I. TRAVEL and TOPOGRAPHY

General Authorities.

Ritter (K.) Die Erdkunde von Asien, Berlin, 1832–59, 2nd edit., 18 vols. 8o and index.

Saint Martin (J.) Mémoires sur l’Arménie, Paris, 1818, 2 vols. 8o.

(In Armenian) Alishan (L.) (Mekhitarist), Province of Shirak, Venice, 1881; Province of Ararat, Venice, 1890; Province of Sisacan, Venice, 1893.

Early Travel.

Rubruck (William of) (Guillaume de Ruysbroeck or Rubruquis; Flemish monk (Franciscan); envoy to Khan of Tartary from Pope Innocent VI. and Louis IX.; travelled across Armenia in 1254.) New translation from Latin by W. Rockhill. Hakluyt Soc. ser. 2, iv. Lond. 1900, 8o.

Marco Polo (Venetian merchant; travelled in Tartary, India, Persia, and across Armenia to Trebizond, 1271–95.) First ed. in Italian, Venice, 1496. Eng. trans. with notes by Col. H. Yule, Lond. 1871, 2 vols. 8o. Many other editions.

Odericus of Pordenone (Italian Franciscan; travelled across Armenia c. 1318; a few lines only.) Italian in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Latin and English in Hakluyt’s Voyages, Lond. 1809–12.

Jordanus (Dominican missionary c. 1330; travelled in Armenia, short account.) Mirabilia Descripta: The Wonders of the East. Trans. from Latin by H. Yule, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xxxi. Lond. 1863, 8o.

Clavijo (Ruy Gonzalez de) (Castilian ambassador to Khan of Tartary, 1403–6.) Historia del gran Tamerlan, e itinerario, ec., Seville, 1582, fol. Eng. trans. by Clements Markham, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xxvi. Lond. 1859, 8o.

Zeno (Caterino) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1471–73.) Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by C. Grey, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Barbaro (Josafa) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1471–87.) Venice, 1543; and in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by W. Thomas, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Contarini (Ambrosio) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1473–77.) Venice, 1524; and in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by W. Thomas, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Anonymous Venetian Merchant (Travelled from Aleppo to Persia viâ Bitlis and Lake Van, 1507–20.) Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583. Eng. trans. by C. Grey, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.

Newberie (John) (English merchant; travelled from Tabriz to Erzinjan by Erivan and Erzerum, 1580–82.) Purchas’s Pilgrims, pt. ii. bk. ix. ch. iii. Lond. 1625, fol.

Cartwright (John) (“The Preacher,” English; travelled from Aleppo to Ispahan viâ Bitlis and Lake Van about 1600?) Lond. 1611; Purchas’s Pilgrims, pt. i. vol. ii. bk. ix. Lond. 1625, fol.; and Churchill’s Collection of Voyages, vol. vii. Lond. 1707–47.

Rhodes (Alessandro de) (Jesuit missionary, 1618–53.) Relazione de’ felici successi della Sante Fede Predicata da Padri della Comp. di Giesu nel Regno di Tunchino, Milan, 1651, 8o; Voy. et Miss. du Père A. de Rhodes, S.J., en la Chine et autres Royaumes de l’Europe avec son retour par la Perse et l’Arménie, Lille, 1884.

Poser (H. von) Reyse von Constantinopel aus, durch die Bulgarey, Armenien, Persien und Indien (1621), Jena, 1675, 4o.

Tavernier (J. B.) Voyages en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes (1631–64), Paris, 1676, 3 vols. 4o. English translations, Lond. 1678 and 1684. (Many other editions.)

Philippi (F.) (Carmelite monk.) Itinerarium orientale ... (1640), Lyons, 1649, 8o.

Evliya. Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 17th century. (Trans. from the Turkish by Ritter, Joseph von Hammer), Lond. 1840, 4o.

Boullaye le Gouz. Les Voyages et Observations du Sieur de la Boullaye le Gouz gentilhomme Angevin (1647), Paris, 1653, 4o.

Poullet. Nouvelles relations du Levant (deuxième partie) (1658), Paris, 1668, 12mo.

Melton (E.) Eduward Meltons, Engelsch Edelmans, Zeldzaame en gedenkwaardige Zee-en-Land-Reizen door Egypten, West-Indien, Perzien, Turkyen, Oost-Indien, etc. (1660–77), Amsterdam, 1681, 4o.

Chardin (Jean) Voyages en Perse et autres lieux de l’Orient (1666–77), Lond. 1686 (1st vol.); Amsterdam, 1711, 10 vols. 12mo; Nouv. éd. par Langlès, Paris, 1811, 10 vols. 8o. Eng. trans. Lond. 1720, 2 vols. 8o.

Jesuit Missions (Erivan, Erzerum, Bitlis, 1682 seq.)

Villotte (Père) Voy. d’un Miss. de la Comp. de Jésus en Turquie, en Perse, en Arménie, en Arabie, et en Barbarie, Paris, 1730, 12mo.

Fleurian (T. C.) Estat présent de l’Arménie, Paris, 1694, 8o.

Lettre du Père MonierLettres Édifiantes, vols. iii. and iv. Paris,1780, 12mo.
Mémoire de la Mission d’Erzeron
Mémoire de la Mission d’Erivan
Journ. du voy. d’Erzeron àTrébizonde

Monier (Père) Relation de l’Arménie in Bernard’s Recueil de Voyages au Nord, vol. vi. pp. 1–116, Amsterdam, 1729, 12mo.

Chinon (G.) (Capuchin missionary.) Relation nouvelle du Levant ... religion, gouvernement et coutumes des Perses, des Arméniens et des Gaures, Lyons, 1671, 8o.

Careri (G. F. Gemelli) Giro del Mondo (1693) (Trebizond, Erzerum, Kars, Erivan, Nakhichevan), Naples, 1699, 7 vols. 8o. Eng. trans. in Churchill’s Voyages, vol. iv. Lond. 1774, etc.

De Bèze (Père) (Jesuit.) Astronomical observations at Trebizond and Erzerum (1698), published by P. Gouye in Hist. de l’Acad. de Sciences, pp. 85–6, Paris, 1699.

Schillinger (F. C.) Persianische und östindianische Reise, vom Jahr 1699 bis 1702, Nuremberg, 1707, 8o.

Tournefort (J. Pitton de) Relation d’un voyage du Levant (1701–2), Paris, 1717, 2 vols. 4o. Eng. trans. Ozell (J.), Lond. 1741, 3 vols. 8o.

Lucas (Paul) Voyage au Levant (Palu-Erzerum, 1700), The Hague, 1705, 2 vols. 8o.

Ferrières-Sauvebœuf (Comte de) Voyages ... en Turquie, en Perse et en Arabie (1782–89), Paris, 1790, 2 vols. 8o.

Travel in the Nineteenth Century.

Abbott (K. E.) Notes of a tour in Armenia in 1837, Jour. R. Geog. Soc. xii. pp. 207–20, Lond. 1842.

Abich (H.) Geologische Forschungen in den kaukasischen Ländern, 3 Parts and Atlas, Vienna, 1878–87, 4o and fol.

Aus kaukasischen Ländern: Reisebriefe herausgegeben von Frau Abich, Vienna, 1896, 2 vols. 8o.

Geolog. Natur des armen. Hochlandes (Festrede) (1843), Dorpat, 4o pam.

Geolog. Beobacht. auf Reisen in den Gebirgsländern zwischen Kur u. Araxes (1867), Tiflis, 4o pam.

Krystallinischer Hagel in thrialethischen Gebirge, (1871), Tiflis, pam.

Ein Bergkalk-fauna aus der Araxesenge bei Djoulfa in Armenien (1878), Vienna, 4o.

In publications of Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg—

Ruines d’Ani (lettre et rapport par Brosset, 1845), Bull. hist. phil. ii. 369–76.

Natronseen auf der Araxes-Ebene (1846), Bull. phys.-math. v. 116–25.

Geol. Skizzen aus Transkauk. (Arm. plateau) (1846), Bull. phys.-math. v. 321–43.

Meteorol. Stationen in Transkauk. (1848), Bull. phys.-math. vii. 260–88.

Meteorol. u. klimatol. Beobacht. in Transkauk. (1850), Bull. phys.-math. ix. 1–45.

Soda der Araxes Ebene(1850), Bull. phys.-math. viii. 333–36.

Derniers tremblements de terre dans la Perse septent. et dans le Caucase (Lake Urmi and Ararat) (1855), Bull. phys.-math. xiv. 49–72.

Schwefelreiches Tufgestein in der Thalebene von Dyadin (1855), Bull. phys.-math. xiv. 142–44.

Vergleich. chem. Untersuch. der Wässer des caspischen Meeres, Urmia u. Van-Sees (1856), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 1–57.

Das Steinsalz u. seine geol. Stellung im russ. Arm. (1856), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 59–150.

Tremblement de terre à Tébriz en 1856 (1857), Bull. phys.-math. xvi. 337–52.

Vergleich. geol. Grundzüge des kauk. arm. u. nordpers. Gebirge (Prodromus) (1858), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 301–534.

Occupations au Cauc. (1859), Bull. de l’Acad. i. 209–12.

Recherches géol. en Transcauc. (lettre 1860), ibid. i. 449–52.

Communication sur divers phénomènes, volcan de Tandourek; géologie du lac d’Ourmiah, ibid. 1863, vii. 119–24.

In Journal of R. Geog. Soc. London—

Climatology of the Caucasus (1851), xxi. 1–12.

In Zeits. deuts. geolog. Gesell. Berlin—

Salzsee von Urmiah (1854), vi. 256.

Letter to Herr Ritter, Sept. 1859, xi. 480–84.

Letter to Herr Rose, Jan. 1860, xi. 484–86.

Das thrialethische Thermalquellen-System (1877), xxix. 820–29.

In Bull. de la Soc. de Géologie de France, Paris—

Voy. en Géorg., en Turq. et en Perse en 1862 (Tendurek Dagh) (1864) sér. 2, xxi. 213–20.

In Mitt. K. K. geog. Gesell. Vienna—

Erdbeben, vulkanische Erschein, u.s.w. in den kauk. Ländern (1869), iii. 166–75.

In publications of K. K. geolog. Reichsanstalt, Vienna—

Die armenisch-georgischen Trachyte (1869), Verh. p. 232.

Die Reihen-Vulkangruppe des Abul u.s.w. (1870), Jahrb. xx. 275–78.

Mitt. aus dem Kauk. (1877), Verh. 29–35.

Hügel bei Digala am Ourmia-See (1877), Verh. 67–69.

In Bull. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes, Moscow—

Ein vermeintlicher thätiger Vulkan an den Quellen des Euphrat. (Tendurek Dagh) (1870), xliii. 1–17.

See also for this Petermann’s Mitth., Gotha, 1871, xvii. 71–73.

See also under Ararat.

Ainsworth (W. F.) Travels and researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia, Lond. 1842, 2 vols. 8o.

Travels in the track of the Ten Thousand, Lond. 1844, 8o.

The Sources of the Euphrates, Geog. Jour. vi. pp. 173–77, Lond. 1895.

Alcock (T.) Travels in Russia, Persia, Turkey, and Greece (1828–29) [n. p.], 1831, 8o.

Alishan (L.) Physiographie de l’Arménie, Venice, 1861, 8o.

Anon. Pachalik d’Akhal-tsikhe, Nouv. Annales de Voyage, xliii. p. 110, Paris, 1829.

De la ville d’Erivan, capitale de l’Arménie russe, Jour. Asiat. xii. sér. 2, pp. 254–62, Paris, 1833.

Aus dem Tagebuch einer Reise nach West und Nord Persien, Das Ausland (series of articles), Augsburg, 1850.

Transcaucasia, Georgia, and Armenia, Edinburgh Rev. cii. pp. 520–41, Edinburgh, 1855.

Excursions in Armenia, Fraser’s Mag. lv. pp. 602–11, Lond. 1857.

L’Arménie Pittoresque, Venice, 1871, obl. fol.

Ein Besuch bei den Kurden auf dem Alagös, Das Ausland, lii. p. 475, Augsburg, 1879.

Zur Statistik des Gebietes von Kars, Russische Rev. xxii. pp. 281–84, St. Pet. 1883.

Quer durch Armenien, Globus, lviii. pp. 68 and 83, Brunswick, 1890.

Excursions du 7e Congrès Géologique International (geology of neighbourhood of Kutais and Tiflis), St. Pet. 1897.

Aucher-Eloy (P. M. R.) Relations de Voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838 (Revues et annotées par Jaubert), Paris, 1843, 2 vols. 8o.

Baer (K. E. von) Der alte Lauf des armenischen Araxes, 1857, 8o pam.

Barkley (H. C.) A ride through Asia Minor and Armenia, Lond. 1891, 8o.

Bélanger (C.) Voyage aux Indes orientales (1825–29), Paris, 1831, 8 vols. 8o.

Belck (W.) Archäologische Forschungen in Armenien, Verh. Gesell. für Anthrop. etc. pp. 61–82, Berlin, 1893.

Untersuchungen und Reisen in Transkaukasien, Hoch-Armenien und Kurdistan, Globus, lxiii. pp. 349–52, 369–74; lxiv. pp. 153–58, 196–202, Brunswick, 1893.

Die Niveau-Schwankungen des Goektschai-Sees, Globus, lxv. pp. 301–3, Brunswick, 1894.

Armenien und seine Bewohner, Mitth. Geog. Gesell. xi. pp. 176–79, Hamburg, 1896.

Belck (W.) and Lehmann (C. F.) Reisebriefe ... Armenischen Expedition (1898–99), Mitth. Geog. Gesell. xv. pp. 1–23, 189–221; xvi. 16–70, Hamburg, 1898–99; see also under Vannic Inscriptions.

Bell (M. S.) Reconnaissances in Mesopotamia, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Azarbaijan (1885–86), Simla, 1889, large 8o.

Around and about Armenia, Scottish Geog. Mag. vi. pp. 113–35. Edinburgh, 1890.

Bent (J. T.) The two capitals of Armenia (Sis and Etchmiadzin), Eastern and Western Rev. Lond. 1892.

Travels among the Armenians, Contemporary Rev. pp. 695–709, Lond. 1896.

Berlin (—) Extrait du Journal d’un voyage de Paris à Erzeroum, Jour. Asiat. sér. 4, xix. pp. 365–78, Paris, 1852.

Besse (J. C. de) Voyage en Crimée au Caucase, en Géorgie, en Arménie, en Asie Mineure et à Constantinople, en 1829 et 1838, pour servir à l’Histoire de Hongrie, Paris, 1838, 8o.

Bianchi (A. de) Viaggi in Armenia, Kurdistan e Lazistan, Milan, 1863, 8o.

Bigham (C.) A ride through Western Asia, Lond. 1897, 8o.

Binder (H.) Au Kurdistan, en Mésopotamie et en Perse. Paris, 1887, 8o.

Bishop (J. B.) Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan (1890), Lond. 1891, 2 vols. 8o.

Blau (O.) Brief von Erzeroum, 1857, Zeits. Deuts. Morg. Gesell. xi. p. 733, Leipz. 1857.

Vom Urmia-See nach dem Van-See, Petermann’s Mitth. ix. pp. 201–10, Gotha, 1863.

Bluhm (J.) Routen im türkischen Armenien, Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. xvi. sér. 2, pp. 346–57, Berlin, 1864.

Bodenstedt (F.) Tausend und Ein Tag im Orient, Berlin, 1850, 8o.

Boré (E.) Arménie (vol. viii. of L’Univers), Paris, 1838, 8o.

Correspondance et Mémoires d’un voyageur en Orient (1837–40), Paris, 1840, 2 vols. 8o.

Borne (G. von dem) Der Jura am Ostufer des Urmiasees, Halle, 1891, 4o pam.

Brant (J.) Journey through a part of Armenia and Asia Minor (1835), Jour. R. Geog. Soc. vi. pp. 187–223, Lond. 1836.

Notes of a Journey through a part of Kurdistan (1838), Jour. R. Geog. Soc. x. pp. 341–432. Lond. 1840.

Brosset (M. F.) Voyage archéologique en Transcaucasie or Rapports sur un voy. arch. dans la Géorgie et dans l’Arménie (includes “Ani” by Khanikoff and “Etchmiadzin” by Brosset, reprinted from Rev. Archéologique, Paris, 1858), St. Pet. 1849–51, 3 vols. 8o and Atlas.

Les Ruines d’Ani, St. Pet. 1860, 4o and Atlas.

In Journal Asiatique, Paris—

Description des principaux fleuves de la grande Arménie, d’après le Djihan-Numa de Kiatib Tchélébi, par A. Jaubert avec la trad. d’un fragment arménien du docteur Indjidjian, sér. 2, xii. 458–70, 1833.

In publications of Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg—

Notice sur Edchmiadzin (1840), Bull. Scient. vii. 44–64.

La plus ancienne inscrip. armén. connue (1857), Bull. hist.-phil. xiv. 118–25 and 168.

Voy. du P. Sargis Dchalaliants dans la grande Arménie (1859), Bull. hist.-phil. xvi. 201–5.

Exam. crit. de la “Descrip. de la grande Arménie” du P. L. Alichan, rel. à la topog. d’Ani (1862), Bull. de l’Acad. iv. 255–69.

Inscript. recueillies par Kästner et Berger (1864), Bull. de l’Acad. vii. 275–77.

Inscript. géorg. et autres recueillies par le P. Nersès Sargisian (1865), Mémoires, viii.

Monuments géorg. photographiés par M. Jermakof (1871), Bull. de l’Acad. pp. 433–64 and 526–48.

Browne (W. G.) In Walpole’s Travels in Various Countries, pp. 176–80, Lond. 1820.

Browne (E. G.) A Year among the Persians, Lond. 1893, 8o.

Browski (L. E.) Der obere Tigris, Globus, liii. p. 43, Brunswick, 1888.

Bryce (J.) Transcaucasia and Ararat, Lond. 1877, 8o; 4th edit. revised with supp. chapter on Armenian question, Lond. 1896, 8o.

Buhse (—) Vorläufiger botanischer Bericht über meine Reise durch einen Theil Armeniens (1847), Bull. Phys.-math. Acad. Sc. vii. pp. 101–8, St. Pet. 1848.

Burgin (G. B.) My visit to Armenia, Quiver, p. 528, Lond. 1897.

Butyka (D.) Das ehemalige vilayet Derssim, Mitth. K. K. Geog. Gesell. xxxv. sér. 2. pp. 99–126 and 194–210, Vienna, 1892.

Meine Reise von Kharput nach Diarbekir (1881), Deuts. Rundschau für Geog. xv. pp. 151–60, 214–22, Vienna, 1893.

Cameron (G. P.) Personal adventures and excursions in Georgia, Circassia, and Russia, Lond. 1845, 2 vols. 8o.

Cappelletti (G.) L’Armenia, Florence, 1841, 8o.

Ceyp (A. J.) Ein Besuch der Euphratquellen, Globus, lix. pp. 349–50, Brunswick, 1891.

Chahan de Cirbied (J.) Tableau général de l’Arménie, Paris, 1813, 8o.

Chantre (Mme. B.) A travers l’Arménie Russe, Paris, 1893, large 8o.

Chantre (E.) Exploration dans le Kurdistan et l’Arménie, Comptes Rend. Congrès Nat. Soc. franç. de Géog. Lyons, 1881.

De Beyrout à Tiflis à travers la Syrie, la Haute Mésopotamie et le Kurdistan, Tour du Monde, lviii. pp. 209–304, Paris, 1889.

Excursions en Transcaucasie, Bull. Soc. Géog. pp. 546–66, Lyons, 1893.

Rapport sur une mission scientifique en Arménie russe, Paris, 1893, 8o.

See also under Armenian People.

Chesney (F. R.) Expedition to the Euphrates and Tigris, Lond. 1850, 2 vols. 4o and maps.

Narrative of Euphrates expedition, Lond. 1868, 8o.

Cholet (A. P. de) Voyage en Turquie en Asie, Arménie, Kurdistan et Mésopotamie, Paris, 1892, 8o.

Clayton (E.) The Mountains of Kurdistan. Alpine Jour. xiii. pp. 293–300, Lond. 1887.

Consular experiences in Turkey, Proc. R. Artillery Institution, xxiv. pp. 427–43, Woolwich, 1897.

Cole (G. R. Fitz-Roy) Transcaucasia, Lond. 1877, 8o.

Corpi (F. M.) The Catastrophe of Kantzorik (mud avalanche, Aug. 1889), Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. xlvi. pp. 32–35, Lond. 1890.

Curzon (R.) Armenia; a year at Erzeroom, and on the frontiers of Russia, Turkey, and Persia, Lond. 1854, 8o.

Dalyell (R. A. O.) Earthquake of Erzerûm, June 1859, Jour. R. Geog. Soc. xxxiii. pp. 234–37, Lond. 1863.

Depaubourg (W.) Blick auf Armenien, Erman’s Russische Archive, iv. pp. 373–77, Berlin, 1844.

Develay (A.) Autour des lacs de Van et d’Ourmiah, Rev. Scient. xlix. pp. 553–57, Paris, 1892.

Deyrolle (T.) Voyage dans le Lazistan et l’Arménie (1869), Tour du Monde, xxix. pp. 1–32, and xxx. pp. 257–88, and xxxi. pp. 369–416, Paris, 1875.

Dieulafoy (Jane) La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane ... (Tiflis, Erivan, Nakhichevan, Edgmiatsin, 1881), Paris, 1887, 4o.

Dilke (A. W.) The Caucasus (Tiflis, Lake Gökcheh, Erivan, Edgmiatsin, Elizabetpol, Baku), Fortnightly Rev. pp. 451–70, Lond. 1874.

Donaldson (E. B.) The Caucasus: A journey to the Garden of Eden, Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, xxxvi. p. 433, New York, 1893.

Dove (H. W.) Neuere Arbeiten über das Kaspische Meer, den Urmia und Van Seen, Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. i. sér. 2, pp. 194–200, Berlin, 1856.

Mittheilung aus Erzerum über das Erdbeben von 2 Juni 1859, Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. vii. sér. 2, p. 67, Berlin, 1859.

Du Bois (F.) Excursion aux rapides de l’Araxe, 1834, Nouv. Annales de Voyage, lxx. pp. 314–38 and lxxii. pp. 5–30, Paris, 1836.

Dubois de Montpéreux (F.) Voyage autour du Caucase (1833–34), Paris, 1839–43, 6 vols. 8o, and Atlas fol.

Dulaurier (E.) Tableau topographique de la province de Siounik ou Sisagan dans l’Arménie orientale, Nouv. Annales de Voyage, p. 259. Paris, 1853.

Topographie de la Grande Arménie (trans. of a small portion of Alishan’s large work), Jour. Asiat. xiii. sér. 6, pp. 385–446, Paris, 1869.

Dupré (A.) Voyage en Perse (1807–9), Paris, 1819, 2 vols. 8o; and see Gamba.

Eastwick (E. B.) Three years’ residence in Persia (Tiflis, Erivan, 1860), Lond. 1864, 2 vols. 8o.

Etiévant (C. A.) Fragment du journal d’un voyageur en Arménie, Paris, 1861, 12mo.

Flandin (E.) Souvenirs de Voyage en Arménie et en Perse, Rev. des Deux Mondes, x. pp. 651–81, Paris, 1851.

Fontanier (V.) Rapport sur l’Arménie, etc., Bull. Soc. Géog. xi. sér. 1, pp. 113–24, Paris, 1829.

Voyages en Orient (deuxième voyage en Anatolie, 1830–33), Paris, 1834, 8o.

Fowler (G.) Three years in Persia, with travelling adventures in Koordistan (1831–36), Lond. 1841, 2 vols. 8o.

Fraser (J. B.) A winter’s journey from Constantinople to Tehran (1834), Lond. 1838, 2 vols. 8o.

Frédé (P.) Voyage en Arménie et en Perse, Paris, 1885, 8o.

Freshfield (D. W.) Travels in the Central Caucasus and Bashan, including visits to Ararat, etc., Lond. 1869, 8o.

Freygan (M. et Mme.) Letters from the Caucasus, etc., 1811–12 (original in French, Hamburg, 1816), Lond. 1823, 8o.

Gallois (E.) La traversée du Caucase par la route de Géorgie (Tiflis, Erivan, Ararat), Annuaire du Club Alpin Français, xxii. 339–59, Paris, 1895–96.

Gamba (—) Voyage dans la Russie méridionale ... provinces situées au delà du Caucase (1820–24, appendix by Adrien Dupré), Paris, 1826, 2 vols. 8o.

Garcia Ayuso (F.) Iran o’ del Indo al Tigris. Descripcion geográfica de los paises Iranios, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Persia y Armenia, Madrid, 1876.

Gardane (A. de) Journal d’un voyage dans la Turquie d’Asie et la Perse, 1807–8, Paris and Marseilles, 1809, 8o.

Gerstenberg (K. von) Das älteste Salzbergwerk der Erde, Das Ausland, xlv. pp. 913–15, Augsburg, 1872.

Goebel (A.) Quellwässer aus Nordpersien nebst Betrachtungen über die Herkunft der Soda und des Glaubersalzes in den Seen von Armenien, Bull. Phys.-math. Acad. Sc. xvii. pp. 241–53, St. Pet. 1858.

Golovin (I.) The Caucasus, Lond. 1854, 8o.

Gordon (C. G.) Letters from the Crimea, the Danube, and Armenia (1854–58), Lond. 1884, 8o.

Günther (R. T.) Contributions to the Geography of Lake Urmi and the neighbourhood, Geog. Journ. xiv. pp. 504–23, Lond. 1899.

Hahn (C.) Künstliche Inseln in den Seen des armenischen Hochlands, Das Ausland, lxiv. p. 98, Stuttgart, 1891.

Hamilton (W. J.) Account of the ruins of the city of Anni in Armenia, Trans. R. Inst. British Architects (1835–36), i. pp. 100–4, Lond. 1839.

Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, Lond. 1842, 2 vols. 8o.

Harris (W. B.) From Batum to Baghdad viâ Tiflis, Tabriz, and Persian Kurdistan (1895), Lond. 1896, 8o.

Harris (J. R. and H. B.) Letters from Armenia, New York, 1897, 8o.

Haurand (R.) Meine Reise im Kaukasus und in Armenien, Wurttembergischen Verein für Handels-geog. p. 51, Stuttgart, 1888.

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In Bull. de l’Acad. de St. Pétersbourg—

Zur Geologie des südöst. Kauk. (Gletscherende in der Jakob-Schlucht am grossen Ararat), x. 21–40, 1866.

Ueber die Lage der Schneegrenze u. die Gletscher der Gegenwart in Kauk. (1877) (Glacier of Akhury) xxiv. 258–82, 1878.

Allen (T. G.) and Sachtleben (W. L.) Across Asia on a Bicycle (ascended Ararat, July 1891), New York, 1894, 8o.

Anon. Der Ararat (Legends), Das Ausland, 4 articles, Munich, 1830.

Erk-Ura (Akhury), die armenische Kolonie auf dem Berge Ararat, Das Ausland, pp. 729–30, Munich, 1834.

Major Voskoboinikoff’s official account of earthquake of Akhury in 1840, from “The Times,” Athenæum, Feb. 20, p. 157, Lond. 1841.

Visit to Ararat, Fraser’s Mag. lx. 111–21, Lond. 1859.

Arzruni (A.) Reise nach Süd-Kaukasien (ascent of the Little Ararat), Verhand. Gesell. Erdk. xxii. pp. 602–11, Berlin, 1895.

Baker (G. P.) Ascent of Ararat, Alpine Jour. pp. 318–27, Lond. 1879.

Berens (K.) Zwei Besteigungen des Ararat im Jahre 1835, Zweite Besteigung (from St. Petersburger Zeitung, in Brit. Mus. library), St. Pet. 1838, 8o.

Brosset (M. F.) Note sur le village arménien d’Acorhi et sur le couvent de St. Jacques (earthquake of 1840), Bull. Scient. Acad. Sc. viii. pp. 41–48, St. Pet. 1841.

Bryce (J.) Ascent of Ararat, Alpine Jour. viii. pp. 208–13, Lond. 1877.

Armenia and Mount Ararat, Proc. R. Geog. Soc. xxii. pp. 169–86, Lond. 1878.

Transcaucasia and Ararat. See supra.

Chantre (Madame) A travers l’Arménie russe. See supra.

Chantre’s Reisen am Ararat, Globus, lxii. pp. 246–50 and 278–81, Brunswick, 1892.

Chantre (E.) Rapport sur une mission scientifique dans l’Asie occidentale ... les régions de l’Ararat ..., Archives Miss. Scient. et Litt. x. sér. 3. pp. 199–264, Paris, 1883.

L’Ararat, Annales de Géog. iii. pp. 81–94, Paris, 1893.

Dubois de Montpéreux (F.) Voyage au Caucase. See supra.

Dwight (H. G. O.) Armenian traditions about Mount Ararat, Jour. Amer. Orient. Soc. pp. 189–91, New York, 1856.

Ebeling (M.) Der “Begräbnisplatz” und die Inschriften auf dem Kleinen Ararat, Verhand. Gesell. Erdk. xxv. 130–32, Berlin, 1898.

Der Ararat, Zeits. des deuts. u. österr. Alpenvereins, xxx. 144, Graz, 1899.

Edwards (B. B.) Ascents of Mount Ararat, Biblical Repos. and Quar. Observer, vii. pp. 390–416, Andover and Boston, 1836.

Freshfield (D. W.) Early Ascents of Ararat, Alpine Jour. viii. pp. 213–21, Lond. 1877; and see supra, Travels in the Central Caucasus.

Friederichsen (M.) Russisch-Armenien und der Ararat, Mitth. der Geog. Gesell. xvi. 1–15, Hamburg, 1900.

Khodzko (J.) Ascent of Ararat in 1850. Fr. trans. of account in Russ. journal The Caucasus, No. 80, 1850, pub. by Longuinoff in Bull. Soc. Géog. Paris, sér. iv. i. 55–65, 1851; Fr. trans. of Russ. official account, pub. by Brosset in Journal of St. Petersburg, Nov. 1850, No. 227, pp. 1910–13; account communicated by Khodzko to the Club Alpin upon his election as an honorary member, Annuaire du Club Alpin Français, iii. pp. 377–89. Paris, 1876.

König (C.) Die ersten Besteigungen des Ararats, Aus allen Welttheilen, xxv. pp. 3–14, Leipz. 1894.

Leclercq (J.) Histoire des ascensions de l’Ararat, Comptes Rend. Congrès Intern. Géog. 1891, v. pp. 713–22, Berne, 1892.

Voyage au Mont Ararat, Paris, 1892, 8o.

Lynch (H. F. B.) Ascent of Mount Ararat, Scribner’s Mag. xix. pp. 215–35 (reprinted in Mountain Climbing, 1897), Lond. and New York, 1896.

Markoff (E.) Expédition scientifique au Caucase, Ascension du grand Ararat [with ascent of Little Ararat by E. de Kovalevsky and note on glacier in chasm of Akhury], Bull. Soc. Roy. Belge de Géog. xii. pp. 577–92, Brussels, 1888.

Eine Besteigung des Grossen Ararat, Das Ausland, xiii. p. 244, Stuttgart, 1889.

La température minima au sommet du Grand Ararat, Comptes. Rend. Congrès Intern. Géog. 1891, v. pp. 723–25, Berne, 1892.

Oswald (A.) Eine Besteigung des Ararat (1897) (summits of Great and Little Ararat), Jahrb. Schweiz. Alpenclub, xxxv. pp. 157–83, Berne, 1899–1900.

Parrot (F.) Hauteur du Mont Ararat (note based on letter from M. Gamba, French consul at Tiflis), Nouv. Ann. Voy. xliv. pp. 393–95, Paris, 1829.

Reise zum Ararat, Berlin, 1834, 8o. Eng. Trans. Cooley (W. D.) Journey to Ararat, Lond. 1845, 8o.

Rickmer-Rickmers (W.) Ararat, Zeits. des deuts. und österr. Alpenvereins, xxvi. pp. 315–26, Graz, 1895.

Seidlitz (N. von) Pastukhoff’s Besteigung des Ararats, Aug. 1893 [from Zapiski Cauc. Sec. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. xvi. pp. 422–42], Globus, lxvi. pp. 309–15, Brunswick, 1894.

Séverguine (Basile) Sur les pierres alumineuses des monts Ararats (read 1810), Mém. Acad. Sc. St. Pét. vol. iii. series 5, pp. 209–14.

Seymour (H. D.) His few lines about his ascent of Ararat in 1845 are to be found in Freshfield’s Early Ascents of Ararat, Alpine Journal, viii. p. 215, Lond. 1877.

Spassky-Avtonomov (K.) Ueber eine neue Ersteigung des Ararat, August 1834, Magazin für die Literatur des Auslands, No. 34, Berlin, 1835.

Stuart (R.) Ascent of Ararat (1856), Proc. R. Geog. Soc. xxi. pp. 77–92, Lond. 1877 (see also Freshfield’s Early Ascents of Ararat, Alpine Jour. 1877).

Venukoff (—) Observations thermométriques sur le sommet de l’Ararat, Comptes Rend. Acad. Sc. cix. Paris, 1894.

Weidenbaum (—) Der grosse Ararat und die Versuche zu seiner Besteigung (trans. by H. Hofmann from the Russian Zapiski Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sec. xiii. 1884), Mitth. Vereins Erdk. 133–202, Leipz. 1884.

See also supra Gordon (C. G.), Letters from the Crimea, etc.; Tournefort (J. P. de), Voy. du Levant; Wagner (M.), Reise nach dem Ararat.

The Russian-speaking reader may be referred to Kaulbar’s Aperçu des Trav. Géog. en Russie, St. Pet. 1889, 8o; Mejoff, La Littérature russe sur la Géog. 1865–83; Miansaroff, Bibl. Caucasica, St. Pet. 1874–76, 8o; and to the following periodicals (the list of articles is not exhaustive, but indicates sources of information).

Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sec.—Izvestiya, Khodzko, iv. 1875; vii. 1882–83; Zapiski—Khodzko, vi. 1864; Weidenbaum, xiii. 1884; Pastukhoff, xvi. 1894.

Russ. Soc. Technology Cauc. Sec.—Zapiski, Khodzko, viii. 1876.

Almanac of the Caucasus, 1882, Biog. of J. Khodzko.

Tiflis Gazette, No. 39, 1829, Parrot.

Military Journal, St. Pet. 1831, Parrot.

Bibliothèque pour la Lecture, St. Pet. 1835, xii. Saveliev.

Gazette of St. Petersburg, 1840, No. 267, Gelmersen. < lang=frp>Journal des Mines, St. Pet. 1841–43. Wagner.

Annales de la Patrie, xxxviii. and L’Abeille du Nord, 7 and 8, St. Pet. 1845, Spassky-Avtonomov.

Le Messager Historique, xlvi. St. Pet. 1891, Paquirev.

Russo-Turkish Wars.

Anon. Coup d’œil sur les provinces nouvellement conquises par les Russes, Venice, 1828, 12o.

Remarques topographiques sur quelques cantons transcaucasiens et sur la Perse (par un médecin de l’armée Russe 1827–28), Nouv. Ann. Voy. xlv. pp. 343–60, Paris, 1830.

Théâtre de la guerre dans la Turquie d’Asie, Nouv. Ann. Voy. xlii. pp. 192–205, Paris, 1829.

Armstrong (T. B.) Journal of travels in the seat of war, during the last two campaigns of Russia and Turkey, Lond. 1831, 8o.

Chesney (F. R.) Russo-Turkish campaigns of 1828 and 1829, Lond. 1854, 8o; and in German in “Das türkische Reich in historisch-statistischen Schilderungen,” Leipz. 1854.

Fonton (F. P.) La Russie dans l’Asie Mineure, ou campagnes du Maréchal Paskévitch en 1828 et 1829, Paris, 1840, 8o.

Monteith (W.) Kars and Erzeroum; campaigns of Prince Paskiewitch in 1828–29, Lond. 1856. 8o.

Notes on Georgia and the New Russian Conquests beyond the Caucasus, and descriptions of frontier of Russia and Persia as settled in 1828–29, privately printed, n.d. 8o pam.

Neumann (C. F.) Die Operations-Linie des Generals Paskewitsch in Asien, Allgem. Preussische Staats-Zeitung, No. 254, 13th Sept.; No. 255, 14th Sept., Berlin, 1829.

Steinle (N.) Die russisch-türkischen Kriege in Europa und Asien, Ulm, 1854, 8o.

Uschakoff. Geschichte der Feldzüge des Generals Paskewitsch in der asiatische Türkei (1828–29), Leipz. 1838.

Anon. Visit to Kars while in the hands of the Russians (June 1856), Fraser’s Mag. lv. 160–173, Lond. 1857.

Duncan (C.) A campaign with the Turks in Asia, Lond. 1855, 2 vols. 8o.

Lake (A.) Kars and our captivity in Russia, Lond. 1856, 8o.

Sandwith (H.) Narrative of the siege of Kars, and travels in Armenia and Lazistan, Lond. 1856, 8o.

Anon. La guerre d’Orient en 1877–78, Paris, 1888.

Etude Critique des Opérations en Turquie d’Asie (1877–78), Constantinople and Leipz., 1896, 8o.

Forbes (A.) and others. Daily News Correspondence of the War between Russia and Turkey, Lond. 1878, 2 vols. 8o.

Greene (F. V.) The Russian army and its campaigns in Turkey in 1877–78, Lond. 1880, 8o.

Norman (C. B.) Armenia and the campaign of 1877, Lond. 1878, 8o.

Ryan (C. S.) and Sandes (J.) Under the Red Crescent (English surgeon at Plevna and Erzerum, 1877–78), Lond. 1897, 8o.

Williams (C.) The Armenian Campaign (1877), Lond. 1878, 8o.

Dottain (E.) La Turquie d’Asie d’après le traité de Berlin, Rev. de Géog. iii. pp. 204–18, Paris, 1878.

Kiepert (H.) Die neue russisch-türkische Grenze in Asien, Globus, xxxiv. p. 102, Brunswick, 1878.

Petermann (A.) Map of districts acquired by Russia by the Berlin Treaty of 1878, Petermann’s Mitth. xxiv. p. 321, Plate 16, Gotha, 1878; see also ibid. pp. 365–68, and Plate 20, and p. 393.

Sstebnizki (J.) Die russisch-türkische Grenze in Klein-Asien nach dem Berliner Tractat von 1878, Petermann’s Mitth. xxviii. pp. 129–32, Gotha, 1882.

Data for Map.

Khodzko (J.) Die russischen Aufnahmen im Kaukasus (Trigonometrical Survey), Petermann’s Mitth. x. pp. 361–67, Gotha, 1862.

Osten-Sacken (C. von) Die internationale Aufnahme der türkisch-persischen Grenze, Petermann’s Mitth. xi. pp. 131–33, Gotha, 1865.

Staritzky. Die katastral Vermessung Transkaukasiens, Petermann’s Mitth. x. pp. 84–86, Gotha, 1864.

Tschirikow (E. I.) Ueber die Arbeiten der persisch-türkischen Gränz-Commission, Erman’s Archive für wissenschaftliche Kunde von Russland, xix. pp. 218–24, Berlin, 1860.

Positions:

Gedeonoff (D.) In Russian. Geographical position of 50 points in Turkish Armenia and Kurdistan from astronomical observations made in 1889. (Extracted from Zapiski of War-topographical Bureau, 1891.) St. Pet. 1891, 4o pam.

Glascott (A. G.) Positions in Kurdistan astronomically determined, Jour. R. Geog. Soc. x. p. 432; note respecting the map of Kurdistan, ibid. pp. 433–34, Lond. 1840.

Kulberg (P. P.) In Russian. Astronomical work in the district of Kars and in Asiatic Turkey (1878). (Note on this article with positions of places in Armenia in Petermann’s Mitth. 1880, p. 154. The field telegraph was used to ascertain longitude.) Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. vi. part i. Tiflis, 1879.

Struve (F. G. W.) Astronomical positions in European Turkey, Mount Caucasus and Asia Minor (1828–32). (Extracted from the Bulletin of the Academy of St. Pet. by H. G. Hamilton.) Jour. R. Geog. Soc. viii. pp. 406–11, Lond. 1838.

Altitudes:

Abich (H.) Ein Cyclus fundamentaler barometrischer Höhenbestimmungen auf dem armenischen Hochlande, Mém. Acad. Sc., sér. 7, xxvii. pp. 1–55, St. Pet. 1880.

Höhen auf dem Wege von Erzerum nach Olti und Artvin, Verhand. Gesell. Erdk. xi. pp. 302–303, Berlin, 1884.

Tables of heights in Armenia. In his Geolog. Forsch. part ii. pp. 367–87. See supra.

Anon. Resultate von Höhenbestimmungen im Kaukasus, in Transkaukasien und in Persien, Erman’s Archive, f. wiss. Kunde von Russland, p. 266, Berlin, 1854.

Charkowsky (P. von) In Russian. List of barometrical altitudes in Trebizond vilayet (1881–82), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. vi. part. i. Tiflis, 1879. See Zeits. Gesell. Erdk. Berlin, 1884, pp. 255–56, for same in German.

In Russian. Altitudes of peaks, passes, etc. on route from Rize through Kyan village to Erzerum, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. vi. Append. 2, pp. 63–64, Tiflis, 1879–81.

Glamasdin (—) In Russian. Heights in the vilayet of Trebizond registered by aneroid in 1882, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. p. 76, Tiflis, 1884–85.

Ilyin (P. A.) In Russian. List of altitudes in Asiatic Turkey barometrically determined (1882), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. pp. 80–82, Tiflis, 1884–85. (Germ. trans. by R. Kiepert in Verh. Gesell. Erdk. Berlin, 1884, pp. 300–302.)

Kiepert (Richard) Höhenmessungen in Armenien und Persien. Translations of three lists of altitudes in the Izvest. I. R. G. Soc. Cauc. Sec.: 1. by D. M. Lupandin, 1881; 2. P. F. Stepanoff, 1881; 3. Positions and altitudes in the district of Kars. Zeits. Gesell. Erdk. xviii. pp. 76–80, Berlin, 1883.

Kusikoff (N. S.) In Russian. Altitudes in Asiatic Turkey determined by aneroid (1880–81), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. pp. 78–79, Tiflis, 1884–85. (Germ. trans. by R. Kiepert in Verh. Gesell. Erdk. Berlin, 1884, pp. 298–99.)

In Russian. Altitudes in Asiatic Turkey and Persia, barometrically determined (1884), Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. pp. 339–43, Tiflis, 1884–85.

Altitudes in government of Erivan and Asiatic Turkey determined in 1884, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. ix. pp. 202–204, Tiflis, 1886–88.

In Russian. Altitudes in Asiatic Turkey, Van, Bitlis, Kharput, and Erzerum vilayets, determined in 1885, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. ix. pp. 392–93, Tiflis, 1886–88.

Routes:

Haussknecht (C.) Routen im Orient (1865–69) nach dessen Original-Aufnahmen redigirt von H. Kiepert, Berlin, 1882.

Tchihatcheff (P. von) Itinerar der kleinasiatischen Reise im Jahre 1858 (vom Verf. durch C. Ritter mitgetheilt; Anmerkungen und Karte von H. Kiepert), Zeits. allgem. Erdk. vi. p. 275, Berlin, 1859.

Reisen und Forschungen in Klein-Asien (1848–58), Petermann’s Mitth. vi. p. 313, Gotha, 1860.

See also Strecker under Travel in the Nineteenth Century.

Maps:

Map of the Turco-Persian frontier made by Russian and English officers in the years 1849–55 (4 miles = 1 inch), Southampton, 1873.

Orographical map of Asiatic Turkey, from the latest sources, coloured to show contours (described in Petermann’s Mitth. 1882, p. 430), Tiflis, 1882.

Reconnaissance survey of north-west Azerbaijan (1894). In library of R.G.S., London.

Carte de la Turquie d’Asie (sans l’Arabie), scale 1:1,000,000, Paris, 1897.

Calvert (H. C.) Map of the country to the north of Erzerum (1857). In library of R.G.S., London.

Khanikoff (N.) Map of Aderbeijan, compiled principally from personal observations and surveys made in the years 1851–55, Berlin, 1862.

Kiepert (H.) Nouvelle carte générale des provinces asiatiques de l’Empire Ottoman (sans l’Arabie) (Railways to 1898), Berlin.

Memoir über die Construction der Karte von Klein-Asien und Türkisch-Armenien in 6 Blätt. von v. Vincke, Fischer, v. Moltke, und Kiepert, Berlin, 1854, 8o.

Statistics.

Cuinet (V.) La Turquie d’Asie, Paris, 1890–95. 4 vols. 4o.

Hippius (A.) Statistische Tabellen von Transkaukasien (from Izvest. Cauc. Sec. Russ. G. Soc. 1889), Petermann’s Mitth. xxxv. p. 178, Gotha, 1889.

Klein (D.) L’Arménie et les Arméniens (estimate of the numbers of the Armenian people), L’Exploration, iv. pp. 267–72, Paris, 1877.

Kondratenko (E.) Ethnographical maps of Transcaucasia (scale 20 versts=1 inch), Zapiski Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. xviii. supplement, Tiflis, 1896.

Kutschera (H.) Administrative Eintheilung und Bevölkerung der asiatischen Türkei, Oesterreichische Monatsschrift f. d. Orient, pp. 153–57, Vienna, 1877.

Macgregor (C. M.) History, Ethnography, Topography and Resources of part of Asiatic Turkey and Caucasia, Calcutta, 1872, 8o.

Michelsen (E. H.) Das türkische Reich in historisch-statistischen Schilderungen, Art. iv., Leipz. 1854.

Mordtmann (A. D.) Officielle Bevölkerungsziffern aus der asiatischen Türkei (from Turkish newspaper Vakyt, 1879), Zeits. Gesell. Erdk. ii. pp. 132–37, Berlin, 1880.

Ravenstein (E. G.) The populations of Russia and Turkey, Jour. Statistical Soc., Lond. 1877.

Schweiger-Lerchenfeld (F. von) Das neue vilajet Wan, Oesterreichische Monatsschrift für den Orient, pp. 42–45, Vienna, 1877.

Seidlitz (N. von) Volkszählung in Tiflis, 1864, Petermann’s Mitth. xi. p. 233, Gotha, 1865.

Ethnographie des Kaukasus (with coloured map), Petermann’s Mitth. xxvi. p. 340, Gotha, 1880.

Selenoy (G. L.) and Seidlitz (N. von) Die Verbreitung der Armenier in der asiatischen Türkei und in Transkaukasien, Petermann’s Mitth. xlii. pp. 1–10, Gotha, 1896.

Stebnitzky (H. J.) Uebersicht der kaukasischen Statthalterschaft, Petermann’s Mitth. xi. p. 121, Gotha, 1865.

Supan (A.) Vertheilung der Armenischen Bevölkerung in Türkisch-Armenien, Kurdistan und Transkaukasien (nach Cuinet, Selenoy und Seidlitz entworfen), Petermann’s Mitth. xlii. Gotha, 1896.

Statistische Notizen über die Kaukasus-Provinzen, Erman’s Archive f. wiss. Kunde von Russland, p. 196, Berlin, 1854.

Die Bevölkerung der Stadt Tiflis (1876), Russische Rev. xvi. St. Pet. 1880.

In Russian. Statistics of Transcaucasia derived from the family lists of 1886, pub. by order of the Civil Government of the Caucasus by the Transcaucasian Statistical Committee, Tiflis, 1893, 4o. See also the Caucasus Calendar, published yearly at Tiflis.

Note on Russian Census of 1897 giving populations of Transcaucasia, Petermann’s Mitth. xliii. pp. 132–34, Gotha, 1897.

See also under Political: British Parl. Papers, various estimates of the population of certain provinces of Asiatic Turkey.

Maloma (J. D.) In Russian. List of inhabited places in districts of Bayazid and Alashkert, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. v. pp. 288–302, Tiflis, 1877–78.

Yeritzoff (A. D.) In Russian. List of inhabited points of Erzerum province, Izvest. Imp. Russ. Geog. Soc. Cauc. Sect. viii. Append. 2, pp. 1–160, Tiflis, 1884–85.

Blau (O.) Ueber Rechtschreibung und Deutung türkischer Ortsnamen, namentlich in Klein-Asien. Note on above by Dr. H. Barth, Petermann’s Mitth. viii. pp. 45–51 and 183–84, Gotha, 1862.

Dwight (H. G. O.) Orthography of Armenian and Turkish proper names, Jour. Amer. Orient. Soc. iv. pp. 119–21, New York, 1854.

Nallino (C. A.) La transcription des noms géographiques arabes, persans et turcs, Bull. Soc. Khédiviale Géog. pp. 205–31, 1894.

For Commerce, etc., see Trade Reports (British) from H.M.’s Consuls at Erzerum, Trebizond, and Diarbekr, commencing with those of 1854 from Erzerum and Trebizond (laid before Parliament in 1856, command No. 2078), and with that of 1856 from Diarbekr (laid in 1857, No. 2285). The Reports previous to these are full of interest, but have not been published. Reports on special subjects by H.M.’s Consuls have from time to time been issued, but do not yet appear to have been indexed.