The Threshold Covenant; or, The Beginning of Religious Rites

by H. Clay Trumbull

TOPICAL INDEX.

Aaron and his sons consecrated at doorway, [119].

Aberdeenshire:

New Year’s custom in, [20] f.;

sacredness of threshold in, [34].

Abimelech and Abraham settling disputed boundary, [170].

Abiram, Jericho’s foundation laid in blood of, [47].

Aborigines of America, worship of, [148].

Abraham:

promise that his seed should possess gate of enemies, [65];

lifting up his hand to God, [82];

coming from Haran and Ur, [160];

his offering on Mt. Moriah, [161];

directed to rebuild holy house at Meccah, [163];

and Abimelech settling disputed boundary, [170];

the Lord’s covenant welcome to, [187];

his visit to home of Ishmael in Arabia, [200];

covenant with, [211].

Absalom in “way of the gate” to do judgment, [64].

Abyla and Calpë as boundary marks, [181].

Abyssinia:

bride carried to her new home in, [38];

prominence of door in, [107];

churches of, on hill or in grove, [130] f.;

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Acropolis, Propylæa built by Pericles on, [158].

Adam as builder of Holy House at Meccah, [163].

“Adam Khan and Durkhani,” poem of Afghans, [58].

Adonis of Greece, reference to, [115].

Adoption:

of guest in Egypt and Syria, [3];

of bride by stepping over blood at threshold, [26];

among Arabs accompanied by sacrifice at door, [59].

“Adultery,” affiliation with any but true God called, [213].

Æneas at court of Queen Dido, [130].

Æschylus, reference to, [134].

Æsculapius represented by serpent, [236].

Afghans, protection for all at threshold among, [58].

Africa:

human sacrifice in Central, [8] f.;

fowl sacrificed for guest in West, [9];

sheep sacrificed for guest in Central, [9];

bloody grass on threshold in Equatorial, [15];

sacrifices at threshold among Somalis of, [27];

threshold customs in South, [28];

bride carried over threshold in West, [39];

bloody hand in North, [78] f.;

bloody hand in, [93];

primitive sacredness of doorway in, [132];

boundary lines in, [174];

trees as boundaries in Equatorial, [174];

exhibit of blood stains in western, [246].

Agade, Istar of, [153].

Agni, masculine, [198].

Ahab, reference to time of, [47].

Ainé’s Herc. at Pomp.: cited, [258].

Akibah, Rabbi: cited, [253].

Alaska:

dead not carried over threshold in, [24];

human sacrifices at foundation of houses in, [50] f.

Albanians, crossing threshold right foot foremost, [37] f.

Alcinoüs, temple palace of, [132], [135].

Alee, kissing threshold of tomb of, [124].

Alexandri, poem by, regarding foundation sacrifice, [52].

Algiers, walls of, laid in blood of Christian captive, [48].

Algonquins, prominence of hand among, [84].

ʿAlîyyâ, symbolic meaning of, [253].

Allat, sovereign of Hades, life restored at threshold of, [113] f.

Altamash, emperor of India, building mosk, [157].

Altar:

primitive family, [3];

reverence for threshold, [10]-25;

offering of life on threshold, [16];

near door in Mexico, [21];

sanctity of threshold as primitive, [22];

reference to souls under, [25];

saint or ecclesiastic buried under, in Europe, [25];

threshold, in Russia, [31] f.;

offerings at threshold, in Holland, [33];

before door at marriage in Borneo, [34];

sacredness of threshold in Scotland, [34];

fire taken over threshold among Hindoos, [40] f.;

lamb buried under, in Swedish tradition, [56];

before Greek houses, [72];

at or before threshold, [102], [136];

in doorway of temple at Nippur, [111];

of burnt offering, blood poured out at, [119];

at doorway, in Jerusalem, Phenicia, Phrygia, Aphrodisias, [121];

at threshold in Egyptian temple, [126];

at Yeha, [131];

lélé, name for, [150] f.

Altar-fire:

connecting link between nuptial torch and, [41];

crossing, in Russia, [42];

references to, [39] f., [99]-102, [226].

Amara Deva, temple builder, [156].

Amara Sinha, temple builder, [156].

Amenophis IV. before Aten-ra, [81].

America, Central:

bridal couple carried over threshold in, [45];

blood of sacrificial offerings smeared on doorways in, [73];

earliest form of temple in, [144];

boys sacrificed in, [145];

temples of, [145], [148];

nuptial customs of, [196];

sculptures indicating covenant rite between first pair in, [202];

marriage ceremonies in, [246].

America, North:

survival of sacrifice in, [8];

treading on threshold in, [13];

coffin passed out window of house in, [25];

window opened and door closed at death in, [25];

nailing horseshoes on side-posts of doorway in, [73] f.;

symbol of open hands in museums of, [79];

red hand among aborigines of, [83] f., [93];

laying of corner-stones in, [147];

survival of primitive sacredness of threshold in, [147];

aborigines of, religious worship of, [148];

boundary lines in, [174];

symbol of covenant among primitive peoples in, [201];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

America, South:

blood smeared on doorway in, [73];

earliest form of temple in, [144];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

serpent as religious symbol in, [235].

America, United States of:

vice-consul of, in Egypt, reference to, [7] f.;

boundary marks in, [126], [182] f.

American Architect, reference to the, [175].

American Indians, red-hand symbolism among, [85]-93.

Amon, temple of, reference to, [185].

Amorite, daughter of, [213].

ʾAnazeh Bed´ween, sacrifice at threshold among, [26].

Andersson, Charles John: cited, [28].

Ani before throne of Osiris, [257].

Animals:

images of, on Mordvin door-posts, [42] f.;

substituted for human beings in sacrifice, [46];

lower, as distinguished from man, [223].

Animals sacrificed. See Sacrifice.

Ankh, or crux ansata, [201].

Anointing door-posts among Latins, [29] f.

Antariksha invoked on door-sill, [15].

Antelii presiding over entrance, [97].

Antiquary, The, reference to, [50].

Anu, gate of, reference to, [95]

Apaches:

prominence of red hand among, [87];

reference to, [88].

Aphrodisias, altar on threshold in ancient, [121].

Apollo:

temple of, at Delphi, [134];

represented by female oracle, [236];

slayer of serpent, [236].

Apollo Agyieus, altar of, placed before house among Greeks, [72].

Apollo Thyræus, at entrance, [97].

Arabia:

crossing threshold in, [10];

blood at door-post to secure protection in, [59] f.;

kissing threshold in, [129];

Eve settling in, [164];

Abraham’s visit to Ishmael in, [200];

use of pigeon poult’s blood in, [248].

Arabic term for woman, [256].

Arabs:

of Central Africa, blood welcome among, [9];

sacrifice at threshold among, [26];

“house of hair” of, [57];

of Syrian Desert, doorway sacrifice in joining another tribe, [58] f.;

red hand on houses of, in Jerusalem, [76];

wely common as place of worship for, in Egypt, [129];

exhibit of evidences among, [249].

Arafat near Meccah, [163] f.

Arapahoes, red hand among, [87].

Arch, memorial, meaning of, [103].

Archangel, foundation sacrifice in, [54].

Architecture:

influence of Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt in doorway, [60];

of temples in China and Japan, [101];

sacredness of threshold recognized in, [102].

Arcot, Nabob of, banners with painted hands carried before, [78].

Areca-nut eaten in marriage covenant in Borneo, [34].

Arickarees, red hand among, [87].

Ark of Hebrews in house of Dagon, [116].

Armenian Christians, blood on threshold among, [26].

Armenians, sacred inscriptions above doorway of, [71].

Arta, bridge of, story of burying women alive to secure, [52].

Artemis Propylæa at Eleusis, [134].

Aryan origin of red hand, [75].

Aryan races:

reference to, [197];

language and customs of, [199].

Asherah, command to Israelites concerning, [233].

Ashtaroth, symbol of, [214].

Ashurnâsirapli, references to, [178], [184].

Asia:

bloody hand in marriage in, [93];

traces of primitive sacredness of doorway found in, [132];

boundary lines in, [174].

See, also, [China], [India], [Japan].

Asia Minor:

human sacrifice in, [47] f.;

references to, [93], [132], [174];

altar on threshold in early Christian remains in, [121].

Askuppu, word for threshold, [110].

Asshur and his worshipers represented with uplifted hands, [80].

Assioot:

threshold sacrifice at, [7] f.;

General Grant at border line of, [186].

Assyria:

images buried under threshold in, [14];

crossing threshold in marriage in ancient, [39];

influence of, shown in architecture of doorways, [60];

uplifted hand in representing deities of, [79];

inscriptions at doorway in, [108] f.;

guardians of threshold in, [111];

Zephaniah’s curse on, [115];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Assyrian:

word nish–lifting up hand, [83];

city gates named after special god, [95];

god Nergal beneath threshold, [95];

gods Ea and Merodach at gate of house, [95];

monuments on doorway shrine, [105];

king, sculptured image of, with arms uplifted, [115];

kings and boundary lines, [177];

kings offering sacrifices at boundaries of empire, [184];

temples, furniture of, [207];

sculpture, testimony of, [231], [257].

Assyro-Babylonians and boundary lines, [185].

Athaliah, priests assigned to service at threshold in days of, [120].

Athenian generals offering sacrifices to Mercury, [172].

Atlas upholding heaven, [132].

Attica and Peloponnesus, boundary between, [180].

Aubrey, John: cited, [74].

Avaika, or under world, [152].

Avatea, part man and part fish, [152].

Azila, reference to, [62].

Aztecs, marriage ceremonies among, [246].

Baal, symbol of, [214].

“Bab,” or Door, spiritual head of Babists, [103].

Babel, tower of, or door of God, [103].

Babelon, Ernest, reference to, [60].

Bâb-ilu, Bâbi-ilu, Bab-el, Door of God, [103].

Babist sect in Persia, [103] f.

Babylon:

Daniel as judge in, [64];

reference to, [75];

king of, recognized by uplifted hand, [80];

building of walls of, [109] f.;

gates dedicated to gods in, [110];

temples with altars outside in, [111] f.;

kings of, [154];

final overthrow of, [211];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

ancient, in religious symbolism, [234].

Babylonia:

inscriptions placed at threshold in, [22];

influence shown in architecture of doorways, [60];

red hand on houses and animals in, [75];

uplifted hand in representing deities of, [79];

swinging doors in religious symbolism of, [105];

sanctity of doorway in, [108] f.;

guardians of threshold in, [111];

crossing threshold in death in literature and legends of, [112] f.;

sacredness of doorway above threshold in, [126] f.;

temple building in, [153];

boundaries in, [177];

indications of presence of deity in, [201];

ancient, religions of, and serpent as symbol, [235].

Babylonian:

tablet of Nebuchadrezzar on gate as place of justice, [60];

character for house, palace, and temple identical, [99] f.;

monuments on doorway shrine, [105];

literature, reference to, [109];

Hades surrounded by seven walls with seven gates, [113];

idea of future life, [128];

king, reference to last, [153];

sun-god Shamash, [201];

temples, furniture of, [207].

Babylonian and Oriental Record, reference to, [231].

Babylonian Talmud, reference to, [253].

Babylonians, twofold symbols among, [200].

Bagdad, khaleefs of, threshold custom of, [10].

Baker, Sir Samuel W., quotation from, [9].

Balawat gates, gods and kings at, [105].

Baldensperger, P.J.: cited, [29].

Bali:

meaning of word, [15];

placed on door-sill among Hindoos, [15];

offering demanded at all doors, [15].

Ballads, popular, on human sacrifice in foundation building, [52].

Baltimore, Lord, boundary lines reported to, [182].

Bancroft, H.H.:

cited, [34] f., [45], [56], [144], [146], [202], [247];

reference to, [108].

Bangalore, serpent worship in, [258] f.

Banks of lakes as boundaries, [178].

Banners inscribed with open hand in Turkey and Persia, [78].

Baptism, place of, in early churches, [137].

Baptismal custom with reference to threshold, [18] f.

Baptismal font, location of, in Protestant Episcopal churches, [147].

Baptist, John the, mission of, [218].

Baring-Gould, Rev. S.: quotation from, [138] f.

Barker, W.B., reference to, [257].

Barnabas and Paul at Lystra, [135].

“Bason” word for saph in English Bible, [206].

Bat:

under threshold in Roumania, [20];

superstitions among primitive peoples regarding, [20].

Baveddeen, famous threshold stone at, [124].

Bay and laurel in doorway at marriage among Romans, [73].

Bayt-el-Walli, rock grotto of, [180].

Beans under threshold, among Magyars, [19] f.

“Beating the bounds:”

in England, [174];

in New England, [176].

Beccah. See [Meccah].

Becker, W.A.: cited, [37], [41], [72] f.

Beer-sheba, well at, in dispute, [170].

Beginning of religious rites, [199], [225].

Beirut. See [Beyroot].

Bektashi derwishes of Syria, threshold custom of, [10].

Bel, gate of, reference to, [95].

Bel-Merodach, new king of ancient Babylon adopted by, [80].

Belford, marriage customs at, [142].

Beltis, gate of, reference to, [95].

Beltis-Allat:

“lady of the great hand,” [113];

brandishing serpent in either hand, [235].

Benjamin, S.G.W.: cited, [71].

Bent, J. Theodore: cited, [107], [131].

Bergeron, Pierre: cited, [13].

Berlin, keys of captured cities in museum of, [262].

Beth-el: Jacob at, [160]; meaning of, [160].

Betrothal:

ceremony in Russia, [32];

threshold custom in Central America, [34].

Beyroot, boundary marks near, [178].

Biaz, B.: cited, [21].

Bible:

carried into new home in Pennsylvania, [21];

references to lifting up hands unto God, [82] f.;

references to leaping over threshold, [117];

reference to temple threshold as fitting place of worship, [117];

its record of man, [224].

Bingham, Joseph:

cited, [136];

quotation from, [136] f.

Bird, Isabella: cited, [20], [72], [96], [101], [104 f.], [126], [151].

Birth:

custom in Bombay, [17];

new, help to, [199].

Birthday, striking child on his, [176].

Bishop, Isabella Bird. See [Isabella Bird].

Bishop of Paris, reference to, [139].

“Bismillah,” use of word, on passing threshold, [10].

Black hand:

among Pecos, [87] f.,

Jicarilla Apaches, [89] f.;

in Korea, [93] f.

Black stone of Meccah, reference to, [10].

Blessing, spiritual, represented in Assyrian sculpture, [231].

Bliss, Dr. Frederick J.: cited, [58].

Blood:

welcome at door in Syria and Egypt, [3]-10;

stepping over, in East, [4] f., [7] f., [26];

coffee as substitute for, [5];

salt as substitute for, [5], [9], [20];

in threshold in Central Africa, [8] f.;

poured out on threshold in covenanting, [14] f.;

threshold sprinkled with, in Ireland, [21];

hospitality in outpoured, among Arabs, [23];

at threshold in marriage ceremony in desert of Sinai, in Egypt, in Turkey, [26];

stepping over, in marriage in Cyprus, [27];

wedding-party to step over, among Armenians, [27];

stepping over in Central Africa, [28];

and fire, significance of, [40];

world-wide custom of laying foundations in, [46];

foundation-laying in, in Hindostan, Burmah, Tennasserin, Borneo, Japan, Galam, Yarriba, Polynesia, [51] f.;

on foundation-stone in Greece, [53];

of thousands of captives at consecration of altar in Mexico, [56];

on threshold deemed essential factor in covenant with deity, [57];

voice of, among Arabs, [59];

poured across road to secure help in necessity in Morocco, [63];

hand dipped in, struck upon door-posts in Stamboul, [66] f.;

on lintel and door-posts, [66];

of wedding sacrifice placed on door-posts, [67] f.;

sentences in, on door-posts as protection from disease in China, [71];

on bow, or threshold, of Chinese junk, [72];

affixed to post or walls of new house in Palestine, [76] f.;

of Christians, hand dipped in, stamped on wall to seal victory over them, [77];

or ink used in hand or finger stamp, [93] f.;

of sacrifice sprinkled on door in Guatemala, [98];

of sacrifice at base of altar at Yeha, [131];

proffer of, foundation of family, [194];

stains exhibited in Western Africa, [246].

“Blood of the grape,” in covenant, [5], [8].

Blood-color, doorways painted, [104].

Bloody grass representing dignity and power, [15].

Bloody hand:

stamped in dough placed on lintel, [28] f.;

on lintel of temple at Jerusalem, [67];

on walls among Jews in Tunis, [78] f.;

red seal on modern documents probably survival of, [94];

in testimony to covenant, [244] f.

See, also, [Red hand].

Bloody sacrifices at temple thresholds in India, [122].

Blue hands on houses in Palestine, [76].

Blunt, J.H.: cited, [137].

Boaz meeting elders at gate in justice to Ruth and Naomi, [64].

“Bodhi-Gaya,” reference to, [156].

Body, not to cross threshold, [23]-25.

Bombay Anthropological Society, reference to, [17].

Bombay, birth custom at, [17].

Bomoi pronaioi, [134].

Bonavia, Dr., reference to, [231].

Bonomi, Joseph: his suggestion regarding word “teraphim,” [109].

Booddha:

commanding temple to be built, [156];

and serpent, [236].

Booddha-drum, reference to, [156].

Booddha-hood, Sakya Sinha attaining to, [156].

“Booddha’s foot,” [156].

Booddhism concerning temple, [156].

Booddhist:

Gog and Magog of, [96];

temples, doorways apart from, [104];

temples, pilgrims at threshold of, [125];

prayer in Tibet, [199].

Book of Records, Chinese, reference to, [158].

“Book of the Dead,” Egyptian, references to, [128] f., [257].

Border landmarks, form of, [170] f.

Border lines referred to, [183].

Borneo:

pig’s blood sprinkled at door in, [20];

marriage custom in, [34];

survival of foundation-laying in blood in, [51] f.

Borsippa:

sanctity of doorway in, [108] f.;

temple of, threshold plated with zarîru, [111].

Bothnia, East, iron bar on threshold for cows to cross, [17].

Botta, P.E.: cited, [109].

Boundary:

references to, [13], [17], [154], [165]-192, [234];

as place of worship and sacrifice, [166];

stones, importance of, [167];

Nebo protector of, [177].

Bourke, Capt. J.G.: cited, [87].

Bowing:

to gate on leaving bride’s home in Russia, [44];

before threshold, [126].

Boys sacrificed in Central America, [145].

Brahmanas, reference to, [197].

Brahmanic religion concerning temples, [155] f.

Brahmanical Mahâdeva, commanding temple to be built, [156].

Brandy offered to threshold gods in Russia, [32] f., [43] f.

Bread:

placed under threshold as “gods’” portion, [32];

thrown over bride at door in Scotland, [34], [44];

and honey placed on bride’s gate-post in Russia, [42] f.

Bread and salt:

at threshold in Russia, [9];

in hospitality among Arabs, [22];

as factors in sacred covenant, [32].

“Breaking the stick” at threshold in Skarpanto, [31].

Bremen, skeleton of child found in walls of Bridge Gate of, [50].

Bridal couple carried across threshold in Central America, [45].

Bride:

made to step over blood of sacrifice in Syria, [26];

in Central Africa, [27] f.;

called “princess” at wedding in Russia, [32];

bread thrown over, at door in Scotland, [34], [44];

carried over threshold among Towkas, [35],

in Abyssinia, Egypt, and Upper Syria, [38],

in West Africa, [39],

in Russia, [44];

to step over threshold among Hindoos, [36] f.;

not lifted over threshold in India, [38];

borne in sedan-chair to new home, [39] f.;

carried over fire in China, [40];

worshiping at altar-fire of new home in India, China, Greece, and Rome, [41];

inducted into household office at hearth, [44];

represented by the Church, [218], [221].

Bridegroom:

to step over blood at threshold in Central Africa, [27] f.;

bread thrown over, at door, [34];

Jesus called, [218];

of blood, [244].

British envoy welcomed at threshold of Kauzeroon, [189].

Bronze bulls on gates of Babylon, [109] f.

“Bronze threshold,” reference to, [132].

Broom laid across door-sill in Pennsylvania, [21].

Browne, Edward G., reference to, [104].

Bruce, James:

quotation from, [9];

cited, [38], [130].

Brugsch Bey: references to, [103], [127], [161], [179] f., [184] f.

Brush-topped pole as symbol, [214].

“Buddha-Gaya,” reference to, [156].

“Buddha-pad,” reference to, [156].

Buffaloes sacrificed in Egypt, [7].

Bühler, G.: cited, [169].

Bukohōla temple in Sandwich Islands, [150].

Bulgarian foundation custom, [53].

Bullock:

sacrificed at door for guest, [4];

sacrifice of, [7] f.

Bulls:

winged, with human heads to guard entrance way, [95];

of bronze on gates of Babylon, [109] f.;

as guardians of threshold in Babylonia, [110] f.;

of bronze, in Babylon, [234].

Bunsen, Chevalier, reference to, [111].

Burckhardt, John Lewis: cited, [26], [38], [191], [244]-246.

Burder, Samuel: cited, [13].

Burials made under threshold in East and West, [25].

Buried images, symbols and treasures under temple doorways, [109].

Burmah, survival of foundation laying in blood in, [51] f.

Burton, Richard F.:

cited, [164];

quotation from, [248] f.

Burying women and children in foundation, [18], [50].

Bush as symbol of feminine in nature, [214].

Bush, George, reference to, [112].

Busrah, women exhibiting evidences at, [248].

Butter or honey smeared on door-posts among Wallachians, [29].

Buxtorf, John: cited, [200], [253].

“By door,” entering house, [6].

Byzantine age, sarcophagi of, showing altar at threshold, [121].

Cairo:

Arab sitting in judgment at gate of, [60];

protecting genius of different quarters of, [96] f.

Calling on name of God at threshold, [29].

Calpë and Abyla as boundary marks, [181].

Cam, Diego, discoverer of Congo River, [182].

Campbell, John: cited, [39].

Canaan:

gateway between Egypt and, [105];

Israelites entering into, [211];

people of, treatment of, [232].

Candle on threshold in Russia, [41]-44.

Candlestick, five branched, similar to sign of hand, [77].

Cão, Diego, reference to, [182].

Cardea, Hinge-goddess of Romans, [97].

Carlyle, Thomas: cited, [183].

Carpathos. See [Skarpanto].

Carthage:

uplifted hand above door in, [78];

prominence of door in, [107];

prominence of temple threshold in, [130].

Cassotis spring, reference to, [135].

Catholic Church, Roman:

holy water in, [147];

on marriage, [222].

Catlin, George: quotation from, and reference to, [86].

Cave, fire at entrance of, [23].

Central America:

threshold custom in, [34];

blood smeared on doorways in, [72];

red hand stamped on doorways and walls in, [81] f.;

“the god of houses” in, [98];

sacrifice of boys in, [145].

Ceremony:

wedding threshold in North Germany, [18];

of laying threshold in India, [95].

Ceylon, Adam settling in, [164].

Chahalka, “the god of houses,” in Central America, [98].

Chamberlain, Basil Hall: cited, [101], [104].

Chambers’s Journal, reference to, [175].

Charans, appeal at threshold for justice among, [61].

Chardin, Sir John: cited, [124].

Charms:

on threshold and door in Uganda, [15];

under door-step in Russia, [19];

fastened above door in China, [71];

on doors and door-posts in China, [71], [95];

worn in Jerusalem, [75] f.

Chase, W.G., quotation from, [51].

Chateaubraud, Viscount de: cited, [147].

Chaucer, Geoffrey, quotation from, [139].

Cheetham, Samuel. See [Smith and Cheetham].

Chelly canyon, red-hand symbol in, [87].

Cheyennes, red hand among, [87].

Chicago, Columbian Exposition at, reference to, [57].

Chief rabbi, in Jerusalem, sacrifice at threshold in installing, [67].

Child:

held over threshold after baptism, [18] f.;

buried in ramparts of Copenhagen, [49];

buried under citadel of Dyetinets, [50];

adopted into family by clasping hands in Babylonia, [80];

striking, on birthday, [176].

Children:

custom of, relative to boundary lines, [13];

buried under threshold in Russia, [18];

buried in foundations, [49] f.;

sacrifice of, in Central America, [145].

China:

body to be removed over wall, [23];

fire on threshold in marriage in, [39];

bride worshiping at altar-fire in, [41];

human sacrifice to make sure foundations in, [48];

coins and charms under door-sill in, [71];

sacred inscriptions on side-posts and lintel in, [71];

tutelar gods of threshold in, [95] f.;

temple and house in architecture, [101];

doorways apart from temples in, [104];

sacredness of temple in, [158];

nuptial customs of, [196];

phallic emblems in, [230];

marriage customs in, [245].

Chinese:

custom of avoiding threshold, [23] f.;

native clergyman, testimony of, [48];

year, festival of fifth month of, [71];

junk, sacrifice on bow of, [71] f.;

honorary portals and ancestral tablets, [108];

classics, most ancient of, [185];

emperor passing boundary line of empire, [185];

characters for threshold, door, border, and woman, [256].

“Chinese gods of the threshold,” [96].

Chipiez, Charles. See [Perrot and Chipiez].

“Christ, spouse of,” [222].

“Christening” ship, custom of, [8].

Christian:

lands, niches for heroes in, survival primitive doorway in tomb in, [108];

passover, reference to, [216].

Christian churches:

of Europe, burials under altar of, [25];

tradition of burial of lamb under altar of, [56];

symbol of horseshoe at threshold of, [74].

Christian Fathers, reference to, [97].

Christians:

inscribed gates of, in East, [70];

in Syria, sign of hand among, [76] f.;

warned not to dishonor their gates with laurel crowns, [97];

admonished not to make their gates heathen temples, [98];

kissing threshold of church in Persia, [124].

Church House in Philadelphia, reference to, [55].

Church of England bishops replying to Presbyterians on position of baptismal font, [137].

Churches always on hill or in grove in Abyssinia, [130] f.

Cicero, hearth-fire and Penates in time of, [41].

Cimon, gate of, in Propylæa, [159].

Circumcision as practiced in Madagascar, [149].

Cities of refuge:

Hebrew law as to, [151];

in Hawaii, [151].

Clapping of hands at threshold in Japan, [126].

Classic writers: their explanation of threshold custom, [39].

“Cleansing the threshold” at wedding in Russia, [32].

Clement of Alexandria, reference to, [239].

Clothing stamped with red hand, [87].

Coal under threshold among Magyars, [19] f.

Cock sacrificed:

in Ireland, [21];

at foundation in Russia, [54] f.

Cockle, Montague, reference to, [233].

Coffee as Muhammadan substitute for blood, [5].

Columbian Exposition, reference to, [57].

Com, tomb of kings of Persia at, [124].

Comanches:

prominence of red hand among, [87];

reference to, [88].

Communion feasts, origin of, [226].

Concord, beating bounds in, [176].

Conder, Maj. C.R.:

quotation from, [10], [28] f.:

cited, [123].

Confucius, reference to, [256] f.

Confucian temple, doorways apart from, [104].

Congo River, boundary pillar erected in mouth of, [182].

Constantinople, red hand stamp in, [77].

Contemporary Review, reference to, [229].

Convent, trace of foundation sacrifice in rebuilding, [56].

Cook, Capt. James:

cited, [202];

quotation from, [250] f.

Coote, H.C.: cited, [50], [55] f.

Copenhagen, immuring of child in ramparts of, [49].

Copts, sacrifice of sheep at threshold among, [26], [45].

Coral hand as talisman among Jews at Tunis, [79].

Cord stretched across door to prevent bridal couple entering, [33] f.

Corn:

and water used in threshold ceremony, [16] f.;

mixed with milk and sugar as offering, [17];

thrown on bride at threshold in Rhodes, [31].

Corner-stone:

laying as survival of primitive sacredness, [22];

recognized as beginning or limit of threshold of Babylonian buildings, [22];

ceremonies in civilized lands, [55];

laying of, in America, [55], [147].

Cornhill Magazine, reference to, [48]-50, [56].

Corinthian Christians, Paul to, [216].

Corpse:

not to cross threshold in India, China, and Italy, [23] f.,

in Alaska, [24];

passed out under threshold in Russia, [24].

Correspondences of legends of Babylonia, Syria, Egypt and Greece as to door and threshold, [115].

Cossacks, disputes over boundary lines among, [175].

Cotton seeds thrown on bride at threshold in Rhodes, [31].

Coulanges, Numa D.F. de: cited, [41], [99], [156].

Covenant:

through blood in Egypt, [3];

Syria, [3]-5;

symbolized by uplifted hand, [81];

sacrifice at threshold with God of life, [94];

worship place of, [165].

Covenanting:

by crossing threshold, [5]-10;

by stepping over blood on door-sill, [9].

Cow:

gift from sacred, in India, [16];

driven over iron bar on threshold, [17];

sacrifice of, in Ireland, [21].

Cowdung cake at seed-time in India, [16].

Cranch, C.P., quotation from, [130].

Croix, de la, J.F., reference to, [124].

Cross:

sign of, in curing disorder, [18];

drawn on threshold to keep off hags, [18];

under threshold of new house in Lithuania, [18].

Crowbar at threshold, [17].

Crux ansata or ankh, [201].

Cunningham, Alexander: reference to, [156] f.

Curse:

for removing threshold altar, [169] f.;

for removal of neighbor’s landmark, [170].

Curtea de Argest, superstition regarding sacrifice at building of, [52].

Curtin, Jeremiah: cited, [142] f.

Cushing, Frank H., communication from, [86]-93.

Cyprus:

fowl sacrificed at door in, [27];

prominence of door in, [107].

Cyrus, reference to, [154].

Dacotahs, symbol of hand among, [84].

Dagon, his overthrow, [116] f.

Dahabiyeh, threshold custom on purchasing, [8].

Dahomey, nuptial customs of, [245].

Dalmatia, kissing threshold in, [31].

Damascus, Hajj procession approaching, [186].

Dances of American Indians, prominence of hand in, [83] f.

Dancing custom in Central America, [247].

Danes:

immuring of girl in city walls among, [49];

lamb buried under every altar of, [56].

Daniel in gate of king, [64].

Darfour, marriage ceremonies in, [249].

Darmesteter, James:

cited, [58];

reference to, [99].

David:

sitting in gate, [64];

erecting altar to Lord, [161].

De Amicis, Edmondo: cited, [77].

De Coulanges, Numa D.F. de:

cited, [41], [156];

reference to, [99].

De Hesse-Wartegg, Chevalier: cited, [79].

Dead:

not to cross threshold in India, China, [23] f.,

Korea, Russia, Italy, Alaska, [24];

taken over wall in China, [23] f.;

taken under threshold in Russia, [24];

prayers for, inscribed on false door of tombs of Egypt, [106].

“Dead, Book of the,” references to, [128] f., [257].

“Dead, Gate of the,” in Korea, [24].

Death following building of new house, [54].

“Death Week” among Slavonic peoples, [19].

Dedications on doorways by primitive peoples, [69].

Deer carried over threshold in betrothal in Central America, [34].

Deity:

appeal to, in East, [3] f.;

of ancient Egypt with uplifted hands, [81];

of threshold, reference to, [109];

of gates of Hades, [113].

Delhi and serpent, [236].

Delitzsch, Franz, reference to, [254].

Delitzsch, Friedrich, reference to, [100].

Delphi:

treasures of, described, [133];

Neoptolemus attacking Orestes in, [134];

temple of Apollo at, [134] f.;

Apollo at, represented by female oracle, [236].

Deluge:

reference to, [103];

destruction of Holy House in, [163].

Detinetz, burial in foundations in, [50].

Development and origin of man, [223].

D’Herbelot, quotation from, [10] f.

Diabateria, meaning of, [208].

Dido, Queen, Æneas at court of, [130].

Dieulafoy, M.: cited, [60].

“Digging through” in New Testament, [260].

Dillmann, Christian F.A., reference to, [254].

Ditya, reference to, [50].

Dives, Lazarus at gate of, [64].

Divination and exorcism in Italy, [17].

Documents signed in blood or ink, [94].

Domestic divinities, protection from, in Lithuania, [18] f.

“Domovoi:”

household deity of Russia, sacrifice for, [19];

invoked at threshold, [23].

Donaldson, T., reference to, [86].

Donaldson, T.L., references to, [121], [134], [231].

Donatus: cited, [29] f.

Doolittle, Rev. Justus: cited, [71].

Door:

animal sacrifices at house-door in Egypt, [3], [7], [8], [9], [14], [15],

among Pythagoreans, [12] f.,

among Slavonic peoples, [19],

among Dyaks of Borneo, [20],

in Ireland, [21],

among Arabs, [22] f.,

in Syria, [26], [45],

in Turkey, Cyprus, and Central Africa, [27],

in Egypt, [45],

all over world, [46],

in Greece, [53],

in Russia, [54],

in Arabia, [58]-60,

in Morocco, [63], [67],

in Turkey, [66] f.,

in Jerusalem, [67],

in China, [72],

in Palestine, [76],

in tabernacle in Wilderness, [118] f.,

in South Sea Islands, [148];

blood welcome at, in Syria and Egypt, [3]-10,

Central Africa, [8] f.,

West Africa, [9],

Egypt, [7], [205];

charms placed at, in Uganda, [15],

in Russia, [19],

in China, [71],

in Jerusalem, [75] f.;

dead not to pass out of, [23]-25;

human sacrifice at, in Central Africa, [8] f.,

references to, [46]-48, [51] f., [144] f.,

in China and Algiers, [48],

in Denmark and Thuringia, [49],

on Danube and in Alaska, [49] f.,

in Bremen, Scotland, and Ireland, [50],

in Arta, Tricha, and Wallachia, [52],

in Turkey, [52] f.,

in India, [61], [122] f.,

in Tibet, [125],

in Central America, [145] f.;

kissing right hand at, [69] f., [144],

serpent at, in Yezidis temple, [116],

of holy places, [116],

at mosk in Persia, [123] f.,

at tomb of Alee, [124];

sacredness of, [10]-25, [102], [174], [260],

in Persia, [12], [123] f.,

references to, [25]-36,

among Nestorians, [124],

among Scandinavians in America, [259] f.,

in Bible times, [261];

stepping over blood at, in Syria and Egypt, [4] f., [7] f., [26], [45] f.,

in West Africa, [9],

in marriage in Cyprus, [27],

among Armenians, [27],

in Central Africa, [28];

reference to, [254], [256].

Door-key, finger-shaped, symbolic use of, [244].

Dörpfeld, Dr., reference to, [159].

Dough:

on door-lintel in Upper Syria, [28] f.;

under threshold among Moksha, [42].

Douglas, Robert K.:

cited, [40];

reference to, [105].

Dozy, Reinhart, reference to, [200].

Dragon representing unholy desire, [240].

Du Bois, Abbé J.A.: cited, [23].

Dumuzi and Ishtar, legend of, [113], [115].

Dwelling-place, man’s first, [165].

Dyaks of Borneo:

blood sprinkled at door among, [20];

marriage custom among, [34].

Dyetina, reference to, [50].

Dyetinets, burial in foundations in, [50].

Dying person passed through hole in wall in Alaska, [24].

Ea, god of right side of gate, [95].

Early churches, position of altar in, [136].

Easter:

continuance of Passover, [221];

festivities in Jerusalem, [221];

threshold of new Ecclesiastical Year, [221].

Ebed-melech: his appeal in behalf of Jeremiah, [64].

Edersheim, Dr. Alfred, references to, [120], [211] f.

Edward I., marriage of, at door, [140].

Eggs under threshold in Russia, [19].

Egypt:

blood welcome at door in, [3];

sacrifice of buffaloes in, [7];

threshold sacrifice of sheep in, [7] f.;

sacrifice at threshold in, [26];

bride met at gate of husband’s residence in, [38];

door at one side of dwelling in, [55];

its influence shown in architecture of doorways, [60];

inscribed doors in, [68], [96];

uplifted hand in representing deities of, [79], [81], [85];

God bringing out of, with strong hand, [83];

and Canaan, gateway between, [105];

prominence of doorway shrine in, [106];

false door as gift in, [107];

literature of, [109];

oldest temple in, [126];

sacredness of doorway in, [126];

saints’ tomb as place of worship in, [129];

temples of, [145];

concerning temple foundations of, [155];

boundary customs among, [178];

ancient stone thresholds in, [179];

Lower, boundary of, [180];

southern boundary of, [184];

nuptial customs of, [196];

ancient deities of, [201];

presence of deity in, [201];

Virgin of Israel in, [218];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

kings of, and serpent, [234];

and serpent as symbol, [235];

bloody cloth in marriage in Upper, [243];

marriage customs in, [243], [245].

Egyptian:

sacrifice before door, [14];

king, power imparted to, by touch, [85];

hieroglyph for house or temple identical, [100];

temple, oldest form of, [100],

monumental temple gateway, [127],

history of, [155];

priest, prostrations of, at threshold of shrine, [127] f.;

idea of future life, [128];

“Book of the Dead,” [128] f., [257];

empire and Heh, boundary marks between, [179];

sacrifices at boundaries of empire, [184];

twofold sex symbols, [200];

attitude towards Jehovah, [205];

passover rite, [212], [214], [216].

Eki as boundary mark, [178].

El Gisr or threshold, [180].

Eleusis, temple of Artemis Propylæa at, [134].

Eliezer, Rabbi, references to, [200], [253].

Elisha and Naaman, Syrian, [161].

Elliot, Sir Henry M.: cited, [16] f.

Ellis, Rev. William: cited, [83], [111], [148], [150] f., [202].

Embatikon, gift of in-going, [31].

Embleton, wedding custom at, [142].

Emerson, Ralph Waldo: cited, [176].

Enemy, appeal of, for protection among Arabs, [59].

Entering “not by door,” [6].

Entrance-way, importance of, [3].

Episcopal, Protestant, churches, location of baptismal font in, [147].

Epithalamium of Hebrew Scriptures, [214].

Erman, Adolf:

cited, [55], [100], [103], [106], [127], [234];

quotation from, [106] f., [155];

reference to, [128].

Erzas:

marriage custom of, [41];

earth from under threshold for bride, [43].

Esarhaddon, his search for boundary lines, [154], [177].

Eskimos, importance of threshold among, [39].

Eulmash, ancient Babylonian temple, [153].

Eulbar, ancient Babylonian temple, [153].

Euphrates, boundary marks at, [178].

Euripides: cited, [134] f.

Europe:

treading on threshold in, [13];

burials under altar in Christian churches in, [25];

coffin passed out window of house in, [25];

window opened and door closed at death in, [25];

horseshoes on side-posts in, [73] f.;

symbols of open hand found in museums and Jewish cemeteries of, [79];

hand-print in marriage in, [93];

traces of primitive sacredness of doorway found in, [122];

ancient shrines in, [150];

boundary lines in, [174];

great divisions of landmarks along borders of, [182];

nuptial customs of, [196];

Jews of, observing passover, [212].

Evil eye:

references to, [19], [67];

averted by bloody hand, [67] f.;

by five fingers held up to, [76];

image of hand as talisman against, [79].

Evil spirits in Pennsylvania, guard against, [21].

Ewing, Rev. William:

testimony of, [45], [261];

cited, [77].

“Exalted Gateway,” high court of Turkey called, [65], [103].

Exalted House, Gate, or Door, meaning of Pharaoh, [103].

Exorcism and divination in Italy, [17] f.

Eye, evil. See [Evil eye].

Ezekiel:

his reference to waters from under threshold of temple, [114];

his prophecy that Prince of Israel should worship at threshold of gate, [118];

his vision of glory of Lord over threshold, [118];

Jehovah speaking through, [213].

Ezida (Nebo) shrine of, [110].

“Fahazza” in Madagascar, [149].

False door:

of tombs in ancient Egypt, [106] f.;

as gift from sovereign to subject in Egypt, [107].

Family:

altar and sacrifices for, in primitive times, [3];

offering itself for sacrifice in Central Africa, [8] f.;

life, beginning of, in threshold rite, [194].

Fathers, Christian, reference to, [93].

Feast after sacrifice: [4], [7];

at beginning of spring among Slavonic peoples, [19];

of “hand-striking” at betrothal, [32] f.

Fecundity, lotus flower symbol of, [257].

Fellaheen threshold custom in Palestine, [29].

Fellows, Sir Charles: cited, [121].

Feminine in nature, symbol of, [214], [230], [258].

Fergusson, Dr. James: references to, [103]-105, [107], [231], [235]-237.

“Festival, Harvest,” among Indians of lower Mississippi, [147].

“Festival of New Fire,” [147].

Ficus religiosa, reference to, [259].

Fielde, Adele M.: cited, [40], [71].

Fig:

in religious symbolisms, [230];

tree representing female, [258].

Figures of speech, Oriental, obscured by literalism of Western mind, [238].

Finger-shaped door-key used in wedding ceremony, [244].

Finland:

shaking hands across threshold in, [12];

high thresholds in, [12];

threshold as altar in, [32];

clergyman to step over threshold in, [143].

Finmac-Coole, print of hand of, [81].

Finn, James: cited, [67].

Fire:

and salt on threshold, [21];

at entrance to cave or tent, in primitive times, [22] f.;

on threshold altar in China, [39];

and blood, significance of, [40];

reference to, [41] f.;

references to, [54]-56, [158];

masculine symbol, [198];

production of sacred, [198];

doorway, origin of, [226];

as gift of God, [227].

Fire-altar:

center of public worship, [99];

in Persia, [100],

in India, [102];

of family developed into that of community, [101];

origin of, [226].

First-fruits of grain-field offered at threshold, [16] f.

Five:

fingers held before evil eye, [76],

extended on receiving praise, [79];

pronouncing word, in response to praise, [79].

Flaming torch in Roman marriage ceremonies, [41].

Flesh:

of sacrificed animal distributed, [4];

and blood symbolized by bread and salt, [9].

“Floor of the door” held sacred in Abyssinia, [131].

Folk-Lore, London, references to, [8], [40], [42]-44.

Folk-Lore Journal, reference to, [221].

Folk-Lore Journal, London, references to, [21], [27] f., [34], [50], [56], [196].

Folk-Lore Record, London, reference to, [38].

Foot:

against threshold, “unlucky” to strike, [12] f.;

importance placed on use of right, [36]-38.

Forculus, door-god of Romans, [97].

Forlong, Gen. J.G.R.: references to, [230], [237].

“Fornication,” idolatry called, [213].

“Foundation:”

and “threshold” interchangeable terms, [21] f.;

references to, [47], [50], [53], [158];

laying in blood in Galam, [51] f.;

sacrifice in Algiers, [48],

among Vlachs in Turkey, [52] f.;

in Archangel, [54];

in inscriptions of Nebuchadrezzar II., [109] f.;

or Papa, [152].

Foundation-stone as threshold of building, [46].

Fountain of life sought for, [148].

Fowl:

sacrificed at door, [4], [9], [21], [27], [45], [54] f.;

sacrificed at foundation-laying in Greece, [53],

in Bulgaria, [54];

sacrificed on Chinese junk starting on long voyage, [71] f.

Foxes, tribe of, red hand among, [87].

France:

marriages in ancient times in, [139];

Marguerite of, married to Edward I. at door in, [140];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Frazer, J.G.:

references to, [5], [93], [209], [230];

cited, [147], [221].

Freytag, G.W., reference to, [244].

Friend of bridegroom:

gifts made at threshold by, in Russia, [32];

among Albanians, [37] f.

Frog under threshold among Magyars, [19] f.

Frothingham, Prof. A.L., Jr., testimony of, [24].

Fruit:

presented to bride at threshold in Dalmatia, [31];

in Bible narrative, [238].

Fuerst, Julius: cited, [244].

Funeral:

salt on threshold in Japan after, [20];

coffin passed out window at, in Europe and America, [25].

Gabriel kissing threshold of gate, [124].

Galam, survival of foundation-laying in blood in, [51] f.

“Galeed,” memorial of covenant between Jacob and Laban, [171].

Galilee, Sea of, reference to, [11].

Gardner, Dr. Percy:

cited, [7];

reference to, [263].

Garlic placed under threshold among Magyars, [19] f.

Garnett, L.M.J.:

cited, [27], [30];

quotation from, [53].

Gate:

justice at palace, in Persepolis, [60];

of camp of Israel, Moses at, [63];

inscribed, among Muhammadans, [70];

dishonoring, among Greeks, [97];

image as gate in New Zealand, [107] f.;

gods of, [95], [110], [113], [127]-129;

of Beltis, [95],

at Medina, at Ghuznee, of mosk at Meccah, images trodden upon at, [123];

keys of captured cities preserved in Germany, [262].

“Gate of the Dead” in Korea, [24].

Gate-god of Romans, [97].

“Gate of heaven” in Jacob’s dream at Bethel, [112].

Gateway:

sacredness of, among Greeks, [7];

of city, images buried under, [14].

Gauri feast, worship of serpent at, [259].

Gaza, gates of, carried off by Samson, [255].

Genesis, the temptation in narrative of:

as understood by Philo Judæus, [238];

teaching of Gnostic sects on, [239].

Genii, winged, and winged bulls at entrance, [95].

Gentleman’s Magazine, reference to, [74].

Germany:

threshold cure in North, [18];

pottery broken on threshold on marriage eve in North, [33];

South, Scripture inscriptions above entrance of houses in, [73];

marriage rites of, [138];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

term for women in, [256];

emperors of, preserving keys of captured cities, [262].

Geronimo sacrificed in building walls of Algiers, [48].

Gesenius, Wilhelm:

cited, [83];

references to, [103], [210], [255].

Ghuzzeh, ancient site of Gaza, [255].

“Gift of in-going” for bridegroom in Skarpanto, [31].

Gifts at threshold:

at wedding in Russia, [32];

at marriage among Towkas, [35].

Gilead, Jacob and Laban in, [171].

Gill, Rev. W.W.: cited, [152].

Gingiro, bloody threshold offering in, [8] f.

Ginsburg, Dr. Christian D.:

cited, #69.f190# f.;

references to, [120], [212].

Gnostic sects, teaching of, on narrative in Genesis, [239].

Goat sacrificed:

at threshold for guest, [4];

in Central Africa, [27] f.;

among Copts in Egypt, [45];

on Arab joining new tribe, [59].

Gobineau, Count de: reference to, [104].

God:

of household party to marriage covenant, [32];

of life and fertility, [79];

of threshold in China, [71], [95] f.,

in India, [95],

in Japan, [96],

in Egypt, [96] f.,

in Greece and Rome, [97],

in Guatemala, [98];

of doorways in China, Japan, Korea, Siam, India, [104];

Asshur and his worshipers with uplifted hands, [89];

doorway shrine as standing-place for, [105];

of under-world, false door of tomb for, [106];

of gates in Babylonia, [113];

Ea in legend of Ishtar and Dumuzi, [114];

Isis, guardian of gateway, [127];

Nephthys, guardian of gateway, [127];

Osiris–judge of living and dead, at door of gateway, [127]-129.

“Goddess of the homestead,” prayer to, in betrothal in Russia, [32].

“Goddess of the dwelling-house,” reference to, [32].

Goddess Ishtar, descent of, into Allat’s realm, [113] f.

Godo preserved from wedding night in Dahomey, [245].

“Gods of entrances” among Romans, [97].

“Gods’ portion:”

salted bread under threshold in betrothal in Russia, [32];

of brandy spilt under threshold in Russia, [33].

Godwyn, Thomas: cited, [39].

“Going out and coming in,” reference to threshold and deities, [109].

Gold:

under threshold in Roumania, [20];

threshold plated with, [110].

Goldsmith struck dead at threshold, [122].

Gomme, George L., [50].

“Good Abode, The,” inscribed on door-posts of dwelling, [68].

“Good luck” from horseshoes on side-posts of doorway, [73] f.

Goodwin, William W.: cited, [39], [41].

Goose sacrificed in Ireland, [21].

“Graf,” meaning of, [183].

Grain, nuts, and fruit presented to bride at threshold in Dalmatia, [31].

Grant, General:

threshold sacrifice in honor of, [7] f.;

at border line of Assioot, [186].

Grant-Bey, Dr. J.A.S., reference to, [124].

“Grape, blood of the,” among Muhammadans, [5].

Grass dipped in blood representing dignity and power, [15].

Graves, symbol of open hand above, [79].

Gray, Archdeacon:

cited, [40], [72];

references to, [104], [108], [245].

Great Britain, reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Greece:

lifting bride over threshold in, [39];

bride worshiping at altar-fire in, [41];

flaming torch to accompany foundation sacrifice in, [53];

reference to religion of, [97];

palace and temple often identical in, [100];

position of altar in temples of, [134];

ancient ruins on sacred foundations of, [158];

trees marking border lines in, [176];

boundaries in ancient, [180];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

religions of, and serpent as symbol, [235];

prominence of pine-cone in ancient, [257].

Greek Church, marriage sacrament in, [222].

Greeks:

sacredness of city gates among, [7];

in Turkey, wedding custom among, [30];

altars before houses among, [72];

doorway ornamented for bride among, [72] f.;

appealing to guardian deity at gateway among, [73];

smearing side-posts of gateway with magic herbs among, [73];

deities of doors and gates among, [97];

temple of, developed from dwelling-house, [100];

earliest literature of, in reference to threshold, [132];

modern Easter observance among, [221].

Gregor, Walter, quotation from, [34].

Griffis, William Elliot:

cited, [20];

references to, [101], [104], [230].

Grove of trees:

sacred landmark of boundary in primitive times, [173] f.;

in religious symbolisms, [230].

Guardian deity’s protection secured by stepping over threshold, [12].

“Guardian of the dwellings of Israel, the,” [69].

Guardian of threshold as post of honor, [119] f.

Guarding dwelling by placing sacrifices on threshold, [14].

Guatemala:

blood smeared on doorway in, [73];

“the god of houses” in, [98].

Guest:

adopted by bloody sacrifice at door in Syria and Egypt, [3];

welcomed by stepping over blood at door of host, [4];

by blood among Arabs of Central Africa, [9];

by sacrifice of fowl in Liberia, [9];

refusal of welcome to, [217].

Guhl and Koner: cited, [40] f., [72], [100].

Guzelder, reference to, [190].

Gwilt, Joseph: cited, [36].

Hades, Babylonian conception of, [113].

Hagar:

and Holy House, tradition of, [163];

Abraham’s visit to home of, [200].

Hags kept off by cross drawn on threshold, [18].

Hajj procession returning from Meccah, [186].

Hakham Bâshi, welcome to, [67].

Haleb:

reference to, [247];

marriage customs among Christians at, [248].

Hall of the Two Truths, deceased challenged at entrance to, [129].

Hall of Two-fold Maat, place of final judgment, [129].

Hammaqâm or place of worship, [160].

Hand:

stamped on door-lintel in Upper Syria, [28] f.;

wrought in silver placed on children’s necks, [76];

figure of, similar to five-branched candlestick, [77];

as symbol on banner and prayer-rug in Turkey and Persia, [78];

as symbol of Siva, the destroyer, [78];

as emblem of power in East Indies, [78];

inscribed on or above door in ancient Carthage, [78];

carved in coral or ivory carried by Jewess, [79];

open, made in stone, metal, enamel, or bone, common in ancient Egypt, [79];

symbol of open, found above graves near Tunis, [79];

symbol of uplifted, in Babylonia, [79] f.,

Assyria and Phenicia, [80],

Egypt, [81], [85],

Polynesia, [83], [148],

Central America, [148];

clasping in covenant in Babylonia, [80];

print of, giant Finmac-Coole as signature, [81];

of clay impressed on human body among American Indians, [84];

print of, as symbol on naked body, [84];

of bride traced in ink in covenant in Korea, [93] f.;

print of, as signature, [93] f.;

of Muhammad signed to certificate of protection, [94].

“Hand of might,” red hand as, [75].

“Hand of Moses,” red hand called, [77].

“Hand-striking” feast at betrothal, [32] f.

Haran, reference to, [160].

Hareema, Arabic term for woman, [256].

Harper’s Magazine, reference to, [96].

Harrison and Verrall, reference to, [159].

Harvest threshold ceremony in India, [16] f.

“Harvest Festival” among Indians of lower Mississippi, [147].

Hasselquist, F., reference to, [222].

Hathor, Queen, reference to, [184].

Hawaii:

ancient gods of, [150];

cities of refuge in, [151].

Hayes, Isaac I.: cited, [39].

Hearth:

as primitive altar, [22];

Penates of Romans at, [23];

bride taken to, in Scotland, [44].

Hearthstone:

of Arab shaykh’s tent, [22];

as first threshold altar, [40].

Hearn, Lafcadio:

cited, [72], [201];

quotation from, [125] f.

Hebrew:

word nasa–to lift up or to swear, [83];

word for tent and tabernacle, [101];

literature, reference to, [109];

law as to cities of refuge, [151],

as to local landmarks, [169];

new year, [212].

Hebrews:

commanded to dedicate doorways to living God, [69];

sacred ark of, in house of god Dagon, [116] f.

Hebrews, Epistle to, on threshold sacrifice, [217].

Hebron, reference to, [255].

Heh and Egyptian empire, boundary marks between, [179].

Heifer sacrificed at door for guest, [4].

Hen:

sacrificed in Ireland, [21];

sacrificed at new houses among Metâwileh, [45];

buried alive under house, [56].

Henderson, William: cited, [142], [160].

Herald in India responsible with life for repayment of debt, [61] f.

Herbs, juice of magic, smeared on door-posts among Greeks, [73].

“Hercules, Pillars of,” [181].

Hermann, K.F.: cited, [172].

Hermes, reference to, concerning boundary lines, [171] f.

Hermes Propylaios, reference to, [159].

Herodotus:

quotation from, [14];

cited, [111];

references to, [229], [236].

Herrick, R.: his poem on marriage, [139] f.

Hesiod, reference to, [132] f.

Hesperides, shores of, [135].

Heuzey, Léon: cited, [29] f.

Hiel, Jericho’s foundation laid in blood of son of, [47].

Hieroglyphics placed on door-posts and lintels in Egypt, [68] f.

High thresholds in houses of Finland and United States, and in Teutonic houses, [12].

Highway, king’s, reference to, [176].

Hilkiah, duties of guardians of threshold in days of, [120].

Hillah, red hand over doors of large khan of, [75].

Hilprecht, Dr. H.V.:

cited, [22], [78], [109], [155], [209];

testimony of, [33] f.;

on use of red hand over doors in Babylonia, [75];

quotation from, [167]-169.

Hindooism, modern, Saivism predominating in, [198].

Hindoos:

sacredness of threshold among, [11];

law regarding door-sill, [15];

belief that evil spirits keep aloof from iron, [17];

rules requiring right foot to cross threshold first, [36] f.;

sacredness of fire recognized by, [40];

sacredness of oath taken at threshold of temple among, [121] f.;

prejudice against shedding blood, sacrifices in spite of, [122] f.;

worship of, [236];

exhibit of evidence among, [249].

Hindoostan, survivals of foundation-laying in blood, [50].

Hinge-goddess of Romans, [97].

Hinges, reference to, [254].

Hittite, reference to, [213].

Hofstad, temple in, [160].

Hog sacrificed before door in Egypt, [14].

Holland, strewing of threshold in, [33].

Holy water at doorway of Roman Catholic churches in America, [147].

Holy Sepulcher, Church of, [221].

Homer: cited, [100;f267#, #132] f., [135].

Hommel, Prof. Fritz: cited, [201].

Honey:

smeared on door-posts among Wallachians, [29];

and water for bride at threshold in Morea, [30];

and bread placed on bride’s gate-post, [42] f.

Hooke, N., reference to, [265].

Hopkins, Prof. Dr. E.W.:

cited, [6], [62], [198], [231];

quotation from, [15].

Hormuz, son of Nurshivan, reference to, [11].

“Horns of the altar,” meaning of, [58].

Horus, image of, over temple door to drive away unclean spirits, [127];

reference to, [179].

Horse:

sacrificed at threshold in Syria, [4] f.;

passing through blood of sacrifice, [7];

laid in churchyard before burial in Sweden, [56];

stamped with red hand in Babylonia, [75];

covered with red hands buried with Indian chief, [85] f.

Horseshoe:

nailed to door-sills in Bombay, [17],

on door-step in Pennsylvania, [21],

to side-posts for “good luck” in Europe and America, [73] f.;

often found on ship’s mast, [74].

Hospitality:

law of, in India, [5] f.;

among Arabs, [22].

Hossein, banners with open hand at commemoration of death of, [78].

House:

preceding temple, [3];

corners of, sprinkled with blood, in Ireland, [21];

wall broken for removal of body, in India, [23];

earliest form of Egyptian temple, [100];

of king both palace and temple, [101] f.;

to temple, gradual transition from, [101] f.

House-father:

as earliest priest, [3];

among Hindoos, [15].

House of the Bronze Threshold, [132].

Household “teraphim,” [109].

Hovel earliest form of Egyptian temple, [100].

Huc, Abbé: cited, [125].

Hughes, Thomas P.:

cited, [37], [123];

reference to, [164].

Human nature and sacredness of threshold, [152].

Human sacrifice:

in Zindero and Central Africa, [8] f.,

in China, [48],

in Alaska, [50] f.,

in Mexico, [56],

at pagoda door in India, [122] f.,

on altar at temple gate in Tibet, [125];

in modern times, [47];

various substitutes for, [53] f.;

reference to, [144].

Human skeletons found under towers of ancient Irish, [50] f.

Hut earliest form of Japanese temple, [101].

Hwen Thsang, reference to, [156].

“Hymen’s torch” in marriage ceremony, [41].

Hyssop, significance of, [214].

Iceland, Thorolf of Norway in, [160].

Idolaters, threshold and door-post of, beside Lord’s, [118].

Idols:

at door-altar in Mexico, [21];

destroyed at gate in Meccah, Medina, and Ghuznee, [123].

Image as gateway of village or cemetery in New Zealand, [107] f.

Images:

buried under threshold of houses, temples, and city gates, [14];

in sacred “upper corner” of building in Russia, [55];

under foundations in ancient Rome, [55] f.;

of gods of threshold in China, [96].

Imbiʾa, reference to, [60].

Imgur-Bêl gate in walls of Babylon, [110].

“Imposition of the Sa, the,” touch of uplifted hand of deity, [85].

Incantations:

mantra used in, [15];

on paper placed in door-sill in Pennsylvania, [21].

Incense:

placed on threshold, [18];

exorcism with, [18];

burned on threshold in Tuscany, [42];

origin of, [226].

India:

law of threshold in, [5] f.;

sacredness of threshold in, [16];

body not to cross threshold, [23];

body removed through wall, [23];

crossing threshold by bride in, [38];

bride at altar-fire in, [41];

appeals in blood at household altar in, [61];

refusal to move from threshold until claim is heeded in, [61];

offering to threshold god Vāttu in, [95];

fire-altar center of worship in, [99];

no temples in early, [100];

fire-altar on threshold as place of worship in, [102];

doorways apart from temples in, [104];

judgments at temple threshold in, [122];

bloody sacrifices at temple threshold in, [122];

holy trees in Upper, [156];

habit of building sanctuary in, [157];

landmarks in, [169];

laws of, regarding disputed boundaries, [169];

visible aid of worship in, [198];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

serpent as religious symbol in, [235];

marriage ceremonies in, [248];

lotus symbol in, [257];

religious custom in, [258].

Indian Antiquary, reference to, [258].

Indians:

of Mexico, reference to, [21];

of Yucatan, reference to, [82];

red hand among American, [85]-93;

Natchez, religious ceremonies among, [147].

Indies, East, hand as emblem of power in, [78].

Indo-Aryans and boundary lines, [185].

Inscription:

and invocation placed at corner of building in Babylonia, [22];

on gates and houses deemed protection against evil spirits, [70];

at doorway in China, [71];

among Greeks, [72];

on tomb of kings of Persia, [124];

showing sanctity of temple doorways in Asia, [109].

Instructress in matrimony in China, [40].

Invocations:

on images buried under threshold, [14];

and deposits at threshold in Babylonia, [22].

Iona cathedral built in human blood, [50].

Ionia, pillar as threshold stone in, [180].

Ioways, red hand among, [87].

Ireland:

sacrifice in, [21];

lifting bride over threshold in, [44];

human skeletons in round towers in, [50];

print of five fingers on “druidical altar” in, [81];

mode of marriage in, [142] f.

Irenæus: cited, [239].

Iron as guard against evil spirits, [17].

Isé:

temples of, modeled on primeval hut, [101];

great shrines of, chief Meccah of Shintō faith, [126].

Ishmael:

and Holy House, tradition of, [163];

and Hagar, Abraham’s visit to home of, [200].

Ishmael, Rabbi: cited, [208].

Ishtar:

gate of, [95];

legend of, [113].

Isis, guardian of Egyptian temple, [127].

Islands, South Sea, temples of, [148].

Israel:

executing judgment against Benjamites for disregard of appeal at door, [63] f.;

called to “establish judgment at the gate,” [64].

Israelites:

protected against Medes, Persians, Midianites, and Assyrians, [211];

reference to, [216];

command to, concerning Asherah and pillar, [233];

exhibiting evidences among, [249].

Istar of Agade, [153]. See, also, [Ishtar].

Italy:

prominence of threshold in folk customs of, [17] f.;

corpse not to pass main door of house in, [24].

Ivory hand as talisman among Jews at Tunis, [79].

Jacob:

at Bethel, [160];

and Laban agreeing on landmark, [171];

his pillar, [268] f.

“Jacob’s ladder” probably stepped-temple structure, [112].

Jaffa, sacrifices of sheep at beginning of railroad at, [56].

“Janua,” reference to, [200].

Janus, Gate-god of Romans, [97].

Japan:

salt sprinkled on threshold in, [20];

survival of foundation-laying in blood in, [51] f.;

shimenawa suspended above door in, [72];

gods of Ni-o guarding threshold in, [96];

temples of, on model of primeval huts, [101];

doorways apart from temples in, [104];

pilgrims at threshold of sacred shrines of, [125];

Shinto temples of, [201];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Jastrow, Prof. Dr. Morris, Jr.: cited, [79], [144], [253].

Jastrow, Rev. Dr. Marcus, testimony of, [212].

Jehoash, altar at threshold in days of, [121].

Jehoiada:

chest for offerings placed at temple door and altar, [121];

his assignment of priests to threshold, [120].

Jennings, Hargrave: cited, [230].

Jeremiah, references to, [64], [213].

Jericho:

curse of Joshua on rebuilder of walls of, [46] f.;

walls of, falling down, [211].

Jerome: his translation of saph, [207].

Jerusalem:

and Jaffa railroad, sacrifice at beginning of, [57];

blood placed on lintel of temple at, [67];

red hand in Jews’ quarter of, [75];

waters issuing from under threshold of temple at, [114];

altar of burnt offering at threshold of temple at, [120];

temple site at, [161];

presence of Christ at, [215];

Church of Holy Sepulcher at, [221].

Jesus:

reference of, to door, [6],

to gates of Hades, [65];

the Door, [104].

Jews:

red hand on houses of, in Jerusalem, [76],

on houses at Safed, [77];

open hand found over graves of, in Europe, [79];

in Morocco, bloody hand on door-posts among, [67] f.;

sign of hand found in houses of, [76];

sacrifice of lamb at door of new house of, [76] f.;

in Tunis, bloody hand among, [78] f.;

hand as talisman against evil eye among, [79];

rubbing fingers on synagogue door-posts among, [144];

modern, observing passover, [211] f.

Jicarilla Apaches:

prominence of red hand among, [87];

celebration of attainment to puberty among, [88]-92.

John the Baptist, reference to, [218] f.

Jones and Kropf:

cited, [12], [18], [20] f., [143];

quotation from, [17].

Jordan, source of, at threshold of grotto of Pan, [115].

Joshua:

his curse on rebuilder of Jericho, [46] f.;

guardians of threshold in days of, [120].

Journal of American Folk-Lore, references to, [5], [21].

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, reference to, [236].

Joyner. See [Von Löher and Joyner].

Judicial oath, uplifted hand in, [83].

Julien, Stanislas: cited, [156].

“Jumping the broomstick,” [143].

Juno, Virgil’s reference to brazen threshold in temple of, [130].

Jupiter:

priest of, at Lystra, [134] f.;

reference to boundary lines, [171];

image of, as boundary mark, [172].

Justice sought at gate:

among Arabs, [57]-59;

in Arabia, [59] f.;

in Babylonia and Elam, [60];

in Egypt, [60] f.;

in India, [61];

in Morocco, [62] f.;

among Israelites, [63] f.;

in Turkey, [65].

Justinian, Emperor: cited, [181].

Ka, or soul, of dead, offerings to, [106].

Kaʿbah in mosk at Meccah, [163].

Kadesh, Egyptian goddess, [234].

Kadi, reference to, [247].

Kamehameha, king of Sandwich Islands, [150].

Kami, gods of doorways, [104].

Kardas Sarks, god of house, prayer to, [44].

Kathiawar, human sacrifice at threshold at, [61].

Kauzeroon, British envoy approaching, [189].

Keeper of gate, honorable position, [119] f.

Kef Miryam, name of sign of hand, [77].

Keightley, Thomas, references to, [172], [236].

Keoroeva, ancient gods of Maui, [150].

Ket, uses of the Egyptian goddess, [234].

Key, uses of the Hebrew word for, [253].

Khaleefs of Bagdad, threshold custom of, [10].

Khedive, threshold sacrifice to welcome new, [7].

Khem, god of generative force, [234].

Khonds of Orissa, crossing threshold in wedding among, [39].

Khorsabad, sanctity of doorway in, [108] f.

Kid:

outpoured blood of, in hospitality among Arabs, [23];

sacrificed on threshold in Syria, [26].

King, Capt. J.S.:

quotations from, #27f72# f.;

cited, [196].

King:

human sacrifice to welcome, [8] f.;

and priest, offices claimed by same person, [101] f.

Kings of Scotland crowned on Coronation Stone, [268].

King’s highway, [176].

Kissing:

threshold in Persia, [12];

doors among Pythagoreans, [13];

threshold among Morlacchi in Dalmatia, [31];

doorway serpent in Yezidis’ temple, [116];

threshold of mosk in Persia, [123] f.;

threshold of gate of tomb of Alee, [124];

threshold of wely, [129];

threshold and door-posts of church in Abyssinia, [130] f.

“Kissing the church” in Abyssinia, [131].

Kitto, John, references to, [120], [212].

Kitzuki, sacredness of threshold among pilgrims at, [125] f.

Kiva temples, hand on walls of, [92].

Knight, Richard Payne: cited, [230].

“Knowledge, Tree of,” reference to, [156].

“Knowledge,” in Bible narrative, [238].

Kohala, temple in, [150].

Koner. See [Guhl and Koner].

Koran, See [Quran].

Korea:

dead taken through hole in city wall in, [24];

marriage covenant made by tracing woman’s hand on contract, [93];

doorways apart from temples in, [104];

pilgrims at threshold in sacred shrines of, [125].

Kowalewsky, M.: cited, [42].

Krasnoslobodsk, marriage customs in, [249].

Kropf, Lewis L.:

cited, [12], [18], [20].

See, also, [Jones and Kropf].

Kurigalzu II., king of Babylon, [154].

Kuru-Kshetra, holy ground, [156].

“Kuza bemuchsaz Kuzu”–name of God, [70].

Laban and Jacob agreeing about landmark, [171].

Lachish, Tell el-Hesy, site of ancient, [58].

Lacouperie, Terrien de: cited, [185], [231].

Ladder, Jacob’s, probably stepped-temple structure, [112].

“Lady of the great land,”–Beltis Allat, [113].

Lakshmi, wife of Vishnoo, represented as seated on serpent, [235].

Lamb:

sacrificed at door for guest, in Egypt, [4],

in Syria, [4], [26];

outpoured blood of, in hospitality among Arabs, [23];

sacrificed at foundation-laying in Greece, [53];

buried under altar in first Christian churches in Swedish tradition, [56];

sacrificed on Arab joining another tribe, [58] f.;

sacrificed at door of new house of Jew or Muhammadan in Palestine, [76] f.

Lamberton, Prof. W.A.: cited, [132], [134].

Lamps and laurels on gates in Tertullian’s time, [97] f.

Lanciani, Dr. Rodolfo: cited, [56], [257] f.

Landmark:

sacred boundary of private, [166];

local, in form of phallus, [166];

in Babylonia, [166];

in laws of Hebrews, [169];

in India, [169];

fixing and honoring of, origin of, [175].

Landor, A. Henry Savage-: cited, [24], [94].

Lane, Edward William:

cited, [26], [37], [129], [245];

references to, [123], [244].

Lane-Poole, Stanley: cited, [129], [200].

Lantevit Major Church, wedding customs at, [141].

Lapland, significance of stepping over threshold in, [12].

Lares and Penates in Cicero’s time, [41].

Latins, marriage custom among, [29].

Launching custom of “christening” in England and America, [8].

Laurel:

wreaths hung in doorway at marriage among Romans, [73];

Christians warned against placing, on their gates, [97].

Laurie, Dr. Thomas: cited, [124].

Law of doorway, [5]-10.

Laws of Manu, reference to, [6].

Layard, Sir Austen H.:

cited, [68], [109], [111], [190], [201], [234] f.;

his discovery of sculptured image of Assyrian king, [115] f.

“Laying on of hands, the,” as symbol of imparting power, [85].

Lazarus at gate of Dives, [64].

Leaping over threshold, [117].

Lebanon, Mt., region receiving European prince, [191].

Legend and fact as contributors to proof of custom among Orientals, [77].

Legends:

of Dumuzi, Tammuz, Osiris, and Adonis, correspondences in, [115];

and symbols employed concerning boundary lines, [171] f.

Leland, Charles Godfrey: cited, [17] f., [233].

Lèlè, name for altar, [150] f.

Lemm, Oscar von: cited, [128].

Lenormant, François: cited, [109].

Levites and priests assigned to threshold and foundation, [120].

Levitical laws concerning sacrifice not made at “door of tent of meeting,” [118] f.

Levy, Rabbi Jacob: cited, [208].

Libation of water offered on threshold, [16] f., [29].

Liberia:

fowl sacrificed to welcome guest in, [9];

nuptial customs of, [196].

Liberian clergyman’s testimony regarding threshold custom, [39].

Liddell and Scott: cited, [208].

Liebenstein, castle of, made fast by burying child, [49].

Life:

new, outgrowth of truth of primal threshold covenant, [226];

tree of, symbol of feminine nature, [230];

goddess of, in Egypt and Assyria, [234].

Lifting bride over threshold:

among Towkas, [35];

in Abyssinia, Egypt, Syria, [38];

in Greece, Rome, and West Africa. 39;

in Russia, England, Scotland, Ireland, and United States, [44];

in Central America, [45].

Limen, Jerome’s word for saph, [207].

Limentinus, threshold god of Romans, [97].

Lindisfarne Abbey, marriage customs at, [141].

Linga in yoni, symbol of Siva’s worship, [198], [236].

Lintel:

hand in dough impressed on, in Upper Syria, [28] f.;

smeared with honey and water, [30];

blood on, [66], [68];

inscriptions as to sacredness of, [66], [68];

blood stains above, [67];

symbolic figures on, [70];

sentences written on, in China, [71];

Romans affixing spoils of battle on, [73];

red hand on, [74];

red hand on, in Babylonia, [75];

ornamentation of, in ancient Egypt, [100];

image of Horus on, [127];

kissed by pious in Abyssinia, [131];

decorations on, and above, [146];

blood on, as protection for house, [206];

and two side-posts, God passing over, [210].

Lithuania, wooden cross placed under threshold in, [18].

Littleton, Sir Thomas: cited, [140].

London, horseshoes on threshold of houses in ancient, [74].

Loong-moo, sacrifice of fowl in honor of divinity, among Chinese, [71] f.

“Lord of the great city,” god Nergal as, [113].

Lot welcoming angels, [211].

Lotus flower:

in religious symbolisms, [230];

reference to, [234];

symbol of fecundity, [257].

“Louping stone,” [142].

Lowell, Percival: cited, [104], [126], [201].

Lubare, offering to, in Uganda, [15].

Lubbock, Sir John: cited, [39].

Luncz, A.M., quotations from, [67], [76].

Lund’s Every-day Life in Scandinavia: reference to, [7], [12].

Lystra, temple of Jupiter at, reference to, [135].

McDowell, Henry B.: cited, [96].

McLennan, Dr. John F.: cited, [39].

Mackay, Alexander: cited, [15].

Mackenzie, Capt. J.S.F., quotation from, [258] f.

Maçoudi’s Les Prairies d’Or, reference to, [200].

Madaa, place of prayer, [164].

Madagascar, importance of right foot in, [38];

circumcision in, [149].

Mafkat, land of, [184].

Magharah, Wady, boundary marks in, [179].

Magyars:

stepping over threshold among, [12];

custom to win love, [19] f.

Mahabharata:

cited, [6];

on responsibility of heralds, [62];

Hindoo epic, [157].

Mal occhis, or evil eye, [79].

Male represented by stone or pole, [258].

Man, origin and development of, [223].

Manoli in “Monastery of Argis,” story of, [52] f.

Mantra, meaning of word, [15].

Manu, Laws of, reference to, [6].

Maras kept off by cross on threshold, [18].

“Marches,” reference to, [183].

Marduk, reference to, [235].

Margosa, reference to, [259].

Margrave, origin of, [183].

Mariette Bey, references to, [111], [126], [128].

Market-places as boundaries, [178].

“Markgraf,” meaning of, [183].

“Marks,” reference to, [183].

Marquardt, Joachim: cited, [30], [39], [41].

“Marque, Letters of,” meaning of, [183].

“Marquee,” meaning of, [183].

Marquises, origin of, [183].

Marriage:

threshold covenanting in, [25]-35;

by outpoured blood at threshold, [26];

customs among Somalis in Central Africa, [27],

among Wallachians, [29],

in Egypt, [243], [245],

in China, Dahomey, [245],

in Syria, [246],

in Asia and Africa, in Krasnoslobodsk, among Mordvins, in Pensa, [249],

in Samoa, [251];

not “by capture,” [36];

celebrated at church door in Abyssinia, [131];

where solemnized, [138];

Pre-Reformation rule of, [139];

services in Protestant Episcopal churches, [148];

covenant, primitive certificate of, [196];

primitive rite of, [214], [225];

sacrament of, in Roman Catholic Church, [222];

torch, origin of, [226];

certificate in Syria, [245],

in Upper Egypt, [245];

ceremonies among Muhammedans, [247];

ceremonies among Christians at Haleb, [248];

ceremonies in Darfour, [249].

See, also, Wedding ceremonies.

“Mary’s Hand, Virgin,” among Christians of Syria, [77].

Masjid:

bridegroom’s visit to, in Central Africa, [27];

place of prostration, [163].

Mask marked with hand among Jicarilla Apaches, [89].

Mason, William Shaw: cited, [21], [81].

“Mason and Dixon’s line,” [182].

Maspero, Prof. G.:

cited, [14], [39], [85];

references to, [95], [102], [105] f., [113] f., [126], [169], [201], [235].

Massachusetts, beating bounds in, [176].

Mastabahs, false doors in ancient Egypt, [106] f.

Matthews, Washington, reference to, [87].

Maundrell, Henry, reference to, [222].

Maui, Island of, ancient god of, [150].

Maurice, Thomas:

cited, [122];

references to, [123], [236] f.

Maya people, sacrifices among, [145].

Meccah:

black stone of, reference to, [10];

prayer niche toward, [108];

mosk of, image thrown down at gate of, [123];

mosk at, reference to, [163];

Hajj procession from, [186].

Medals showing altar at threshold, [121].

Medicine taken on threshold in Tuscany, [17] f.

Medina, mosk of, pieces of idol thrown down at gate of, [123].

Mediterranean, boundary marks on shores of, [178].

Medusa and serpents, [237].

Memorials in door form, in various lands, [107].

Mercury:

reference to, concerning boundary lines, [171];

image of, as boundary landmark, [172].

Merodach:

god of left side of gate, [95];

temple of, threshold plated with gold, [110].

Metâwileh, hen sacrificed at building of house among, [45].

Metempsychosis connected with threshold covenant, [226].

Mexico:

Indians of ancient, reference to, [21];

sacrificial stone of temple of, [56];

ancient, altar in doorway, [108];

earliest form of temple in, [144];

religions of, and serpent as symbol, [235].

Meydoom, stepped pyramid of, in Egypt, [126].

“Mezuza,” covenant record at door-way, [69] f.

Middle Empire of Egypt:

disappearance of door form in, [106];

temples of, [155].

“Midsummer Day” festival in Russia, [42].

“Mihrab,” or prayer niche, probable origin of its form, [108].

Mile-posts as landmarks, [176].

Min, Egyptian god of generative force, [234].

Mineptah I., memorial stone of, [180].

Minnesota, threshold custom among Scandinavians in, [259].

Mississippi, lower, religious ceremonies among Indians along, [147].

“Mizpah,” memorial of covenant, [171].

Mnesikles, architect, plan of, [158].

Moksha, wooing custom among, [42].

“Monastery of Argis,” foundation sacrifice in, [52] f.

Monier-Williams, Sir Monier: cited, [156], [198] f., [230], [236].

Monoliths in front of door of temple at Yeha, [131].

Montezuma: his consecration of altar by blood of captives, [56].

Moon-god Sin:

Ur-Gur with uplifted hands before, [80];

reference to, [161].

Mordevins. See [Mordvins].

Mordvins:

threshold as altar among, [32];

marriage customs of, [41], [249].

Morea, threshold custom in, [30].

Morier, James:

cited, [11] f., [78], [123];

quotation from, [189] f.

Morlacchi custom of kissing threshold, [31].

Morocco, survival of sacrificing at door-way in, [62].

Mosaic law, appeal to altar in covenant in, [65].

Moses:

at gate of camp, [63];

meeting Jehovah at doorway, [119];

in wilderness of Sinai, [160] f.

“Moses, Hand of,” red hand called, [77].

Mosk of St. Sophia, stamp of red hand in, [77].

Mostur, temple of Thor in, [160].

Mt. Lebanon region, European prince received in, [191].

Mt. Moriah:

temple on, reference to, [161];

and Abraham’s offering, [161].

Mt. Sinai, reference to, [94].

Mountain peaks as boundaries, [178].

Muhammad:

certificate of protection signed with impression of open hand of, [94];

throne of, reached only by kissing threshold, [124].

Muhammad II.: his victory over Christians sealed by bloody hand, [77].

Muhammad Issoof, letter from king of Mysore to, [94].

Muhammadan:

substitute for “blood of the grape,” [5];

conquest of India, reference to, [123].

Muhammadans:

to place right foot first in crossing threshold, [36];

inscribe gates, fountains, bridges, and houses, [70];

sacred inscriptions placed above doorways by, [71];

sign of hand among, [76];

lamb sacrificed at door of new house of, [76] f.;

“Hand of the Prophet” on houses of, [77];

sultan as father of faithful, [103];

prayer niche among, [108];

treading on idol at gate, [123];

threshold of mosks counted sacred among, [123];

their estimate of first foundations, [162];

marriage customs of, [247];

reticent on matters concerning women, [247] f.

Muir, Sir William, reference to, [164].

Mülhau and Volck, reference to, [255].

Müller, Ivan V., reference to, [172].

Müller, Prof. W. Max: cited, [127], [234].

Muslims. See [Muhammadans].

Mussulmans. See [Muhammadans].

Mysore:

king of, hand-print on back of letter written by, [94];

ancient religious custom at, [258].

Mysoreans, hand-print equivalent to oath among, [94].

Naaman, reference to, [161].

Nabob of Arcot, banners of, inscribed with hand, [78].

Nabonidus, king of Babylon, [153].

Nabunaʾid, king of Babylon, [154].

Nahr-el-Kelb:

as gateway of nations, [105];

boundary marks at, [178].

Nahuas, marriage ceremonies of, [246].

Nakishbend, tomb of, threshold stone at, [124] f.

Naomi, reference to, [64].

Napier, James: cited, [44].

Naples, pine cone among Pompeian relics at, [257].

Narâm-Sin, reference to, [154].

Nasa, meaning of Hebrew word, [83].

Natchez Indians, religious ceremonies among, [147].

Nations or states, boundaries of, [177].

Neapolitan Museum, information concerning threshold at, [258].

Nebo:

shrine of, [110];

references to, [177], [188].

Nebuchadrezzar I.:

meaning of name, [177];

his empire boundary, [188].

Nebuchadrezzar II.:

inscriptions of, [109];

his description of building walls of Babylon, [109]-111;

reference to, [154].

Negeb:

reference to, [160];

boundary dispute on borders of, [170].

Neoptolemus and Orestes in temple at Delphi, [134].

Nephthys, guardian of gateway of Egyptian temple, [127].

Nergal, threshold god among Assyrians, [95], [113], [235].

Nestorians kissing threshold on entering church, [124].

Nevius, Rev. J.W.: cited, [24].

New Empire of Egypt:

religious pictures on stele in tombs of, [107];

buildings of, [155].

New England:

door at corner of house in, [55];

“beating the bounds” in, [176].

“New Fire, Festival of,” [147].

New Testament, symbols of Old Testament explained in, [215].

New Year:

threshold custom in Aberdeenshire, [20] f.;

of Hebrews, [212];

Easter beginning new Ecclesiastical, [221].

New Zealand, sacred image as gateway in, [107] f.

Niche:

as shrine in Egypt, [106];

survival of tomb doorways, [108];

prominence of, in Egypt, [106] f.,

in New Zealand, [107] f.,

in Muhammadan and Christian lands and in China, [108].

Niebuhr, C.: cited, [248].

Nikkō, shrines of, [126].

Nile, Gen Grant on Upper, [7] f.

Nimb tree, reference to, [259].

Nimitti-Bel, gate of, in walls of Babylon, [110].

Nimroud, blood-stained slabs at entrance to palace of, [68].

Nineveh:

sanctity of doorway in, [108] f.;

sculpture of Assyrian king with uplifted arm found at, [115].

Ni-o, prints of gods placed over doors in Japan, [95].

Nippur:

sanctity of doorway in, [108] f.;

altar found between temples in, [111].

Nish, Assyrian word for swearing, [83].

Noetling, Dr., reference to, [77].

Northly, Hen., reference to, [140].

Norway, Thorolf of, removing to Iceland, [160].

“Not by door,” entering house, [6].

Notre Dame, marriage at door of church of, [130].

November 11 as sacrifice day in Ireland, [21].

Nubia:

ancient map of gold districts in, [180];

reference to, [185].

Numa, directions of, concerning boundaries, [173].

Nuptial torch in marriage ceremony, [41].

Nurshivan and Hormuz, reference to, [11].

Nuts presented to bride at threshold in Dalmatia, [31].

Oath, uplifted hand in judicial, [83].

Obelisk, symbol of Baal, [214].

Oberea, queen of Otaheite, [250] f.

Offerings:

at threshold, [28], [118] f.;

to local divinity at threshold-laying, [95];

for dead pictured on stele of Middle Empire of Egypt, [106].

Ohel, applied to private tent and to sacred tabernacle, [101].

Ohnefalach-Richter, reference to, [231].

Old Empire of Egypt:

false door in early tombs of, [106];

temples of, [155].

Old Testament and New:

waters of life in, [115];

rites and symbols of, [215].

Oldest member of household first to enter new house, [54].

Olympian games, references to, [7], [263].

Olympus, House of Zeus, [132].

Om mani padme Hūm, [199].

Omaha chief, burial of, [85] f.

Ophites, teaching of, [239].

Oracle at Delphi, [236].

Oran buried alive in foundation of cathedral in Iona, [50].

Orestes and Neoptolemus at Delphi, [134].

Oriental:

sovereigns and boundaries, [177];

Christians, covenanting at threshold among, [221];

figures of speech obscured by literalism of Western mind, [238].

Orissa, importance of threshold in marriage in, [39].

Orme, R.: cited, [94].

Osiris:

annual feast in honor of, [14] f.;

references to, [106], [115], [128] f., [179];

door of gateway, [127].

“Ostium” defined, [200].

Otaheite, primitive threshold in, [250].

Ovid: cited, [172] f.

Owens, J.G.: cited, [21].

Oxford, Penn., stone landmark at, [183].

Palestine:

spilling water on threshold in, [29];

sacrifice at beginning railroad in, [57];

blood on lintel, [67];

red hand in, [75];

hand printed in blue in houses of, [76].

Palgrave, William G.: cited, [10].

Palm cone, symbolism of, [231].

Palmer, Prof. E.H., quotation from, [26].

Pan, threshold of grotto of, [115].

Pan-kăng, emperor of China, reference to, [157].

Paper sprinkled with blood in China, [72].

“Parting-stool,” reference to, [142].

Pāsăkha, meaning of, [208], [210], [266].

Paul:

with Barnabas at Lystra, [135];

his reference to foundations, [162];

to Corinthian Christians, [215];

on Christian passover, [217];

on relation between Christ and his church, [219].

Pausanias: cited, [135].

Pecos, red-hand symbol in ancient Pueblos of, [87] f.

Peepul tree, in Upper India, [156], [259].

Peloponnesus and Attica, boundary between, [180].

Penates:

reference to, [19];

of Romans at threshold, [23];

appeased by bread and salt, [32];

and Lares in Cicero’s time, [41].

Pennsylvania:

threshold custom in, [21];

corner-stone at door in, [55];

horseshoes as doorway guards in, [74];

stone landmark in, [183].

Pennsylvania Magazine of History, reference to, [183].

Pensa, marriage customs in, [249].

“Per-ao” (Pharaoh), meaning of, [103].

Pericles building new Propylæa, [158].

Perrot and Chipiez:

cited, [71], [78], [80], [85], [100], [103], [105], [111], [201], [231], [235];

quotation from, [106] f.

Persea, reference to, [180].

Persepolis, justice at palace gate of, [60].

Persia:

sacredness of threshold in, [11] f.;

sacred passages inscribed over doorways in, [71];

banners and prayer-rugs inscribed with open hand in, [78];

no temples in ancient, [100];

fire-altar on uplifted threshold as place of worship in, [100], [102];

veneration for threshold of mosks in, [123] f.;

border sacrifices in, [188];

shah of, entering Teheran, [189];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

marriage customs in, [249];

phallus represented by boundary posts, [258].

Peru:

blood smeared on doorway in, [73];

stepped pyramid temples in, [111];

religions of, and serpent as symbol, [235].

Pesakh. See Pāsăkh.

Petrie, Dr. W.M. Flinders:

his discovery of ornamental door-jams, [58];

reference to, [126].

“Petting stone,” at Lindisfarne Abbey, [141].

Phallus, reverence for, in Babylonia, Assyria, India, China, Japan, Persia, Phrygia, Phenicia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Greece, Rome, Germany, Scandinavia, France, Spain, Great Britain, North and South America, Islands of the Sea, [230].

“Pharaoh,” meaning of, [103].

Phenicia:

uplifted hand of deities of, [79] f.;

prominence of door in, [107];

altar at threshold in, [121];

indications of presence of deity in, [201];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

religions of, and serpent as symbol, [235];

pine cone symbol in, [257].

Philip II. of Spain, reference to, [139].

Philistines, sacredness of threshold among, [11] f.

Philo Judæus:

cited, [208], [238];

reference to, [239].

Philos, Phleō, and Phliē, meanings and uses of, [255] f.

Phœbus Apollo, reference to, [133].

Phrygia:

threshold altar in, [121];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Pig:

sacrifice of black, in Russia, [19];

blood of, sprinkled at door in Borneo, [20];

buried alive under houses, [56];

as sacrifice, [148].

Pigeon-poult’s blood in Arabia, [248].

Pigeons sacrificed at door, [4].

Pilgrims at threshold in Japan, in Korea, in Shinto and Booddhist temple, [125].

Pillar:

of cloud at doorway of tent of meeting, [119];

of Baal, [214];

and tree in religious symbolism, [232];

command to Israelites concerning, [233].

“Pillars of Herculus,” [181].

Pine cone: in ancient Assyrian sculptures, in Grecian and Phenician cults, and in ancient Rome, [257].

Pinkerton, John: cited, [39].

Pipal tree. See [Peepul tree].

Pipiles, sacrifices among, [146].

“Plain of Kuru,” [156].

Pliny, reference to, [93].

Ploss, H., reference to, [93].

Plutarch: cited, [25], [39], [41], [180] f., [263], [265].

Pole, brush-topped, symbolism of, [214], [258].

Polynesia:

survival of foundation-laying in blood in, [51] f.;

uplifted hand found in stepped-pyramid temples of, [83];

boundary lines in, [174].

Pomegranate:

on threshold in Morea, [30], in Rhodes, [30] f.;

in religious symbolisms, [230].

Pompeian relics at Naples, [257].

Ponce de Leon and fountain of life, [148].

Poole. See [Lane-Poole].

Poros, derivation of, [265].

Porta and Porto, derivation of, [265].

Porta di morti in Italian houses for corpse, [24].

Porter, Sir Robert Kerr: cited, [9], [71].

Porter, twofold use of word, [263]-265.

Portuguese navigators and boundary pillars, [180] f.

Postliminium, a recrossing of threshold, [181].

Pôth:

uses of Hebrew word, [253];

as hinge or socket, [254].

Prabhus of Bombay, birth custom among, [17].

Prague, open hand above graves in, [79].

Prayer:

on burying articles under threshold, [20];

offered to “goddess of the homestead” in betrothal in Russia, [32];

for dead at door of Egyptian tombs, [106];

Booddhist in Tibet, [199];

meaning of, [228].

Prayer-rug in Turkey and Persia, [78].

Priest:

house-father as earliest, [3];

among Jicarilla Apaches, [89];

as ruler, [165];

of Dagon not to tread on threshold, [117].

Primitive:

altar of family, [3];

threshold customs, [35];

temple as rude door-way, [102];

man and his knowledge, [224].

Prisse’s Monuments of Egypt, reference to, [234].

Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology, references to, [201], [231], [257].

Propylon:

of Egyptian temple, [127];

of Greek temple on Acropolis, [158].

Pʾrosdôr, rabbinical meaning of, [253].

Prostitution, sacred, origin of, [229].

Prostrating:

at gate of palace in Bagdad, [10];

at threshold of shrines of Egypt, [127] f.

Protection:

for enemy at home sanctuary, [57];

at threshold among Afghans, [58].

Protestant Episcopal churches:

baptismal font in, [147];

marriage ceremonies in, [148].

Psalmist:

his reference to lifting up hand, [82];

to honorable position of doorkeeper, [120].

Puberty celebrated among Jicarilla Apaches, [88]-91.

Pueblos:

prominence of red hand among, [87];

references to, [88], [92].

Puhonuas, cities of refuge in Hawaii, [151].

Purity of primitive threshold covenant, [233].

“Put your right foot first,” [37] f.

Puthmēn, meanings and uses of, [255].

Pylon. See Propylon.

Pyramid, stepped:

many early temples in form of, [83], [111];

of Meydoom, [126];

references to, [144], [148], [229].

Pythagoras: cited, [37].

Pythagoreans, reverence for threshold among, [12] f.

Quarrels as result of shaking hands over threshold in Finland, [12].

Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exploration Fund, reference to, [29].

Queen of Heaven, statue of, in Carthage, [130].

Qurân, sentences from:

on gates, fountains, bridges, and houses, [70];

on houses of worship, [163].

.p2

Rahab, blood-colored thread on house of, [211].

Raja Pasupati, reference to, [157].

Ralston, W.R.S.:

cited, [12], [19], [24], [32], [54] f.;

quotation from, [23].

Rameses II., reference to, [180].

Ram’s horn on door-post in Tell-el-Hesy, [58].

Ramsay, Prof. W.M.: cited, [229].

Rawlinson, George: cited, [14], [105], [111] f.

Rawlinson, Sir Henry C.:

cited, [110], [153], [178], [184], [234];

quotation from, [167]-169.

Recognition, Mount of, reference to, [164].

Records, Book of, or Shoo King, reference to, [158].

Red cloth on altar at marriage, [34].

Red hand:

as sign of covenant, [74] f.;

in Morocco, [74];

in Palestine, [74]-76;

in Turkey, [74], [77];

in Babylonia, [75];

on lintel, [75];

Aryan origin of, [75];

among Sephardeem, [76];

in Mosk of St. Sophia, [77];

in Central America, [81] f.;

among aborigines of America, [83];

among Dacotahs, Winnebagoes, [84];

among Omahas, [85];

among Ioways, Sauks, Foxes, Sioux, Arickarees, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Comanches, Apaches, Jicarillas, and Pueblos, [87];

among Pecos, [87] f.;

among cliff-dwellers of Chelly Canyon, [87].

See, also, [Bloody hand].

Red seal on documents, probable meaning of, [94].

Redwan, village of, [190].

Refuge, cities of, [151].

Remondino, Dr. P.C.: cited, [196].

Renouf, Le Page: cited, [128] f., [257].

Rere, name for altar, [150] f.

Réville, Albert: cited, [73], [111], [144] f., [235].

Rhodes, doorway marked with honey in, [30].

Rice:

as offering among Hindoos, [15];

on heads of bridal couple among Hindoos, [36];

presented to bride in China, [40];

as offering at threshold in Japan, [125] f.

Richon’s Dic. of Bib. Antiq., reference to, [103].

Rig Veda:

reference to, [157];

on production of sacred fire, [198].

Right foot first to cross threshold of mosk, [123].

Rio de Padrāo, or Pillar River, [182].

Rites:

religious, beginning of, [36], [199], [225];

and symbols of New Testament, [215].

Ritual of Old and New Testament, basis of, [228].

Rituals, ecclesiastical, origin of, [226].

River of Threshold, [182].

Roberts, Joseph: cited, [95], [122].

Robes stamped with red hand among American Indians, [83].

Rocky Pytho, reference to, [133].

Rod at door, stepping over, [123].

Rodd, Rennell:

cited, [27], [30] f., [38];

quotation from, [52] f.

Roman:

Penates at threshold or hearth, [23];

architect on proportions of temple, [36];

custom of placing statues under foundations, [55] f.;

custom of affixing spoils and trophies of war to lintels, [73];

temples, position of altar in, [134];

empire, mile-posts in, [176];

empire, threshold of, [258].

Roman Catholic Church on marriage, [222].

Roman Catholic churches, holy water in, in America, [147].

Rome:

lifting bride over threshold in, [39];

bride worshiping at altar-fire in, [41];

images under foundations in, [55] f.;

“gods of entrances” in, [97];

reference to religion of, [97];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

pine cone found in, [257];

ceremonies at founding of, [264] f.

Romulus, founder of Rome, [264] f.

Rongo, first-born son of Vatea and Papa, reference to, [152].

Roscommon, county of, Druidical altar in, [81].

Rosenmüller, Ernst F.K.: cited, [78].

Roumania, bat and coin under threshold in, [20].

Rous’s Archæologia Attica, reference to, [39].

Rubbing foreheads on “stone of desire” at Baveddeen, [125].

Russia:

welcoming guest with bread and salt in, [9];

reverence for threshold in, [12];

threshold observances in, [18], [31] f.;

stillborn children buried under threshold in, [18];

sacrifice to “Vodyaour” in, [19];

household deity abiding behind stove in, [23];

concerning dead and threshold in, [24];

marriage custom among Mordvins in, [41];

crossing altar-fire in, [42];

death following building of new house in, [54];

“upper corner” of house sacred in, [54] f.;

disputed boundary lines in, [175].

Ruth, reference to, [64].

Ruthennu, land of the, reference to, [180].

“Sa, the imposition of the,” representations on monuments of, [85].

Sacrament of marriage in Greek and Roman Catholic churches, [222].

Sacramental communion feasts, [226].

Sacred corner of building in Russia, [54] f.

Sacredness:

of threshold among Scandinavians, [6] f.;

of city gates among Greeks, [7];

among Hindoos, [11];

of boundary landmark in classic literature, [17];

of threshold recognized in architecture and ceremonial, [22], [102];

among Muhammadans, [123];

in Persia, [123] f.;

in Japan, [124] f.;

in Babylonia and in Egypt, [126] f.;

of doorway above threshold in Babylonia and Egypt, [126] f.

Sacrifice:

for family first made in home, [3] f.;

in Syria, [3]-5;

at threshold in Egypt, [3], [7] f.;

in Africa, [9], [27] f.;

among Arabs, [9], [26], [59];

among Pipiles, [144];

in Mexico and Ireland, [21];

in Morocco, [63];

at door, of heifer, [4],

pigeons, [4],

horse, [4] f.,

bullock, [4], [7] f.,

sheep, [4], [7]-9, [11], [21], [23], [26] f., [45], [53], [58] f., [63], [76] f.,

fowl, [4], [9], [21], [27], [45], [53]-56, [71] f.,

goat, [4], [27] f., [45], [59],

buffaloes, [7],

human, [8] f., [46]-48, [50]-54, [56], [122] f., [125], [144] f.,

pig, [14], [19], [148],

cow, goose, [21];

of salt in Japan, [26];

at threshold to reconcile enemies, [59];

altar of, location of, [134];

offered at boundary of empire, [183];

origin of, [228].

Sacrificial rules of ancient Hindoos on stepping over threshold, [36] f.

Safed, sign of hand in houses at, [77].

Sailer, Dr. T.H.P.: cited, [266].

St. Catharine, convent of, reference to, [94].

St. Columba, human sacrifice in walls of cathedral of, [50].

St. Eric, tomb of, reference to, [140].

St. John, Spencer: cited, [20], [34].

St. John’s College, reference to, [48].

St. Sophia, mosk of, stamp of red hand in, [77].

Saint’s tomb as place of worship in Egypt, [129].

Saivism, or Sivaism, predominating in modern Hindooism, [198].

Sakya Sinha, attaining to Booddha-hood, [156].

Sale, G.: cited, [164].

Salt:

as substitute for blood, [5], [20];

on threshold in Syria, [5], in Japan, [20];

stepping over, [5];

and bread to welcome guest in Russia, [9],

among Arabs, [22],

among Erza, [43] f.;

and fire in Scotland, [21];

carried into new home in Pennsylvania, [21];

under threshold in Russia, [32] f.

Samoa:

spilling water on doorstep in, [12];

nuptial customs of, [196], [251];

boundary lines in, [174];

father as primitive priest in, [101].

Samson carrying off gates of Gaza, [255].

Sandwich Islands, temples in, [150].

Saph, meaning of, [205], [207] f.

Sarcophagi of Byzantine age showing altar on threshold, [121].

Sardinia, prominence of door in, [107].

Sargon I., reference to, [154].

Sauks, red hand among, [87].

Savage-Landor, A. Henry. See [Landor].

Sayce, Prof. A.H.: cited, [8], [80], [111], [113], [169], [201], [235].

Scandinavia:

sacredness of door in, [6] f.;

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Scandinavians in America, importance of threshold among, [259].

Schoolcraft, Dr. Henry R.:

quotation from, [83] f.;

reference to, [87].

Schrader, Dr. Eberhard: cited, [103], [177] f., [234].

Scotland:

treading upon boundary lines in, [13];

New Year’s threshold custom in, [20] f.;

sacredness of threshold in, [34];

lifting bride over threshold in, [44];

crowning of kings of, [268].

Scott, Robert. See [Liddell and Scott].

Scottish legend of burying of human being in walls of cathedral, [50].

Sculpture:

on lintel in Palestine, [70];

palm cone in Assyrian, [231];

pine cone in Assyrian, [257].

Scutari, woman immured in walls of, [47] f.

Sea Dyaks, marriage custom among, [34].

Sea, Islands of:

spring of life-giving waters in, [151];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Seashore as boundary, [178].

Seaweed laid on threshold in Aberdeenshire, [20] f.

Sedan-chair to convey bride to her husband’s home in China, [39] f.

Seed-sowing, blood sprinkled at door at festival of, [20].

Seed-time ceremony at threshold, [16].

Segub, Jericho’s foundation laid in blood of, [47].

Selden, John: cited, [140].

Senghi murad, “stone of desire,” at Baveddeen, [125].

Sentiment as origin of persistent popular customs, [36].

Sephardeem, red hand among, [76].

Septuagint, references to, [117], [207].

Sepulcher, Holy, Church of, [221].

Serpent:

as guardian of thresholds in Babylon, [110] f.;

on temple doorway kissed by worshipers, [116];

as symbol of life, [233] f., [236];

on boundary stone in Babylonian domains, [234];

and phallus in Babylonian mythology, [235];

representative of evil, [235];

and Æsculapius, [236];

with Hindoo deities, [236];

and Medusa, [237];

worship perversion of threshold covenant, [237];

indicating desire, [238];

curse resting on, [239];

worship in Bangalore, [258] f.

Servius, Maurus H.: cited, [29] f.

Seti I., memorial stone of, [180].

Shagarakti-Buriash, inscription of, [154].

Shah of Persia entering Teheran, [189].

Shaking hands across threshold cause of quarrel, [12].

Shamash, sun-god:

and his worshipers with uplifted hands, [80];

gates open for his daily circuit, [105];

reference to, [201].

Shanghai, human sacrifice in, [48].

Shaykhs kissing temple threshold near Nineveh, [116].

Sheep, sacrifice of:

on threshold for guest, in Syria, [3] f.;

in Egypt, [3] f., [8];

in Central Africa, [9], [27];

east of Sea of Galilee, [11];

in Ireland, [21];

among Copts, [26], [45];

among Armenian Christians, [27];

at beginning of railroad at Jaffa, [57];

to reconcile enemies in Arabia, [60].

Sherrin, R.R.A.: cited, [107] f.

Shields painted with red hand among American Indians, [87].

Shih King, Chinese, on border sacrifices, [185].

Shimenawa suspended above doors in Japan, [72]

Shintō temples:

modeled on primitive Japanese hut, [101];

doorways apart from, [104];

pilgrims at threshold of, [125];

reference to, [201].

Shintōism, sacred symbol of, suspended above door, [72].

Shintu, tutelar gods of threshold in China, [95] f.

Ship, horseshoe on mast of, [74].

Shoes removed at threshold:

of mosks, [123];

of churches in Abyssinia, [130].

Shoo King, Chinese, reference to, [158].

Shooter, Joseph: cited, [28].

Shores of sea as boundaries, [178].

Shortland, Edward, quotation from, [93].

Shrines:

sacred doorways in front of, in China, Japan, Korea, [104];

in Siam, India, [105];

at doorway in Babylonia, in Assyria, [105];

in Egypt, [106];

of Kitzuki, of Isé, of Kikkō, threshold customs at, [125] f.

Siam, doorways near temples in, [104].

Sibree, James: cited, [38].

Sicily, prominence of door in, [107].

Sidon, consul at, reference to, [70].

Sign of red hand. See Red hand.

Silvanus, god of boundaries, [171], [173].

Silver hand worn by children, [76].

“Silver Threshold,” temple of, in Thebes, [127].

Sin, Moon-god, references to, [80], [154].

Sinai:

Moses in wilderness of, [160] f.;

peninsula of, boundary marks in, [179], [184].

Sioux, red hand among, [87].

Sippara, sanctity of doorway in, [108] f.

Sippu, Assyrian word for threshold, [110] f., [209].

Sirim, Hebrew for hinges, [253].

Sitting on threshold not allowed in Russia, [12].

Siva:

hand as symbol of, [78], [198];

temple of, at Thâvesar, [157];

crowned with serpent, [236].

Skarpanto, threshold custom in, [31].

Skeat, Rev. Walter W.: cited, [265].

Skertchley, J.A.: cited, [245].

Skins stamped with red hand among American Indians, [83].

Slave, Hebrew, adoption of, as member of family, [210].

Slavic:

custom of covenanting, [42];

citadel made firm by immuring child in walls, [50];

peoples, “Death Week” among, [19].

Smith, Dr. William:

cited, [7], [73], [134], [172] f., [236] f., [263].

See, also, [Smith and Cheetham].

Smith, W. Robertson:

quotation from, [59] f.;

cited, [209], [214], [231] f.

Smith, George: cited, [109].

Smith and Cheetham: cited, [222].

Snakes. See [Serpents].

Sneezing on threshold unpropitious, [11].

Sneferu in Sinaitic Peninsula, [178] f.

Snell, Rev. A., reference to, [140].

Sodom:

reference to king of, [82];

angels welcomed in, [211].

Soko at Tangier, reference to, [52].

Somali tribes, sacrifice at threshold among, [27].

Somnauth, idol in temple of, shattered and placed under threshold, [123].

Sophocles: cited, [133].

Sorcery, prominence of threshold in, [17] f.

Sources of rivers as boundaries, [178].

South America:

doorways smeared with blood in, [73];

earliest form of temple in, [144];

reverence for phallic emblems in, [230];

serpent as religious symbol in, [235].

South Sea Islands, temples of, [148].

Sovereigns in ancient East represented by uplifted hand, [79] f.

Spain, reverence for phallic emblems in, [230].

Spanish Jews, significance of red hand among, [76].

Spectator, The, reference to, [19].

Spencer, Herbert, references to, [21], [98].

Spiritual forces, conception of, characteristic of man, [223].

Spitting on threshold unpropitious, [11].

Spivak, Dr.: cited, [93].

Sprenger, A: cited, [164], [200].

Squier, Hon. E.G.: cited, [230], [235].

Stade, Dr. Bernard: cited, [214], [255].

Stamboul, sacrifice on threshold of house spared in great fire in, [66] f.

Stanitsas, or land divisions among Cossacks, [175] f.

Stanley, Henry M.: cited, [86], [174], [182].

Stanley, Dean: cited, [222], [268] f.

States or nations, boundaries of, [177].

Statues in foundations in Rome, [55] f.

Stele:

memorial of dead inscribed on, [106];

monumental, origin of, [107];

containing sculptured image of Assyrian king, [115];

set up on boundary line, [177];

as doorways, [178].

Stengel’s Die griech. Sac., reference to, [172].

Stenin, P. von: cited, [249].

Stephens, John L.: cited, [82]-84, [146].

Stepped pyramid:

temples with altar or shrine at summit, [111];

in Jacob’s dream at Bethel, [112];

of Meydoom in Egypt, [126] f.;

reference to, [144];

as place of worship, [148].

Stepping over:

blood on threshold, [4] f., [26], [45] f.;

salt on threshold, [5];

threshold to insure protection of guardian deity, [12];

girdle in marriage among Greeks, [30];

threshold, a bride having care to, [36];

threshold to prove innocence from crime among Hindoos, [121] f.

Stillborn children buried under threshold in Russia, [18].

Stoicheionein, Greek term for foundation ceremony, [53] f.

Stone:

sacrificial, laid on summit of Mexican temple, [56];

posts most ancient remains of primitive man’s handiwork, [102];

pillars marking boundaries of states or nations, [177];

upright, significance of, [258].

“Stone, Coronation,” in Westminster Abbey, [268].

“Stone of desire” at Baveddeen, [125].

Stove, Russian household deity located near, [23].

Strack, Dr. H.L.: cited, [20], [46], [93].

Straw cure for disorder in North Germany, [18].

Strean, Dr., quotation from, [21].

Stuart, Villiers: cited, [179].

“Sublime Porte:”

high court of Turkey called, [65];

meaning of, [103].

Suez Canal, reference to, [180].

Sultan:

justice administered at gate by, [65];

as spiritual father of faithful Muhammadans, [103].

Sultan Muhammad II., bloody hand of, stamped on mosk, [77].

Sun disk, winged, over doors of temples in Egypt, [127].

Sun-god Shamash:

and his worshipers with uplifted hands, [80] f.;

gates open to allow of daily circuits of, [105].

Sun-orb, winged, with serpent, [234].

Sunday School Times, The, references to, [260] f.

Survivals of threshold covenant in America and Europe, [3], [8], [13], [221].

Susa, king rendering justice at palace gate of, [60].

Swedish tradition of burial of lamb under altar, [56].

Symbol:

of feminine in nature, tree or bush, [214];

misusing, results of, [229];

of evil in religions of Babylonia, Egypt, India, Phenicia, Greece, Mexico, and Peru, [235];

of virginity, [243] f.

Symbols:

buried under foundation-stone, [109];

and legends concerning boundary lines, [171] f.

Syria:

sacrifices on threshold in, [3]-5;

treading on threshold in, [10];

reference to, [11];

stepping over sacrifice at threshold in, [26];

bride carried across threshold in, [38], [45];

name for sign of hand among Christians in, [77];

kissing threshold in, [129];

nuptial customs of, [196], [246];

marriage certificate in, [245];

sacredness of threshold, [259] f.

Syrian:

derwishes, threshold custom of, [10];

officer’s welcome at threshold, [11];

testimony of native, [59].

Tablets, ancestral, of China, [108].

Tahiti, primitive threshold in, [250].

Tai Shan, reference to, [158].

Talisman, open hand as, in Europe, Africa, and America, [79].

Tallquist’s rendering of Assyrian word, [83].

Talmud:

Jewish, references to, [93], [200], [208], [210] f., [239];

Babylonian, references to, [211], [253].

Tammuz of Syria, reference to, [115].

Tangier, reference to, [62].

Tañoans, reference to, [88].

Targum, reference to, [117].

Tatars:

treading on threshold among, [13];

importance of threshold among, [39].

Teheran, Shah of Persia entering, [189].

Tell el-Hesy, ram’s horn on doorway in, [58].

Tello, sanctity of doorway in, [108] f.

Temple:

waters of life flowing from under threshold of, [114];

doorway oldest form of, in Egypt, [126];

at Carthage, prominence of threshold in, [130];

in Greece, [134];

earliest form of, in Mexico, Central and South America, [144];

building in Babylonia, [153];

of Thor, in Iceland, [160];

at Jerusalem, site of, [161];

earliest forms of, [229].

Temples:

preceded by houses, [3];

images under threshold of, [14];

as dwelling for deity, [99];

called “great house of the village” in Samoa, [101];

in form of stepped pyramid in Babylonia, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Mexico, Central America, Peru, and South Sea Islands, [111];

in Jacob’s dream, [112];

in Carthage, [130];

Egyptian, history of, [155];

as boundaries, [178].

Temptation, first, and symbol of tree and serpent, [237].

Tennasserin, survival of foundation-laying in blood in, [51] f.

Tent:

fire at entrance of, [22] f.;

laying hold of, as appeal for hospitality in East, [57];

stamped with red hand among American Indians, [83].

“Teraphim” connected with threshold, [109].

Terence: cited, [30].

Terminalia, festival of, [173].

Terminus: god, represented by pillar, [171]-173.

Tertullian: his warning against deities at doors and gates, [97] f.

Teutonic thresholds made high, [12].

Thang, emperor of China, [157].

Thapsacus, equivalent of Tiphsakh, [210].

Thâvesar, temple of Siva at, [157].

Theban rite, kissing ground at threshold of shrine in, [128].

Thebes:

temple of “Silver Threshold” at, [127];

symbols on temples of ancient, [234].

Theocritus: cited, [73].

Theseus setting up pillar, [180] f.

Thief and robber, reference to word, [260].

Thieving goldsmith struck dead at threshold, [122].

Thomson, Dr. W.M.: cited, [70], [222].

Thompson, President Robert Ellis: cited, [176].

Thor, temple of, in Iceland, [160].

Thorolf, reference to, [160].

Thousand and One Nights, reference to, [248].

Thuringian legend of burying child in foundation, [49].

Thyra, a translation of saph, [207].

Tiamat, reference to, [235].

Tiba, female god of Maui, [150].

Tibet:

disemboweling of devotee in, [125];

Booddhist prayer in, [199].

Tiglath-Pileser I. and boundary lines, [177].

Tigris, sources of, boundary marks at, [178].

Tiki, descendant of Rongo, [152].

Times, The, London, reference to, [61] f.

Timsah, Lake, reference to, [180].

Tiphsakh, meaning of, [210].

Tokens:

covenant, [66]-74;

of virginity, [243] f.

Tomb:

false door of, in Old Empire of Egypt, [106] f.;

of kings of Persia, inscription relating to sacredness of gate in, [124];

of Alee, kissing threshold of, [124];

of Baha-ed-deen Nakishbend, threshold stone of, [124] f.;

closed door in, representing deceased going to Osiris, [128].

Torch, marriage, origin of, [226].

Touching name of God with finger by Jews, [69] f.

Towkas, marriage custom at threshold among, [35].

Treading on threshold forbidden:

in Persia, Russia, Finland, United States, and among Teutons, [11] f.;

in Europe and America, [13];

tabooed by Tatars, [13].

Tree:

human sacrifices at foot of, [8] f.;

pipal, in Upper India, [156];

a boundary landmark in primitive times, [173] f.;

symbol of feminine in nature, [214], [230], [238];

and pillar, symbolism of, [232];

references to, [237], [259].

“Tree of Knowledge,” reference to, [156].

Trees, sacred:

near doorways in China, Japan, Korea, Siam, and India, [104], [156];

grove of, in religious symbolisms, [230].

Tricha, bridge of, story of sacrifice in building of, [52].

Tristram, H.B.: cited, [260].

Trumbull, H. Clay: cited, [3]-5, [57], [123], [180], [226], [244].

Tseereem, Hebrew word for hinges, [253].

Tunis:

bloody hand on walls in, [78] f.;

symbol of open hand on graves near, [79];

Jewish custom in, on receiving praise, [79].

Turkestan, threshold stone at tomb of national saint of, [125].

Turkey, sacrifice of, in Ireland, [21].

Turkey:

blood on threshold in marriage in, [26];

marriage custom among Greeks in, [30];

high court of, at palace door, [65];

banners and prayer-rugs inscribed with open hand in, [78].

Turkish building at Columbian Exposition, sacrifices at foundation of, [57].

Turner, Dr. George: cited, [13], [20], [101], [174], [251] f.

Tuscany:

threshold in folk customs in, [17] f.;

exorcism with incense in, [18];

burning incense on threshold in, [42].

Tutelary deity, every building in Egypt placed under protection of, [96] f.

Tylor, Dr. E.B.: cited, [46], [49], [51] f., [231].

Uganda, charms on threshold and door in, [15].

Unchastity atoned for by sprinkling blood on threshold among Dyaks, [20].

Ungere, Latin for “to anoint,29 #$2#.

United States:

“Christening” a ship in, [8];

high thresholds in houses of, [12];

stepping over cracks in pavements in, [13];

Bible and salt carried over threshold in, [21];

lifting bride over threshold in, [44];

situation of front door in, [55];

foundation sacrifice in, [57];

horseshoes on door-posts in, [73] f.;

survivals of primal sacredness of threshold in, [147] f.;

boundary marks in, [182];

sacredness of threshold among Scandinavians of, [259].

Unleavened bread, feast of, [216].

Unxor, meaning of Latin word, [29].

Uplifted hand:

in Carthage, [78];

in Tunis, [78] f.;

represented among deities of Babylonia, Assyria, Phenicia, and Egypt, [79] f.;

in seal of Ur-Gur, earliest ruler of “Ur of the Chaldees,” [80];

gods Sin, Shamash, and Asshur, with, [80];

Babylonian king recognized by, [80];

Amenophis IV. before Aten-ra with, [81];

Abraham with, [82];

Psalmist’s reference to, [82];

Isaiah’s reference to God’s, [82];

Assyrian and Hebrew words for swearing by, [83];

in judicial oath, [83];

found on stepped pyramid temples of Polynesia, [83];

power imparted to Egyptian king by touch of, [85];

in South Sea Islands, [148].

Uplifted threshold, [144].

Upsal, wedding customs in old temple of, [140].

“Ur of the Chaldees:”

uplifted hand in seal of earliest ruler of, [80];

temple at, [153];

Abraham at, [160].

Ur-Gur, with uplifted hands before moon-god Sin, [80].

Usurtasen III., King: cited, [179].

Uxor, meaning of Latin word, [29].

Vairorongo, sacred stream of under-world, in Islands of Sea, [152].

Vambéry, Arminius: cited, [125].

Vari, or “The-very-beginning,” in Islands of Sea, [151].

Vātea, part man and part fish, in Islands of Sea, [152].

Vatican, bronze pine cone in gardens of, [257].

Vāttu, god of threshold in India, [75].

Vāttuma, god of threshold in India, [95].

Vāttuma Santhe, tribute to, god of threshold in India, [95].

Vaux, J. Edward: cited, [140].

Vedas, references to, [99], [197].

Vedi, feminine in Sanskrit, [197].

Vedic:

law of door-sill, [15];

Sutras on stepping over threshold, [36] f.;

teachings concerning temples, [155] f.

Vermilion paint for sign of red hand among Omahas, [85].

Verrall, Margaret de G. See [Harrison and Verrall].

Victor in Olympian games avoiding city gates, [7].

Virgil:

cited, [29] f.;

his description of arrival of Æneas at court of Queen Dido, [130].

“Virgin Mary’s Hand” among Christians in Syria, [77].

“Virgin of Israel,” [213], [218].

Virginity:

tokens of, [243] f.;

Bible testimony of tokens of, [251].

Vishnoo, god:

reference to, [95];

pagoda of, reference to, [121];

foot of, [156];

seated on serpent, [235].

Vishnooism, concerning temples, [156].

“Vishnu-pad,” reference to, [156].

Vitruvius: his description of temple, [36].

Vlachs, indication of foundation sacrifice in ballad of, [52].

Vlam, name for “friend of the bridegroom” among Albanians, [37] f.

“Vodyaoni,” sacrifice to, in Russia, [19].

Volck. See [Mülhau and Volck].

Volga, altar as threshold among people on, [32].

Voltaire: cited, [202].

Von Löher and Joyner: reference to, [231].

Vulgate: reference to, [207].

Wake, C. Staniland. See [Westropp and Wake].

Wallace, Donald M.: reference to, [176].

Wallachia, story of foundation sacrifice in, [52].

Wallachians, marriage rite among, [29].

Washburn, President, of Robert College: cited, [66] f.

Water:

and corn offered on threshold, [16] f.;

and honey for bride at threshold, [30];

poured out in pathway of bridegroom among Greeks of Turkey, [30];

of life underneath threshold, in legend of Ishtar, [114];

in temple at Jerusalem, [114];

holy, at doorway of Roman Catholic churches, [147].

Water-spirit, appeasing, in Russia, [19].

Weber’s Die Lehren d. Talmud, reference to, [239].

Wedding ceremonies:

among ʾAnazeh Bed´ween, and Armenians in Turkey, [26];

in Syria, [26], [28] f., [38], [196];

in Egypt, [26], [38], [196];

in Cyprus, [27];

among Somalis in Central Africa, [27] f.;

in South Africa, [28];

among fellaheen of Palestine, and Wallachians, [29];

among Greeks of Turkey, and in Morea, [30];

in Rhodes, [30] f.;

in island of Skarpanto and among Morlacchi, in Dalmatia, [31];

in portions of Russia, [31] f.;

among Mordvins of Russia, [32] f., [41]-44;

in Holland, [33];

in Germany, [33] f., [138] f.;

among Sea Dyaks of Borneo, [34];

in Central America, [34] f., [45];

in Scotland, [34], [44];

among Towkas, [35];

among Hindoos, [36]-38, [40] f.;

among Albanians, [37] f.;

in India, [38], [40] f.;

in Madagascar, [38];

in Abyssinia, [38] f., [131];

among tribes of West Africa, in ancient Assyria, among Khonds of Orissa, among Tatars, and among Eskimos, [39];

in ancient Rome, [39]-41;

in China, [39]-41, [196];

in ancient Greece, [39], [41];

in England, [44], [139]-142;

in Ireland, [44], [142];

in United States, [44], [147] f.;

in France, [139];

in Sweden, [140] f.;

in Dahomey, Liberia, in various parts of Europe, and in Samoa, [196];

among Muhammadans, [247];

among Christians at Haleb, [248];

in Darfour, [249];

in Samoa, [251].

Wedding:

sacrifice in Cyprus, [27];

threshold custom in Skarpanto, [31];

in Russia, [31] f.;

threshold or hearthstone covenant at, [226].

Weeping worship of Tammuz, [115].

Wely, a saint’s tomb, as place of worship in Egypt, [129].

Westropp and Wake: cited, [230].

White hand among American Indians, [90].

Wife:

word for, among Latins, [29];

and threshold in Arabic, [200], [256];

brush-topped pole, symbol of, [214].

Wilkins, W.J.G.: cited, [198], [235] f.

Wilkinson, Sir J.G.:

quotation from, [68] f.;

cited, [81], [96] f., [100], [106], [127] f., [201], [234] f.

Williams, S. Wells: cited, [40], [71], [96], [108], [158].

Williams, Talcott, quotation from, [62] f.

Window:

coffin passed out of, to avoid threshold, in Europe and America, [25];

opened and door closed at death in Europe and America, [25].

Winged sun disk:

over doors of temples in Egypt, [127];

and serpent in Egypt, [234].

Winnebagoes, prominence of hand among, [84].

Winter, feast at close of, among Slavonic peoples, [19].

Wisconsin, sacredness of threshold among Scandinavians in, [259].

Witham in Essex, marriage custom at, [140].

“Witness Heap” of covenant between Jacob and Laban, [171].

Woman:

buried in foundation of bridge of Arta, [52];

four ages of, symbolized among American Indians, [89] f.;

recognized as primitive altar, [197];

form of, pattern of altar form, [197];

and door in Hebrew Scriptures, [253];

in Arabic and German, [256].

Wood, Edward J.:

cited, [31], [44], [131], [138], [140]-142;

quotation from, [139].

Wood-apple as witness of marriage, [259].

Woolwas, betrothal custom at threshold among, [34].

Worms, door of synagogue in, [144].

Worship:

at door in Egypt, [127] f.;

covenant, spirit of all true, [221];

origin of rites of, [226];

phallic, perversion of purer idea, [230];

Hindoo, mode of, [236];

of serpent in Bangalore, [258] f.

Wright, Julia McNair: cited, [24].

Ximenez, Francisco, missionary: cited, [73], [98].

Yama as first man and first priest in India, [99].

Yarriba, survival of foundation-laying in blood in, [51] f.

Yawning on threshold unpropitious, [11].

Yeha, monoliths in front of temple at, [131].

Yemen, marriage ceremonies in, [248].

Yezidis:

kissing doorway of temple among, [116];

reference to, [190].

Yoni, doorway of physical life, [198].

Yü, Chinese for threshold, [256].

Yucatan, doorways inscribed with red hand in, [81] f.

Yuhlui, tutelar god of threshold in China, [95] f.

Zabû, King, reference to, [154].

Zamzam, sacred spring at Meccah, [163].

Zariru, Babylonian gate plated with metal called, [111].

Zedekiah, king of Judah, sitting in gate of Benjamin, [64].

Zephaniah:

his curse on Assyria, and his reference to “drought in thresholds,” [115];

foretelling punishment on those that leap over threshold, [117].

Zeus:

House of, on Olympus, [132];

reference to, concerning boundary lines, [171];

image of, as boundary landmark, [172].

Ziggurat, early form of temple, [229].

Zindero, bloody threshold offering in, [8] f.

Zinga, boundaries in, [174].

Zion, laying foundation stone in, [162].

Zuñi Indians, red hand among, [91].