NOTES
CHAPTER I
2. De Vulg. El. I., 8: alii oc, alii oïl, alii si affirmando loquuntur, and Vita Nuova, xxv. Dante also knew the term provincialis.
3. Boethius. F. Hündgen, Oppeln, 1884. For Sainte Foy d'Agen, see Romania xxxi., p, 177 ff.
4. P. Meyer in Romania v., p. 257. Bédier, Les chansons de Croisade, Paris, 1909, p. 16.
CHAPTER II
7. Provençal has also the feminine joia with the general meaning of "delight."
9. Raynouard, Les Troubadours et les Cours d'Amour, Paris, 1817; see also Diez, Über die Minnehöfe, Berlin, 1825. Pio Rajna, Le Corti d'Amore, Milan, 1890.
CHAPTER III
12. Girart de Roussillon, translation by P. Meyer, Paris, 1884: see also Romania, vii. Diplomatic copies of the MSS. in Romanische Studien V. Le Roman de Flamenca, P. Meyer, Paris, 1901.
13. J. B. Beck, Die Melodien der Troubadours, Strasburg, 1908. La Musique des Troubadours, Paris, 1910, by the same author, who there promised a selection of songs harmonized for performance: this has not yet appeared. See also Quatre poésies de Marcabrun, Jeanroy, Dejeanne and Aubry, Paris, 1904, with texts, music, and translations.
14. Schindler, Die Kreuzzüge in der altprovenzalischen und mittelhochdeutschen lyrik., Dresden, 1889. K. Lewent, Das altprovenzalische Kreuzlied, Berlin, 1905.
15. A. Pillet, Studien zur Pastourelle, Breslau, 1902. Römer, Die volkstümlichen Dichtungsarten der altprovenzalischen Lyrik, Marburg, 1884.
16. Quae judicia de litteris fecerint Provinciales. P. Andraud, Paris, 1902.
17. From Si'm sentis fizels amics, quoted by Dante, De Vulg. El. i. 9.
CHAPTER IV
18. "Paubre motz"; also interpreted as "scanty words," i.e. poems with short lines. On Jaufre Rudel in literature, see a lecture by Carducci, Bologna 1888. The latest theory of his mysterious love is that she was the Virgin Mary; see C. Appel, Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, cvii. 3-4.
19. Mahn, Gedichte, no. 707. An edition of Bernard de Ventadour's poems is in preparation by Prof. Appel.
CHAPTER V
24. On his family see Stronski, Folquet de Marseille, p. 15 and 159-172.
25. See G. Paris, La Littérature française au moyen âge, § 128.
CHAPTER VI
26. The best short account of the Albigenses is to be found in vol. i. of H.C. Lea's Histoire de L'Inquisition au moyen âge, Paris, 1903. This, the French translation, is superior to the English edition as it contains the author's last corrections, and a number of bibliographical notes. The Adoptionist theory is stated in the introduction to F.C. Conybeare's Key of Truth, Oxford, 1908. The Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, P. Meyer, Paris, 1875, 2 vols., is indispensable to students of the subject. In these works will be found much of the extensive bibliography of the heresy and crusade.
27. Eckbertus, Serm. adv. Catharos, Migne, Patr. Lat., tom. 193. p. 73.
28. Cf. Milman, Latin Christianity, Book IX. chap. viii. p. 85.
29. On religious lyric poetry, see Lowinsky, Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Litteratur, xx. p. 163 ff., and the bibliographical note to Stimming's article in Gröber's Grundriss, vol. ii. part ii. § 32.
CHAPTER VII
Most histories of Italian literature deal with this subject. See Gaspary's Italian Literature to the death of Dante: H. Oelsner, Bohn's Libraries. See also the chapter, La poésie française en Italie in Jeanroy's Origines. For Dante, see Storia letteraria d'Italia, scritta di una società di professori, Milan, vol. iii., Dante, by Zingarelli. The Troubadours of Dante, Chaytor, Oxford, 1902. Useful are A. Thomas, Francesco da Barberino et la littérature provençale en Italie au moyen âge, Paris, 1883. O. Schultz, Die Lebensverhältnisse der Italienischen Trobadors, Berlin, 1883.
30. Schultz, Die Briefe des Trobadors Raimbaut de Vaqueiras an Bonifaz I., Halle, 1883.
31. Zingarelli, Intorno a due Trovatori in Italia, Florence, 1899.
CHAPTER VIII
Milà y Fontañals, Los trovadores en España, Barcelona, 1861, remains the best work on the subject. On Portugal, the article in Gröber's Grundriss, ii. 2, p. 129, by C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos and Th. Braga is admirable: see the bibliographical references there given and the introduction to R. Lang, Das Liederbuch des Königs Denis von Portugal, Halle, 1894.
32. The date of this poem is disputed, see Dr Dejeanne's edition of Marcabrun, p. 235.
33. F. Guessard, Grammaires Provençales, Paris, 1858; E. Stengel, Die beiden ältesten prov. Gram., Marburg, 1878.
CHAPTER IX
Troubadour influence in Germany is discussed at greater or less length in most histories of German literature. See Jeanroy, Origines, p. 270 ff. A. Lüderitz, Die Liebestheorien der Provenzalen bei den Minnesingern der Slauferzeit, Literarhistorische Forschungen, Berlin, 1904.
For France. A. Jeanroy, De nostratibus medii aevi poetis qui primum Aquitaniae carmina imitati sint, Paris, 1889.
For England. Schofield, English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer, London, 1906. O. Heider, Untersuchungen zur mittelenglischen erotischen Lyrik, Halle, 1905. A. Brandl, Spielmann's verhältnisse in frühmittelenglischer Zeit, Sitzungs-berichte der Königl. preuss., Akademie, 1910.
35. See introduction to Leo Wiese, Die Lieder des Blondel de Nesle, Dresden, 1904, p. 19 ff.
37. K. Böddeker, Altenglische Dichtungen des MS. Harl. 2253, Berlin, 1878.
38. Modern Language Review, vol. 1. p. 285; vol. ii. p. 60, articles by Prof. Skeat.
39. P. Leinig, Grammatik der provenzalischen Leys d'amors verglichen mit der Sprache der Troubadours, Breslau, 1890. M. Gatien. Arnoult, Monuments de la littérature romane, Toulouse, 1841.
40. Histoire critique de l'Académie des Jeux Floraux, by F. de Gélis from the origin to the 17th century will appear shortly in the Bibliothèque meridionale, Toulouse. Useful anthologies of modern Provençal are Flourilège prouvençau, Toulon, 1909: Antologia provenzale, E Portal, Milan, Hoepli, 1911 (Manuali Hoepli).