Grasses

by H. Marshall Ward

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Some foreign grasses (Andropogon, Panicum, &c.) have solid stems, and in Psamma and some others the lower parts may be solid.

[2] Leaf-stalks occur in tropical Bamboos.

[3] Tropical Bamboos branch in the upper parts and are woody. Dinochloa and Olyra are climbing grasses.

[4] Except, of course, in cases of virgin ground rapidly occupied by the seedlings.

[5] The most marked exceptions are the lemon-scented grasses (especially Andropogon) of India and Ceylon.

[6] The pale flanking lines seen in many grasses on each side of the mid-rib are the series of motor-cells referred to on p. [25].

[7] They may have short microscopic asperities, but there are no distinct long hairs.

[8] Very like a Poa when opened out, but the leaves are scabrid at the sheaths.

[9] Strictly speaking a spike is an axis bearing sessile flowers—not sessile spikelets: in Grasses, however, the conventional abbreviated term is sanctioned by long usage. The same applies to the panicle, &c.

[10] See note, p. [87].

[11] See note, p. [87].

[12] This term does not necessarily imply any botanical relationship with the true Millets (Panicum), but merely that the caryopsis is short and broad as in these grasses.

[13] In cases where the “seed" has fallen from the glumes the sample will usually show some of the latter lying loose.

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INDEX,
GLOSSARY AND LIST OF SYNONYMS.

Figures in bold type (25) refer to pages whereon the species or subject is more particularly dealt with; figures in italics (25) refer to pages containing illustrations.

• Achene, [123]
• Acicular—bristle-like
• Acuminate—tapering to a long point, [21], [139], [146], [147]
• Acute—simply pointed, [19], [21]
• Adaptations, [20], [24], [36], [37], [70], [124], [125], [132]
• Adventitious roots, [8], [131]
• Agriculture, [2], [3]
• Agropyrum—Wheat-grass, [11], [14], [22], [25], [26], [36], [49], [50], [51], [57], [69], [88], [90], [91], [106], [107], [108], [144], [150], [167], [170], [171];
  • A. caninum, [7], [21], [28], [34], [57], [80], [92], [107], [150], [168], [169], [170];
  • A. junceum—var. of A. repens, [21], [29], [33], [35], [36], [57], [66], [81], [102], [107];
  • A. repens, [7], [30], [57], [80], [81], [93], [102], [106], [149], [150], [169], [170]
• Agrostis—Bent-grass, [7], [15], [22], [25], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [57], [82], [88], [89], [91], [103], [104], [105], [112], [118], [125], [136], [137], [141], [144], [145], [159], [160], [161];
  • A. alba, [7], [11], [13], [14], [28], [29], [32], [33], [34], [51], [52], [69], [92], [104], [144], [145], [162];
  • A. canina, [7], [11], [20], [28], [29], [37], [51], [52], [104], [161], [162];
  • A. setacea, [31], [104], [161], [162];
  • A. Spica-venti, [31], [104], [130], [161], [162];
  • A. stolonifera—var. of A. alba, [14], [51], [52], [104], [145];
  • A. vulgaris—var. of A. alba, [29], [51], [52], [66], [104], [145]
• Aira—Hair-grass, [6], [20], [21], [36], [48], [88], [89], [90], [91], [103], [104], [105], [106], [110], [112], [117], [118], [125], [127], [138], [141], [144], [145], [159], [162];
  • A. alpina—var. of A. cæspitosa;
  • A. canescens, [8], [11], [14], [32], [47], [66], [78], [91], [112], [159];
  • A. caryophyllea, [8], [10], [14], [29], [32], [46], [118], [160];
  • A. cæspitosa, [6], [11], [14], [22], [23], [25], [28], [33], [37], [41], [47], [48], [63], [65], [68], [69], [77], [104], [106], [117], [128], [160], [161];
  • A. flexuosa, [7], [11], [14], [29], [33], [34], [46], [68], [70], [71], [79], [118], [158], [160], [161], [171];
  • A. montana—var. of A. flexuosa;
  • A. setacea—var. of A. flexuosa;
  • A. præcox, [8], [10], [29], [30], [32], [47], [91], [112], [160]
• Air-spaces, [21], [39], [40], [62]
• Aleurone layer, [121], [122], [123]
• Alopecurus, [25], [53], [55], [88], [89], [90], [93], [101], [109], [110], [119], [124], [152], [153], [155];
  • [178] A. alpinus, [31], [101], [156];
  • A. agrestis, [7], [18], [30], [50], [52], [53], [101], [155], [156];
  • A. bulbosus—var. of A. geniculatus, [8], [9], [156];
  • A. fulvus—var. of A. geniculatus, [156];
  • A. geniculatus, [7], [9], [11], [14], [15], [28], [29], [33], [40], [48], [52], [53], [101], [155], [156];
  • A. pratensis, [7], [11], [13], [14], [18], [28], [32], [49], [50], [51], [52], [55], [82], [101], [155], [156]
• Alpine Foxtail—Alopecurus alpinus
• Alpine Meadow-grass—Poa alpina
• Alpine Poa—Poa alpina
• Alps, [36], [37]
• Ammophila—Psamma;
  • A. arundinacea—Psamma arenaria
• Amphicarpum, [120]
• Anatomy, [62]-71, [95]
• Andropogon, [4], [27]
• Andropogoneæ, [122]
• Animal-distribution of seeds, [125]
• Animals killed by grasses, [127]
• Annual Beard-grass—Polypogon monspeliensis
• Annual grasses, [10], [11], [37], [43], [59], [114]
• Annual Meadow-grass—Poa annua
• Anther, [93], [94], [119]
• Anthesis—the period of opening of the flower, [96]
• Anthoxanthum—Vernal grass, [11], [13], [22], [26], [27], [36], [56], [58], [60], [83], [87], [88], [90], [91], [94], [97], [110], [119], [124], [136], [152], [154];
  • A. odoratum, [7], [28], [32], [33], [34], [57], [76], [102], [103], [154];
  • A. Puelii, [67], [154]
• Anti-ligular peg, [41]
• Apera—Agrostis;
  • A. Spica-venti—Agrostis Spica-venti
• Apex of leaf, [19], [21], 22
• Apogamy, [134]
• Appressed hairs, [65]
• Aquatic grasses, [27], [28], [39], [62], [103], [111], [112], [113]
• Arctic species, [37]
• Aristida, [36];
  • A. hygrometrica, [127]
• Arrhenatherum—False Oat, [6], [11], [13], [14], [17], [26], [32], [55], [56], [58], [60], [61], [66], [89], [90], [91], [92], [119], [152], [155], [157];
  • A. avenaceum, [6], [8], [25], [28], [33], [34], [56], [66], [77], [93], [106], [129], [157]
• Arundo—Reed, [11], [14], [19], [20], [37], [40], [68], [69], [90], [91], [93], [103], [125], [130], [131], [139], [146], [171];
  • A. Donax, [21], [75];
  • A. Phragmites, [2], [6], [29], [32], [40], [51], [55], [66], [75], [138]
• Asperities—minute stiff hairs giving roughness to the touch, [24], [45], [65], [66], [75], [77], [127]
• Auricles—ear-like projections at base of leaf-blade, [22], [133]
• Avena, [5], [15], [21], [23], [47], [54], [56], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [95], [104], [106], [116], [117], [125], [127], [138], [155], [157], [158];
  • A. alpina—var. of A. pratensis;
  • A. elatior—Arrhenatherum avenaceum;
  • A. fatua, [28], [77], [117], [156], [157];
  • A. flavescens, [7], [11], [13], [18], [26], [28], [56], [60], [61], [81], [117], [158], [161];
  • A. pratensis, [7], [11], [14], [20], [21], [22], [25], [27], [47], [56], [61], [63], [66], [81], [117], [156], [157];
  • A. pubescens—var. of A. pratensis, [16], [26], [27], [32], [33], [56], [61], [68], [157];
  • A. strigosa—var. of A. fatua
• Aveneæ, [122]
• Awn, [91], [92], [95], [99]-118, [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [142], [144], [151], [153], [154], [159], [160], [162], [163], [164], [166], [167], [168], [169], [170], [171], [173]
• Awned grasses, [92], [99]-101, [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [151]-174
• Awned Nit-grass—Gastridium lendigerum
• Awnless Brome—Bromus inermis
• Awnless grasses, [93], [104], [105], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [138]-151
• Awn-point, [114], [115], [116], [123], [131], [150]
  
• Ballast plants, [30]
• Bamboos, [1], [5], [6], [37], [38], [96], [97], [123]
• Bambusa, [96]
• Barge-shaped “seeds," [128], [163], [164], [168]
• Barley—Hordeum, [120], [132], [133], 163
  
• [179] Barley-type of “seed," [138], [162]
• Barren Brome—Bromus sterilis
• Barren flowers, [86], [89], [90], [99], [100]
• Basal-awn, [92], [128], [129], [130], [159]
• Basal hair-tufts, [138], [158], [159], [160], [161]
• Base of leaf, [18], [19], [20], [22]
• Bast-sclerenchyma, [70]
• Bearded Darnel—Lolium temulentum
• Bearded Wheat-grass—Agropyrum caninum
• Beard-grass—Polypogon
• Bent-grass—Agrostis
• Bent-grass—Agrostis canina
• Bermuda grass—Cynodon Dactylon
• Biennial grasses, [10], [43]
• Bifid—cleft into two teeth, [95]
• Bitter-tasting grasses, [58], [59]
• Blade of leaf, [17], [18], [19], [20], [22], [23], [24], [26]
• Blue Moor-grass—Sesleria cærulea
• Boat-shaped “seeds," [127], [128], [129], [138], [142], [143], [144], [167], [168], [169], [170]
• Bœhmer’s Phleum—Phleum Bœhmeri
• Brachypodium—False Brome, [11], [14], [20], [60], [70], [88], [90], [107], [108], [109], [165], [167];
  • B. pinnatum, [7], [34], [61], [78], [93], [107], [130], [168], [170], [171];
  • B. sylvaticum, [7], [26], [28], [33], [34], [60], [61], [76], [78], [92], [107], [128], [164], [168], [171]
• Bracteoles, [95], [96], [97]
• Bracts, [94], [97]
• Branching, [6], [11]
• Branching of inflorescence, [83]
• Bristle-grass—Setaria
• Bristle-leafed Bent-grass—Agrostis setacea
• Bristle-like leaves, [16], [21], [24], [45]
• Bristle Oat—Avena strigosa
• Bristles, [67], [125], [130]
• Briza—Quaking-grass, [14], [16], [22], [25], [90], [91], [92], [104], [136];
  • B. media, [8], [11], [17], [27], [32], [45], [66], [77], [112], [142];
  • B. minor, [10], [17], [45], [112], [142]
• Brome—Bromus, [166], [167]
• Bromus—Brome-grass, [6], [10], [14], [17], [26], [44], [51], [59], [61], [76], [90], [91], [92], [95], [103], [104], [107], [115], [117], [144], [151], [168];
  • B. Alopecurus, [95];
  • B. arvensis, [7], [8], [11], [27], [30], [32], [43], [44], [76], [108], [115], [128], [166], [167];
  • B. asper, [6], [11], [17], [20], [22], [26], [28], [33], [34], [43], [44], [59], [76], [115], [116], [164], [165], [168];
  • B. commutatus—B. racemosus;
  • B. diandrus—B. madritensis;
  • B. erectus, [7], [11], [13], [14], [43], [51], [70], [100], [164], [165], [166];
  • B. giganteus, [6], [11], [28], [33], [34], [43], [44], [51], [76], [82], [115], [116], [165], [166];
  • B. inermis, [13], [22], [31], [43], [167];
  • B. madritensis, [31], [116], [166];
  • B. maximus, [31], [116], [166];
  • B. mollis—var. of B. arvensis, [8], [26], [43], [44], [108], [115], [143], [166], [167];
  • B. multiflorus—var. of B. arvensis;
  • B. racemosus—var. of B. arvensis;
  • B. Schraderi, [167];
  • B. secalinus—var. of B. arvensis, [115], [166], [167];
  • B. sterilis, [7], [11], [27], [30], [32], [43], [44], [76], [116], [131], [165], [172]
• Brown Bent—Agrostis canina
• Buds, [12]
• Bulbous Meadow-grass—Poa bulbosa
• Bulbous Poa—Poa bulbosa
• Bulbs, [8], [37], [114]
  
• Calamagrostis—Small reed, [29], [40], [88], [89], [125], [138];
  • C. Epigeios, [31], [70], [78], [103], [159];
  • C. lanceolata, [31], [66], [103], [138];
  • C. strigosa, [103], [159];
  • C. stricta, [31], [103], [159]
• Canary grass—Phalaris canariensis
• Carpel, [97], [121]
• Caryopsis—the true fruit of the grass, [121], [122], [123], [124], [127], [128], [132], [134], [135]
• Catabrosa—Whorl-grass, [14], [21], [23], [29], [40], [63], [84], [88], [90], [91], [92], [104], [105], [118], [146];
  • C. aquatica, [12], [25], [31], [73], [112], [142]
• Cat’s-tail grass—Phleum
• Cat’s-tail type of inflorescence, [100]
• [180] Cells, [65]
• Cereals, [1]
• Chaff, [85], [134]
• Chalk-fleeing, [35]
• Chalk species, [27], [32], [35]
• Chamagrostis—Mibora
• Chlorophyll, [2], [62], [70], [72], [73], [95]
• Cinna, [97]
• Circular shoot sections, [16], [43]
• Classification according to anatomical characters of leaf, [72]-82
• Classification according to floral characters, [97], [99]-118
• Classification according to characters of seed, [135]-174
• Classification according to vegetative characters, [39]-61
• Classification of seedlings, [133]
• Clay species, [32]
• Cleistogamous—when pollination and fertilisation are completed in flowers which do not open, [120]
• Climbing grasses, [6]
• Close panicle—an inflorescence in which the primary branches do not diverge widely from the rachis, [110]
• Cock’s-foot—Dactylis glomerata, [83]
• Cockspur Panicum—Panicum Crusgalli
• Collar, [58], [123]
• Coloured nodes, [15]
• Coloured sheath, [18]
• Coma, [125]
• Common Cat’s-tail—Phleum pratense
• Common Dog’s-tail—Cynosurus cristatus
• Common Foxtail—Alopecurus pratensis
• Common Mat-grass—Nardus stricta
• Common Quaking-grass—Briza media
• Common Reed—Arundo Phragmites
• Compact Brome—Bromus madritensis
• Composites, [2], [125]
• Compressed shoots, [15], [16], [40], [41], [48], [53]
• Conduplicate—folded, [15], [16], [20], [63]
• Convolute—inrolled, [15], [16], [63]
• Copses, grasses of, [28], [34]
• Coracle-shaped “seeds," [128], [137], [166], [167]
• Cord-grass—Spartina stricta
• Coriaceous—leathery, [21]
• Corn, [1]
• Corn-field species, [28]
• Corn-type of fruit, [136], [138], [167]
• Corynephorus canescens—Aira canescens
• Cotton-grass—Eriophorum
• Couch-grass—Agropyrum repens.
  • See also Twitch, [150]
• Creeping Fescue—Festuca rubra
• Creeping grasses, [12], [13], [14], [15]
• Creeping grass-seeds, [127]
• Creeping Soft-grass—Holcus lanatus—Holcus mollis
• Creeping stem, [12]
• Crested Dog’s-tail—Cynosurus cristatus
• Crested Kœleria—Kœleria cristata
• Cross-breeds, [120]
• Cross-fertilisation, [119], [120]
• Crypsis, [123]
• Culms, [14], [37], [83]
• Curved Lepturus—Lepturus incurvatus
• Cuspidate—ending suddenly in a short point, [135]
• Cut-grass—Leersia
• Cuticle, [68], [70]
• Cutinized, cuticularized—impregnated with corky substance, [64]
• Cylindrical inflorescence, [90]
• Cylindrical “seed," [173]
• Cynodon—Dog’s-tooth grass, [14], [65], [67], [69], [87], [90], [105];
  • C. Dactylon, [15], [31], [72], [137]
• Cynosurus—Dog’s-tail, [14], [18], [25], [49], [50], [52], [81], [88], [89], [90], [93], [103], [130], [148], [151], [171];
  • C. cristatus, [7], [11], [13], [23], [28], [32], [50], [80], [108], [147], [148];
  • C. echinatus, [100], [108]
    
• Dactylis—Cock’s-foot, [11], [13], [14], [16], [20], [26], [41], [63], [83], [88], [89], [90], [181] [91], [93], [103], [148], [158];
  • D. glomerata, [7], [16], [17], [27], [32], [33], [34], [41], [65], [66], [69], [74], [109], [149], [150], [151]
• Darnel—Lolium perenne—Lolium temulentum
• Decumbent Heath-grass—Triodia decumbens
• Dehiscent fruits, [123]
• Depauperated—starved and consequently dwarfed, [109]
• Deschampsia cæspitosa—Aira cæspitosa
• Deschampsia flexuosa—Aira flexuosa
• Digitaria—Panicum
• Digitate—spread out like fingers, [15]
• Digraphis—Reed-grass, [6], [11], [13], [26], [40], [41], [51], [55], [69], [73], [75], [90], [91], [92], [103], [131], [139], [146], [159];
  • D. arundinacea, [6], [16], [23], [29], [32], [54], [64], [75], [103], [139], [150]
• Dimensions of grasses, [6]
• Dinochloa, [6]
• Diœcious, unisexual, the male and female flowers being on separate plants, [119]
• Disarticulation of fruits, [124]
• Dissemination, [125], [127]
• Distichous—in two ranks on the axis, [106]
• Distribution of grasses, [2], [37], [38]
• Distribution of seeds, [124]-127
• Distribution of sexes, [119]
• Ditches, grasses of, [28], [29]
• Dog’s-tooth grass—Cynodon Dactylon
• Dorsal awn, [92], [112], [116], [130], [159]
• Double seed—grass “seed" where the remains of a second flower come away with the first, [152], [153]
• Downs, grasses of, [29]
• Downy Oat—Avena pubescens
• Dry leaves, [21]
• Dry situations, [24], [26], [29]
• Dry soils, [29], [32]
• Duration, [10]
• Dwarfed species, [6]
  
• Early Hair-grass—Aira præcox
• Ears, [19], [22], [57], [59]
• Echinochloa—Panicum
• Effects of grasses on soil, [35], [36]
• Egg-cell, [121]
• Eleusine, [123]
• Elliptical shoot-section, [16], [44]
• Elymus—Lyme-grass, [6], [13], [14], [21], [22], [25], [36], [48], [57], [63], [65], [69], [79], [90], [92], [102], [170];
  • E. arenarius, [6], [29], [33], [35], [36], [48], [66], [67], [108], [149], [150]
• Embryo, [121], [131], [133]
• Embryo-sac, [121]
• Embryonic bud—plumule, [123]
• Embryonic roots, [123], [133]
• Endosperm, [120], [121], [122], [123]
• Energy stored in leaves, [2], [3]
• Entire—not cut: with unbroken outline, [19]
• Entire sheath, [17]
• Entire-sheathed grasses, [17], [39], [113], [115]
• Epidermis, [25], [36], [62]-67, [70], [76], [122]
• Equitant—one folded leaf straddling over another, [39], [41]
• Eriophorum, [3]
• Extra-vaginal shoots, [12]
  
• False Oat—Arrhenatherum avenaceum
• Female flowers, [89]
• Fertile flowers, [86], [89], [90]
• Fertilisation—the fusion of the nucleus of the pollen-tube with that of the egg-cell, [121]
• Fescue—Festuca, [115], [130], [137], [144], [148], [151], [172]
• Festuca—Fescue, [2], [6], [7], [15], [21], [25], [36], [49], [51], [53], [90], [91], [92], [108], [109], [110], [113], [114], [116], [124], [144], [147];
  • F. arundinacea—var. of F. elatior, [144], [151];
  • F. calamaria—F. sylvatica;
  • F. duriuscula—var. of F. ovina, [46], [69], [78], [80], [147], [172], [173];
  • F. elatior, [6], [7], [11], [13], [14], [18], [19], [22], [25], [28], [32], [44], [50], [51], [63], [64], [82], [84], [108], [111], [115], [116], [128], [131], [143], [144];
  • F. gigantea—Bromus giganteus;
  • F. heterophylla—var. of F. ovina, [182] 13, [46], [69], [71], [78], [80], [147], [172], [173];
  • F. uniglumis, [31], [92], [111];
  • F. loliacea—var. of F. elatior, [90], [108];
  • F. Myurus, [8], [10], [14], [19], [20], [28], [46], [90], [91], [92], [99], [111], [115], [130], [166], [171], [173];
  • F. ovina, [7], [8], [11], [13], [14], [19], [20], [22], [24], [28], [32], [33], [36], [45], [46], [68], [69], [70], [79], [111], [112], [115], [116], [134], [147], [151], [171], [172];
  • F. pratensis—var. of F. elatior, [7], [19], [24], [49], [63], [64], [84], [111], [143], [144];
  • F. procumbens—Poa procumbens;
  • F. rigida—Poa rigida;
  • F. rubra, var. of F. ovina, [7], [13], [14], [18], [24], [33], [46], [69], [78], [80], [147], [151], [171], [172];
  • F. sabulicola—F. rubra, [46];
  • F. sciuroides—var. of F. Myurus, [25], [26], [46];
  • F. sylvatica, [6], [11], [14], [28], [34], [116], [131], [147];
  • F. tenuifolia—var. of F. ovina, [46], [148], [172];
  • F. vivipara—var. of F. ovina
• Festuceæ, [122]
• Fibichia umbellata—Cynodon Dactylon
• Fibrous roots, [8]
• Fibrous Twitch—Agropyrum caninum
• Field Brome—Bromus arvensis
• Filament, [94]
• Fine Bent—Agrostis vulgaris
• Finger-grass—Panicum glabrum
• Fiorin—Agrostis alba
• Firing, [35], [38]
• Flanking lines, [41], [53], [63], [73], [74]
• Flat leaves, [20], [47], [77]
• Flat shoots, [15], [16], [20]
• Flattened Meadow-grass—Poa compressa
• Flavour, [27]
• Fleshy fruits, [123]
• Floating leaves, [39]
• Floating Foxtail—Alopecurus geniculatus
• Floating Meadow-grass—Glyceria fluitans
• Floating Sweet-grass—Glyceria fluitans
• Floral diagram, [94], [95], [96]
• Flower, [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [89], [90], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97], [99], [105], [106], [112]
• Flowering glume—the outer palea
• Flowering stem, [83], [84]
• Flying Bent—Molinia cærulea
• Folded leaves, [15], [16], [20], [24], [25], [63], [69], [70], [74]
• Foreign grasses, [30]
• Forestry, [3]
• Forest species, [27], [28], [33]
• Form of lamina, [19], [20]
• Foxtail grass—Alopecurus
• Foxtail type of inflorescence, [9], [88], [100]
• Fructification—fruiting, [120]
• Fruit, [119], [123], [125], [126], [129], [134], [135]-174
• Fruit-coats, [121], [122]
• Functions of awns, [95], [125], [126], [127]
• Functions of ears, [19]
• Functions of leaves, [2]
• Functions of ligule, [18], [19]
• Functions of lodicules, [96]
• Functions of spear, [132]
• Furrows, [23], [78]
  
• Gastridium—Nit-grass, [90], [91], [101], [103], [105];
  • G. lendigerum, [31]
• Germination, [123], [131]-133
• Germination of pollen-grain, [120], [121]
• Giant Fescue—Festuca gigantea
• Girders—supporting bands of sclerenchyma running in the principal ribs and ridges, [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [74]-80
• Glabrous—devoid of hairs, [18], [19], [22], [26], [45], [48], [80], [168]
• Glaucous—pale sea-green, usually due to a waxy bloom, [22]
• Glume, [85], [86], [87], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [99]-118, [124], [125], [127], [130], [134], [135], [136], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156]
• Glyceria—Sweet-grass, [6], [14], [20], [21], [37], [40], [54], [67], [90], [91], [92], [136], [137], [138], [146], [148];
  • G. aquatica, [6], [11], [16], [17], [25], [26], [28], [39] [54], [69], [73], [103], [111], [112], [113], [142], [145];
  • G. distans—Poa distans;
  • G. fluitans, [6], [11], [16], [17], [183] [25], [28], [32], [39], [40], [54], [64], [66], [69], [73], [111], [113], [128], [145];
  • G. maritima—Poa maritima;
  • G. procumbens—Poa procumbens;
  • G. rigida—Poa rigida
• Grain, [86], [95], [121], [122], [127], [135]
• Graminaceæ, characters, [3], [36], [37]
• Gramineæ, see Graminaceæ
• Grass, origin of the word, [3]
• Grass carpets, [2], [37]
• Grasses, identification of, [3], [4]
• Grazing, [27]
• Grey Hair-grass—Aira canescens
• Grooved leaf, [69], [70], [71], [79]
• Grooved sheath, [18]
• Gynerium, [89]
  
• Habit, [13], [34]
• Habitats, [27]-31
• Hair-grass—Aira
• Hairs, [18], [19], [21], [24], [26], [62], [64], [66], [67], [91], [125], [130], [131], [138], [139], [144]
• Hair-tufts, [59], [123], [125], [129], [158]
• Hairy grasses, [18], [19], [21], [22], [23], [26], [57], [76], [81]
• Hairy Brome—Bromus asper
• Hairy “seeds," [168]
• Half-shade species, [34]
• Halophytes, [36]
• Hard Fescue—Festuca duriuscula
• Hard-grass—Lepturus
• Hard leaves, [21], [47]
• Hard Meadow-grass—Poa rigida
• Hardy Bamboos, [38]
• Hare’s-tail—Lagurus
• Harsh leaves, [21]
• Haulm, [83]
• Havers—Avena fatua
• Hay, [27], [37]
• Heath False-Brome—Brachypodium pinnatum
• Heath-grass—Triodia decumbens
• Heath-grasses, [20], [29], [36]
• Height, [6]
• Heleochloa, [123]
• Herbaceous—of the ordinary soft texture of herbs, [6], [21], [91]
• Heterodera, [10]
• Heterophylly, [71]
• Heteropogon contortus, [127]
• Hierochloe—Holy-grass, [20], [27], [66], [73], [91], [92], [105], [155];
  • H. borealis, [30], [65]
• Hill-pastures, [29]
• Hispid—covered with stiff and rather long hairs, [58]
• Histology, [62]-71, [122]
• Holcus—Soft grass, [8], [22], [26], [27], [56], [89], [90], [91], [93], [106], [119], [125], [148], [151], [152], [153], [155];
  • H. lanatus, [7], [11], [13], [14], [17], [23], [26], [28], [30], [32], [34], [59], [65], [69], [81], [106], [143], [151], [152];
  • H. mollis, [11], [28], [30], [33], [59], [106], [153]
• Holy-grass—Hierochloe
• Hooded leaf-apex, [21]
• Hook-hairs, [65]
• Hordeum—Barley, [10], [20], [22], [26], [44], [59], [88], [89], [90], [92], [99], [100], [108], [127], [134], [163];
  • H. jubatum, [125];
  • H. maritimum, [8], [10], [29], [33], [59], [100], [163];
  • H. murinum, [8], [10], [14], [21], [30], [50], [59], [76], [100], [125], [162], [163];
  • H. pratense, [7], [11], [14], [21], [22], [28], [58], [100], [163];
  • H. sylvaticum, [7], [11], [14], [28], [34], [44], [58], [59], [100], [105], [162]
• Humus species, [33], [35]
• Hybrids, [120]
• Hydrophytes—plants requiring much water, and therefore aquatic or semi-aquatic, [37]
• Hygrophilous species—hydrophytes, [70]
  
• Imperfect—rudimentary or staminate, [105]
• Inconspicuously awned grasses, [93]
• Indicator-plants, [31], [32], [34]
• Inflorescence, [5], [9], [12], [15], [83], [86]-91, [97], [99], [102], [103], [105], [106], [109]-118, [119]
• Infolding of leaves, [20], [23], [25], [62], [63], [64]
• Inrolling of leaves, [20], [23], [25], [46], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [69], [75], [78], [79], [80]
• Intercellular spaces, [37]
• Internode, [8], [17]
• Intra-vaginal shoots, [12], [13]
• Introduced grasses, [30]
• Involute—rolled inwards, [20], [47] [184]
• Irritability of seedlings, [132]
• Italian Rye-grass—Lolium italicum
  
• Keel, [18], [23], [26], [63], [68], [69], [91], [113], [127], [140], [144], [146], [147], [148], [149], [151]
• Keeled grasses, [26], [74]
• Knappia—Mibora
• Kneed awns, [129], [130], [151], [153], [154], [158]
• Kneed stem, [9]
• Knot-grass—Polygonum
• Kœleria, [11], [14], [19], [20], [25], [26], [90], [91], [92], [101], [103], [110], [141], [146], [149];
  • K. cristata, [8], [29], [32], [66], [81], [109], [148], [149]
    
• Lacunæ—air-spaces, [70], [73]
• Lagurus—Hare’s-tail, [76], [88], [90], [92], [100], [101], [109];
  • L. ovatus, [31]
• Lamina—the blade of the leaf, [63]-71, [95]
• Lanceolate—narrow and tapering at both ends, [163]
• Lanceolate-acuminate—lanceolate, but the upper end drawn out to a long point, [163]
• Large grasses, [6]
• Lawns, [10], [37]
• Lax—loose, the spikelets on slender branches some distance apart, [110], [117]
• Layed shoots, [15]
• Leaf, [17]-27, [39]-61, [95], [133]
• Leaf anatomy, [62]-71, [72]-82
• Leaf-apex, [21]
• Leaf-base, [10], [22], [40]
• Leaf-blade—Lamina
• Leaf characters, [4], [20]-27
• Leaf-margin, [22], [44], [66]
• Leaf-section, [16], [20], [62]-72
• Leaf-stalk—Petiole
• Leaf-surface, [22], [65], [66], [67]
• Least Quaking-grass—Briza minor
• Leathery leaves, [21]
• Leersia—Cut-grass, [67], [70], [77], [90], [91], [92], [105], [120];
  • L. oryzoides, [30], [66], [137]
• Leguminosæ, [3]
• Lepturus, [87], [90], [99];
  • L. filiformis—L. incurvatus;
  • L. incurvatus, [31]
• Ligule, [18], [19], [45], [46], [51], [95], [113], [133]
• Limestone species, [32]
• Linear—at least five times as long as broad, with parallel straight sides, [19]
• Linear-acuminate—linear, but tapering to a long point at the apex, [19]
• Linear-acute—linear, but pointed at the apex, [39]
• Linear-lanceolate—linear, but tapering at both ends, [19], [20], [163], [168]
• Linear-oblong—oblong, but drawn out so that the sides are parallel for some distance, [16]
• Local grasses, [30], [31]
• Lodicules, [86], [87], [95], [96], [97]
• Lolium—Rye-grass, [13], [14], [18], [22], [25], [49], [50], [53], [57], [59], [82], [88], [90], [91], [107], [108], [109], [144], [151], [167];
  • L. italicum, [7], [11], [28], [31], [49];
  • L. perenne, [8], [11], [16], [19], [20], [28], [30], [32], [49], [81], [82], [93], [107], [128], [131], [142], [143], [144], [150], [168];
  • L. temulentum, [8], [10], [30], [49], [50], [82], [92], [107], [129], [130], [142], [150], [167], [168]
• Loose Panic-grass—Panicum Crusgalli
• Lygeum, [36]
• Lyme-grass—Elymus
  
• Maize, [1], [89], [120]
• Male flowers, [89], [90], [119]
• Manna-croup—Glyceria fluitans
• Many-flowered spikelets, [90]
• Margin of leaf, [21], [22], [66]
• Marginal asperities, [22]
• Maritime grasses, [29]
• Marram—Psamma
• Marsh Bent—Agrostis alba
• Marsh Foxtail—Alopecurus geniculatus
• Marsh grasses, [28], [29]
• Mat-grass—Psamma arenaria
• Maydeæ, [122]
• Meadows, [1]
• Meadow Barley—Hordeum pratense
• Meadow Fescue—Festuca elatior—Festuca pratensis [185]
• Meadow Foxtail—Alopecurus pratensis
• Meadow-grass—Poa pratensis, [83]
• Meadow grasses, [27], [28], [37], [113]
• Meadow Soft-grass—Holcus lanatus
• Mechanical tissues—tissues composed of hard-walled cells (sclerenchyma) serving for support, [62], [63], [64], [68]
• Medium grasses, [7]
• Melica—Melick, [11], [14], [16], [19], [20], [23], [25], [26], [34], [63], [90], [91], [92], [110], [136], [137], [142];
  • M. ciliata, [32];
  • M. nutans, [7], [17], [33], [41], [78], [104], [105], [137];
  • M. uniflora, [7], [17], [28], [33], [40], [41], [78], [104], [105], [137]
• Melocanna, [123]
• Membranous ligule, [19]
• Mesophytes—plants adapted to ordinary conditions of moisture, [37]
• Mibora, [68], [87], [89];
• M. verna, [31], [74], [99]
• Micropyle, [121]
• Microscopic characters, [62], [122]
• Mid-rib, [15], [20], [21], [25], [63], [67], [68], [74]
• Milium—Millet-grass, [6], [11], [14], [20], [22], [27], [34], [89], [91], [92], [137];
• M. effusum, [6], [28], [33], [103], [136]
• Millet—Panicum, [135]
• Millet-grass—Milium
• Millet-seed type, [127], [135]
• Moist soils, [26], [32]
• Molinia, [8], [14], [19], [20], [40], [60], [77], [90], [91], [92], [146], [148], [151], [171];
• M. cærulea, [7], [26], [29], [32], [33], [36], [37], [40], [59], [110], [148], [149]
• Monocotyledons, [97], [134]
• Monœcious—male and female flowers on the same plant, [119]
• Moor-grass—Sesleria
• Moor-grasses, [8], [20], [29], [37]
• Moor Mat-grass—Nardus stricta, [83]
• Morphology of flower, [95], [96], [97]
• Morphology of spikelet, [94]
• Motor-cells, [25], [41], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [69], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80]
• Mountain Melick—Melica nutans
• Movements of awns, [125], [126], [127]
• Movements of seedlings, [132]
• Mucronate—with a short point suddenly springing from a rounded apex, [22], [138], [139], [146], [149], [150]
• Myosotis, [3]
  
• Naked fruits, [136]
• Nardus, [8], [9], [11], [14], [20], [21], [64], [65], [66], [67], [70], [80], [83], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [93], [94], [130], [146], [171];
  • N. stricta, [8], [9], [29], [33], [36], [46], [64], [69], [70], [99], [171], [173], [174]
• Narrow-leafed Oat—Avena pratensis
• Narrow Small-reed—Calamagrostis stricta
• Naviculate—Boat-shaped, but pointed at both ends, [16]
• Nematode worms, [10]
• Nerves—minute veins on paleæ, [113], [115], [128], [140], [144], [168]
• Nodes, [6], [8], [12], [14], [15]
• Nodules, [10]
• Northern Holy-grass—Hierochloe borealis
• Nucellus—the body of the ovule or young seed, [122]
• Nuclei, [121]
• Numbers of grasses, [2]
  
• Oat—Avena, [85], [89], [133]
• Oat-type of “seed," [156]
• Obsolete—so much reduced as to be practically absent, [19], [45], [48], [115], [116]
• Obtuse—rounded off and blunt at the apex, [19], [91]
• Odours, [27]
• Offsets, [12]
• Olyra, [6]
• One-flowered spikelets, [89]
• One-glumed Fescue—Festuca uniglumis
• Open panicle—one where the primary branches stand off at right angles from the rachis, [112]
• Orange spiked Foxtail—Alopecurus fulvus
• [186] Orchids, [2]
• Ovary, [86], [87], [89], [95], [96], [97], [119], [121]
• Ovate-acute—egg-shaped in outline, but the free narrow end pointed, [61]
• Ovate-lanceolate—ovate, but tapering above, [168]
  
• Pale—Palea, [86], [89]
• Palea, [84], [85], [86], [87], [92], [93], [95], [96], [97], [99]-118, [119], [120], [124], [125], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [134], [135]-174
• Pampas-grass, [1]
• Panic-grass—Panicum
• Panicle, [5], [12], [87], [88], [90], [91], [103], [105], [109]-118
• Panicum, [4], [19], [67], [69], [72], [87], [90], [92], [101], [105], [109], [124], [135], [136], [137], [142];
  • P. Crus-galli, [137];
  • P. glaucum, [30];
  • P. plicatum, [21];
  • P. sanguinale, [30];
  • P. verticillatum, [30]
• Papillæ—protruding cells not long enough to be termed hairs, [64], [67]
• Pappus, [125]
• Parallel venation, [21], [22]
• Parenchyma—ordinary soft cellular tissue of herbaceous parts, [64], [65]
• Partial inflorescence, [86]
• Pasture, [1], [10]
• Pasture-grasses, [27], [28], [37]
• Perennial Beard-grass—Polypogon littoralis
• Perennial grasses, [10], [11], [40], [43], [58], [114]
• Perennial Oat—Avena pratensis
• Perennial Oat-grass—Avena pratensis
• Perfect flowers, [89], [90], [99], [100], [105], [106]
• Perianth—the floral coverings, [96]
• Pericarp—the coats of the true fruit, [121], [122]
• Petiole, [5], [17]
• Phalaris—Canary grass, [88], [101], [109], [136];
  • P. arundinacea—Digraphis arundinacea;
  • P. canariensis, [31], [139]
  • Phleum, [66], [88], [89], [90], [91], [93], [102], [109], [110], [136], [137], [142];
  • P. alpinum, [30], [102];
  • P. arenarium, [7], [10], [29], [37], [55], [102], [136];
  • P. asperum, [31], [55], [102], [136];
  • P. Bœhmeri, [8], [31], [55], [102], [136];
  • P. nodosum—var. of P. pratense;
  • P. phalaroides—P. Bœhmeri;
  • P. pratense, [7], [8], [11], [13], [25], [28], [32], [55], [70], [76], [102], [128], [135]
• Phloem, [67]
• Phragmites communis—Arundo Phragmites
• Physiognomy, [36], [37]
• Piercing of soil, [132]
• Pilose—with scattered, rather long soft hairs, [59]
• Plaited vernation, [21]
• Plantago, [3]
• Plicate—plaited
• Plume-like inflorescence, [91], [103]
• Plumule, [121], [123], [132], [133]
• Poa, [2], [15], [20], [21], [23], [25], [26], [47], [54], [61], [74], [83], [84], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [103], [104], [109], [110], [113], [114], [115], [116], [118], [127], [131], [140], [141], [144], [146], [151], [162];
  • P. alpina, [8], [11], [13], [14], [16], [17], [31], [44], [54], [63], [114], [134], [146];
  • P. annua, [8], [10], [14], [16], [30], [34], [42], [53], [54], [63], [68], [74], [75], [114], [127], [141], [146];
  • P. aquatica—Glyceria aquatica;
  • P. bulbosa, [8], [11], [14], [29], [54], [69], [111], [114], [146];
  • P. compressa, [8], [11], [14], [15], [16], [30], [32], [42], [53], [54], [63], [69], [74], [111], [114], [139], [140];
  • P. distans, [29], [30], [114], [146];
  • P. fertilis—P. serotina, [45];
  • P. fluitans—Glyceria fluitans;
  • P. laxa, [31], [134];
  • P. loliacea, [31], [108], [114], [146];
  • P. maritima, [8], [11], [14], [16], [20], [22], [26], [29], [47], [54], [111], [114], [146];
  • P. nemoralis, [7], [11], [14], [15], [28], [34], [45], [54], [63], [74], [75], [113], [114], [139], [140], [141], [161];
  • P. pratensis, [7], [11], [13], [14], [16], [17], [27], [32], [33], [41], [42], [44], [45], [54], [55], [67], [75], [113], [114], [139], [140], [141];
  • P. procumbens, [31], [111], [114];
  • P. rigida, [10], [14], [30], [111], [114], [146];
  • P. stricta—var.of P. alpina, [134];
• [187]P. trivialis, 7, [11], [13], [14], [16], [17], [18], [27], [32], [42], [44], [45], [54], [74], [90], [112], [113], [139], [140], [141], [146], [148]
• Pollen, [93], [94], [119]
• Pollen-grain, [120], [121]
• Pollen-tube, [120], [121]
• Pollination, [93], [119], [120], [121]
• Polygonum, [3]
• Polypogon—Beard-grass, [69], [90], [91], [92], [100], [101], [109];
  • P. littoralis, [31];
  • P. monspeliensis, [31]
• Ponds, grasses of, [28], [29]
• Popular names, [6]
• Potassium salts, [32]
• Prairies, [1], [36], [38]
• Prickle-hairs, [66]
• Primary root, [123], [131]
• Procumbent Meadow-grass—Poa procumbens
• Protandrous—when the pollen is mature and shed before the stigma of the same flower is ready for pollination, [119]
• Proterogynous—when the stigma is receptive before the pollen of the same flower is mature, [119]
• Psamma, [4], [11], [13], [14], [21], [25], [36], [48], [79], [81], [89], [90], [92], [95], [138];
  • P. arenaria, [7], [29], [33], [35], [36], [48], [70], [79], [102], [138], [139]
• Pubescence—hairiness, [26]
• Pungent—spine-like, [22]
• Purple-flowered Small-reed—Calamagrostis lanceolata
• Purple-stalked Cat’s-tail—Phleum Bœhmeri
• Purple-veined sheaths, [18]
  
• Quadrangular shoot-section, [16], [40]
• Quake-grass—Briza
• Quaking-grass—Briza media
  
• Racemous—like a raceme, [105]
• Rachilla, [85], [123], [124], [128], [129], [131], [137], [138], [142], [143], [144], [149], [150], [164], [167], [169], [170], [172]
• Rachis, [9], [85], [88], [106], [107]
• Radicle, [121], [123]
• Rare grasses, [6], [30], [31], [89], [90], [91], [92]
• Rat’s-tail Fescue—Festuca Myurus
• Red-sheathed grasses, [18], [49], [59]
• Reed, [2]
• Reed Canary grass—Digraphis arundinacea
• Reed Fescue—Festuca sylvatica
• Reed-grass, [1], [6]
• Reed Meadow-grass—Glyceria aquatica
• Reed Sweet-grass—Glyceria aquatica
• Reflexed leaves, [16]
• Reflexed Meadow-grass—Poa distans
• Rhizomes, [10], [11], [35], [36], [37]
• Rhomboidal shoot-section, [16], [42]
• Rib-grass—Plantago
• Ribbon-grass—Digraphis arundinacea
• Ribs—the more opaque veins due to the larger vascular-bundles, [22], [25], [62], [91], [127]
• Rice, [1]
• Ridgeless grasses, [25]
• Ridges, [18], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [47], [51], [53], [54], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [71], [73], [77], [78], [79], [80], [91]
• River-banks, [28], [29]
• Road-sides, [29]
• Rolled leaves, [15], [16], [20], [24], [25], [63]
• Rolling of leaves, [24], [25], [36]
• Root-cap, [121]
• Roots, [8], [12], [35], [121], [123], [131], [132], [133]
• Rough Cock’s-foot—Dactylis glomerata
• Rough Meadow-grass—Poa trivialis
• Rough Phleum—Phleum asperum
• Rough-stalked Meadow-grass—Poa trivialis
• Round shoots, [15], [16], [42], [50], [57]
• Ruderal grasses, [29], [32], [34], [35]
• Rudimentary flowers, [89], [90], [105]
• Runners, [12], [13], [14]
• Rushes, [4], [33]
• Rushy Wheat-grass—Agropyrum junceum
• Rye—Secale, [120], [132], [133]
• Rye Brome—Bromus secalinus
• Rye-grass—Lolium perenne
  
• Salt species, [33]
• [188] Sand-binders, [13], [35], [36], [48], [102], [107], [108]
• Sand Cat’s-tail—Phleum arenarium
• Sand dunes, [35], [36]
• Sand species, [29], [32], [36]
• Sandy situations, [8], [29], [33]
• Savannahs, [1], [38]
• Scaberulous—slightly rough to the touch, [22], [45], [164]
• Scabrid—rough to the touch, [22], [47], [54]
• Scarious—as if scorched by fire, [92], [145]
• Scents, [27]
• Sclerenchyma—mechanical tissue, [62], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [74], [75], [76], [79], [80]
• Sclerochloa—Poa
• Sclerochloa maritima—Poa maritima;
• S. procumbens—Poa procumbens;
• S. rigida—Poa rigida
• Scorpion-grass—Myosotis
• Scutellum, [121], [123]
• Sea Barley—Hordeum maritimum
• Sea Cat’s-tail—Phleum arenarium
• Sea-grass—Zostera
• Sea Hard-grass—Lepturus incurvatus
• Sea Lyme-grass—Elymus arenarius
• Sea Mat-grass—Psamma arenaria
• Sea Mat-weed—Psamma arenaria
• Sea Meadow-grass—Poa maritima
• Sea Poa—Poa maritima
• Sea Reed—Psamma arenaria
• Sea-side grasses, [27], [29]
• Secondary roots, [121], [123], [131], [133]
• Secund—turned to one side, [9], [89], [108], [109], [114]
• Sedges, [3], [4], [33], [35], [121]
• Seed—strictly the contents of the caryopsis (fruit), but in practice the fruit and its adherent paleæ etc. (chaff) are termed “seed," [119], [120], [121], [123], [124], [125], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [134], [135]-174
• Seed-coats, [121], [122]
• Seedlings, [132], [133]
• Semi-aquatic species, [28], [29]
• Separation of fruits, [124]
• Serrulæ—minute tooth-like asperities, [22], [91], [173]
• Sesleria—Moor-grass, [22], [25], [63], [64], [68], [90], [91], [93], [101];
  • S. cærulea, [17], [42], [67], [108], [149], [151]
• Sessile—sitting directly on an axis without an intervening stalk, [87], [99], [107]
• Setaceous—bristle-like, [16], [19], [20], [21], [24], [45], [111], [113]
• Setaria—Panicum
• Sexual organs, [134]
• Shade action of grasses, [35]
• Shade-grasses, [20], [28], [33], [34], [70]
• Shapes of caryopsis, [127]
• Shapes of leaves, [4], [19], [20]
• Shapes of shoot, [16]
• Sharp-edged shoots, [16]
• Sheath, [5], [8], [12], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [22], [51], [95], [133]
• Sheep’s Fescue—Festuca ovina
• Shelving sheath-margin, [22]
• Shoot, [10], [12], [15], [16], [123]
• Sieglingia decumbens—Triodia decumbens
• Siliceous—impregnated with flint—silex, [64], [65], [66]
• Silky Bent-grass—Agrostis Spicaventi
• Silvery Hair-grass—Aira caryophyllea
• Single-husked Fescue—Festuca uniglumis
• Slender Foxtail—Alopecurus agrestis
• Small grasses, [7]
• Small Reed—Calamagrostis
• Smooth Brome—Bromus racemosus
• Sociable plants, [36]
• Sod, [37]
• Sodium chloride, [33]
• Soft Brome—Bromus mollis
• Soft-grass—Holcus
• Soft Holcus—Holcus mollis
• Soil formation, [36]
• Soil protection, [36]
• Solid leaves, [46]
• Solid stems, [4]
• Sour soils, [33]
• Spartina—Cord-grass, [69], [87], [90], [99], [105];
• S. stricta, [27], [31], [78]
• Spear, [123], [132]
• [189] Spikate inflorescence, [99], [106]
• Spike, [9], [87], [88], [90], [99], [100], [101], [102], [106], [108]
• Spiked Fescue—Festuca loliacea
• Spikelet, [9], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [93], [94], [95], [97], [99]-118, [119], [120], [123], [124]
• Spike-like panicle, [9], [88], [90], [102]
• Spinescent leaf, [22]
• Spinifex, [125]
• Split sheath, [5], [17], [18], [19]
• Split-sheathed grasses, [17], [18], [19], [45], [50]
• Sporobolus, [123], [134]
• Squirrel-tail grass—Hordeum maritimum
• Stamen, [86], [87], [89], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97], [102], [103], [119]
• Staminate—a flower with stamens and no ovary, [100], [105], [106]
• Starch, [120], [121], [122]
• Stem, [4], [6], [8]
• Steppes, [1], [36], [38]
• Stigma—stigmatic plumes, [86], [87], [93], [94], [96], [97], [119], [120], [121]
• Stipa, [36], [96], [126];
  • S. capillata, [125];
  • S. pennata, [32], [125];
  • S. spartea, [125]
• Stolon, [10], [12], [35], [114]
• Stoloniferous grasses, [8], [13], [14], [15]
• Stomata, [25], [36], [62], [64], [65], [67], [70], [73], [77], [80], [95]
• Strand-plants, [36]
• Stringy roots, [8]
• Striped grass—Digraphis arundinacea
• Struggle for existence, [2], [37], [38]
• Style, [94], [97], [99]
• Sub-acute—hardly pointed, [142]
• Sub-sessile—very shortly stalked, so as to be all but sessile, [99], [106]
• Sub-terminal awn, [95], [115], [129], [130], [150], [151], [152], [162], [163]-168, [169]
• Subulate—awl-shaped: stouter than setaceous, [19], [20], [21], [70], [71], [79]
• Sugar, [120], [121], [122]
• Sugar-cane, [1]
• Sun-plants, [36]
• Sweet-tasting grasses, [39]
• Sweet Vernal grass—Anthoxanthum odoratum
• Sympodium, [11]
  
• Tall Brome—Bromus giganteus
• Tall Fescue—Festuca elatior
• Tapering leaves, [21]
• Tastes, [27]
• Temperate species, [2]
• Terete—cylindrical and gradually tapering, [6], [54], [163], [171]
• Terminal awn, [92], [111], [115], [116], [126], [130], [162], [168]-174, [173]
• Texture of leaf, [21]
• Three-flowered spikelets, [90]
• Timothy—Phleum pratense
• Tomentose—softly hairy, [59]
• Transpiration, [20]
• Transverse sections of leaves, [16], [23], [24], [63], [64]
• Transverse section of shoot, [15], [16]
• Triodia—Heath-grass, [11], [14], [19], [25], [26], [90], [91], [103], [139];
  • T. decumbens, [8], [29], [34], [110], [123]
• Trisetum flavescens—Avena flavescens
• Triticum—Wheat;
  • T. acutum—T. laxum;
  • T. junceum—Agropyrum junceum;
  • T. laxum—Agropyrum laxum;
  • T. pungens—T. laxum;
  • T. repens—Agropyrum repens
• Tropical species, [1], [2]
• Truncate, [92], [142]
• Tuber, [8]
• Tufted grasses, [13], [14]
• Tufted Hair-grass—Aira cæspitosa
• Tufted inflorescences, [90], [99], [102], [103], [109]
• Tufts, [5], [9], [12], [13], [37]
• Tumble-weeds, [125]
• Turgescence—the distension of cells with water which they have absorbed, [63]
• Tussocks, [13]
• Twisted awns, [116], [125], [126], [129], [130], [151], [154], [158]
• Twisting of seedling leaves, [133]
• Twitch—certain persistent weeds belonging to the genera Agropyrum, Agrostis, Holcus, etc.: see Couch-grass, [52], [57], [59]
• Two-flowered spikelets, [90]
  
• U-shaped leaf-sections, [20]
• [190] Uniola, [97]
• Upright Brome—Bromus erectus.
• Also B. madritensis
• Uses of grasses, [1], [2]
  
• V-shaped leaf-sections, [20], [53], [73]
• Vagabond grasses, [29], [32], [34]
• Variability, [26]
• Vascular bundles, [21], [22], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [75], [76], [78], [80], [81]
• Vascular-bundle sheath, [68], [95], [122]
• Vegetative organs, [4]
• Veins, [18], [21], [22], [68], [76], [91]
• Venation, [21], [62], [67], [68]
• Vermin, [35]
• Vernal grass—Anthoxanthum, [83]
• Vernation—folding of the leaves in bud, [21]
• Versatile—hung loosely so as to turn freely, [94]
• Vessels, [67]
• Violet-brown sheath, [18]
• Viviparous grasses, [112], [114], [134]
• Vulpia Myurus—Festuca Myurus;
• V. uniglumis—Festuca uniglumis
  
• Wall Barley—Hordeum murinum
• Wall Fescue—Festuca Myurus
• Walls, grasses of, [29]
• Waste-places, [29]
• Water-storing tissues, [36], [70]
• Water Whorl-grass—Catabrosa aquatica
• Wavy Hair-grass—Aira flexuosa
• Wavy Meadow-grass—Poa laxa
• Wax, [36], [70]
• Web—minute tufted soft hairs at the base of the caryopsis, [113], [114], [127], [131], [138], [139], [140], [141]
• Weeds, [27], [28], [29], [35]
• Wheat—Triticum, [1], [120], [127], [132], [133]
• Wheat-grass—Agropyrum
• Whorl-grass—Catabrosa
• Wild Oat—Avena fatua, [117]
• Wind-borne seeds, [125], [126]
• Wings, [125], [142]
• Wood Barley—Hordeum sylvaticum
• Wood False-Brome—Brachypodium sylvaticum
• Wood Meadow-grass—Poa nemoralis
• Wood Melick—Melica uniflora
• Wood Poa—Poa nemoralis
• Wood-species, [28], [33]
• Woolly Holcus—Holcus lanatus
  
• Xenia—cases where the direct influence of the pollen is evident on the seed resulting from its action, [120]
• Xerophilous—of the nature of a xerophyte, [70]
• Xerophytes—plants adapted to dry situations, [24], [25], [36], [37], [38], [68], [70]
• Xylem, [67]
  
• Yellow Oat-grass—Avena flavescens
• Yellow-sheathed grasses, [18]
• Yorkshire Fog—Holcus lanatus, [152]
  
• Zostera, [3]

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