• Contades, marshal, at Minden, [184]
• Coote, Eyre, at Plassy, [297]
• Cornwall, Essex driven into, [140]
• — Rd. Earl of, at Lewes, [31]
• Corunna, battle of, [198]
• Courtrai, battle of, [45]
• Craufurd, Gen. R., marches to Talavera, [202]
• — on the Coa, [206n]
• — at Busaco, [208]
• — killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, [217]
• Crawford, L., parliamentary general, [134]
• Crecy, battle of, [61] sqq.
• — novelty of tactics, [61]
• — an epoch in art of war, [67]
• Cressingham, killed at Cambuskenneth, [42]
• Crevant, battle of, [92]
• Crimean war, state of Europe before, [268]
• — general causes of, [267]
• — material novelties in, [286]
• — results of, [287]
• Cromwell, Oliver, at Edgehill, [130]
• — forms Ironsides, [133]
• — at Marston Moor, [138]
• — urges Self-denying Ordinance, [141]
• — his raid round Oxford, [142]
• — at Naseby, [144]
• — sent to invade Scotland, [145]
• — held in check by Leslie, [145]
• — retreats to Dunbar, [146]
• — wins battle, [149]
• — at Worcester, [150]
• Cross-bow, condemned by Lateran Council, [51n]
• — encouraged by Richard I., [51]
• — no match for long-bow, [63]
• — -men, Genoese, at Crecy, [63]
• Cuesta, Gen., at Talavera, [201]
• Culloden, battle of, [183]
• Cumberland, D. of, at Fontenoy, [181]
• — at Culloden, [183]
• Cutts, Gen., at Blenheim, [162]
• D'Albret, Constable of France, at Agincourt, [89]
• Danes, invade England, [10]
• — mode of fighting of, [10]
• — conquer England under Cnut, [11]
• Daventry, Charles I. at, [143]
• Defences, artificial, at Hastings, [21]
• — — at Poitiers, [74]
• Delhi, mutiny centred at, [317]
• — siege of, formed, [318]
• — storming of, [320]
• D'Erlon, Gen., on day of Quatre Bras, [245]
• — at Waterloo, [258], [261]
• Dettingen, battle of, [181]
• Dhuleep Sing, [311]
• Discipline, definition of, [288]
• Divided command, evils of, at Marston Moor, [135]
• — in War of Spanish Succession, [156]
• — at Oudenarde, [171]
• — at Fontenoy, [181]
• — in Peninsula generally, [215]
• — at Albuera, [211]
• Donauwerth, Marlborough crosses Danube at, [158]
• Dost Mahommed, [306]
• Douro, Wellington forces passage of, [200]
• Duguesclin, Constable of France, [79]
• Dunbar, battle of, [149]
• Dunois, his testimony as to influence of Jeanne d'Arc, [96]
• Dupleix, [295]
• Dutch, troublesome allies to Marlborough, [156], [166]
• Edgehill, battle of, [131]
• Edward the Confessor, death of, [11]
• Edward I. at Lewes, [31]
• — at Evesham, [34], [38]
• — develops long-bow, [51]
• — his relations to Scotland, [40], [41]
• — at Falkirk, [43]
• Edward II. at Bannockburn, [48]
• — defeated by his own fault, [50]
• Edward III., his claims to crown of France, [55]
• — invades Normandy, [58]
• — his haphazard strategy, [59]
• — his novel tactics at Crecy, [61]
• — takes Calais, [64]
• Edward IV. assumes crown, [103]
• — at Towton, [107]
• — overthrown by Warwick, [109]
• — returns from exile, [109]
• — at Barnet, [111]
• — at Tewkesbury, [114]
• Edward, son of Henry VI., his birth, [102]
• — killed at Tewkesbury, [115]
• Edwardes, Lieut., at Mooltan, [311]
• Edwin and Morcar, Earls, [12], [15]
• Elba, Napoleon's return from, [238]
• Ellenborough, Ld., Gov.-General of India, [306]
• Elvas, [206], [218]
• English, characteristics of, as soldiers, [6], [177]
• — their military history specially instructive, [7]
• — a nation earlier than any other people, [7], [55]
• — learned Danish modes of fighting, [10]
• — the long-bow theirs exclusively, [53]
• — had no standing army in Civil War, [129]
• — military reputation low before Marlborough, [154]
• — reasons for their fighting in line, [177]
• — concerned in all European wars of 18th century, [179]
• — armies lose efficiency after Marlborough, [180]
• Essex, E. of, at Edgehill, [131]
• — driven to Cornwall, [140]
• Eugene of Savoy, Marlborough's colleague, [156]
• — at Blenheim, [161]
• — at Oudenarde, [172]
• Evesham, battle of, [36]
• Fairfax, Ld., at Marston Moor, [138]
• Fairfax, Sir T., at Marston Moor, [138]
• — commands New Model, [141]
• — at Naseby, [143]
• Falconbridge, Ld., at Towton, [108]
• Falkirk, Wallace's battle of, [44]
• — Jacobite battle of, [183]
• Fastolfe, Sir J., at battle of the Herrings, [94]
• Feigned flight of Normans at Hastings, [25]
• Ferozeshah, battle of, [309]
• Ferrybridge, [104]
• Feudal nobles preponderant after Hastings, [27], [45]
• — their power broken by pike and long-bow, [6]
• — class pride of, ruinous at Crecy, [63]
• — — at Agincourt, [89]
• Flanders, ally of Edward III., [56]
• Flank march at Busaco, [209]
• — to Balaclava, [274]
• Flodden, battle of, [5], [123] sqq.
• — last victory of bow, [127]
• Fontenoy, battle of, [181]
• Formigny, battle of, [99]
• France, contrasted with England in 14th century, [55]
• — made a nation by Hundred Years' War, [99]
• — state of, under Charles VI., [81]
• — her military supremacy broken at Blenheim, [164]
• — why hostile to England throughout 18th century, [179]
• — rival of England for domination in India, [295]
• Freeman, Professor, on Hastings, [20], [21]
• Froissart as an authority, [75]
• Fuentes d'Onoro, battle of, [210]
• Fulford, battle of, [15]
• Geography, how it influences the course of a war, [4]
• George II. at Oudenarde, [171]
• — at Dettingen, [181]
• Gérard, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [249]
• Glansdale, Sir W., at siege of Orleans, [97]
• Gloucester, siege of, [132]
• — E. of, at Lewes, [31]
• — — at Evesham, [36]
• Gneisenau, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [249]
• Golab Sing in Punjab, [310]
• Goring, royalist general at Marston Moor, [138]
• Gortschakoff, prince, in Crimea, [280], [287]
• Gough, Sir H., at Moodkee, [308]
• — at Ferozeshah, [309]
• — at Sobraon, [310]
• — at Ramnugur, [312]
• — at Chillianwalla, [313]
• — at Gujerat, [314]
• Graham, Gen., in Vittoria campaign, [231]
• Grouchy, marshal, detached to pursue Blucher, [247]
• — will not "march to the cannon," [249]
• — could he have saved Waterloo? [250]
• — retreats successfully into France, [251]
• Guienne, never French before Edward III., [55]
• — becomes French in feelings, [79]
• Gujerat, battle of, [314]
• Gunpowder came slowly into use, [115]
• — political effects of, [117]
• (See [Artillery] and [Musket].)
• Gyrth, Harold's brother, killed at Hastings, [24]
• Halidon Hill, battle of, [118]
• Hamley, Sir E., on battle of the Alma, [273]
• — — Balaclava, [279]
• — — Inkerman, [284]
• Hanoverian troops at Fontenoy, [181]
• — at Minden, [185]
• Hardinge, Sir H., Gov.-Gen. of India, [307]
• — at Ferozeshah, [308]
• Harfleur, siege of, [82]
• Harold Hardrada invades England, [15]
• — killed at Stamford bridge, [16]
• Harold, king, election of, [12]
• — story of his oath, [13n]
• — his measures for defence, [14]
• — goes north to fight Northmen, [15]
• — at Stamford bridge, [16]
• — rapidity of his return, [18]
• — urged not to face the Normans in person, [19]
• — chooses position at Hastings, [21]
• — killed in battle, [26]
• — his burial, [26]
• Hastings, battle of, [20] sqq.
• — authorities for, [19], [20]
• — important consequences of, [27]
• Havelock, Sir H., relieves Lucknow, [316]
• Haye Sainte, La, on field of Waterloo, [255], [261]
• Henry III., un-English, [28]
• — defeated at Lewes, [32]
• — in Montfort's hands, [33]
• — at Evesham, [35]
• Henry V., his claim to the French crown, [80]
• — invades France, [81]
• — besieges Harfleur, [82]
• — marches for Calais, [83]
• — intercepted at Agincourt, [86]
• — his tactics, [90]
• — recognized as heir of France, [92]
• — his death, [92]
• Herat, siege of, [306]
• Herrings, battle of the, [94]
• Herse, formation of archers, [62]
• Highlanders at Flodden, [126]
• — in Jacobite rebellion, [183]
• (See[ Regiments].)
• Hill, Gen., in Peninsular war, [202], [208], [223], [227]
• Holkar, [301], [304]
• Homildon, battle of, [119]
• Hougomont, on field of Waterloo, [253], [256], [257]
• Housecarls, [11], [16], [23]
• Hull, held for Parliament, [132]
• Hyder Ali, [299]
• India, conquered largely with native soldiers, [289]
• — France and England rivals in, [295]
• — English power becomes supreme in, [304]
• — — in, shaken by Ferozeshah, [308]
• — — in, strengthened by mutiny, [321]
• Inferior races, [288]
• Information, danger of faulty, at Blenheim, [159]
• — — at Busaco, [209]
• — — in Waterloo campaign, [243], [247]
• Inglis, Col., at Lucknow, [316]
• Inkerman, battle of, [280]
• Ironsides, Cromwell's, [153]
• Jacobite rebellion of 1745, [182]
• James IV. of Scotland makes war on England unprovoked, [119]
• — mismanages invasion, [120]
• — accepts Surrey's challenge, [120]
• — killed at Flodden, [127]
• Jeanne d'Arc, her influence and character, [95]
• — relieves Orleans, [96]
• — her fate, [98]
• Jena, battle of, [2]
• John, K. of France, collects army to fight Black Prince, [68]
• — movements of, to Poitiers, [69]
• — wastes his chances of success, [73]
• — taken prisoner in the battle, [78]
• Joseph Buonaparte made king of Spain, [197]
• — at Talavera, [202]
• — cannot control French marshals, [215n]
• — abandons Madrid, [227]
• — returns, [227]
• — finally quits Madrid, [228]
• — at Vittoria, [231]
• Jourdan, marshal, at Talavera, [202]
• — at Vittoria, [231]
• Kenilworth captured by prince Edward, [34]
• "King's Cabinet Opened," after Naseby, [144]
• Knights. See [Men-at-arms]
• Lake, Gen., in Mahratta war, [303]
• Lambert, Gen., at Dunbar, [146]
• Lancaster, D. of, in Poitiers campaign, [68]
• Landen, battle of, [154]
• Laswaree, battle of, [304]
• Lawrence, Sir H., Resident in Punjab, [311]
• — at Lucknow, [316]
• Lawrence, Sir J., Resident in Punjab, [315]
• — sends troops to Delhi, [319]
• Leicester, taken by Charles I., [142]
• — E. of. See [Montfort]
• Leslie, D., at Marston Moor, [137]
• — in Dunbar campaign, [145]
• Leven, E. of, at Marston Moor, [138]
• Lewes, battle of, [31]
• Ligny, battle of, [245]
• Lille, siege of, [172]
• Line, the natural order of battle, [175]
• — development of column out of, [176]
• — superiority of line over column, [176]
• — depends on troops, [177]
• — habitually used by English, [178]
• — its advantage shown at Minden, [185]
• — — Talavera, [203]
• — — Busaco, [208]
• — — Albuera, [212]
• — — Waterloo, [262]
• — — Alma, [272]
• — — Inkerman, [284]
• Lines, fortified, why of little use, [165]
• — — in Netherlands 1705, [165]
• — — at Stollhofen, [169]
• — — at Torres Vedras, [200]
• Lisbon, English base in Peninsular war, [199]
• — panic at, [207]
• Littler, Sir J., in Sikh war, [308], [309]
• Locality of battles, how determined, [4]
• Loire river, Black Prince tried to cross, [69]
• — boundary of English power after Henry V., [93]
• Long-bow, development of, obscure, [51]
• — power and range of, [52]
• — exclusively English, [53]
• — compared to musket, [117]
• — mode of using [52]
• (See also [Archers].)
• Louis XIV. provoked England to war, [154]
• — offers peace 1706, [169]
• — offers peace 1709, [173]
• Lucan, E. of, in Crimea, [278]
• Lucknow, relief of, [316]
• MacMunn, Lieut., in Burma, [291]
• Madras attacked by Dupleix, [295]
• — Clive sent from, to recover Bengal, [296]
• Madrid occupied by Napoleon, [198]
• — entered by Wellington, [227]
• — abandoned again, [227]
• — evacuated by French, [228]
• Mahrattas, rise of their power, [300]
• — make war on British, [301]
• — their power broken by Assye, [304]
• Maida, battle of, [205]
• Maitland, Gen., at Waterloo, [261]
• Malakoff tower at Sebastopol, [285]
• Malplaquet, battle of, [174]
• Manchester, E. of, in Civil War, [133], [141]
• Marengo, battle of, [3]
• Margaret of Anjou, soul of Lancastrian party, [101]
• — at Wakefield, [103]
• — lands at Weymouth, [112]
• Marlborough, D. of, real head of coalition against Louis XIV., [154]
• — his character, [155]
• — compared to Wellington, [155]
• — his plan of campaign for 1704, [156]
• — marches to the Danube, [157]
• — storms Schellenberg, [158]
• — ravages Bavaria, [158]
• — wins Blenheim, [163]
• — inactive in 1705, [166]
• — wins Ramillies, [168]
• — wins Oudenarde, [172]
• — covers siege of Lille, [172]
• — wins Malplaquet, [174]
• Marmion, quotations from, [124], [126]
• Marmont, marshal, supersedes Massena, [210]
• — retreats behind Douro, [223]
• — out-manœuvres Wellington, [224]
• — his false tactics at Salamanca, [225]
• — wounded, [226]
• Marsin, marshal, commands French army in Bavaria, [155]
• — joined by Tallard, [158]
• — his position at Blenheim, [159]
• Marston Moor, battle of, [137]
• — importance of results of, [139]
• Massena, marshal, given command in Spain, [205]
• — takes Ciudad Rodrigo, [207]
• — invades Portugal, [207]
• — at Busaco, [208]
• — before Torres Vedras, [209]
• — retreats, [210]
• — at Fuentes d'Onoro, [210]
• Maupertuis, on field of Poitiers, [70]
• Meer Jaffier at Plassy, [298]
• Meerut, mutiny began at, [317]
• Men-at-arms at Hastings, [25]
• — thenceforward deemed sole strength of armies, [27]
• — failed to break Scottish spears, [44]
• — Wallace set example of successfully resisting, [45]
• — at Bannockburn, [49]
• — at Crecy, English dismount for defence, [61]
• — at Crecy, French routed by archers, [64]
• — at Poitiers, French dismount for attack, [72]
• — madness of this method, [73]
• — at Agincourt, [90]
• — at battle of the Herrings, [94]
• Menschikoff, prince, commands in Crimea, [270]
• — his mistake at the Alma, [271]
• — moves out of Sebastopol, [273]
• — his faulty scheme for Inkerman, [280]
• Minden, battle of, [184]
• Mogul Empire, decaying, [296]
• — under Sindia's influence, [300]
• — falls under British control, [304]
• — restoration proclaimed in Mutiny, [317]
• Montagu, M. of, killed at Barnet, [112]
• Montcalm, Gen., at Quebec, [189]
• his arrangements for defence, [189]
• — mortally wounded, [193]
• Montfort, Simon, E. of Leicester, leader in Barons' war, [29]
• — his carriage, [30]
• — rules England, [33]
• — deserted by many of his party, [34]
• — marches for Kenilworth, [34]
• — intercepted at Evesham, [36]
• — his death, [38]
• Montrose, M. of, his campaigns in Scotland, [142], [144]
• Moodkee, battle of, [308]
• Mooltan, siege of, [311]
• Moore, Sir J., in Peninsular war, [198]
• Mortimer's Cross, battle of, [103]
• Moselle, Marlborough's campaign on, [165]
• Musket, long a clumsy weapon, [116]
• — compared to long-bow, [117]
• Mutiny, Indian, general character of, [315]
• — Delhi head-quarters of, [318]
• — end of, [321]
• Napoleon invades Spain, [198]
• — withdraws troops for Russian war, [214]
• — defeated in Russia, [228]
• — overthrown, [234]
• — returns from Elba, [238]
• — his plan for Waterloo campaign, [241]
• — at Ligny, [245]
• — amount of his success so far, [246]
• — sends Grouchy after Prussians, [247]
• — follows Wellington to Waterloo, [247]
• — Grouchy's absence from Waterloo due to his orders, [146]
• — never expected Prussians to join Wellington, [251]
• — delays beginning battle, [257]
• — his attention diverted to Bulow, [260]
• Napoleon III., why willing to join in Crimean war, [268]
• — his views as to siege of Sebastopol overruled, [286]
• Naseby, battle of, [143]
• National coherence a great source of military strength, [55]
• — enmities not necessarily permanent, [2]
• Nesle, Henry V. crosses Somme at, [83]
• Nevil's Cross, battle of, [118]
• New Model army, [141]
• Newbury, first battle of, [133]
• — second battle of, [140]
• Newcastle, M. of, besieged in York, [134]
• — at Marston Moor, [137]
• Ney, marshal, at Busaco, [208]
• — at Quatre Bras, [243]
• — at Waterloo, [260]
• Nicholson, Gen., killed at Delhi, [320]
• Norfolk, D. of, at Towton, [108]
• Normandy, Wm. D. of. See [William I.]
• — John, D. of, at Poitiers, [76]
• — Edward III. invades, [59]
• — Henry V. marches through, [83]
• — — conquers, [92]
• Norman conquest, effects of, [27]
• Northampton, battle of, [103]
• Northmen, at Stamford bridge, [15]
• — importance of their defeat, [16]
• Nottingham, Charles I. raises standard at, [131]
• Numbers engaged at Agincourt, [88]
• — Albuera, [211]
• — Alma, [270]
• — Barnet, [110]
• — Blenheim, [163]
• — Crecy, [61]
• — Flodden, [120]
• — Inkerman, [281], [283]
• — Marston Moor, [137]
• — Minden, [184]
• — Naseby, [143]
• — Plassy, [297]
• — Poitiers, [75]
• — Quebec, [192]
• — Salamanca, [226]
• — Talavera, [204]
• — Towton, [107n]
• — in Waterloo campaign, [240]
• — at Waterloo, [254]
• Oblique order, [312n]
• Oporto, passage of Douro at, [200]
• Orleans, "key of the south," [93]
• — siege of, [94]
• — D. of, at Poitiers, [77]
• — D. of, Regent, [180]
• Oudenarde, battle of, [172]
• Outram, Gen., relieves Lucknow, [316]
• Oxford, head-quarters of Charles I., [132]
• — siege of, [142]
• — E. of, at Poitiers, [77]
• — E. of, at Barnet, [111]
• Pakenham, Gen., at Salamanca, [225]
• Parkman's History of Montcalm and Wolfe, [193]
• Patay, battle of, [99]
• Peishwa, the, [301]
• Pelissier, marshal, at siege of Sebastopol, [286]
• Peninsular war, general character of, [200]
• Pennefather, Gen., at Inkerman, [281]
• Périgord, cardinal of, mediates at Poitiers, [74]
• Phalanx, Macedonian, [45]
• Philip VI. of France provokes Edward III. to war, [54]
• — cannot control nobles at Crecy, [63]
• — his death, [67]
• Picton, Gen., at storm of Badajos, [218]
• — killed at Waterloo, [259]
• Pikemen developed on continent, [6], [117]
• — essential support to musketeers, [116]
• — superseded by invention of bayonet, [116]
• — used by Wallace, [45]
• Pirch, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [242], [261]
• Planchenoit, on field of Waterloo, [260], [262]
• Plassy, battle of, [298]
• Plymouth held for Parliament, [132]
• Point Levi, opposite Quebec, [190]
• Poitiers, topography of battle-field, [71]
• — battle of, [76] sqq.
• Ponsonby, Gen., at Waterloo, [259]
• Porto Novo, battle of, [297]
• Portugal, relations of, to England, [199]
• — topography of, [206]
• — misconduct of government of, [209], [214]
• Portuguese troops organized by Wellington, [207]
• — at Busaco, [209]
• — at Albuera, [212]
• Positions of armies described, at Agincourt, [88]
• — Albuera, [211]
• — Alma, [271]
• — Bannockburn, [47]
• — Blenheim, [159]
• — Busaco, [208]
• — Crecy, [61]
• — Dunbar, [146]
• — Falkirk, [43]
• — Ferozeshah, [308]
• — Flodden, [125]
• — Hastings, [21]
• — Ligny, [244]
• — Minden, [184]
• — Plassy, [298]
• — Poitiers, [72]
• — Ramillies, [167]
• — Salamanca, [225]
• — Talavera, [201]
• — Vittoria, [232]
• — Waterloo, [253]
• Preston Pans, battle of, [183]
• Prussia, hostile to France since Jena, [2]
• Prussian army in Belgium, [239]
• — its numbers, [240]
• — its position on frontier, [240]
• (See [Blucher].)
• Pyrenees, battles in, [234]
• Quatre Bras, battle of, [243]
• Quebec, siege of, [189]
• — importance of its capture, [193]
• Raglan, Ld., at the Alma, [272]
• — at Balaclava, [277]
• — death of, [286]
• Railway made in Crimea, [286]
• Ramillies, battle of, [168]
• Ramnugur, battle of, [312]
• Range of long-bow, [52]
• — of musket, [117]
• Redan in siege of Sebastopol, [286]
• Regiments of English army:
• — Coldstream Guards, [152]
• — under Marlborough, [152]
• — Guards at Talavera, [203]
• — — at Waterloo, [261]
• — cavalry, Union brigade at Waterloo, [259]
• — cavalry, 23rd light dragoons at Talavera, [203]
• — — heavy brigade at Balaclava, [277]
• — — light brigade at Balaclava, [278]
• — — 19th light dragoons at Assye, [302]
• — infantry, 12th, 20th, 23rd, 25th, 37th, 51st at Minden, [186]
• — — 48th at Talavera, [203]
• — — march of Craufurd's brigade, [204]
• — — 7th, 23rd at Albuera, [212]
• — — 43rd, 52nd at Ciudad Rodrigo, [217]
• — — position of all at Waterloo, [255]
• — — 52nd deals final blow, [262]
• — — 93rd at Balaclava, [276]
• — — 39th at Plassy, [298]
• — — 74th, 78th at Assye, [302]
• — — 32nd at Lucknow, [316]
• Reille, Gen., at Quatre Bras, [243]
• — at Waterloo, [258]
• Reserve at Lewes doubtful, [30]
• — at Crecy not wanted, [64]
• — at Poitiers, [76]
• — at Flodden, value of, [126]
• Richmond, duchess of, her ball at Brussels, [243]
• Rifle, invention of, [267]
• — effect at Inkerman, [282]
• River in rear of defeated troops at Lewes, [32]
• — Evesham, [38]
• — Towton, [108]
• — Tewkesbury, [113]
• — Blenheim, [163]
• — Sobraon, [310]
• — obstacle to counter attack at Dunbar, [149]
• — — Ramillies, [168]
• Robin Hood's feats an anachronism, [51]
• Romans, their conquest of Britain, [9]
• — defeat phalanx, [45]
• Romorantin taken by Black Prince, [69]
• Royalists, their advantages at outset of civil war, [129]
• — where predominant, [131]
• Runjeet Sing develops Sikh power, [305]
• — his death, [307]
• Rupert, prince, compared to Edward I. at Lewes, [33]
• — at Edgehill, [131]
• — relieves York, [134]
• — at Marston Moor, [137]
• — at Naseby, [143]
• Russia, Napoleon's invasion of, [228]
• — too far off to help in Waterloo campaign, [239]
• — picks quarrel with Turkey, [268]
• — exhausted by Crimean war, [287]
• Sackville, Ld. G., at Minden, [185]
• S. Albans, battle of, [103]
• S. Lawrence, river, [189]
• S. Sebastian, storming of, [234]
• Salamanca, battle of, [225]
• Salisbury, E. of, at Poitiers, [76]
• — E. of, killed at Orleans, [94]
• — E. of, killed at Wakefield, [103]
• Sambre, river, [242]
• Santarem, Massena retreats to, [209]
• Scarlett, Gen., at Balaclava, [276]
• Schellenberg, stormed by Marlborough, [158]
• Schiltrons, [44]
• Scotland, question of succession to, [40]
• — its previous relations to England, [40]
• — won its independence, [50]
• — permanently hostile to England, [118]
• — suffers repeated defeats, [118]
• — helps Parliament in civil war, [133]
• — takes up cause of Charles II., [145]
• — subjugated by Cromwell, [151]
• Sea, value of command of, in war, to Edward III., [59]
• — to Marlborough, [173]
• — at Quebec, [190]
• — in Peninsula, [199], [228]
• — in Crimea, [269], [288]
• Sebastopol, siege of, its unique character, [274], [287]
• Seine, river, Edward III.'s difficulty in crossing, [60]
• Self-denying Ordinance, [141]
• Sepoys, of all Indian races, [289]
• — their belief in English officers, [290]
• — English won India through, [295]
• — mutiny of, [315]
• Shakespeare on Agincourt, [85]
• Sherbrooke, Gen., at Talavera, [201]
• Siege, transition from mediæval to modern type of, [97]
• — of Sebastopol, last of the Vauban period, [274]
• Sikhs, rise of their power, [305]
• — virtual anarchy among, [307]
• — betrayed by own leaders in first war, [309]
• — provoke second war, [311]
• — become subjects of the East India Company, [315]
• Sindia, (1) ambitious schemes of, [300]
• — (2) provokes war with English in Assye campaign, [301]
• — (3) stands by English in Mutiny, [315]
• Smith, Sir H., at Aliwal, [310]
• Snorro Sturleson, his saga of Stamford bridge, [16]
• Snow during battle of Towton, [108]
• Sobraon, battle of, [310]
• Somerset, D. of, at Towton, [104]
• — D. of, at Barnet, [111]
• — D. of, at Tewkesbury, [114]
• Souham, Gen., [227]
• Soult, marshal, driven from Oporto, [200]
• — forces Wellington to retire after Talavera, [205]
• — takes Badajos, [210]
• — at Albuera, [211]
• — evacuates Andalusia, [227]
• — in command after Vittoria, [234]
• Spain favourable to French claimant, [155], [173]
• — invaded by Napoleon, [197]
• — character of resistance in, [198]
• — government of, incompetent, [199]
• — geography of, [199]
• — French driven out of, [234]
• Squares, natural formation against cavalry in days of musket, [176]
• — at Waterloo, [260]
• — unnecessary with rifle, [276]
• Stakes as defence for archers first used by Henry V., [87]
• Stamford bridge, battle of, [16]
• Standard, Harold's, at Hastings, [23]
• — Montfort's, at Lewes, [30]
• Standing armies. See [Armies]
• Stanley, Sir E., at Flodden, [126]
• Steamers in Crimean war, [270]
• Steinkirk, battle of, [154]
• Stirling, importance of its position, [42]
• — siege by Bruce, [46]
• Stow-on-the-Wold, battle of, [144]
• Strategy, definition of, [4]
• — little understood in middle ages, [69]
• — of Surrey before Flodden, [124]
• Suffolk, E. of, at Orleans, [94]
• Supplies, when regularly furnished to armies, [152]
• — Marlborough careful about, [158]
• — to Wellington in Peninsula by sea, [199], [228]
• — Wellington anxious about, before Waterloo, [241]
• Surajah Dowlah takes Calcutta, [296]
• — defeated at Plassy, [299]
• Surrey, E. of, at Flodden, [120] sqq.
• Sybil's Well, [123]
• Tactics, bearing on history of changes in, [6]
• — novel, Wallace's, at Falkirk, [43]
• — — Edward III.'s at Crecy, [61]
• — of French at Poitiers disastrous, [73]
• — — repeated at Agincourt, [88]
• Tagus, river, [201], [206], [223]
• Talavera, battle of, [202]
• Tallard, marshal, enters Bavaria, [158]
• — faults of his position at Blenheim, [160]
• — taken prisoner, [163]
• Tej Sing at Ferozeshah, [309]
• — at Sobraon, [310]
• Tewkesbury, battle of, [4], [114]
• Thermopylæ, battle of, [6]
• Thielemann, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [149]
• Thomière, Gen., at Salamanca, [225]
• Todleben, Gen., at Sebastopol, [274], [285]
• Torres Vedras, lines of, [200], [209]
• Tostig, killed at Stamford bridge, [16]
• Toulouse, battle of, [234]
• Tournelles at Orleans, [93]
• Towton, battle of, [107]
• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, [183]
• — Bassein, [301]
• Treaty of Bretigny, [78]
• — Troyes, [92]
• — Utrecht, [179]
• Troyes, treaty of, [92]
• Turenne, [164]
• Utrecht, treaty of, [179]
• Vauban, [164]
• Vendôme, marshal, at Oudenarde, [170]
• Verneuil, battle of, [93]
• Victor, marshal, at Talavera, [202]
• Villars, marshal, on the Moselle, [165]
• — at Malplaquet, [173]
• Villeroi, marshal, Marlborough forces his lines, [165]
• — at Ramillies, [167]
• Vimiero, battle of, [198]
• Vittoria, battle of, [232]
• Wakefield, battle of, [103]
• Walcheren expedition, [210n]
• Wallace, Sir W., at Cambuskenneth, [42]
• — at Falkirk, [43]
• — novelty of his tactics, [44]
• Waller, Sir W., in civil war, [133], [140]
• Walpole, his peace policy, [180]
• Waterloo, campaign of:
• — Napoleon's general plan for, [241]
• — allies must wait attack, [240]
• — co-operation of Wellington and Blucher in, [249]
• — success attained by Napoleon at outset of, [246]
• Waterloo, battle of:
• — topography, [253]
• — Wellington's position, [254]
• — tactical errors of French, [258], [260]
• — Prussian aid essential part of, [257]
• — completeness of victory, [262]
• Wars, general character of Barons', [33]
• — Scottish Independence, [46]
• — Hundred Years', [79], [99]
• — Roses, [102]
• — Civil, [128]
• — American Independence, [194]
• — Peninsular, [200]
• Warwick, E. of, at Poitiers, [76]
• — E. of, his great power, [103]
• — at Towton, [107]
• — quarrels with Edward IV., [109]
• — at Barnet, [111]
• — his death, [112]
• Washington, Gen., [194]
• Wavre, in Waterloo campaign, [247], [251]
• Webb, Gen., at Wynendael, [173n]
• Wellesley, M., Gov.-Gen. of India, [299]
• Wellington, D. of, in Assye campaign, [299]
• — his plans in Peninsula, [200]
• — invades Spain up Tagus, [201]
• — at Talavera, [202]
• — retreats into Portugal, [205]
• — makes lines of Torres Vedras, [207]
• — retreats before Massena, [207]
• — at Busaco, [208]
• — follows Massena to Almeida, [210]
• — on the defensive in 1811, [214]
• — takes Ciudad Rodrigo, [217]
• — takes Badajos, [220]
• — invades Spain by Douro, [223]
• — at Salamanca, [225]
• — enters Madrid, [227]
• — fails to take Burgos, [227]
• — in Vittoria campaign, [228]
• — commands in Belgium, [239]
• — his position behind the frontier, [240]
• — is slow to concentrate, [243]
• — at Quatre Bras, [244]
• — retreats on Waterloo, [247]
• — in concert with Blucher, [249]
• — his anxiety about Prussian aid, [252]
• — supposed night-ride to Wavre, [253]
• — leaves a large force at Hal, [252]
• — his position at Waterloo, [253]
• — omits to occupy La Haye Sainte properly, [255]
• — in no hurry to use his reserves, [261]
• Weymouth, Q. Margaret lands at, [112]
• Whish, Gen., at Mooltan, [311]
• Whitecoats at Marston Moor, [137]
• William I., his claim to English crown, [12]
• — allied with the Church, [14]
• William I., his preparations, [14]
• — lands at Pevensey, [17]
• — his tactics at Hastings, [25]
• — reigned well, [27]
• William III. brought England into continental wars, [153]
• Willoughby, Lt., at Delhi, [317]
• Wilson, Sir A., at Delhi, [319]
• Wolfe, Gen., at Quebec, [186]
• — helped by command of sea, [190]
• — his death, [193]
• Worcester, first skirmish of civil war at, [131]
• — battle of, [150]
• — Bp. of, at Lewes, [29]
• — Bp. of, at Evesham, [37]
• Wynendael, battle of, [173]
• York, capture of, by Northmen, [15]
• — siege of, [134]
• — D. of, killed at Agincourt, [91]
• — D. of, claims crown against Henry VI., [102]
• — D. of, killed at Wakefield, [103]
• Ziethen, Gen., in Waterloo campaign, [242], [261]

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