ADDITIONAL FROM PROFESSOR DR. FRITZ HOMMEL.
Before this Supplement is finally printed, there comes a second communication from Professor Hommel of Munich, as already promised by him.[[722]] In this new communication are suggestions and words of appreciation that will be welcomed by many readers, as coming from such a source. Professor Hommel says:
“Only a few days ago I finished reading your highly interesting little book, ‘The Threshold Covenant,’ and I hasten to write to you, that I have read it with ever-increasing interest, and have learned infinitely much from it. Our views regarding the high antiquity and the unity of human culture receive entirely new light through this work; in addition, a large number of old oriental and biblical ways and customs now become intelligible and clear.
“Manifestly correct, and indeed most happy, is your derivation of the threshold cult, and of sacrifice in general, from the first human blood shed on crossing the threshold of woman; also the important explanation of the signs for life, which I have compared: Egyptian,
; Babylonian,
. (Compare
vulva.) Moreover, your explanation of the passover is much more satisfactory than taking pesakh in the sense of ‘to pass by.’
“Permit me now to offer a few remarks, of which you may still be able to avail yourself.
“With the symbol of the red hand may also be compared the hands upon the Sabaean bronze tablets (Z.D.M.G., Vol. 19, plate XI., and especially plate VII.), where fourteen hands of seven gods are pictured above the inscription. Furthermore, see Pinches’ Inscribed Babylonian Tablets, belonging to the collection of Sir Henry Peek, Part III., p. 66; a seal cylinder, on which appears a raised hand between the god and the priest.
“On page 100 [of your book].–More accurately, I is house as well as temple; I-GAL is palace (í-gal íkallu); but Hebrew and Arabic hekal is ‘temple,’ ‘Holy of Holies’ (Hebrew, also ‘palace’).
“On page 105.–That the design in question, on the old Babylonian seal cylinder, represents the sun gates, is a discovery made by your own countryman, Dr. W. Hayes Ward (American Journal of Archeology, III., nos. 1–2, p. 52).
“On page 108.–The Arabic mihrâb is a loan word from the South Arabic and Ethiopic, mikrâb, temple; literally, ‘praying-place.’
“On page 171.–In South Arabic inscriptions wathan signifies ‘boundary-pillar,’ and at the same time ‘statue of god,’ ‘idol.’
“On page 180.–El gisr is literally ‘bridge.’ The bridge was also looked upon as a gate, as leading from one shore to the other.
“On page 229.–Sacred prostitution. Compare Babylonia kadishtu (literally, holy person), Hebrew kādusha, ‘harlot.’
“On page 233 (note).–The Babylonian patânu, ‘to hold the sacrificial meal,’ ‘to eat,’ naptanu, ‘meal,’ is connected with Hebrew miphtan. I am inclined to believe also that the Babylonian ʿgish-da=pitnu, really means ‘threshold;’ also that gish-sa, ush-sa, a bridal gift, is originally ‘threshold.’
“On page 234.–The ‘serpent’ of the boundary stone was originally the Milky Way. The other symbols are animals of the Zodiac.
“On page 235 (note 3).–Compare, also, Hommel, Babylonische Ursprung der Ægypt. Kultur (fight of Merodach with the serpent=fight of Rê ‘with ʿApep’).
“On page 238.–Nekhushtân, the name the serpent of Moses, is derived from נחשת, ‘vulva,’ or, at all events, is related to this word.”
[1]. See Trumbull’s Blood Covenant, passim.
[2]. See Trumbull’s Blood Covenant, pp. 191 f., 370; also Frazer’s Golden Bough, I., 183–185.
[3]. These facts I have obtained at different times in personal conversations with intelligent natives of Syria and of Egypt. It will be seen, later, how they are verified in the record of similar customs elsewhere.
[4]. See Hopkins’s Religions of India, p. 362 f.
[5]. Ibid., with references to Mahabharata, II., 21, 14, 53; X., 8, 10.
[6]. Ibid., with references to Laws of Manu, IV., 73, and to Gaut. 9 : 32.
[7]. John 10 : 1, 2, 9, 10.
[8]. See Lund’s Every-day Life in Scandinavia in the Sixteenth Century, p. 16, with note 36; also, the Njals Saga.
[9]. See Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq., s. vv. “Athletae” and “Olympic Games;” also Gardner’s New Chapters in Greek History, p. 299.
[10]. See London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 92.
[11]. These facts were given me by a member of the vice-consul’s family, who witnessed the ceremony. The preparations were made before the arrival of General Grant; and they were not prominent in the sight of himself or party. They were simply the customs of the country.
[12]. Prof. A.H. Sayce, in London Folk-Lore, I., 523.
[13]. Comp. with p. [5], supra.
[14]. Comp. with p. [71] f., infra.
[15]. Bruce’s Travels, Bk. II., p. 514.
[16]. Baker’s Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, p. 137; comp. 126 f.
[17]. On the testimony of a Liberian colored clergyman.
[18]. See, for example, Sir Robert Ker Porter’s Travels, p. 36 f.
[19]. Palgrave’s Personal Narrative of a Journey through Central and Eastern Arabia, I., 51.
[20]. Conder’s Heth and Moab, pp. 290, 293.
[21]. D’Herbelot’s Bibliothèque Orientale, s. v. “Bab,” p. 157.
[22]. Roberts’s Oriental Illus. of Scrip., p. 149.
[23]. Morier’s Second Journey through Persia, p. 254.
[24]. Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 137.
[25]. On the testimony of a Finnish American.
[26]. Lund’s Every-day Life in Scandinavia in the Sixteenth Century, p. 12 f.
[27]. Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 410, note.
[28]. Ibid., p. 410 f.
[29]. Ibid., p. 259.
[30]. Fragmenta Philosophorum Græcorum (ed. Mullach), I., 510.
[31]. See “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 459, note; also, Bergeron’s “Voyage de Calpin,” cap. 10, cited in Burder’s Oriental Customs (2d ed.), p. 24.
[32]. Turner’s Samoa, p. 37.
[33]. See Maspero’s Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria, pp. 195, 219.
[34]. Rawlinson’s History of Herodotus, II., 47, 48.
[35]. Mackay’s Mackay of Uganda, pp. 112 f., 177.
[36]. See “Sacred Laws of the Aryas,” II., 2, 4, in Sacred Books of the East, II., 107.
[37]. “A bali is an offering of any sort, such as a handful of rice, flung to birds or spirits or waters, or to any supernatural beings. A mantra is a Vedic text, a verse muttered during a religious ceremony; often used in incantations, or in legitimate services to a god.”–Prof. Dr. E.W. Hopkins.
[38]. See “Sacred Laws of the Aryas,” V., 12, in Sacred Books of the East, II., 200, 233.
[39]. See Sir Henry M. Elliot’s Races of the Northwestern Provinces of India (Beames’s ed.), I., 197.
[40]. See report of a meeting of the Bombay Anthropological Society, in London Folk-Lore Journal, VI., p. 77.
[41]. Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 410 f., note.
[42]. Leland’s Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition, p. 282.
[43]. Ibid., p. 321 f.
[44]. Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 332 f.
[45]. Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 136 f.
[46]. See “Death Week in Russia,” in The Spectator (London), for June 18, 1892.
[47]. Jones and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of Magyars, p. 332.
[48]. On the testimony of a native Roumanian.
[49]. See, for example, Turner’s Samoa, pp. 21, 56 f., 74 f., 216, 241; also Strack’s Der Blutaberglaube (4th ed.), p. 39.
[50]. Griffis’s Mikado’s Empire, pp. 467, 470; also, Isabella Bird’s Untrodden Tracks in Japan, I., 392.
[51]. St. John’s Life in the Far East, I., 64, 157 f.
[52]. See London Folk-Lore Journal, II., 330 f.
[53]. Dr. Strean in Mason’s Statistical Account, or Parochial Survey of Ireland, II., 75.
[54]. See J.G. Owens on “Folk-Lore from Buffalo Valley, Central Pennsylvania,” in Journal of American Folk-Lore, IV., 126.
[55]. B. Biaz’s “Memoirs:” cited in Spencer’s Descriptive Sociology, II., 23.
[56]. See pp. [51], [55], infra.
[57]. See Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 120.
[58]. See Du Bois’s Description of the Character, Manners, and Customs of the Peoples of India, II., 27. Compare pp. [5]–7, supra.
[59]. Nevius’s China and the Chinese, p. 60.
[60]. Landor’s Corea or Cho-sen, p. 118.
[61]. See Ralston’s Russian Folk-Tales, p. 28 f.
[62]. On the testimony of Professor Dr. A.L. Frothingham, Jr.
[63]. Julia McNair Wright’s Among the Alaskans, p. 313.
[64]. Comp. Plutarch’s Roman Questions, Q. 5.
[65]. Rev. 6 : 9–10.
[66]. On the testimony of an eye-witness.
[67]. Palmer’s Desert of the Exodus, I., 90.
[68]. Burckhardt’s Bed. u. Wahaby, p. 214, note.
[69]. Lane’s Modern Egyptians, II., 293.
[70]. Garnett’s Women of Turkey and their Folk-Lore (“Christian Women”), p. 239.
[71]. Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 101.
[72]. Capt. King’s “Notes” in London Folk-Lore Journal, VI., 121, 123.
[73]. Capt. King’s “Notes” in London Folk-Lore Journal, VI., 121, 123.
[74]. Shooter’s Kafirs of Natal, pp. 71–78; and Andersson’s Lake Ngami, p. 220 f.
[75]. On the testimony of a native eye-witness. See, also, Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 285.
[76]. See article by P.J. Baldensperger, in Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exploration Fund for April, 1894, p. 136.
[77]. Heuzey’s Le Monte Olympe et L’Acarnanie, p. 278.
[78]. See citations from Donatus, on the “Hecyra” of Terence, I., 2, 60, and Servius on Virgil’s “Aeneid,” IV., 459, in Heuzey’s Le Monte Olympe et Acarnanie, p. 278; also, Marquardt’s Privatleben der Römer, p. 53.
[79]. Garnett’s Women of Turkey (“Christian Women”), p. 82.
[80]. Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 95 f.
[81]. Rodd’s Customs and Love of Modern Greece, p. 99 f.
[82]. Ibid., p. 102.
[83]. Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 46.
[84]. See Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 277 f.
[85]. See “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 422–427; also P. von Stenin, in Globus, LXV., 181–183.
[86]. Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 13.
[87]. On the testimony of Dr. H.V. Hilprecht.
[88]. Walter Gregor in London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 119 f.
[89]. St. John’s Life in the Forests of the Far East, I., 62.
[90]. See Bancroft’s Native Races, I., 663.
[91]. See Bancroft’s Native Races, I., 732–734.
[92]. “Grihya-Sutras,” or Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies, in Sacred Books of the East, XXX., 193.
[93]. Ibid.
[94]. Ibid., p. 263.
[95]. Fragmenta Philosophorum Græcorum (ed. Mullach), I., 510.
[96]. Gwilt’s Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, p. 89.
[97]. See Hughes’s Dictionary of Islam, art. “Masjid;” also Lane’s Modern Egyptians, I., 105; and Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 293 f.
[98]. Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 104.
[99]. Sibree, on “Malagasy Folk-Lore and Popular Superstition” in London Folk-Lore Record, II., p. 37.
[100]. As told me by a native eye-witness.
[101]. Burckhardt’s Arabic Proverbs, p. 137 f.
[102]. Bruce’s “Travels,” VII., 67 (ed. 1804); cited in McLennan’s Studies in Ancient History, p. 188.
[103]. On the testimony of a colored clergyman from Liberia.
[104]. See Maspero’s Life in Ancient Egypt and Assyria, p. 232.
[105]. Campbell’s “Personal Narrative;” cited in McLennan’s Studies in Ancient History, p. 14.
[106]. Pinkerton’s “Collection,” VI., 183; cited in Ibid., p. 177.
[107]. Hayes’s “Open Polar Sea,” p. 432; cited in Lubbock’s Origin of Civilization (Am. ed.), p. 78.
[108]. Rous’s Archæologia Attica, Lib. IV., cap. 7.
[109]. See “Roman Questions,” Q. 29, in Goodwin’s Plutarch’s Morals, II., 220 f.; also Godwyn’s Rom. Hist. Anthol., Lib. II., § 2; citation of authorities in Becker’s Gallus, p. 161, and in Marquardt’s Privatleben der Römer, I., 53 f.
[110]. Douglas’s Society in China, p. 201. See, also, Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., 790; Gray’s China, I., 205; and “Marriage Ceremonies of the Manchus,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 487.
[111]. Adele M. Fielde’s Corner of Cathay, p. 39.
[112]. “Grihya-Sutras,” or Rules of Vedic Domestic Ceremonies, in Sacred Books of the East, XXX., 193, 201.
[113]. Guhl and Koner’s Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 192.
[114]. See “Roman Questions,” Q. 1, 2, in Goodwin’s Plutarch’s Morals, I., 204; also authorities cited in Becker’s Gallus, p. 162 f., and Marquardt’s Privatleben der Römer, I., 53 f.
[115]. See Coulange’s Ancient City, pp. 29–41, 55–58, with citations.
[116]. See “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 437. See, also, the reference to burning incense on the threshold in Tuscany, at p. [17] f., supra.
[117]. See Kowalewsky’s “Marriage among the Early Slavs,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 467.
[118]. From “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 423, 447.
[119]. From “Marriage Customs of the Mordvins,” in London Folk-Lore, I., 434–443.
[120]. Napier’s Folk-Lore in the West of Scotland, p. 51; also Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 59 f.
[121]. See Bancroft’s Native Races, I., 662, 703, 730–734.
[122]. On the testimony of the Rev. William Ewing, a missionary in Palestine.
[123]. A daughter of a native Copt described to me this ceremony, as she witnessed it at the building of her father’s house in 1878. He was formerly a Coptic priest, but was now a Protestant Christian.
[124]. See Tylor’s Primitive Culture, I., 104–108.
[125]. Strack’s Der Blutaberglaube, p. 68.
[126]. Josh. 6 : 26.
[127]. 1 Kings 16 : 34.
[128]. See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887, p. 196.
[129]. On the testimony of a native Chinese clergyman.
[130]. See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887.
[131]. See article “On Kirk Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine, for February, 1887, p. 191.
[132]. Tylor’s Primitive Culture, I., 104 f.
[133]. Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 128.
[134]. See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887, p. 191.
[135]. See Gomme’s article on “Traditions Connected with Buildings,” in The Antiquary, III., 11.
[136]. See Coote’s “A Building Superstition,” in London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 22 f.
[137]. See W.G. Chase’s “Notes from Alaska,” in Journal of American Folk-Lore, VI., 51.
[138]. See Tylor’s Primitive Culture, I., 104–108.
[139]. Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 168 f.
[140]. Ibid.
[141]. Garnett’s Women of Turkey (“Christian Women”), p. 22.
[142]. Rodd’s Customs and Lore of Modern Greece, p. 148.
[143]. See Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 126.
[144]. Ibid., p. 127.
[145]. Ralston’s Songs of the Russian People, p. 135 f.
[146]. This is the case with the Church House in Philadelphia,–the “corner-stone” of which was laid while this page was writing.
[147]. See Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 175.
[148]. See Coote’s “A Building Superstition,” in London Folk-Lore Journal, I., 22.
[149]. Lanciani’s Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries, p. 225 f.
[150]. See article “On Kirk-Grims” in The Cornhill Magazine for February, 1887, p. 192.
[151]. Ibid., p. 195.
[152]. See Bancroft’s Native Races, V., 471.
[153]. See Trumbull’s Studies in Oriental Social Life, pp. 98, 112–131.
[154]. See Josh. 10 : 3–35; 12 : 11; 15 : 39; 2 Kings 14 : 19; 18 : 14–19, etc.
[155]. See, for example, 1 Kings 2 : 28.
[156]. See Bliss’s Mound of Many Cities, p. 77 f.
[157]. See “Afghan Life in Afghan Songs,” in Darmesteter’s Selected Essays, p. 117.
[158]. On the testimony of a native Syrian of wide experience in the region referred to.
[159]. W. Robertson Smith’s Religion of the Semites, p. 319.
[160]. Strassmaier Nabuchodonosor, No. 183.
[161]. Dieulafoy’s “L’art antique de la Perse;” cited in Babelon’s Manual of Oriental Antiquities, p. 152.
[162]. See The Times (London) for July 12, 1894.
[163]. See Hopkins’s Religions of India, p. 361, note.
[164]. In a personal letter to the Author.
[165]. Exod. 32 : 26.
[166]. Judg. 19 : 25–30.
[167]. Ruth 4 : 1–10.
[168]. 2 Sam. 15 : 2–4.
[169]. 2 Sam. 19 : 8.
[170]. Jer. 38 : 7–9.
[171]. Dan. 2 : 49.
[172]. Prov. 8 : 34.
[173]. Amos 5 : 15.
[174]. Zech. 8 : 16.
[175]. Isa. 29 : 21.
[176]. Luke 16 : 19, 20.
[177]. Acts 3 : 3, 10.
[178]. Exod. 21 : 5, 6.
[179]. Deut. 14 : 17.
[180]. Gen. 22 : 17.
[181]. Matt. 16 : 18.
[182]. Isa. 24 : 12.
[183]. In a personal letter to the Author.
[184]. See Finn’s Stirring Times, I., 102 f.
[185]. A.M. Luncz, in Jerushalayim, p. 17.
[186]. Home and Synagogue of the Modern Jew, p. 30.
[187]. Nineveh and its Remains (Am. ed.), II., 202.
[188]. Ancient Egyptians, I., 346, 361 f.
[189]. Comp. Deut. 6 : 9 and 20 : 5.
[190]. See art. “Mezuza,” by Ginsburg, in Kitto’s Cycl. of Bib. Lit.
[191]. Psa. 121 : 8.
[192]. See art. “Mezuza,” by Ginsburg, in Kitto’s Cycl. of Bib. Lit.
[193]. See, for example, Memoirs of Survey of Western Palestine, I., 230–234, 257 f., 398–402, 407 f., 416 f.
[194]. The Land and the Book, I., 140 f.
[195]. See Sir Robert Ker Porter’s Travels, I., 440.
[196]. See, for example, Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Persia, pp. 127, 129, 294, 357; also, Benjamin’s Persia and the Persians, pp. 17, 58, 61.
[197]. Doolittle’s Social Life of the Chinese, II., 75, 310 f.
[198]. Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., 731.
[199]. Adele M. Fielde’s Pagoda Shadows, p. 88.
[200]. Gray’s China, II., 271. Comp. with p. 8.
[201]. Hearn’s Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, II., 397; also, Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, II., 287.
[202]. See Becker’s Charicles, p. 260, with citations; also, Guhl and Koner’s Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 80.
[203]. Becker’s Charicles, p. 487.
[204]. Theocritus, Idyl II., 63.
[205]. See articles “Ara” and “Janua,” in Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiquities, with reference to classical authorities.
[206]. See Réville’s Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, p. 183.
[207]. See Rowan in “Ximenes,” p. 183; cited in Spencer’s Des. Soc., II., 22.
[208]. Aubrey’s “Miscellanies;” cited in Gentleman’s Magazine for 1823, Pt. II., p. 412.
[209]. See Gentleman’s Magazine for 1867, Pt. I., pp. 307–322.
[211]. Heth and Moab, p. 275 f.
[212]. A.M. Luncz, in Jerushalayim, p. 19.
[213]. On the testimony of the Rev. W. Ewing, a missionary in Palestine.
[214]. In Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palæstina Vereins, VIII., 335 ff.
[215]. See De Amicis’s Constantinople, p. 185.
[216]. One of these old-time prayer-rugs with the open hand embroidered on it, is in the possession of Dr. Hilprecht.
[217]. See Morier’s Second Journey through Persia, pp. 75–184.
[218]. Rosenmüller’s Das Alte und Neue Morgenland, II., 92 f.
[219]. See, for example, Perrot and Chipiez’s History of Art in Phœnicia, I., 54, 263.
[220]. De Hesse-Wartegg’s Tunis: The Land and the People, p. 127.
[221]. On the testimony of Professor Dr. Morris Jastrow, Jr.
[222]. Gen. 11 : 31; 15 : 7.
[223]. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Chald. and Assy., I., 38; see, also, p. 84.
[224]. Ibid., I., 203.
[225]. Sayce’s Social Life among the Assyrians and Babylonians, p. 52 f.
[226]. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art. in Chald. and Assy., I., p. 196. See, also, pp. 87, 143, 212; II., 99, 111, 169, 211, 215, 227, 231, 257, 261, 266, 267, 273, 275, 279. See, also, Collection de Clercq, passim.
[227]. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Phœnicia, I., 53, 54, 69, 320; II., 61, 113, 161, 228, 247, 248, 255, 257.
[228]. Wilkinson’s Anc. Egypt, III., 3, 8, 24, 48, 53, 100, 192, 208, 218, 228, 232, 235, 240, 362, 370, 425.
[229]. Ibid., III., 53.
[230]. Mason’s Statistical Account or Parochial Survey of Ireland, II., 322.
[231]. Stephens’s Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, I., 177 f.
[232]. Gen. 14 : 22.
[233]. Psa. 63 : 4.
[234]. Isa. 49 : 22.
[235]. Comp. Exod. 6 : 8; Num. 14 : 30; Neh. 9 : 15.
[236]. See Tallquist’s Die Sprache Contracte Nabû-Nâ’ido, p. 108.
[237]. See Gesenius’s Heb. Lex., s. v. “Nasa.”
[238]. See, for example, Exod. 3 : 19; 13 : 3, 14, 16; 32 : 11; Deut. 3 : 24; 4 : 34; 5 : 15; 6 : 21; 7 : 8, 19; 9 : 26; 11 : 2, etc.; 2 Chron. 6 : 32; Ezek. 20 : 34; Dan. 9 : 15.
[239]. Ellis’s Polynesian Researches, II., 207, illustration.
[240]. Stephens’s Incidents of Travels in Yucatan, II., 46 f.
[241]. Stephens’s Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, Appendix, II., 476–478.
[242]. Ibid., II., 477.
[243]. See Gen. 49 : 8–17; Num. 27 : 22 f.; Acts 4 : 4; 6 : 6; 8 : 18; 13 : 3; 19 : 6; Heb. 6 : 2; 1 Tim. 4 : 14.
[244]. See, for example, “a scene in the hypostyle hall at Lûxor,” in Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, p. 111.; also, illustration in Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Anc. Egypt, I., 45.
[245]. Catlin’s “Eight Years amongst the North American Indians,” II., pp. 5–7; cited in Donaldson’s George Catlin Indian Gallery, p. 263.
[246]. In a personal letter to the Author.
[247]. See Bourke’s Medicine Men of the Apaches, Ninth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.
[248]. Variae nationes, inter quas Americæ aborigines sunt, sanguinem menstrualem sacrissimum atque in eo boni malique vim esse putant, quia non solum modo omnis sanguinis vita ipsa sit, sed vitae humanae germina vel ova quibus species hominum transmittuntur in se contineat. Quod quam verum sit quantamque vim ad foedieris liminis notionem principalem intellegendam habeat infra videtur.
For illustrations of this truth see H. Ploss’s Das Weib in der Natur. und Völkerkunde (2d ed.), I., chap. 39; Strack’s Der Blutaberglaube (4th ed.), pp. 14–18; Spivak’s Menstruation, pp. 6–12; and Frazer’s Golden Bough, I., 170; II., 225–240. These illustrations are gathered from Asia, Africa, Europe, America, and the Islands of the Sea; and they include citations from Pliny, the Talmud, the Christian Fathers, medieval writers, and down to writers of this century.
“Apud populum Novæ Zelandæ creditur sanguinem utero sub tempus menstruale effusum continere germina hominis; et secundum præcepta veteris superstitionis panniculus sanguine menstruali imbutus habebatur sacer (tapu), haud aliter quam si formam humanam accepisset. Mulierum autem mos est hos panniculos intra juncos parietum abdere: et hâc de causâ paries est domûs pars adeo sacra ut nemo illi innixus sedere audeat. Opinio animis N. Zelandorum insita–nempe sanguinem menstruum germina humanæ speciei continere–opinionibus hodiernis convenit: multi enim physiologiæ scientissimi credunt rumpi vesiculam gräafianam, et ex illâ ova delabi circa tempora menstrualia.”–Shortland’s Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders, p. 292.
[249]. Landor’s Corea or Cho-sen, p. 156.
[250]. Orme’s Hist. of Milit. Trans. of British in Indostan, V., 348.
[251]. Maspero’s Life in Anc. Egypt and Assyria, pp. 198–200.
[252]. Ibid., p. 204.
[253]. Ibid., p. 220.
[254]. Roberts’s Oriental Illustrations of the Scriptures, p. 148 f.
[255]. Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., 731.
[256]. See McDowell’s “A New Light on the Chinese,” in Harper’s Magazine for Dec., 1893, with illustration of “The Gods of the Threshold.”
[257]. Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, I., 117, 273.
[258]. Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, I., 362 f., and note.
[259]. See Tertullian “On Idolatry,” and “On the Soldier’s Chaplet,” in Ante-Nicene Christian Library, XI., 164 f., 353.
[260]. Tr. Rowan, in “Ximenes,” p. 183; cited in Spencer’s Descrip. Soc., II., 22.
[261]. Darmesteter’s translation of Zend Avesta, in “Sacred Books of the East,” IV., 12, note.
[262]. De Coulange’s Ancient City, pp. 32–35, 46 f.
[263]. Compare Friedrich Delitzsch’s Assyrisches Handwörterbuch, s. v. “Êkallu.”
[264]. Wilkinson’s Egyptians in the Times of the Pharaohs, p. 141.
[265]. Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 279 f.
[266]. Guhl and Koner’s Life of the Greeks and Romans, p. 297.
[267]. See, for example, Odyssey, VII., 80.
[268]. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Persia, pp. 240–254.
[269]. Comp. Gen. 18 : 1–9, and Exod. 26 : 1–14; 39 : 32, etc.
[270]. Douglas’s Society in China, p. 343.
[271]. See Chamberlain’s Things Japanese, pp. 37, 226 f., 378; Griffis’s Mikado’s Empire, p. 90; Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, II., 282.
[272]. Turner’s Samoa, pp. 18–20.
[273]. Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, p. 703 f.
[274]. See Fergusson’s Rude Stone Monuments, pp. 100, 411–413.
[275]. Gen. 11 : 1–9.
[276]. See Mühlau and Volck’s Gesenius’s Heb. und Aram. Handwörterbuch (12th ed.), s. v. “Babel;” also Schrader, in Richon’s Dict. of Bib. Antiq. (2d ed.).
[277]. See Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, I., 63; also, Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 58.
[278]. See Perrot and Chipiez’s History of Art in Chal. and Assy., II., 72.
[279]. See Count de Gobineau’s Les Religions et les Philosophies dans l’Asie Centrale; also Browne’s Year among the Persians, and Traveller’s Narrative to Illustrate the Episode of the Bab.
[280]. Bibliothèque Orientale, s. v. “Bab.”
[281]. John 10 : 9.
[282]. See, for example, Griffis’s Mikado’s Empire, p. 419; Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, I., 295 f.; II., 367 f.; Gray’s China, I., 90; Fergusson’s Rude Stone Monuments, p. 413.
[283]. See Chamberlain’s Things Japanese, p. 429 f.; and, Lowell’s Chosön, pp. 262–266, for a fuller explanation of the origin and signification of this primitive entrance way.
[284]. See, for example, Douglas’s Society in China, p. 411; Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, I., 64; Fergusson’s Tree and Serpent Worship, frontispiece, plates iv-ix, xxi.
[285]. See Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, p. 656.
[286]. Ibid., p. 569. The doorway in the engraving from the intaglio is clearly one of the doorway shrines, with the guardians of the doorway on either side, and not, as has been supposed, an opening into the ark.
[287]. Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 657, 662, 759, 762; also Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Chal. and Assy., I., 203, 212; II., 95, 163, 210, 211.
[288]. Ibid., II., facing p. 212.
[289]. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Chal. and Assy., II., 231; Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 9. See, also, note in Rawlinson’s Herodotus, II., pp. 148–151.
[290]. Wilkinson’s Anc. Egypt, III., 349; Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, pp. 274, 283; and Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 189, 239.
[291]. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 311; Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 237, 250, 253, 262, 316, 413.
[292]. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 314. See, also, illustrations in Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Anc. Egypt, I., 131, 140, 175.
[293]. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 319.
[294]. Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 256; II., 31, 57, 147, 178.
[295]. Ibid., I., 53, 54.
[296]. Ibid., I., 287; II., 147.
[297]. Ibid., I., 264, 321.
[298]. Ibid., I., 320.
[299]. Bent’s Sacred City of the Ethiopians, pp. 185–193.
[300]. See, for example, Fergusson’s Rude Stone Monuments, pp. 100, 168 f., 217, 233, 335, 337, 344, 385, 388, 398–401, 411–413, 441, 464, 468, 484, 532.
[301]. See illustrations in Sherrin’s Early History of New Zealand, pp. 406, 514, 648.
[302]. Bancroft’s Native Races, IV., 481.
[303]. See, for example, Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., frontispiece; Gray’s China, I., 11 f.
[304]. See citation in Bonomi’s Nineveh and its Palaces (2d ed.), pp. 157–160, 174.
[305]. Ibid.
[306]. Nineveh and its Remains (Am. ed.), II., 202.
[307]. Assyrian Discoveries, pp. 75, 78, 429.
[308]. Chaldean Magic, pp. 47, 48, 54.
[309]. See, for example, 1 Sam. 29 : 6; 2 Sam. 3 : 25; 2 Kings 19 : 27; Psa. 121 : 7, 8; Isa. 37 : 28; Ezek. 43 : 11.
[310]. See references to the Mezuza of the Hebrews at page [69] f., supra.
[311]. Grotefend Cylinder, Col. I., ll. 44–46. See, also, Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, Vol. I., p. 65, Col. I., ll. 19–21.
[312]. East India House Inscription, Col. III., ll. 48–50.
[313]. Ibid., Col. VIII., ll. 5–9.
[314]. Ibid., Col. IX., ll. 9–16.
[315]. Grotefend Cylinder, Col. I., ll. 36–38.
[316]. East India House Inscr., col. II., ll. 48–50.
[317]. See Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon (Am. ed.), p. 424; Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Chald. and Assy., I., 366–392; Rawlinson’s Herodotus, Bk. II., Chap. 99, 125; Sayce’s Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, p. 96; Mariette Bey’s Monuments of Upper Egypt, p. 79 f.; Bunsen’s Egypt’s Place in Universal History, II., 378–386; Rawlinson’s History of Ancient Egypt, I., 188–194; Réville’s Religions of Mexico and Peru, pp. 41 f., 179 f., Ellis’s Polynesian Researches, II., 207.
[318]. Rawlinson’s Herodotus, Bk. I., Chap. 181–183.
[319]. The word “sullam,” here translated “ladder,” is a derivative from “salal,” “to raise up in a pile, to exalt by heaping up as in the construction of a mound or highway.” Comp. Isa. 57 : 14; 62 : 10; Jer. 50 : 26. See Bush’s Notes on Genesis, in loco.
[320]. Gen. 28 : 10–22.
[321]. See Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 691–696, with citation of authorities at foot of p. 693, and note at p. 695.
[322]. Ibid.; also, Sayce’s Relig. of the Anc. Babyl., pp. 221–278; 286, note 3.
[323]. Comp. Job 1 : 21; Eccl. 5 : 15; 1 Tim. 6 : 7.
[324]. Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, p. 696.
[325]. Ezek. 47 : 1–9.
[326]. Zeph. 2 : 13, 14, with margin.
[327]. See Survey of Western Palestine, “Memoirs,” I., 107.
[328]. See Gen. 2 : 8–10; Rev. 22 : 1, 2.
[329]. Ezek. 8 : 8–16.
[330]. Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon (Am. ed.), pp. 302–311.
[331]. Ibid., p. 69 f.
[332]. 1 Sam. 5 : 1–5.
[333]. In loco.
[334]. Zeph. 1 : 9.
[335]. Ezek. 46 : 2.
[336]. Ibid., 10 : 4; 9 : 3.
[337]. Ibid., 43 : 8.
[338]. Lev. 17 : 2–9.
[339]. Exod. 29 : 4.
[340]. Ibid., 29 : 10–12.
[341]. Exod. 33 : 8–10; see, also, Num. 12 : 5; 20 : 6; Deut. 31 : 15.
[342]. See, for example, Exod. 40 : 6, 29; Lev. 1 : 3, 5; 3 : 2; 4 : 4, 7; 8 : 1–36; 12 : 6; 14 : 11, 23; 15 : 14, 29; 16 : 7; 17 : 4–9; 19 : 21; Num. 6 : 10–18.
[343]. 2 Chron. 23 : 4, 5.
[344]. Ibid., 34 : 8, 9 (see margin).
[345]. 1 Chron. 15 : 23, 24; Jer. 35 : 4; 52 : 24, etc.
[346]. Psa. 84 : 10 (see margin).
[347]. See Edersheim’s The Temple: Its Ministry and Services, p. 191; also, Ginsburg’s art. “Passover,” in Kitto’s Cycl. of Bib. Lit., p. 426.
[348]. See 2 Kings 12 : 9; 22 : 4; 23 : 4; 25 : 18.
[349]. See, for example, representation and description of temples at Byblus and Baalbec, in Donaldson’s Architectura Numismatica, pp. 105 f., 122–128.
[350]. Fellows’s Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, p. 256.
[351]. Roberts’s Oriental Illus. of Scrip., p. 148 f.
[352]. Maurice’s Indian Antiquities, V., 89.
[353]. Maurice’s Indian Antiquities, V., 79 f., note. Compare Trumbull’s Blood Covenant, pp. 157–164.
[354]. Maurice’s Modern Hist. of Hindostan, Pt. I., Bk. 2, chap. 3, p. 296 f.
[355]. Hughes’s Dictionary of Islam, art. “Masjid;” also Conder’s Heth and Moab, p. 293 f.; also Lane’s The Modern Egyptians, I., 105.
[356]. Morier’s Second Journey through Persia, p. 254.
[357]. The moon is said to have thus bowed before Muhammad, at the threshold of the Kaabeh at Meccah. Anecdotes Arabes et Mussulmans, p. 22 f. (By J.F. de la Croix, Paris, 1772.)
[358]. Chardin’s Voyage, I., 282.
[359]. Ibid., I., 292.
[360]. Laurie’s Dr. Grant and the Mountain Nestorians, p. 134 f.
[361]. Vambéry’s Travels in Central Asia, p. 233.
[362]. Huc’s Travels in Tartary, Thibet, and China, I., 191.
[363]. Hearn’s Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, I., 188.
[364]. Lowell’s Occult Japan, pp. 270–273; also, Isabella Bird’s Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, II., 278–285.
[365]. Ibid., I., 111–119; II., 286–288.
[366]. See Petrie’s Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt, pp. 138–142; also, Mariette’s Monuments of Upper Egypt, p. 107 f., and Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 358–361.
[367]. Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, I., 67.
[368]. See Wilkinson’s Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, I., xiv.
[369]. This is on the testimony of Prof. W. Max Müller, who adds that “so far the Egyptologists have not paid any attention to the threshold;” hence there is a lack of material yet available as showing its peculiar sacredness.
[370]. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 272.
[371]. Lemm’s “Ritual Book,” p. 29 ff., 47; cited in Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 274 f.
[372]. Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, pp. 260, 308 f.; Mariette Bey’s Monuments of Upper Egypt, p. 26.
[373]. Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, III., 65–86.
[374]. Book of the Dead, CXLII.
[375]. Renouf’s Relig. of Anc. Egypt, p. 191 f.
[377]. Book of the Dead, CXLV., CXLVI.
[378]. Renouf’s Religion of Ancient Egypt, p. 202 f.
[379]. Book of the Dead, CXXV.
[380]. Lane’s Thousand and One Nights. Notes to Chapter 3, Vol. I., p. 215 f. See, also, Stanley Lane’s Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, p. 73.
[381]. Or, “by steps,”–“gradibus.”
[382]. Cranch’s Æneid of Virgil, I., 572–585; Æneis, I., 441–449.
[383]. Bruce’s Travels (Dublin ed.), III., 644, Bk. IV., chap. 12.
[384]. Bent’s Sacred City of the Ethiopians, p. 40 f.
[385]. See Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 17.
[386]. See, for example, Iliad, I., 426; XIV., 173; XXI., 427, 505; Odyssey, VIII., 321.
[387]. Professor W.A. Lamberton, in a personal note to the author.
[388]. Odyssey, XIII., 4; VII., 83, 87, 89.
[389]. Iliad, VIII., 15.
[390]. See Hesiod’s Theogony, V., 749.
[391]. Iliad, IX., 404.
[392]. Odyssey, VIII., 80.
[393]. Oedipus at Colonus, 54 ff. See, also, 1591. Comp. Hesiod’s Theogony, 811.
[394]. Prof. W.A. Lamberton.
[395]. Æschylus’s “Suppliants,” p. 497; cited in Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq., s. v. “Ara.” See, also, Donaldson’s Architectura Numismatica, pp. xvi, xvii, 33, 54.
[396]. Euripides, Androm., 1098. Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq., s. v. “Antæ.”
[397]. Acts 14 : 8–14.
[398]. Odyssey, VII., 130.
[399]. Euripides, Hippolytus, 741.
[400]. Pausanias, Bk. X., 24, 5.
[401]. Bingham’s Antiquities of the Christian Church, Bk. VIII., chap. 3.
[402]. Ibid., Bk. VIII., chap. 4.
[403]. Ibid., Bk. VIII., chap. 7.
[404]. Blunt’s Annotated Book of Common Prayer, p. 210.
[405]. Ibid., p. 217.
[406]. See Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 15 f.
[407]. Baring-Gould’s Germany, Present and Past (Am. ed.), p. 105.
[408]. Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 14 f.
[409]. Vaux’s Church Folk-Lore, p. 99.
[410]. Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 16.
[411]. Vaux’s Church Folk-Lore, p. 98.
[412]. Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 17.
[413]. Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 254.
[414]. Wood’s Wedding Day in all Ages and Countries, II., 255.
[415]. See Henderson’s Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties of England and the Borders, p. 38.
[416]. Curtin’s Myths and Folk-Lore of Ireland, p. 177.
[417]. See Jones’s and Kropf’s Folk-Tales of the Magyars, p. 410.
[418]. On the eye-witness testimony of Prof. Dr. Morris Jastrow, Jr.
[419]. Réville’s Nat. Relig. of Mex. and Peru, pp. 41, 179 f., 207; also Bancroft’s Mex., I., 296.
[420]. Réville’s Nat. Relig. of Mex. and Peru, p. 183; Bancroft’s Mex., I., 162.
[421]. Réville’s Nat. Relig. of Mex. and Peru, pp. 31, 184, 207 f.
[422]. Ibid., p. 83.
[423]. Bancroft’s Native Races, “Civilized Nations,” II., 706 f.
[424]. See Bancroft’s Native Races and Antiquities, IV., 209 f., 314, 321, 323, 332, 338, 351, 531, 801, 803, 805. See also, Stephens’s Incidents of Travels in Yucatan, I., 137, 167–176, 303, 306, 403–407, 411–413; II., 42, 54, 56, 72, 122.
[425]. Chateaubraud’s Voyage en Amérique, pp. 130–136; cited in Frazer’s Golden Bough, II., 383.
[426]. Ellis’s Polynesian Researches, II., 206.
[427]. Ibid., II., 211 f.
[428]. Ibid., II., 207, illustration.
[429]. Ibid., II., 212 f.
[430]. Ellis’s Hist. of Madagascar, I., 176–187.
[431]. Ellis’s Through Hawaii, p. 73 f.
[432]. Ibid., p. 75.
[433]. Ellis’s Through Hawaii, p. 81 f.
[434]. Ibid., p. 135 f.; also, Isabella Bird’s Six Months in the Sandwich Islands, p. 196.
[435]. Ellis’s Through Hawaii, p. 153 f. See, also, Isabella Bird’s Six Months in the Sandwich Islands, p. 135 f.
[436]. Num. 35 : 6–32; Deut. 4 : 41–43; 19 : 1–13; Josh. 20 : 1–9.
[437]. Comp. Gill’s Myths and Songs from the South Pacific, pp. 3, 4, 7, 14, 18, 20, 26, 152, 155, 158, 160, 170; also Turner’s Samoa, p. 259.
[438]. See pp. [21]–23, [45] f., [55], supra.
[439]. Gen. 11 : 28; Neh. 9 : 7.
[440]. Rawlinson’s Inscript. of W. Asia, Vol. I., pl. 69, Col. II., l. 29 ff.
[441]. See Hilprecht’s Assyriaca, pp. 54, 55, 97.
[442]. Inscription in the temple of Rameses III. at Karnak.
[443]. Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 279.
[444]. See “Grihya-Sutras,” in Sacred Books of the East, XXX., 193–201; also De Coulange’s Ancient City, pp. 36, 47 f.
[445]. See Julien’s Mémoires de Hionen-Thsang, I., 459–466; Cunningham’s Archæological Survey of India, I., 1–12; Sir Monier Monier-Williams’s Buddhism, pp. 390–401.
[446]. Cunningham’s Archæological Survey of India, II., 212, 213.
[447]. Ibid., II., 353 f.
[448]. Ibid.
[449]. “The Shih King,” Bk. 7, § 3, in Sacred Books of the East, III., 111.
[450]. Williams’s Middle Kingdom, I., 90 f.
[451]. Harrison and Verrall’s Myth. and Monu. of Anc. Athens, pp. 353–361.
[452]. Henderson’s Iceland, II., 64–67; also ibid., I., xiv.
[453]. Gen. 28 : 10–22.
[454]. Ibid., 13 : 1–3.
[455]. Ibid., 12 : 1–8.
[456]. Exod. 3 : 1–12.
[457]. Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, I., 411.
[458]. 2 Sam. 6 : 1–19.
[459]. Ibid., 24 : 15–25.
[460]. Gen. 22 : 1–13.
[461]. As evidenced in the traditional claim that the grave of Adam was under the cross.
[462]. 2 Kings 5 : 17.
[463]. Isa. 28 : 16; 1 Pet. 2 : 6.
[464]. Isa. 58 : 12.
[465]. 1 Cor. 3 : 10, 11.
[466]. 1 Pet. 2 : 5.
[467]. Eph. 2 : 20, 21.
[468]. Sura 3 : 90.
[469]. See Sale’s Koran, “Preliminary Discourse,” Sect. IV.; Burton’s Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah, III., 149–222; Hughes’s Dictionary of Islam, s. vv. “Abraham,” “Adam,” “Arafāt,” “Hagar,” “Ishmael,” “Kaʿbah,” “Masjidu ʾl-Harām,” “Zamzam;” Sprenger’s Life of Mohammad, pp. 46–62; Muir’s Mahomet and Islam, pp. 12–17, 215–219.
[470]. Burton’s Pilgrimage, III., 260.
[471]. See, for example, Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III., 41, 43; IV., 41; Hilprecht’s Freibrief Nebukadnezar’s, I., col. II., 26–60; Beitraege zur Assyriologie, II., 165–203, 258 ff.
[472]. An unknown product of the field.
[473]. From the Michaux Stone, columns II.-IV. in Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, I., pl. 70; translated for this work by Prof. Dr. H.V. Hilprecht. See illustrations in Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 762, 763. See Sayce’s Religion of the Ancient Babylonians, p. 308.
[474]. Bühler’s “Laws of Manu,” in Sacred Books of the East, XXV., 298, 301.
[475]. Deut. 19 : 14.
[476]. Prov. 22 : 28; 23 : 10.
[477]. Job 24 : 2.
[478]. Deut. 27 : 17.
[479]. Gen. 21 : 22–33.
[480]. Gen. 31 : 43–53.
[481]. See Smith’s Classical Dictionary, and Keightley’s Class. Dict., s. vv. “Hermes,” “Jupiter,” “Mercury,” “Silvanus,” “Terminus,” “Zeus.” Comp. Stengel’s Die griechischen Sacralalterthüm. in Iwan v. Müller’s Handbuch der Klassischen Alterthumswissenschaft, V., part 3, p. 13; K.F. Hermann’s Lehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Alterthümer der Griechen, pp. 73, 108, note 2.
[482]. “This god was represented by a stone or a stump, and not with human features.” This would seem to have been a rude phallic form.
[483]. Ovid’s Fasti, Bk. II., vs. 641 ff.
[484]. Smith’s Classical Dictionary, s. vv. “Numa,” “Terminus.”
[485]. Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq., s. v. “Terminalia.”
[486]. Stanley’s Congo, I., 315–317.
[487]. Turner’s Samoa, p. 45 f.
[488]. See “Beating the Bounds,” in Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal for July 23, 1853, pp. 49–52; also American Architect, Vol. X., No. 293, p. 64 f.
[489]. Wallace’s Russia, p. 366 f.
[490]. Cited in Thompson’s Elements of Political Economy, p. 110.
[491]. Schrader’s Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, I., 63, 69, 87, 99, 109, 131, 133, 135, 141, 143, 147, 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 181; II., 19, 35, 54, 89.
[492]. See pp. [105]–108, supra.
[493]. See, for example, Schrader’s Keilinshriftliche Bibliothek, I., 69.
[494]. Rawlinson’s Inscriptions of Western Asia, I., 17–26, col. 1, lines 63–69.
[495]. Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, I., 8 f.; Villiers Stuart’s Nile Gleanings, Pl. xlv., p. 276.
[496]. Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, I., 182 f.
[497]. Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, II., 81 f.
[498]. Ibid., II., 78 f.
[499]. Trumbull’s Kadesh-barnea, p. 341, note.
[500]. Plutarch’s Lives, Theseus, 25.
[501]. Psa. 24 : 2.
[502]. Justinian, Inst., Lib. I., 12, 5.
[503]. Ibid.
[504]. Stanley’s Congo, I., 1–11.
[505]. See Penn. Mag. of Hist. and Biog., VI., 412–434.
[506]. Carlyle’s History of Frederick, II., I., 71–74.
[507]. Rawlinson’s Inscriptions of Western Asia, I., 17–26, Col. III., ll. 84–89.
[508]. Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, I., 81.
[509]. Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, II., 82.
[510]. “The Shih King,” in Sacred Books of the East, III., 343, 392, 399, note, 420, 422 note.
[511]. Lacouperie’s Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization, pp. 79. 81.
[512]. See p. 7 f., ante.
[513]. Heb. 10 : 20.
[514]. I have this on the testimony of those who have often witnessed it.
[515]. See Gen. 15 : 1–21.
[516]. On this point I am assured by missionaries and other dwellers in Persia.
[517]. Morier’s Journey to Constantinople, p. 75.
[518]. Ibid., p. 84 f. See, also, Morier’s Second Journey through Persia, p. 93 f.
Again, when the Shah of Persia was to enter Teheran, he was received outside of the walls, by prominent officials, with much ceremony. As he approached
[519]. Morier’s Second Journey through Persia, p. 387 f.
[520]. Layard’s Nineveh and Babylon (Am. ed.), p. 35 f.
[521]. Ibid., p. 37.
[522]. My informant, an eye-witness of this incident, was not sure whether it was a Prussian, an Austrian, or a Russian prince.
[523]. Burckhardt’s Travels in Nubia, p. 157.
[524]. The recognition of this truth is a reason for the infibulation of female children among primitive peoples. (See, for example, Captain J.S. King’s “Notes on the Folk-Lore, and some Social Customs of the Western Somali Tribes,” in the London Folk-Lore Journal, VI., 124; also Dr. Remondino’s History of Circumcision, p. 51.)
[525]. See Appendix.
[526]. See “Satapatha Brâhmana,” 1. Kânda, 2 Adhyâya, 5 Brâhmana, 14–16, in Sacred Books of the East, XII., 62 f.; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” III., 5, 1, 11, in Sac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 113.
[527]. “Satapatha Brâhmana,” I., 3, 1, 18; I., 9, 2, 5–11, 21–24; II., 1, 1, 4, in Sac. Bks. of East, XII., 74, 257, 262, 277; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” III., 3, 1, 11; III., 8, 4, 7–18, in Sac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 61, 211–214.
[528]. See Rig-Veda, II., 36, 4; X., 18, 7. Comp. “Satapatha Brâhmana,” I., 7, 2, 14, in Sac. Bks. of East, XII., 194; also “Satapatha Brâhmana,” IV., 1, 2, 9; IV., 1, 3, 19, with note, in Sac. Bks. of East, XXVI., 260, 269. See, also, Hopkins’s Religions of India, p. 490, and note.
[529]. Compare Sir Monier Monier-Williams’s Brahmanism and Hinduism, pp. 33, 54 f., 223 f., and Wilkins’s Hindu Mythology, p. 233 f.
[530]. Sir Monier Monier-Williams’s Buddhism, pp. 371–373. This writer, speaking of the prominence in India of the symbolism of the linga and yoni combined, ascribes it to the theory of the two essences, “Spirit regarded as a male principle, and Matter, or the germ of the external world, regarded as a female.” He says: “Without the union of the two no creation takes place. To any one imbued with these dualistic conceptions the linga and the yoni are suggestive of no improper ideas. They are either types of the two mysterious creative forces ... or symbols of one divine power delegating procreative energy to male and female organisms. They are mystical representatives, and perhaps the best impersonal representatives, of the abstract expressions ‘paternity’ and ‘maternity,’” [and their conjunction in marital union]. (Brahmanism and Hinduism, p. 224 f.)
[531]. This legend is found in Pirqe de R. Eliezer, Chap. XXX. The Hebrew words saph and miphtan are here employed for “threshold.” It is also given in Maçoudi’s Les Prairies d’Or, chap. 39, p. 94. Here the Arabic is ʿatabah, for “threshold.” See, also, Sprenger’s Life of Mohammad, p. 53 f.
[532]. See Lane’s Arabic-English Lexicon, s. v. “ʿAtabah.” and Dozy’s Supplément aux Dictionnaires Arabes, s. v. “ʿAtabah.”
[533]. Buxtorf’s Lex. Chald. Tal. et Rabb., s. v. “Pethakh.” See, also, the Talmudic treatise Niddâ, “Mishna,” § 2, 5.
[534]. See, for example, illustration in Maspero’s Dawn of Civil., p. 657; also Sayce’s Relig. of Anc. Babyl., p. 285.
[535]. Wilkinson’s Ancient Egyptians, III., 3, 8, 14, 18, 21, 22, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 46, 60, 63, 66, 87, 100, 107, 109, 115, 118, 122, 129, 133, 135, 137, 146, 156, 158, 163, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 180, etc.
[536]. See Perrot and Chipiez’s Hist. of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 80, 320. See, also, Layard’s Nineveh and its Remains, II., 168–170 (Am. ed.); and an article by Hommel, in “Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology” for January, 1893.
[537]. Hearn’s Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, II., 397, note; Lowell’s Occult Japan, pp. 270–273.
[538]. See Bancroft’s Native Races and Antiq., III., 504–506.
[539]. Voyages of Capt. James Cook, “First Voyage” at May 14, 1769. Also Voltaire’s Les Oreilles du Comte de Chesterfield, Ch. VI. See Appendix.
[540]. See Cook’s Voyage to Pacific Ocean, volume of plates; also Ellis’s Poly. Res., II., 217.
[541]. See Exod. 12 : 1–20.
[542]. Exod. 12 : 11.
[543]. Exod. 12 : 21, 27.
[544]. Exod. 12 : 22.
[545]. Exod. 2 : 23–25; 3 : 7–10; 5 : 1, 2; 6 : 1–7; 10 : 21–29.
[546]. Exod. 11 : 4–7.
[547]. Exod. 12 : 23.
[548]. Compare Josh. 2 : 1–21; 6 : 16–25.
[549]. See, for example, Judg. 19 : 27; 1 Kings 14 : 17; 2 Kings 12 : 9, 13; 22 : 4; 23 : 4; 25 : 18; 1 Chron. 9 : 19, 22; 2 Chron. 3 : 7; 23 : 4; 34 : 9; Esther 2 : 21; 6 : 2; Isa. 6 : 4; Jer. 35 : 4; 52 : 19, 24; Ezek. 40 : 6, 7; 41 : 16; 43 : 8; Amos 9 : 1; Zeph. 2 : 14; Zech. 12 : 2.
[550]. See, for example, Jer. 52 : 19.
[551]. See pp. [109]–111, supra.
[552]. See Septuagint, in loco.
[553]. See Vulgate, in loco.
[554]. Philo’s Opera, Mangey, 2 : 292.
[555]. Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon, s. v.
[556]. Cited in Levy’s Neuheb. Wörterb., s. v. “Saph.”
[557]. This on the authority of Prof. Dr. H.V. Hilprecht.
[558]. Among primitive peoples it was a common thought that the first fruits of life in any sphere belonged of right to God, or the gods. This was true of the fields, of the flocks and herds, and of the family. (See, for example, Frazer’s Golden Bough, II., 68–78, 373–384; also W. Robertson Smith’s Religion of the Semites, pp. 443–446.) As in Egypt particular gods were supposed to have power over men and beasts in special localities, the first-born belonged to them, and stood as representing their power and protection; yet Jehovah claimed to be Lord over all. And now, at the close of the contest between God and the gods, Jehovah took to himself out of the homes of his enemies the devoted first-born of man and of beast, in evidence of the truth that the gods of Egypt could not protect them.
[559]. 1 Kings 4 : 24, “Tiphsah.”
[560]. See Gesenius’s Hebr. und Aram. Handwörterbuch (12th ed.), s. v. “Tiphsakh.”
[561]. Exod. 21 : 2–6.
[562]. Talmud Babyl., Qiddusheen, fol. 22, b.
[563]. Gen. 15 : 1–21. See pp. [186]–188, supra.
[564]. Gen. 19 : 1–25.
[565]. Compare Josh. 2 : 1–20; 5 : 10–12; 6 : 12–17.
[566]. Judg. 7 : 1–25.
[567]. 2 Kings 19 : 20–36; 2 Chron. 32 : 1–22.
[568]. Esther 9 : 12–19.
[569]. Dan. 5 : 1–30.
[570]. Edersheim’s Temple: Its Ministry and Services, p. 196 f.
[571]. Edersheim’s The Temple: Its Ministry and Services, p. 197; Home and Synagogue of Modern Jew, pp. 159–161; Ginsburg’s art. “Passover,” in Kitto’s Cycl. of Bib. Lit.
[572]. On the testimony of Rev. Dr. Marcus Jastrow.
[573]. Exod. 12 : 1, 2; Lev. 23 : 5; 9 : 1, 2.
[574]. See, for example, Exod. 34 : 12–16; Lev. 17 : 7; 20 : 5–8; Num. 15 : 39, 40; Deut. 31 : 16; Judg. 2 : 17; 8 : 27, 33; 2 Kings 9 : 22, 23; 1 Chron. 5 : 25; 2 Chron. 21 : 11; Psa. 73 : 27; 106 : 38, 39; Isa. 57 : 3; Jer. 3 : 1–15, 20; 13 : 27; Ezek. 6 : 9; 16 : 1–63; 20 : 30; 23 : 1–49; Hos. 1 : 2; 2 : 2; 3 : 1; 4 : 12–19; 5 : 3, 4; 6 : 6, 7, 10.
[575]. Jer. 31 : 31, 32; also Heb. 8 : 8, 9.
[576]. Ezek. 16 : 8.
[577]. Exod. 12 : 22.
[578]. W. Robertson Smith’s Religion of the Semites, pp. 169–176, and Stade’s Geschichte, p. 460.
[579]. Compare Exod. 34 : 12–16; Deut. 7 : 5; 12 : 3; Judg. 3 : 7; 2 Kings 23 : 4; 2 Chron. 33 : 3, etc.
[580]. Matt. 26 : 1–5; John 13 : 1.
[581]. Matt. 16 : 21; 26 : 17, 18; John 2 : 13; 7 : 1–9.
[582]. Matt. 26 : 17–30; Mark 14 : 12–28; Luke 22 : 7–20.
[583]. 1 Cor. 5 : 7, 8.
[585]. John 3 : 16.
[586]. Eph. 3 : 14, 15.
[587]. Heb. 10 : 28, 29.
[588]. John 3 : 28–30.
[589]. Matt. 9 : 14, 15; Mark 2 : 19, 20; Luke 5 : 34, 35.
[590]. 1 Cor. 11 : 3.
[591]. Eph. 5 : 23–33.
[592]. Rev. 19 : 6–9.
[593]. Rev. 21 : 1, 2–9, 12, 22–27.
[594]. Ibid., 22 : 17, 20.
[595]. J.G. Frazer in Folk-Lore Journal, I., 275.
[596]. See Maundrell’s Journey, pp. 127–131; Hasselquist’s Voyages and Travels, pp. 136–138; Thomson’s Land and Book, II., 556 f.; Stanley’s Sinai and Palestine, pp. 464–469.
[597]. See pp. [22] f., [39]–44, supra.
[598]. See Smith and Cheetham’s Dict. of Christian Antiq., art. “Nun.”
[599]. See “Blood Covenant,” pp. 310–313.
[600]. See pp. [22] f., [39]-44, [99]-164, supra.
[601]. 2 Cor. 2 : 16.
[602]. See, for example, Herodotus’s History, Bk. I., chaps. 181, 182. See pp. [111] f., supra.
[603]. Herodotus’s History, Bk. I., chap. 199.
[604]. See Deut. 25 : 1–9. See, also, chapter on “Sacred Prostitution” in Wake’s Serpent Worship; and Professor W.M. Ramsay’s “Holy City of Phrygia,” in Contemporary Review for October, 1893.
[605]. See, for example, Squier’s Serpent Symbol; Forling’s Rivers of Life; Westropp’s and Wake’s Ancient Symbol Worship; Knight’s Worship of Priapus; Jennings’s Phallicism; Frazer’s Golden Bough; Monier-Williams’s Brahmanism and Hinduism, and his Buddhism; Griffis’s Religions of Japan, etc.
[606]. See, for example, in addition to the books just cited, Fergusson’s Tree and Serpent Worship; Ohnefalach-Richter’s Kypros, die Bibel und Homer; Hopkins’s Religions of India, pp. 527 f., 533, 540, 542.
[607]. See Dr. E.B. Tyler’s article on “The Winged Figures of the Assyrian and other Ancient Monuments,” in Proceedings of the Soc. of Bib. Arch., XII., Part 8, pp. 383–393; Dr. Bonavia’s articles on “Sacred Trees,” in Babylonian and Oriental Record, III., Nos. 1–4; IV., Nos. 4, 5; and De Lacouperie’s articles on Trees, ibid., IV., Nos. 5, 10, 11.
[608]. See, for example, Ohnefalach-Richter’s Kypros, Tafel-Band, pl. lxxxii., figures 7, 8; Donaldson’s Architectural Medals of Classic Antiquity, pp. 105–109; Von Löher and Joyner’s Cyprus: Historical and Descriptive, p. 153 f., Perrot and Chipiez’s History of Art in Phœnicia and Cyprus, I., 123, 276 f., 281, 284, 331 f.; W. Robertson Smith’s Religion of the Semites, p. 191.
[609]. Compare W. Robertson’s Smith’s Religion of the Semites, p. 437 f.
[610]. Exod. 34 : 12–15; Deut. 7 : 5.
[611]. Deut. 16 : 21, 22.
[612]. There seems, indeed, to be a connection between the Hebrew words, miphtan, “threshold,” and pethen, “asp,” “adder,” or “serpent,” as first pointed out to me by Mr. Montague Cockle. Although the verbal root is not preserved in the Hebrew, there is no valid reason for doubting that they go back to the same root. In Arabic, the verb is preserved as pathana, “to tempt.” Its derivatives indicate the same meaning. This would seem to confirm the connection of the primitive threshold, the serpent, and temptation. In Leland’s Etruscan Roman Remains (p. 131 f.) are citations from several ancient works, and references to current Italian traditions, showing the supposed connection of the serpent with the threshold, the phallus, and married life, that are in obvious confirmation of the views here expressed.
[613]. See p. [109] f., supra; also, Schrader’s Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, Vol. III., Pt. 2, p. 72 f.
[614]. See, for example, Rawlinson’s Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia, III., p. 45.
[615]. See Erman’s Life in Anc. Egypt, p. 60.
[616]. Ibid., p. 259, vignette illustration.
[617]. See Wilkinson’s Anc. Egypt., III., 235, pl. lv., fig. 2. Prisse’s Mon. Egypt, pl. xxxvii.; also Layard’s Nineveh and its Remains, p. 169 (Am. ed.), and W. Max Müller’s Asien und Europa, p. 314.
[618]. See Perrot and Chipiez’s History of Art in Chaldea and Assyria, I., 349 f. See, also, Layard’s Monuments, Series ii., pl. 5, for representation of the conflict between Marduk and Tiamat. The serpent is there shown on the feminine Tiamat where it appears on the masculine Nergal.
[619]. See Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 690–696; Sayce’s Relig. of Anc. Babylonia, p. 286.
[620]. See Sayce’s Relig. of Anc. Babylonia, pp. 281–283; Wilkinson’s Anc. Egypt., III., 141–155; Fergusson’s Tree and Serpent Worship, pp. 5–72; Squier’s Serpent Symbol, pp. 137–254; Réville’s Native Religions of Mexico and Peru, pp. 29–32, 53, 166.
[621]. See Wilkins’s Hindu Mythology, p. 99.
[622]. See Wilkins’s Hindu Mythology, p. 218.
[623]. Maurice’s Indian Antiq., V. 182 f.
[624]. Ibid., V.
[625]. See frontispiece of Sir Monier Monier-Williams’s Buddhism; see, also, Fergusson’s article on “The Amravati Tope” in “Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society,” Vol. III., Pt. 1, pp. 132–166.
[626]. See Keightley’s Mythology, art. “Phœbus-Apollo.”
[627]. See “Æsculapius,” in Smith’s Classical Dictionary.
[628]. See Herodotus’s History, Bk. IX., chap. 81.
[629]. See “Gorgones,” in Smith’s Classical Dictionary.
[630]. See, for example, Maurice’s Indian Antiquities; Fergusson’s Tree and Serpent Worship; Forlong’s Rivers of Life, I., 93–322; Wake’s Serpent Worship, pp. 81–106.
[631]. Gen. 3 : 7, 10–13, 16.
[632]. See, for example, Psa. 128 : 3; Prov. 3 : 18; 11 : 30; Ezek. 19 : 10.
[633]. See, for example, Gen. 30 : 2; Deut. 7 : 13; 28 : 4, 18, 53; 30 : 9; Psa. 127 : 3; 132 : 11; Song of Songs 4 : 16; Isa. 13 : 18; Micah 6 : 7; Acts 2 : 30.
[634]. See, for example, Gen. 4 : 1, 17, 25; 38 : 26; Judg. 11 : 39; 19 : 25; 1 Sam. 1 : 19; 1 Kings 1 : 4; Matt. 1 : 25.
[635]. Gen. 3 : 1–13.
[636]. See, for example, Philo Judæus’s Works, “On the Creation,” I., 53–60; “On the Allegories of the Sacred Laws,” I., 15–20; “Questions and Solutions,” I., 31–41.
[637]. See, for example, Midrasch Bereschit Rabba, pararshah 18, § 6, in comments on Gen. 2 : 25; Weber’s Die Lehren d. Talmud (ed. 1866), pp. 210–213.
[638]. See Clement of Alexandria’s Miscellanies, III., 17; also Irenæus’s Against Heresies, I., 30.
[639]. Gen. 3 : 14, 15.
[640]. Compare Num. 21 : 4–9; 2 Kings 18 : 4; John 3 : 14, 15.
[641]. Gen. 3 : 22–24.
[642]. Rev. 20 : 1, 2.
[643]. Ibid., 21 : 1–27; 22 : 1, 2.
[644]. Ibid., 22 : 14, 15.
[646]. Vide Lane’s Mod. Egypt., II, 241; item Skertchley’s Dahomey As It Is, p. 499.
[647]. Foedus pangere Hebraice Karath idem sonat ac “caedere.” Vide Gen. 15 : 17–19; 21 : 22–24, etc. Vide etiam Trumbull’s Blood Covenant, pp. 265–267, 322 et seq., Lane’s Arab. Eng. Lex., et Freytag’s Lex. Arab. Latin, s. vv. “Khatan,” “Khatana.”
[648]. Vide Fuerst’s Heb. Lex., s. v. “Khatan;” etiam Exod. 4 : 25, 26.
[649]. Burckhardt, in suis Proverbiis Arabicis (pp. 139 seqq.), moris huius meminit; Lane autem in suo Modern Egyptians (I, 218) idem perhibet. Verum ego loquar de quaestione e fontibus fide dignis testium integerrimorum. Burckhardt enim asserit “clavim” magis idoneam putari a plebecula in Ægypto Superiori in examine hoc instituendo quam digitum.
[650]. Burckhardt meminit differentiae cuiusdam huiusmodi; constat tamen eum morem camisiam sponsae adhibendi nonnisi cognovisse.
[651]. Gray’s China, I, 207.
[652]. Skertchley’s Dahomey As It Is, p. 499.
[653]. Lane’s Modern Egyptians, I, 221, nota.
[654]. Ibid.
[655]. Burckhardt’s Arabic Proverbs, p. 140.
[656]. Facta haec a testibus fide dignis teneo.
[657]. Haec testimonio sacerdotis Æthiopici in Liberia nituntur.
[658]. Bancroft’s Native Races (“Civilized Nations”), II, 256–261.
[659]. Niebuhr’s Beschreibung von Arabien, pp. 35–39.
[660]. Vide, exempli causa, Burtonii Alf Laila va Laila, II, 50; III, 289.
[661]. Vide, exempli causa, Burtonii Alf Laila va Laila, II, 50, nota.
[662]. Ibid., III, 289, nota.
[663]. Vide p. [32]-dam supra.
[664]. P. von Stenin: “Die Ehe bei den Mordwinen,” in Globus, Vol. LXV, No. 11 (1894), p. 183.
[665]. Voyages of Capt. James Cook, I, 56.
[666]. Turner’s Samoa a Hundred Years Ago, pp. 93–95.
[667]. Deut. 22 : 13–21.
[668]. See, for example, 197 f., supra.
[669]. See also citations from Buxtorf at p. 200, supra.
[670]. See pp. 127, 132 f., 207 f., supra.
[671]. See p. 207 f., supra.
[672]. Handwörterbuch, Mülhan and Volck, 11th ed., s. v.
[673]. Woerterbuch u. Alt. Test., s. v.
[674]. Judges 16 : 3.
[675]. See p. 200, supra.
[676]. See p. 197 f., supra.
[677]. ’kw’ un
[678]. yü
[679]. See S. Wells Williams’s Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language, pp. 496, 1141.
[680]. Le Page Renouf’s Book of the Dead in Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, for November, 1895. Plate xxxi.
[681]. See pp. 199, 234, supra.
[682]. See Barker’s Lares and Penates; Or, Cilicia and its Governors, p. 217 f.; also see p. 231 f., supra.
[683]. Lanciani’s Ancient Rome, p. 286 f.
[684]. Ainé’s Herculaneum et Pompéi, Tome VIII, Planche 56, facing p. 221.
[685]. Ibid., Pl. 24, 25, 27, 30, 39, 41, 44, 48, 54, 55, 56, 59.
[686]. See pp. 230–240, supra.
[687]. Cited in Notes and Queries, fifth series, Vol. IV, p. 463.
[688]. Matt. 6 : 19; also Matt. 6 : 20.
[689]. Luke 12 : 39; also Matt. 24 : 43; Exod. 22 : 2; Ezek. 12 : 2–7.
[690]. See The Sunday School Times for March 7, 1896.
[691]. The Rev. William Ewing, in The Sunday School Times for March 7, 1896.
[692]. John 10 : 1, 10.
[693]. Deut. 20 : 10–13.
[694]. See pp. 5–7, supra.
[695]. Plutarch, Symp., Bk. ii, Quest. 5, § 2.
[696]. See Smith’s Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq., s. vv. “Athletæ,” and “Olympic Games;” Gardner’s New Chapters in Greek History, pp. 297–302.
[697]. A primitive wedding ceremony. See pp. 39–42, 142 f., 212, supra.
[698]. See, again, pp. 16 f., 46 f., supra.
[699]. See Plutarch’s Lives, “Romulus;” also references to Strabo, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in Hooke’s Roman History, I., 42.
[700]. See references at pp. 39, 263, supra.
[701]. See Skeat’s Etymological Dictionary and the Century Dictionary, s. v.
[702]. See p. 180 f., supra.
[703]. See “portage” in The Century Dictionary, with examples of usage.
[704]. Driver’s Deuteronomy, p. 323.
[705]. Heb. Chald. Lex., s. v.
[706]. See p. 187 f., supra.
[707]. See, also, 2 Kings 21 : 6; 23 : 10; 2 Chron. 33 : 6; Ezek. 16 : 21; 20 : 26, 31; 23 : 37.
[708]. See, also, Jer. 7 : 31; 19 : 5.
[709]. See pp. 39–42, 142 f., 212, supra.
[710]. See pp. 153–164, supra.
[711]. See Dean Stanley’s Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey, first edition, pp. 59–67; also, Appendices, pp. 492–502.
[712]. See Dean Stanley’s Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey, first edition, pp. 64–66.
[713]. This is the discovery to which Professor Hilprecht refers in his letter, Professor Hommel’s note having been received just before Professor Hilprecht sailed for Constantinople.
[714]. See Erman’s Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 468 f.; Maspero’s Dawn of Civilization, pp. 242, note, 391.
[715]. See Erman, pp. 467, 503, and Maspero, pp. 484, 490.
[717]. See pp. [23]–25, supra.
[718]. This was so in parts of New England, fifty years ago. I have seen the main hall or front “entry” of a farmhouse in Connecticut used as a bedroom, with a high-post state bedstead against the front door. In case of a funeral or wedding the bedstead would be removed, in order that the door might be opened.–H.C.T.
[719]. See pp. [45]–57, supra.
[720]. See p. [111] f., supra.
[721]. Exod. 20 : 26.
Transcriber’s Note:
Minor errors or inconsistencies of punctuation or formatting have been corrected silently. There were a number of occasions where quotation marks were not balanced. Where possible the cited source has been consulted. It was not always possible to surmise the scope of quoted material, in which case it is noted below, but unchanged in the text.
In at least one case, on p. [125], the quotation from Ármin Vámbéry’s Travels in Central Asia (see note [361]) was incorrectly marked. Quotation marks have been added in order to properly denote those portions which directly follow the source.
In the scriptural index, on p. [303], the entries for 1 Timothy are corrupt, with the chapter appearing at the end of the entry, rather than at the beginning:
| 1 TIMOTHY. | |
| : 14 | 854 |
| : 7 | 1146 |
These have been corrected as
| 1 TIMOTHY. | |
| 4 : 14 | 85 |
| 6 : 7 | 114 |
This table summarizes the corrections specifically to the Topical Index, which on occasion has entries which are spelled differently in the text itself, or are otherwise faulty. To facilitate searches, it is assumed that the text is correct, and the entries were changed. The sole exception is the transliteration of the Greek word προναιοι, which is given in the text on p. [154] as pronaoi, but correctly in the index as pronaioi (vestibule). In this case, the text has been corrected.
| Entry | Correction/Comment |
| Altar: lèlè, name for | accents reversed from the text (“lélé”). |
| Ashurnâsira[f]i | Ashurnâsira[p]li on both referenced pages. |
| Avai[t]a | Avai[k]a |
| Bay[e]t-el-Walli | Bayt-el-Walli |
| Boundary: references to, | may be p. 17 or p. 117. In any case, neither page seems to have a relevant remark. |
| “Dead, Book of the,” | appears twice, the second being out of the alphabetic sequence. That has been removed. |
| Boodha-drum/ Boodha-hood/Boodha’s foot | Booddha-drum/ Booddha-drum/ Booddha’s foot |
| British envoy welcomed at threshold of Ka[n]zeroon | British envoy welcomed at threshold of Kazeroon |
| Buk[a]hōla | Bukohōla |
| He[li] | Heh |
| Eu[e]lmash | Eulmash |
| Gapriel | Gabriel |
| Jastrow, Prof. Dr. Morris, Jr.: cited, [97] | The first citation appears on p. 79 in n. 418. |
| Kurigalz[a] II., king of Babylon | Kurigalz II., king of Babylon |
| Kuz[a] bemuchsaz Kuzu | Kuz bemuchsaz Kuzu |
| Maspero, Prof. G.: references to, ... 126, 16[0] | Note 473 occurs on p. 169. |
This table summarizes any other corrections which were made to the text.
| p. 22 | hea[r]thstones | Added. | |
| p. 32 | by the bridegroom’s [friend] | Sic. | |
| p. 33 | “a little brandy is spilt under the threshold.[”] | Sic. | |
| p. 43 | and thrusts it into her bosom,[”] | Added. | |
| p. 61 | Chara[u/n]s | Corrected | |
| [“/‘]The herald and his brother | Corrected. | ||
| p. 79 | n. 220 | De Hesse-Warteg[g]’s | Added. |
| p. 82 | that is, I will covenant with them.[”] | Removed. | |
| p. 90 | [“]The red hand was | Added. | |
| p. 100 | as similarly, in ancient Egypt | Removed | |
| p. 104 | n. 279 | Les Religions et les Philosophies dans l’Asi[a/e] | Corrected. |
| p. 144 | n. 417 | See Jones’s and K[n/r]opf’s | Corrected. |
| p. 200 | n. 531 | Supplément aux Dictionn[aries/aires] | Corrected. |
| p. 200 | or [“]door,” | Added. | |
| p. 222 | n. 596 | See Maundrel[l]’s Journey | Added. |
| p. 227 | conju[n]ction | Added. | |
| p. 246 | Ægyp[t]o Superiori | Added. | |
| p. 255 | n. 672 | Mülha[n/u] and Volck | Corrected. |
| p. 273 | Christ[ai/ia]n captive | Transposed. | |
| p. 281 | Entrance-way, importance of, [2/3]. | Corrected. There is no p. 2. | |
| p. 293 | among Sep[h]ardeem | Added. | |
| p. 299 | Die Lehr[a/e]n d. Talmud | Corrected. | |
| p. 314 | ‘to pray,[’] | Added. | |
| [“]Patriarchal Palestine,” | Added. |