INDEX
The dates given in brackets are those of the birth and death of the person indexed; where only the date of death is known it is preceded by a ♰.
Full names and titles are given.
Proper names commencing with ‘da,’ ‘de,’ ‘d’,’ are indexed under the succeeding initial letter.
- Abdul Hamid (1725–89), Sultan of Turkey, [44].
- Abensberg, battle of (20 April 1809), [272].
- Abercromby, Sir Ralph, English general (1735–1801), [224].
- Aberdeen, George Gordon, Earl of, English diplomatist (1784–1860), [301], [311], [316], [323].
- Abo, treaty of (April 1812), [302].
- Aboukir Bay, French fleet defeated in, by Nelson (1 August 1798), [195].
- Abrantes, Duke of. See Junot.
- Abrial, André Joseph, Comte, French statesman (1750–1828), [216].
- Acre, siege of (1799), [208].
- Acton, Joseph, Neapolitan statesman (1737–1808), [23].
- Adda, the, Bonaparte forces the passage of, at Lodi (1796), [174];
- Suvórov, at Cassano (1799), [203].
- Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, English statesman (1757–1844), [225].
- Additional Act, the, declared by Napoleon (23 April 1815), [352].
- Adige, the, Italy up to, ceded to Austria by treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), [192];
- by treaty of Lunéville (1801), [220];
- Austrian positions on, turned by Macdonald (1800), [219].
- Adlersparre, George, Baron, Swedish general (1760–1837), [279].
- Aix-la-Chapelle, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, [35], [150], [230], [344].
- Albuera, battle of (16 May 1811), [297].
- Albufera, battle of (26 Dec. 1811), [297].
- —— Duke of. See Suchet.
- Aldenhoven, battle of (2 Oct. 1794), [150].
- Alessandria, fortress built at, by Victor Amadeus iii., [27], [203], [204], [218].
- Alexander i., Emperor of Russia (1777–1825), attitude at his accession, [234];
- joins coalition against France, [242], [243];
- defeated at Austerlitz, [244];
- at Eylau and Friedland, [248], [249];
- interview with Napoleon at Tilsit, [249], [250];
- makes treaty of Tilsit, [250];
- conquers Finland, [254], [278];
- acquisitions in Poland, and dislike of Grand Duchy of Warsaw, [261];
- interview with Napoleon at Erfurt, [262];
- conduct in 1809, [274];
- war with Turkey, [281];
- makes treaty of Bucharest, [281];
- refuses a sister to Napoleon, [294];
- causes of dissension with Napoleon, [299–301];
- makes treaty of Abo with Bernadotte, [302];
- summons Stein to his Court, [304];
- his policy of retreat before Napoleon (1812), [305];
- fights battle of Borodino, [305];
- negotiates with Napoleon, [306];
- forms friendship with Frederick William III. of Prussia, [308];
- distrust of Napoleon, [310];
- agrees to Proposals of Frankfort, [316];
- desires to invade France, [317];
- refuses to retreat, [319], [320];
- enters Paris, [329];
- influenced by Talleyrand, [329], [330];
- speech to the French Senate, [330], [331];
- greatness of his share in overthrowing Napoleon, [334];
- at the Congress of Vienna, [337];
- his desire for the whole of Poland, [339];
- forced to give way, [340], [341];
- gave constitution to Poland, [342];
- protected Murat and Eugène de Beauharnais, [345];
- signs treaty against Napoleon (1815), [350];
- opposes partition of France, [354];
- joins the Holy Alliance, [355].
- Alexandria, [195], [224].
- Alicante, Bentinck repulsed at (1812), [307].
- Alkmaar, Convention of (18 Oct. 1799), [205].
- Almeida, siege of (1811), [296].
- Alps, French reach the summit of Mont Cenis (1795), [151];
- Suvórov crosses (1799), [204], [205];
- Bonaparte (1800), [218];
- Macdonald (1800), [219].
- Alsace, rights of the Princes of the Empire in, [79];
- proposals of Mirabeau and Merlin, [80];
- letter of Leopold on, [89], [90];
- conclusion of the Diet of the Empire on, [108];
- invaded by Würmser, [130], [139];
- recovered by the French (1794), [140];
- proposal to detach from France (1815), [354].
- Altdorf, Suvórov reaches (1799), [204].
- Altenkirchen, battle of (20 Sept. 1796), [178].
- Alton, Richard, Count d’, Austrian general (1732–90), [43], [47], [48], [63], [64].
- Alvensleben, Philip Charles, Count von, Prussian statesman (1745–1802), [153], [170], [179].
- Alvinzi (Alvinczy), Joseph, Austrian general (1735–1810), [176].
- America, South, [264], [358].
- —— United States of. See United States.
- Ami du Peuple, Marat’s journal, [61].
- Amiens, treaty of (1802), [225].
- Amnesty, general, decreed by the Convention (1795), [166].
- —— law of, promulgated (1815), [357].
- Amsterdam, [32], [149], [255].
- Ancients, Council of. See Council.
- Ancona, [175], [207], [277].
- Angoulême, Maria Thérèse Charlotte, Duchess of, daughter of Louis XVI. (1778–1851), [168].
- —— Louis Antoine, Duke of, son of the Comte d’Artois (1775–1844), [326], [327].
- Anhalt, the Dukes of, Princes of the Empire (1789), [34], [343].
- Anhalt-Köthen, Louis, Duke of (1761–1819), [293].
- Anhalt-Zerbst, the Empress Catherine, a princess of, [18].
- Ankarström, John James, Swedish officer (1761–1792), [110].
- Anselme, Jacques Bernard Modeste d’, French general (1740–1812), [117].
- Anspach, Napoleon violates Prussian neutrality by marching through (1805), [244].
- Antwerp, riot against the Austrians suppressed at (1788), [47];
- abandoned to the Belgian patriots (1789), [64];
- Napoleon’s buildings at, [276];
- Carnot’s defence of (1814), [321];
- its retention cause of Napoleon’s fall, [324].
- Aoust, Eustache, Comte d’, French general (1764–94), [140].
- Appenzell, democratic canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228].
- Aranda, Don Pedro Pablo Abaracay Bolea, Count of, Spanish statesman (1718–99), [4], [21], [126].
- Archbishop-Electors of the Holy Roman Empire, [34], [39], [40].
- Arcis-sur-Aube battle of (20 March 1814), [328].
- Arcola, battle of (16 Nov. 1796), [176].
- Aremberg, Louis Engelbert, Duke of (1750–1820), [93].
- —— Prosper Louis, Duke of (1785–1863), [282].
- Argau, canton of Switzerland, formed by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- recognised by Congress of Vienna (1815), [344].
- Aristocracy, Napoleon’s, [286].
- Armistices: Cherasco (1796), [174];
- Foligno (1796), [175];
- Giurgevo (1790), [88]; Pleswitz (1813), [309].
- Arndt, Ernest Maurice, German poet (1769–1862), [291].
- Arragon, Suchet’s campaigns in, [275], [295].
- Arras, atrocities of Le Bon at (1794), [139].
- Artois, Charles Philippe, Comte d’, younger brother of Louis XVI., afterwards King Charles X. of France (1757–1836), [55], [59], [102], [139], [167], [172], [351].
- Aschaffenburg, principality of, granted to the Elector of Mayence, [225], [260].
- Aspern or Essling, battle of (21, 22 May 1809), [273].
- Assignats issued in France, [74];
- their effect, [98].
- Aubert-Dubayet, Jean Baptiste Annibal, French general (1759–1797), [166], [182].
- Auckland, William Eden, Lord, English diplomatist (1744–1814), [65], [93].
- Auerstädt, battle of (14 Oct. 1806), [247].
- —— Duke of. See Davout.
- Augereau, Charles Pierre François, Duke of Castiglione, French general (1757–1816), [191], [219], [321];
- App. iv.
- Augsburg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- —— bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), [227].
- —— city of, a free city of the Empire (1789), [35];
- taken by Moreau (1800), [219];
- maintained as a free city (1803), [226];
- Masséna’s headquarters (1809), [272].
- Augusta, Princess, of Bavaria married to Eugène de Beauharnais, [258].
- Augustus, Prince, of Prussia (1779–1843), [337].
- Aulic Council, the, [35].
- Austerlitz, battle of (2 Dec. 1805), [244].
- Austria, position in 1789, [14–17];
- influence in the Empire, [35];
- obtained cessions by the treaty of Sistova (1791), [88];
- got nothing in the second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- received Cracow, etc. at third partition of Poland (1795), [152];
- received Venice for Lombardy by treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), [192];
- and by treaty of Lunéville (1801), [220];
- obtained Trent and Brixen, but lost much influence in the resettlement of Germany (1803), [226];
- formed into an empire (1805), [236];
- lost Venice, Istria, the Tyrol, etc. by treaty of Pressburg (1805), [245];
- lost Trieste, Galicia, Salzburg, etc. by treaty of Vienna (1809), [274];
- at Congress of Vienna (1814) got back Cracow, [342], and Lombardy and Venetia, [347].
- See Francis II., Joseph II., Leopold II.
- Austrian Netherlands. See Belgium.
- Auvergne, movement against the Convention in (1793), [131].
- Avignon, city of, wishes to join France (1790), [76];
- secured to France by first treaty of Paris (1814), [333];
- and by second treaty of Paris (1815), [354].
- Babeuf, François Noël (Gracchus), French socialist (1764–97), [181].
- Badajoz, treaty of (1801), [223];
- taken by Soult (1810), [296];
- by Wellington (1812), [306].
- Baden, condition in 1789, [37];
- made an electorate (1803), [225];
- increased by the secularisations (1803), [227];
- made a grand duchy (1806), [245];
- received Ortenau and the Breisgau (1809), [258];
- a state of the Confederation of the Rhine (1808), [260];
- of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- See Charles Frederick, Charles Louis Frederick.
- Bagration, Peter, Prince, Russian general (1762–1812), [281], [305].
- Bailly, Jean Sylvain, French statesman (1736–93), [53], [59], [138].
- Baird, Sir David, English general (1757–1829), [224].
- Ball, Sir Alexander John, English admiral (1759–1809), [195].
- Baltic Sea, effort to exclude English commerce from, [222];
- command of, given to Russia and Prussia by the Congress of Vienna, [347].
- Bamberg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- —— bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), [227].
- Bank of France, founded by Bonaparte, [215].
- Bantry Bay, French expedition to (1796), [185].
- Barbé-Marbois, François, Comte de, French statesman (1745–1837), [188], [191], [214].
- Barclay de Tolly, Michael, Prince, Russian general (1755–1818), [305], [309], [313].
- Barentin, Charles Louis François de
- Paule de, French minister (1738–1819), [51].
- Barère, Bertrand, French orator (1755–1841), [117], [133], [134], [145], [149], [155].
- Barnave, Antoine Pierre Joseph
- Marie, French politician (1761–93), [100].
- Barras, Paul François Jean Nicolas,
- Comte de, French statesman (1755–1829), [147], [164], [165];
- nominates Bonaparte to command the armyof Italy, [174];
- his attitude as a Director, [181];
- co-operates in coup d’état of Fructidor 1797, [191];
- only original Director left (July 1799), [209], [210];
- resigns (Nov. 1799), [211].
- Barrosa, battle of (5 March 1811), [297].
- Bartenstein, treaty of (April 1807), [248].
- Barthélemy, François, Marquis de,
- French diplomatist (1747–1830), [156], [188], [189], [191].
- Basire, Claude, French politician (1764–94), [117].
- Basle, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical
- prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34], [41];
- with fiefs in Alsace, [79].
- —— bishopric of, part ceded to Baden (1803), [227];
- part to canton of Berne (1815), [345].
- —— canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228].
- —— treaties of (1795), [156], [157].
- Basque Roads, affair in the (1809), [276].
- Bassano, Duke of. See Maret.
- Bastille, capture of the (14 July 1789), [57], [58].
- Batavian Republic founded (1795), [150];
- imitates the French constitutions, [193];
- turned into the kingdom of Holland (1806), [254], [255].
- Battles: Abensberg (1809), [272];
- Albuera (1811), [297];
- Albufera (1811), [297];
- Aldenhoven (1794), [150];
- Alexandria (1801), [224];
- Altenkirchen (1796), [178];
- Arcis-sur-Aube (1814), [328];
- Arcola (1796), [176];
- Aspern (Essling) (1809), [273];
- Auerstädt (1806), [247];
- Austerlitz (1805), [244];
- Barrosa (1811), [297];
- Bautzen (1813), [309];
- Bergen (1799), [205];
- Biberach (1800), [219];
- Borodino (1812), [305];
- Braila (1809), [281];
- Brienne (1814), [319];
- Burgos (1808), [269];
- Busaco (1810), [296];
- Cairo (1799), [208];
- Caldiero (1796), [176];
- Caldiero (1805), [244];
- Camperdown (1797), [194];
- Cassano (1799), [203];
- Castiglione (1796), [175];
- Ceva (1796), [174];
- Champaubert (1814), [319];
- Copenhagen (1801), [222];
- Corunna (1809), [270];
- Craonne (1814), [328];
- Dego (1796), [174];
- Dennewitz (1813), [313];
- Dresden (1813), [312];
- Dubienka (1792), [122];
- Eckmühl (1809), [273];
- Elchingen (1805), [244];
- Engen (1800), [219];
- Espinosa (1808), [269];
- Essling (Aspern) (1809), [273];
- Ettlingen (1796), [178];
- Eylau (1807), [248];
- Famars (1793), [130];
- Figueras (1794), [150];
- First of June (1794), [145];
- Fleurus (1794), [144];
- Foksany (1788), [45];
- Friedland (1807), [249];
- Fuentes de Onor (1811), [297];
- the Geisberg (1793), [140];
- Genola (1799), [204];
- Giurgevo (1790), [88];
- Gross-Beeren (1813), [312];
- Gross-Gorschen (Lützen) (1813), [309];
- Hanau (1813), [314];
- Heliopolis (1800), [224];
- Hohenlinden (1800), [219];
- Hondschoten (1793), [140];
- Jemmappes (1792), [118];
- Jena (1806), [247];
- Kaiserslautern (1794), [144];
- the Katzbach (1813), [312];
- Kioge (1807), [252];
- Laon (1814), [328];
- Leipzig (1813), [314];
- Ligny (1815), [352];
- Loano (1795), [151], [173];
- Lodi (1796), [174];
- Lützen (Gross-Gorschen) (1813), [309];
- Maciejowice (1794), [152];
- Magnano (1799), [202];
- Maida (1806), [256];
- Marengo (1800), [218];
- Matchin (1791), [96];
- Medellin (1809), [275];
- Medina del Rio Seco (1808), [267];
- Millesimo (1796), [174];
- the Mincio (1814), [322];
- Mœskirchen (1800), [219];
- Mondovi (1796), [174];
- Montebello (1800), [218];
- Montenotte (1796), [174];
- Montereau (1814), [319];
- Montmirail (1814), [319];
- Mount Tabor (1799), [208];
- Nangis (1814), [319];
- Neerwinden (1793), [127];
- Neumarkt (1797), [186];
- the Nile (Aboukir Bay) (1798), [195];
- the Nive (1813), [316];
- the Nivelle (1813), [316];
- Novi (1799), [204];
- Ocana (1809), [276];
- Orthez (1814), [321];
- Pacy-sur-Eure (1793), [131];
- Paris (1814), [329];
- the Pyramids (1798), [195];
- Quatre Bras (1815), [352];
- Raab (1809), [273];
- Raclawice (1794), [151];
- Rivoli (1797), [176];
- Roliça (1808), [265];
- the Rymnik (1788), [45];
- Sacilio (1809), [273];
- St. Vincent (1797), [183];
- Salamanca (1812), [306];
- Saorgio (1794), [144];
- Silistria (1809), [281];
- Stockach (1799), [202];
- Svenska Sound (1790), [95];
- Talavera (1809), [275], [276];
- Tobac (1788), [45];
- Tolentino (1815), [346];
- Toulouse (1814), [332];
- Trafalgar (1805), [245];
- the Trebbia (1799), [203];
- Tudela (1808), [269];
- Unzmarkt (1797), [186];
- Valmy (1792), [115];
- Valsarno (1813), [315];
- Vauchamps (1814), [319];
- Vimeiro (1808), [265], [266];
- Vittoria (1813), [315];
- Wagram (1809), [274];
- Waterloo (1815), [353];
- Wattignies (1793), [140];
- Zielence (1792), [121], [122];
- Zurich (1799), [204].
- Bautzen, battle of (20 May 1813), [309].
- Bavaria, the Emperor Joseph’s designs on, [16], [17];
- its Elector also Elector Palatine, [34];
- condition in 1789, [37];
- invaded by Moreau (1796), [178];
- treaty of Pfaffenhofen, [180];
- promised to Austria by Bonaparte (1797), [193];
- occupied by Moreau (1800), [219];
- increased by the secularisations (1803), [227];
- invaded by the Austrians (1805), [243];
- receives the Tyrol and becomes a kingdom (1806), [245];
- receives Salzburg (1809), [257];
- member of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260];
- invaded by the Austrians (1809), [272];
- great internal reforms, [289];
- member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342];
- receives Mayence for the Tyrol (1815), [344]. See Charles Theodore, Maximilian Joseph.
- Baylen, capitulation of (1808), [267], [268].
- Bayonne besieged by the English (1813, 1814), [316], [321].
- Beauharnais, Eugène de, step-son of Napoleon (1781–1824), [236], [238], [239], [244], [255], [256], [273], [308], [315], [321], [322], [345].
- Beaulieu, Jean Pierre, Baron de, Austrian general (1725–1820), [174].
- Beccaria, Cæsar Bonesana, Marquis de, Italian philosopher (1738–94), [26].
- Belgium, opposition to the Emperor Joseph’s reforms in (1788), [15];
- his apparent success, [43];
- armed resistance in, [47];
- abolition of Belgian liberties, [47], [48];
- the Austrians driven from (1789), [64];
- the Belgian Republic formed (Jan. 1790), [65];
- struggle between the Van der Nootists and Vonckists, [92], [93];
- reconquered by the Austrians (Dec. 1790), [94];
- conquered by the French under Dumouriez (1792), [118];
- annexed to the French Republic, [118];
- rises against the French (1793), [126];
- Dumouriez driven from (1793), [127];
- reconquered by the French (1794), [144];
- organised as part of the French Republic, [150];
- cession to France agreed to by Austria at Leoben, [186];
- and at Campo-Formio (1797), [192], [193];
- organised into nine French departments, [230];
- England insists on its separation from France, [318];
- invaded by the Prince of Orange (1814), [321];
- Napoleon refuses to give up, [324];
- united with Holland into the kingdom of the Netherlands (1815), [344], [360].
- Belgrade, taken by the Austrians (1789), [45].
- Bellegarde, Henri, Comte de, Austrian general (1755–1831), on the Mincio (1814), [322].
- Belluno, Duke of. See Victor.
- Bender, city of, taken by the Russians (1789), [45].
- —— Blaise Colombeau, Baron, Austrian general (1713–98), [65], [93], [94].
- Benevento, principality of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, [24];
- Talleyrand made prince of, [277].
- Benezech, Pierre, French administrator (1745–1802), [166].
- Benningsen, Levin Augustus Theophilus, Count, Russian general (1745–1826), [221], [248], [249], [311].
- Bentinck, Lord William Charles Cavendish, English general (1774–1839), [307], [315], [322], [346].
- Beresford, William Carr, Viscount, English general (1770–1856), [266], [297].
- Berg, grand duchy of, created for Murat (1806), its extent, [252];
- member of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260];
- conferred on son of Louis Bonaparte (1808), [283].
- Bergen, battles of (19 Sept. and 2 Oct. 1799), [205].
- Bergen-op-Zoom, English repulsed from (1814), [321].
- Berlin, occupied by Napoleon (1806), [247];
- decree issued at (1807), [251];
- University of, founded, [303], [304];
- the French driven from (1813), [308].
- Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules, Prince of Ponte Corvo (1806), Prince Royal of Sweden (1810), King Charles XIV. of Sweden (1818), (1764–1844), French ambassador to Austria (1798), [197];
- insulted at Vienna, [198];
- Minister of War (1799), [210];
- attacked by the Russians (1807), [247];
- commanded the Saxons at Wagram (1809), [274];
- Prince of Ponte Corvo, [277];
- elected Prince Royal of Sweden (1810), [279];
- signs treaty of Abo with Emperor Alexander (1812), [302];
- intrigues with Napoleon, [307], [308];
- invaded Germany (1813), [309];
- wins battle of Gross-Beeren, [312];
- and of Dennewitz, [313];
- defeated the Danes and exchanged Pomerania for Norway (1814), [320];
- rejected for throne of France, [330];
- got Norway, but had to give up Guadeloupe (1815), [347];
- one of Napoleon’s marshals, App. iv.
- Bernard, Great St., Bonaparte crosses (1800), [218].
- —— Little St., French reach the summit of (1795), [151].
- —— of Saintes, Adrien Antoine, French politician (1750–1819), [139].
- Berne, chief oligarchical canton of Switzerland in 1789, [41];
- occupies Geneva (1792), [125];
- occupied by the French (1798), [199];
- Vaud and Argau separated from (1803), [228];
- obtained part of the Bishopric of Basle (1815), [345].
- Bernis, François Joachim de Pierre, Cardinal de, French statesman (1715–94), [19].
- Bernstorf, Count Andrew, Danish statesman (1735–97), [32], [46], [120].
- —— Count Christian, Danish statesman (1769–1835), [338].
- Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Neufchâtel and Wagram, French general (1753–1815), [200], [216], [241], [239], [283], App. iv.
- —— de Sauvigny, Louis Bénigne François, French administrator (1742–89), [59].
- Bessarabia, conquered by the Russians under Potemkin (1789), [45];
- under Bagration (1810), [281];
- part of, ceded to Russia by treaty of Bucharest, [281].
- Bessières, Jean Baptiste, Duke of Istria, French general (1768–1813), [267], [297], [309], App. iv.
- Beugnot, Jacques Claude, Comte, French administrator (1761–1835), [331].
- Biberach, battle of (9 May 1800), [219].
- Bidassoa, the passage of, forced by the Spaniards (1739), [130];
- by the French (1794), [140].
- Bigot de Préameneu, Félix Julien Jean, Comte, French jurist (1747–1825), [215].
- Bilbao, taken by the French (1795), [151].
- Billaud-Varenne, Jacques Nicolas, French statesman (1756–1819), [193], [134], [138], [139], [147], [149], [155].
- Biron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de, French general (1747–93), [138].
- Bischofswerder, Hans Rudolf, Baron von, Prussian statesman (♰1803), [31], [87].
- Bishops, the Prince of Germany, [34], [39].
- Black Legion of Brunswick raised, [293].
- Blake, Joachim, Spanish general (♰1827), defeated at Albufera (1811), [247].
- Blücher, Gebhard Lebrecht von, Prince of Wahlstatt, Prussian general (1742–1819), [309], [312], [318], [319], [328], [329], [350], [352], [353], [355].
- Boeckh, Augustus, German scholar (1785–1861), [304].
- Bohemia, opposition to Joseph’s reforms in, [15];
- the reforms suspended, [66];
- pacified by Leopold, [84].
- Boissy-d’Anglas, François Antoine, Comte, French statesman (1756–1826), [155], [165], [168], [182].
- Bologna, belonged to the Pope, [24];
- occupied by Bonaparte (1796), [175];
- merged in the Cisalpine Republic, [192];
- in the kingdom of Italy, [255];
- restored to the Pope (1815), [347].
- Bonaparte, Caroline, Queen of Naples. See Caroline.
- Bonaparte, Elisa (1777–1820), [283].
- —— Jerome (1784–1860), King of Westphalia. See Jerome.
- —— Joseph (1768–1844), [239] (1806), [255]. See Joseph.
- —— Louis (1778–1846), [239], [254], [255]. See Louis.
- —— Lucien (1775–1840), [210], [216], [223].
- —— Napoleon (1769–1821) at the siege of Toulon (1793), [140];
- brings up artillery for the defence of the Convention (1795), [164];
- defeats the insurgents of Vendémiaire, [165];
- appointed to the command of the army of Italy (1796), [174];
- defeats the Sardinians, [174];
- conquers Lombardy, [174];
- makes armistice with the Pope, [175];
- defeats the Austrians at Castiglione, [175], at Arcola and Rivoli, [176];
- invades the Tyrol and signs Preliminaries of Leoben, [186];
- opposed the Clichians, [189];
- sends Augereau to Paris to help the Directors, [191];
- formed the Cisalpine Republic, [192];
- signs treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), [192];
- commands army of the Interior, [194];
- takes Malta and invades Egypt (1798), [195];
- campaign in Syria (1799), [208];
- returns to France, [208];
- makes coup d’état of 18 Brumaire, [210], [211];
- provisional First Consul, [211];
- First Consul, [214];
- internal policy, [215];
- forms the Bank of France and Code Civil, [215];
- foreign policy, [216], [217];
- wins battle of Marengo and conquers Italy, [218];
- First Consul of the Cisalpine Republic, [220];
- his Spanish policy, [223];
- concludes the treaty of Amiens (1802), [225];
- reorganises Switzerland, [228];
- Mediator of the Swiss Confederation, [229];
- makes Concordat with the Pope, [229];
- forms the prefectures, [230];
- educational reforms, [231];
- First Consul for life (1802), [232];
- arrests the English in France and occupies Hanover (1803), [233];
- execution of the Duc d’Enghien (1804), [235];
- Emperor of the French (1804), [236]. See Napoleon.
- —— Pauline, Princess Borghese (1780–1825), [283].
- Bonn, the university of, [40], [150].
- Bonnier-d’Alco, Ange Elisabeth Louis Antoine, French politician (1749–1799), [202].
- Bordeaux, [131], [327].
- Borodino, battle of (7 Sept. 1812), [305].
- Bosnia, invaded by the Austrians (1788), [43].
- Bouillé, François Claude Amour, Marquis de, French general (1739–1800), [72], [97], [98], [100].
- Boulogne, Napoleon’s camp at (1804–5), [241], [242].
- Bourbon, Isle of (Réunion), restored to France (1815), [348].
- Bourdon, Léonard Jean Joseph, French politician (1758–1816), [147].
- Bourdon de Vatry, Marc Antoine, French administrator (1761–1828), [210].
- Bourges, federalist army proposed to be formed at (1793), [131], [132].
- Bournonville, Pierre de Riel, Comte de, French general (1752–1821), [330].
- Brabant, Constitution of, abolished by the Emperor Joseph (1789), [47].
- Braila, battle of (1810), [281].
- Branicki, Francis Xavier, Polish statesman (♰1819), [121].
- Braschi, Giovanni Angelo. See Pius VI., Pope.
- Breda, [48], [64].
- Breisgau, the, granted to the Duke of Modena (1803), [226];
- to the Grand Duke of Baden (1805), [258].
- Bremen, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, [35];
- retained its independence (1803), [226];
- annexed to Napoleon’s Empire (1810), [282];
- one of the four free cities of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Brescia formed part of the Cisalpine Republic, [192].
- Brest, blockaded by English fleet, [184];
- French fleet at, unable to break the blockade (1805), [242].
- Brienne, battle of (29th Jan. 1814), [319].
- Brigandage rife in France under the Directory, [181];
- put down by the Consulate, [215];
- rife in Calabria, [256].
- Brissot, Jean Pierre, French politician (1754–1793), [101], [106], [107], [116], [129].
- Brissotin section of the Girondin party in the Convention, [116].
- Brittany, opposition to the Convention in, [131];
- pacified by Hoche, [180], [181].
- Brixen, bishopric of, united to Austria (1803), [226].
- Broglie, Victor François, Duc de, French general (1718–1804), [56].
- Bruges, [64].
- Bruix, Eustache, French admiral (1759–1805), [196].
- Brumaire, coup d’état of the 18th (1799), [210], [211].
- Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, French general (1763–1815), [199], [205], [219], [254], [356], [App. iv.]
- Brunswick, Duchy of, merged in kingdom of Westphalia (1806), [258];
- a member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of. See Charles William Ferdinand.
- Brunswick-Oels, Duke of. See Frederick William.
- Brussels, [15], [47], [48], [64], [94], [118], [144].
- Bucharest, [45], [281].
- Buenos Ayres, [264].
- Bülow, Frederick William von, Prussian general (1755–1816), [309], [312], [313];
- detached to join Blücher in France (1814), [319], [320], [328].
- Burgos, battle of (10 Nov. 1808), [269];
- Wellington fails to take (1812), and retreats from, [307].
- Burke, Edmund, English orator (1730–97), [120].
- Burrard, Sir Harry, English general (1755–1815), [266].
- Busaco, battle of (27 Sept. 1810), [296].
- Buttmann, Philip Charles, German scholar (1764–1829), [304].
- Buzot, François Nicolas Léonard, French politician (1760–94), [116].
- Buzotins, a section of the Girondins, [116].
- Cabarrus, François, Spanish statesman (1752–1810), [21].
- Cadiz, besieged by the French (1810–12), [296], [297].
- Cadore, Duke of. See Champagny.
- Cadoudal, Georges, Chouan leader (1771–1804), [234], [235].
- Caen, army organised by the Girondins against the Convention at (1793), [131].
- Caillard, Antoine Bernard, French diplomatist (1737–1807), [215].
- Cairo, taken by Bonaparte (1798), [195];
- the Mamelukes defeated at (1799), [208];
- taken by the English (1801), [224].
- Caisse d’amortissement founded, [287], [288].
- Calabria, brigandage in, encouraged by the English, [256].
- Calder, Sir Robert, English admiral (1745–1818), his action (1805), [242].
- Caldiero, battle of (12 Nov. 1796), [176];
- battle of (30 Oct. 1805), [244].
- Cambacérès, Jean Jacques Régis, Duke of Parma, French statesman (1753–1824), [156], [159], [166], [182], [210], [214], [239], [287], [357].
- Cambon, Joseph, French statesman (1754–1820), [129], [133], [288].
- Cambrai, [353].
- Camperdown, battle of (11 Oct. 1797), [194].
- Campo-Chiaro, Duke of, Neapolitan statesman, [338], [346].
- Campo-Formio, treaty of (17 Oct. 1797), [192], [193].
- Campomanes, Don Pedro Rodriguez, Count of, Spanish statesman (1723–1802), [21].
- Canning, George, English statesman (1770–1827), [295].
- Cantons of Switzerland, [228], [345].
- Cape of Good Hope taken by the English (1805), [264];
- retained by them (1815), [348].
- Capitulations: of Ulm (1805), [243];
- of Baylen (1808), [267], [268];
- of Kulm (1813), [313].
- Capo d’Istria, John, Count, Greek statesman (1776–1831), [337].
- Carniola ceded to Napoleon (1809), [274].
- Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, French statesman (1753–1823), [133], [134], [140], [148], [165], [177], [181], [191], [214], [216], [321], [352], [357].
- Caroline, Marie, Queen of the Two Sicilies (1752–1814), [23].
- —— Murat, Queen of Naples (1782–1839), [322], [345].
- Carrier, Jean Baptiste, French politician (1756–1794), [139], [141], [149].
- Cassano, battle of (27 April 1799), [203].
- Castiglione, battle of (15 Aug. 1796), [175].
- —— Duke of. See Augereau.
- Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, Marquis of Londonderry, English statesman (1769–1822), his views on the way to carry on the war with Napoleon, [295];
- returns to office (1812), [301];
- his policy to form a fresh coalition, [301], [302];
- efforts to get Austria to join (1813), [311];
- sends expedition to Holland, [314];
- sent with full powers to France (1814), [318];
- persists in the war and calls up reinforcements for Blücher, [319], [320];
- opposition to the retention of Belgium by France, [324];
- signs treaty of Chaumont, [327];
- friendship with Metternich, [331];
- signs treaty of Paris, [332];
- one of the two men who did most to overthrow Napoleon, [334];
- English representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814), [337];
- signs treaty with France and Austria against Russia and Prussia, [340];
- disavows Bentinck’s Italian proclamation, [346];
- gets the Slave Trade condemned, [349];
- succeeded by Wellington at Vienna, [349];
- opposes Prussia’s schemes for punishing France (1815), [354];
- refuses to join the Holy Alliance, [355].
- Catalonia, [144], [150], [151], [275].
- Cathcart, William Schaw, Lord, English general (1755–1843), [264], [301], [323], [337].
- Catherine ii., Empress of Russia (1729–96) a benevolent despot, [4];
- attitude to other Powers of Europe (1789), [12], [13];
- alliance with Joseph II., [17];
- extension of Russia under, [18];
- policy in Poland, [18];
- internal policy, [19];
- war with the Turks (1789–90), [43–45];
- with the Swedes (1789–90), [45], [46];
- deprived of the Austrian alliance by Leopold, [95];
- makes peace with Sweden at Verela (1790), [95], [96];
- with the Turks at Jassy (1792), [96];
- attitude towards the French Revolution, [109], [121];
- invades Poland (1793), [121];
- signs second partition of Poland, [122];
- asserts she is fighting Jacobinism in Poland, [125];
- invades Poland (1795), [151];
- extinguishes independence of Poland, [152];
- receives the Comte d’Artois, [172];
- death (1796), [185].
- Catherine, Grand Duchess of Oldenburg, Queen of Würtemburg (1788–1819), [300], [337].
- —— Princess, of Würtemburg (1783–1835), marries Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (1807), [258].
- Cattaro, mouths of the river, ceded by Russia to France at Tilsit (1807), [250].
- Caulaincourt, Armand Augustin Louis de, Duke of Vicenza, French statesman (1772–1827), [234], [239], [311], [316], [317], [323], [324], [329], [331], [332].
- Cayenne restored to France (1814), [348].
- Ceva, battle of (16 April 1796), [174].
- Ceylon, taken by the English (1796), [264];
- retained in 1815, [348].
- Chabot, François, French politician (1759–94), [117].
- Chalier, Marie Joseph, French politician (1747–93), [131].
- Chambéry, annexed to France (1814), [333];
- restored to King of Sardinia (1815), [354].
- ‘Chambre Introuvable’ (1815), [357], [358].
- Champagny, Jean Baptiste Nompère de, Duke of Cadore, French statesman (1756–1834), [241].
- Champaubert, battle of (10 Feb. 1814), [319].
- Champ de Mars, Paris, massacre of (17 July 1791), [101].
- Championnet, Jean Etienne, French general (1762–1800), [200], [203], [204].
- Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte, French administrator (1756–1832), [216], [241].
- Charles III., King of Spain (1716–88), benevolent despot, his reforms, [4], [21];
- commenced his career as a reforming monarch at Naples, [23].
- —— IV., King of Spain (1748–1819), [21], [77], [79], [193], [126], [157], [183], [223], [232], [252], [253], [267].
- —— XIII., King of Sweden, formerly Duke of Sudermania (1748–1818), [46], [110], [120], [171], [253], [279].
- —— II., King of Etruria (1799–1863), [253], [347].
- Charles Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1757–1828), [38], [337], [342].
- —— Emmanuel IV., King of Sardinia (1751–1819), [200].
- —— Eugène, Duke of Würtemburg, (1728–93), [37], [38].
- —— Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach (1728–1811), [37], [79], [167], [180], [225], [227], [245], [258], [260].
- —— Louis Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden (1786–1816), [258], [337], [342].
- —— Theodore, Elector of Bavaria and Elector Palatine (1729–99), [37], [172], [180].
- —— William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prussian general (1735–1806), [32], [113], [114], [115], [116], [126], [246].
- —— Archduke, Austrian general (1771–1847), elected Grand Duke of Belgium (1790), [94];
- commands the Austrian army in Germany (1796), [177];
- repulses Jourdan and Moreau, [178];
- effect of his success, [180];
- commands Austrian army in the Tyrol (1797), [185];
- defeated by Bonaparte, and signs Preliminaries of Leoben, [186];
- defeats Jourdan (1799), [202];
- and advances to the Rhine, [204];
- forced to retreat, [205];
- campaign against Moreau (1800), superseded, [219];
- invades Italy (1805), [243];
- defeated at Caldiero, [244];
- reorganises Austrian army, [271];
- invades Bavaria (1809), [272];
- defeated at Eckmühl, [273];
- fights battle of Aspern, [273];
- defeated at Wagram, [274].
- Charter, the, of [4] June 1814, [350].
- Chatham, John Pitt, Earl of, English general (1756–1820), [276].
- Châtillon, Congress of (1814), [323], [324].
- Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, French politician (1763–94), [141].
- Chaumont, treaty of (1 March 1814), [327], [328].
- Chauvelin, François Bernard, Marquis de, French politician (1766–1832), [120].
- Cherasco, armistice of (28 April 1796), [174].
- Chernishev, Alexander, Count, Russian general, [308], [312], [313], [337].
- Chestret, M., elected burgomaster of Liége (1789), [49].
- Chiaramonti, Gregorio Barnaba Luigi. See Pius VII., Pope.
- Choczim, taken by the Austrians and Russians (1788), [43].
- Choiseul, Etienne François, Duc de, French statesman (1719–85), made the ‘Pacte de Famille’ with Spain, [14].
- Christian VII., King of Denmark (1749–1808), [32], [46], [171].
- Cintra, Convention of (30 Aug. 1808), [266].
- Circles, the executive divisions of the Holy Roman Empire, [36];
- abolished (1803), [225].
- Cisalpine Republic, [192], [203], [220], [255].
- Ciudad Rodrigo, taken by Wellington (Jan. 1812), [306].
- Clancarty, Richard Trench, Earl of, English diplomatist (1767–1837), [337].
- Clarke, Henri Jacques Guillaume, Duke of Feltre, French general (1765–1818), [241].
- Clavière, Etienne, French politician (1735–93), [41], [114], [125].
- Clement Wenceslas of Saxony, Archbishop-Elector of Trèves in 1789, [40].
- Clementine Museum at Rome reorganised by Pope Pius VI., [24].
- Clerfayt, François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Comte de, Austrian general (1733–98), [88], [150], [172].
- Clichian party, [182], [187], [188], [189], [190], [191].
- Club, Cordeliers. See Cordeliers.
- —— de Clichy, [182], [187].
- —— Jacobin. See Jacobin.
- —— of 1789, [101].
- Cobenzl, Count Louis, Austrian statesman (1753–1808), [192], [220], [233], [243], [270].
- —— Count Philip, Austrian statesman (1741–1810), [126].
- Coblentz, [150], [230], [344].
- Coburg, Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Prince of, Austrian general (1737–1815), [43], [44], [45], [88], [127], [130], [144].
- Cochon de Lapparent, Charles, French administrator (1749–1825), [182], [191].
- Cochrane, Thomas, Lord, Earl of Dundonald, English admiral (1775–1860), [276].
- Code, Civil, bases of, laid by the Convention, [156];
- Bonaparte’s commission to draw up, [215].
- Codes of law promulgated by Napoleon, [287].
- Colli, Louis Leonard Gaspard Venance, Baron, Sardinian general (1760–1811), [174].
- Colloredo, Count Jerome, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg in 1789, [39].
- Collot-d’Herbois, Jean Marie, French politician (1750–96), [117], [133], [134], [138], [147], [149], [155].
- Cologne, Archbishop of, an Elector in the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- —— archbishopric of, excellently ruled in 1789, [40];
- merged in France, [225];
- ceded to Prussia (1815), [344].
- —— city of, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, [35];
- taken by the French (1794), [150];
- ceded to Prussia (1815), [344].
- Committee of General Defence, [127].
- —— of General Security, [135], [136], [146], [148].
- —— of Mercy, [143].
- —— of Public Safety, the first chosen (April 1793), [127], [128];
- its work, [132], [133];
- formation of the Great, [133];
- growth of its power, [134];
- its system of government—the Reign of Terror, [135];
- its instruments—the Committee of General Security, [135], [136];
- the deputies on mission, [136], [137];
- laws of the Suspects and the Maximum, [137];
- the Revolutionary Tribunal, [137], [138];
- its power organised, [138], [139];
- its success, 139–[141];
- opposition to, 141–[143];
- overthrows the Hébertists, [142];
- the Dantonists, [145];
- its triumphs on land, [143], [144];
- failure at sea, [144], [145];
- Robespierre’s position in, [146];
- renewed by a quarter monthly after Robespierre’s fall, [148];
- its supremacy maintained, but its system changed, [148], [149];
- filled by members of the Plain, [156].
- Commune of Paris overthrows the monarchy (Aug. 1792), [115];
- its energy, [114];
- insists on expulsion of the Girondins (June 1793), [129];
- becomes Hébertist and opposes the Committee of Public Safety, [141];
- becomes Robespierrist, and is decimated by the Convention, [147].
- Conclusum of the Empire, how arrived at, [33], [34].
- Concordat between the Pope and Bonaparte (1802), [229], [230], [277].
- Condé, taken by the Austrians (1793), [130].
- Condé, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de, French general (1736–1818), [106], [167], [178], [206], [207].
- Condillac, Etienne-Bonnot, Abbé de, French philosopher (1715–80), [25].
- Conegliano, Duke of. See Moncey.
- Confederation, Germanic. See Germanic.
- —— of the Rhine. See Rhine.
- —— of Switzerland. See Switzerland.
- —— of Targovitsa, asks Catherine to intervene in Poland (1795), [121].
- Conferences:
- Erfurt (1808), [262];
- Pilnitz (1791), [102];
- Reichenbach, (1790), [87];
- Tilsit (1807), [249], [250].
- Congresses:
- Châtillon (1814), [323], [324];
- the Hague (1799), [93], [94];
- Prague (1813), [311];
- Rastadt (1798), [186], [192], [202];
- Reichenbach (1790), [87];
- Sistova (1790), [88];
- Vienna (1814–15), [336–350].
- Consalvi, Hercules, Cardinal, Italian statesman (1757–1824), [277], [337].
- Conscription, established in France (1798), [201];
- in Germany, [289].
- Constance, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- —— bishopric of, merged in Grand Duchy of Baden (1803), [227].
- —— city of, taken by Massena (1799), [205].
- Constantine, Grand Duke, brother of the Emperor Alexander (1779–1831), [312], [337].
- Constantinople, great riot at (1807), [281].
- Constituent Assembly:
- the Tiers Etat declares itself the National Assembly (June 1789), [53];
- oath of the Tennis Court, and Séance Royale, [54];
- session of [4] August, [60];
- makes the Constitution of 1791, 68–[73];
- authority passed to, [97];
- discredited the executive, [98];
- dissolved (1791), [105].
- Constitution, the French, of 1791, 68–[73];
- revised, [101];
- completed, [103];
- compared with the Polish of 1791, [104], [105];
- its local arrangements confirmed by the Constitution of the Year III., [162].
- —— the French, of 1793, [132], [138], [141].
- —— the French, of the Year III. (1795), [156], [159], [160], [161], [162].
- —— the French, of the Year VIII. (1799), [212–214];
- the Consulate, [213];
- the Legislature, [214], [215].
- —— the French, of the Empire (1805), [240].
- —— the French, promised by the Charter (1814), [350].
- —— the Polish, of 1791, [104], [105];
- abrogated, [122].
- Consulate, the, in France, [213].
- Consuls, the (1799–1804), Bonaparte, Cambacérès, Le Brun, [214].
- —— the Provisional (1799), Bonaparte, Sieyès, Roger Ducos, [211].
- Continental Blockade against England, [250], [251], [255], [261], [282], [300], [301].
- Convention, National, [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [127], [132], [134], [147], [155], [163], [164], [165], [166].
- Conventions: Alexandria (1800), [218];
- Alkmaar (1799), [205];
- Cintra (1808), [268];
- Leoben (1797), [186];
- Reichenbach (1790), [87], [88];
- Tauroggen (1812), [308].
- Copenhagen, battle of (2 April 1801), [222];
- bombarded and the Danish fleet seized by the English (1807), [252].
- Cordeliers Club at Paris, [101], [141].
- Corfu, occupied by the French (1797), [192].
- See Ionian Islands.
- Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis, English general (1738–1805), [197].
- Corsica, ceded to France by Genoa (1768), [27];
- occupied by the English (1793), [145];
- abandoned by them (1796), [183].
- Corunna, battle of (16 Jan. 1809), [270].
- Corvée, or forced labour, [5], [6], [16].
- Council of Ancients, established in France (1795), [161], [162], [189], [190], [209], [210], [211].
- Council of Five Hundred, established in France (1795), [161], [162], [182], [189], [190], [209], [210], [211].
- —— of State, established in France under the Consulate (1799), [213], [231], [240].
- Court, Napoleon’s, [238], [239], [285], [286].
- Couthon, Georges Auguste, French politician (1756–94), [133], [135], [147].
- Cracow, university of, reorganised, [104];
- Kosciuszko raises standard of Polish independence at (1794), [151];
- given to Austria at third partition of Poland (1795), [152];
- joined to Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1809), [274];
- given to Austria as a free city (1815), [342].
- Cradock, Sir John Francis, Lord Howden, English general (1762–1839), [269], [275].
- Craonne, battle of (7 March 1814), [328].
- Croatia ceded to Napoleon (1809), [274].
- Cuesta, Don Gregorio Garcia de la, Spanish general (1740–1812), [267], [275], [276].
- Curaçao, restored to Holland by England (1815), [348].
- Custine, Adam Philippe, Comte de, French general (1740–93), [118], [138].
- Czartoryski, Prince Adam George, Polish statesman (1770–1865), [337], [339].
- Dalberg, Charles Theodore de, German prelate (1744–1817), Co-adjutor-Archbishop-Elector of Mayence in 1789, [39];
- retained as Arch-Chancellor of the Empire with new territory (1803), [225];
- Grand Duke of Frankfort (1806), [259];
- received Fulda and Hanau and became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260];
- suggested that Napoleon should be Emperor of Germany, [302];
- lost his territorial sovereignty (1815), [343].
- —— Emeric Joseph, Duc de, French statesman (1773–1833), [330], [338].
- Dalmatia, belonged to Venice in 1789, [27];
- ceded to Austria (1797), [192];
- annexed by Napoleon (1805), [245].
- See Illyrian Provinces.
- —— Duke of. See Soult.
- Dalrymple, Sir Hew Whiteford, English general (1750–1830), [266].
- Danton, George Jacques, French statesman (1759–94), [101], [107], [114], [117], [120], [127], [129], [133], [134], [135], [136], [142], [143].
- Dantzic promised to Prussia by the treaty of Warsaw, [85];
- the Poles refuse to surrender, [87];
- given to Prussia at second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- besieged and taken by the French (1806), [247], [248];
- French garrison left in 1812, [308];
- besieged (1812–14), [319].
- —— Duke of. See Lefebvre.
- Danubian Principalities, the, promised to Alexander by Napoleon (1807), [250].
- Dardanelles, the, forced by an English fleet (1807), [280].
- Daru, Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, Comte, French administrator (1767–1829), [241].
- Daunou, Pierre Claude François, French politician (1761–1840), [156].
- Dauphiné, influence of the Assembly in (1788), on the elections to the States-General in France, [51].
- David, Jacques Louis, French painter (1748–1825), [357].
- Davout, Louis Nicolas, Duke of Auerstädt, Prince of Eckmühl, French general (1770–1823), [247], [272], [319], [320], [App. iv.]
- Debry, Jean Antoine, French politician (1760–1834), [202].
- Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789), [60].
- —— of Saint Ouen (1814), [332], [333].
- Decrès, Denis, Duke, French admiral (1761–1820), [216], [240].
- Defermon, Joseph, Comte, French administrator (1756–1831), [240].
- Dego, battle of (15 April 1796), [174].
- Delacroix, Charles, French politician (1740–1805), [166], [189], [190].
- Demarcation, line of, protecting Northern Germany, agreed to at treaty of Basle between France and Prussia (1795), [157];
- its effect on the position of Prussia, [170];
- proposal to extend (1796), [179];
- violated by the occupation of Hanover (1804), [242];
- this violation leads Prussia to prepare for war, [246].
- Denmark, under Russian influence in 1789, [13];
- its prosperity and reforms, [32];
- the king a member of the Holy Roman Empire as Duke of Holstein, [34];
- attacks Sweden (1788), but forced to make peace, [46];
- remains neutral during the general war with France, [120], [124], [171];
- joins League of the North and is attacked by England (1801), [222];
- Copenhagen bombarded and the Danish fleet seized by England (1807), [254];
- Sweden declares war against (1808), [279];
- a faithful ally of Napoleon, [302];
- invaded by Bernadotte and forced to exchange Norway for Swedish Pomerania (1814), [320];
- gets the Duchy of Lauenburg for Swedish Pomerania (1815), [347];
- cedes Heligoland to England (1815), [348].
- Dennewitz, battle of (6 Sept. 1813), [313].
- Deputies of the Convention sent on mission, [128];
- put down the Girondin movement, [131];
- an instrument of the Reign of Terror; their work—in the provinces, [136];
- with the armies, [136], [137].
- Desaix, Louis Charles Antoine, French general (1768–1800), [178], [208], [219].
- Desmoulins, Camille, French politician (1762–94), [56], [133], [142], [143].
- Despots, the benevolent, of the eighteenth century, [4], [5];
- the Emperor Joseph II., [15], [16];
- the Empress Catherine of Russia, [19];
- Charles III. of Spain, [21];
- Leopold of Tuscany, [24];
- Ferdinand of Parma, [25];
- Frederick the Great of Prussia, [29];
- Gustavus III. of Sweden, [33];
- Charles Theodore of Bavaria and Charles Frederick of Baden, [37].
- Deux-Ponts (Zweibrücken), duchy of, [38], [79];
- merged in France (1803), [227].
- Diderot, Denis, French philosopher (1713–84), [4], [9], [19].
- Diet, the Imperial, of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichstag), [33], [35].
- Diet, the, of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806), [260].
- —— the, of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Dignitaries, the Grand, of Napoleon’s Empire, [239].
- Dillon, Arthur, French general (1750–94), [115].
- —— Theobald, French general (1743–92), [111].
- Directors, the, of the French Republic (1795–99): elected Oct. 1795, Barras, Carnot, Letourneur, Revellière-Lépeaux, Reubell, [165], [166];
- May 1797, Barthélémy succeeds Letourneur, [188];
- Sept. 1797, François de Neufchâteau and Merlin of Douai succeed Barthélémy and Carnot, [191];
- May 1798, Treilhard succeeds François de Neufchâteau, [195];
- May 1799, Sieyès succeeds Reubell, [209];
- June 1799, Ducos, Gohier, and Moulin succeed Merlin of Douai, Revellière-Lépeaux, and Treilhard, [211].
- Directory, the, its functions as established by the Constitution of the Year III., [160], [161];
- foreign policy left to Reubell, [169], [179];
- military affairs to Carnot, [177];
- its internal policy, [180], [181];
- struggle with the Clichians, [189], [190];
- coup d’état of Fructidor 1797, [191];
- interferes in the elections of 1798 to the Legislature, [196];
- its weakness (1799), [209];
- struggle with the Legislature (1799), [209];
- abolished 18 Brumaire (1799), [211].
- Dombrowski, John Henry, Polish general (1755–1818), [206].
- ‘Dotations,’ [286].
- Dresden, battle of (27 Aug. 1813), [312].
- Drouet, Jean Baptiste, French politician (1763–1824), [168].
- Dubienka, battle of (17 July 1792), [122].
- Dubitza taken by the Austrians (1788), [43].
- Dubois-Crancé, Edmond Louis Alexis, French politician (1747–1814), [210].
- Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, English admiral (1747–1817), [280].
- Ducos, Roger, French politician (1754–1816), [209], [211].
- Dugommier, Jean François Coquille, French general (1721–94), [140], [144], [150], [151].
- Dumont, André, French politician (1764–1836), [139].
- Dumouriez, Charles François, French general (1739–1823), [110], [111], [112], [114], [115], [116], [118], [119], [120], [126], [127].
- Duncan, Adam, Viscount, English admiral (1731–1804), [193], [194].
- Dunkirk besieged by the Duke of (1793), [130];
- relieved by Houchard, [140].
- ‘Duodecimo duchies’ of Germany in 1789, [40].
- Duphot, Léonard, French general (1770–97), [200].
- Dupont de l’Étang, Pierre, Comte, French general (1765–1838), [267], [268], [331].
- Dufort, Amédee Bretagne Malo, Comte de, French courtier (1770–1836), [99].
- Duroc, Géraud Christophe Michel, Duke of Friuli, French general (1772–1813), [217], [234], [239].
- Düsseldorf, [37], [172], [259].
- Ecclesiastical princes of the Holy Roman Empire, [34], [39], [40];
- their states secularised (1803), [170].
- Eckmühl, battle of (22 April 1809), [273].
- —— Prince of. See Davout.
- Education, national system established before 1789 in Spain, [21];
- in Portugal, [22];
- in Tuscany, [24];
- in Parma, [25];
- in Lombardy, [26];
- in Denmark, [32];
- in Baden, [37];
- attempted in Poland, [104];
- reforms in, attempted by the Convention in France, [156];
- Bonaparte’s scheme of, [231];
- Napoleon’s system of, [258];
- established in Prussia by Humboldt, [303], [304].
- Egypt, conquered by Bonaparte (1798), [195];
- his administration of, and reconquest (1799), [208];
- French expelled from, by the English (1801), [224];
- failure of English expedition to (1808), [264].
- Ehrenbreitstein, fortress, taken by Marceau (1795), [172].
- Elba, declared a French island, [230];
- granted to Napoleon (1814), [332];
- his escape from (1815), [349], [351].
- Elchingen, battle of (20 Oct. 1805), [244].
- —— Duke of. See Ney.
- Elections, the, to the States-General in France (1789), [50], [51].
- Electors, the eight, of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789, [34];
- the ten established in 1803, [225].
- Elizabeth, Madame, sister of Louis XVI. (1764–94), [61], [68].
- Elliot, Hugh, English diplomatist (1752–1830), [78].
- Elsinore, batteries at, passed by the English fleet (1801), [222].
- Elten, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227];
- and again (1815), [344].
- Elwangen, the Abbot of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- Emigrés, Belgian, strong measures taken against (1789), [48].
- —— French, [59], [63], [81], [97], [106], [108], [109], [113], [137], [154], [166], [167], [169], [172], [188], [214], [215], [351], [357], [358].
- See Condé.
- Emperor of the French, Napoleon declares himself (1804), [236];
- refuses to be Emperor of Germany, [302].
- —— Holy Roman, position of, [34];
- Francis II. abandons the title of (1804), [236].
- See Francis II., Joseph II., Leopold II.
- Empire, Holy Roman, [17], [33–36], 79–[80], [108], [121], [193], [225–227].
- —— Napoleon’s, its establishment, [237], [238];
- Grand Dignitaries of, [239];
- institutions and administrative system, [240];
- greatest extension of (1810), [282], [283].
- Engen, battle of (3 May 1800), [219].
- Enghien, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc d’ (1722–1804), shot at Vincennes, [235].
- England, condition of, [8];
- Member of the Triple Alliance, [13], [32];
- alliance with Portugal, [21];
- condition in 1789, [27], [28];
- looks favourably on the French Revolution, [63];
- the affair of Nootka Sound, [77], [78];
- the Emperor Leopold appeals to, [86];
- attitude towards the French Republic, [120];
- France declares war against (1793), [120];
- paymaster of the coalition against France, [125], [126];
- occupies Toulon, [139];
- and Corsica, [145];
- withdrew subsidies from Prussia, [153];
- national feeling in, against France, [154];
- supported the French émigrés, [154], [166], [167];
- did not wish for peace with France, [169];
- Spain declares war against, [183];
- attempts at peace, [184], [190];
- blockades and defeats the Dutch fleet, [193], [194];
- takes Minorca and Malta, [195];
- forms the second coalition, [197];
- Bonaparte attacks her commerce through the Neutral League of the North, [222];
- drives the French out of Egypt, [224];
- the Peace of Amiens, [225];
- recommencement of the war with France, [233];
- Napoleon’s project of invading, [241], [242];
- forms the third coalition, [243];
- the Continental Blockade against and its effect, [251];
- seizes the Danish fleet, [252];
- decides to actively intervene on the Continent, [263], [295];
- hitherto contented with taking colonies and detached expeditions, [264];
- sends an army to Portugal, [265], [266];
- promises subsidies to Austria (1809), [271];
- the Walcheren Expedition, [276];
- Castlereagh’s and Canning’s theories, [295];
- forms fresh coalition, [301], [302];
- greatness of her share in overthrowing Napoleon, [334];
- colonial gains made at the Congress of Vienna, [348];
- insists on abolition of the Slave Trade, [348], [349];
- refuses to join the Holy Alliance, [355]. See Castlereagh, Pitt.
- Erfurt, bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227].
- —— conference at (1808), [262].
- Erthal, Baron Francis Louis of, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg and Würtzburg in 1789, [39].
- —— Baron Frederick Charles of, Archbishop-Elector of Mayence and Prince-Bishop of Worms in 1789, [39].
- Espinosa, battle of (11 Nov. 1808), [269].
- Essen, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227].
- Essling or Aspern, battle of (21, 22 May 1809), [273].
- —— Prince of. See Massena.
- Esterhazy, Nicholas Joseph, Prince (1714–90), [91].
- Etruria, kingdom of, [220], [253]. See Louis.
- Ettlingen, battle of (June 1796), [178].
- Eugène de Beauharnais, Viceroy of Italy. See Beauharnais.
- Ewart, Joseph, English diplomatist (1760–92), English representative at the Congress of Reichenbach (1790), [87].
- Eylau, battle of (8 Feb. 1807), [248].
- Fabry, M., elected burgomaster of Liége (1789), [49].
- Famars, battle of (24 May 1793), [130].
- Faypoult, Guillaume Charles, French administrator (1752–1817), [166], [182].
- Felino, Marquis of. See Tillot.
- Feltre, Duke of. See Clarke.
- Féraud, Jean, French politician (1764–1795), killed in rising of [1] Prairial, [155].
- Ferdinand VII., King of Spain (1784–1833), [267], [358].
- —— IV., King of the Two Sicilies (1751–1825), [23], [120], [121], [171], [200], [203], [256], [264], [346], [359].
- —— III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, second son of the Emperor Leopold (1769–1824), [83], [120], [157], [171], [200], [206], [220], [225], [226], [260], [347].
- —— Duke of Parma and Piacenza, [25], [174], [175].
- —— Archduke, third son of Maria Theresa (1754–1806), [26].
- Ferrara, Legation of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, [24];
- occupied by Bonaparte (1796), [175];
- part of the Cisalpine Republic (1797), [192];
- of the kingdom of Italy (1805), [255];
- restored to the Pope (1815), [347].
- Ferrari, Raphael di, Doge of Genoa in 1789, [27].
- Fersen, Axel, Count (1759–1810), [113], [152].
- Fesch, Joseph, uncle of Napoleon (1763–1839), [239], [277].
- Feudalism, [3], [6], [8], [28], [60], [199], [256], [259], [288], [289], [290], [297], [303], [361].
- Fichte, John Theophilus, German philosopher (1762–1814), [304].
- Figueras, battle of (20 Nov. 1794), [150], [151].
- Filangieri, Gaetano, Neapolitan political writer (1752–88), [23].
- Finance, Napoleon’s system of, [287], [288].
- Finland, belonged to Sweden (1789), [32];
- campaigns of Gustavus III. in 1788, [45], [46];
- (1790), [95];
- conquered by the Emperor Alexander (1808), [250], [254], [279];
- ceded to Russia by Bernadotte in exchange for Norway (1812), [302].
- Firmian, Charles Joseph, Count, Austrian statesman (1716–82), [26].
- Fitzherbert, Alleyne, Lord St. Helens, English diplomatist (1753–1839), [78].
- Five Hundred, Council of. See Council.
- Flanders, the Estates of, declare their independence of Austria (1789), [64].
- Flesselles, Jacques de, French administrator (1721–89), [58].
- Fleurus, battle of (26 June 1794), [144].
- Florence, [200], [283].
- See Tuscany.
- Florida Blanca, Joseph Monino, Count of, Spanish statesman (1728–1809), [21], [77], [78].
- Flushing taken by the English (1809), [276].
- Foksany, battle of (31 July 1789), [45].
- Foligno, armistice of, between the Pope and Bonaparte (1796), [175].
- Fontainebleau, treaty of (1808), [252], [253];
- Pope Pius VII. taken to, [278];
- Napoleon abdicates at (1814), [331].
- Fontanes, Louis de, French writer (1757–1821), [288].
- Forfait, Pierre Alexandre Laurent, French administrator (1752–1807), [216].
- Fouché, Joseph, Duke of Otranto, French politician (1763–1820), [210], [216], [241], [357].
- Foullon de Doué, Joseph François, French administrator (1715–89), [59].
- Fox, Charles James, English statesman (1749–1806), [245], [247], [264].
- France, serfdom and feudalism practically extinct, [6];
- why the Revolution broke out, [8];
- position in 1789>, [19], [20];
- elections to the States-General (1789), [49], [51];
- result of the capture of the Bastille in (July 1789), [59], [60];
- divided into departments, [68], [69];
- state of, in 1791, [98];
- effect of the flight to Varennes on, [101], [102];
- wishes for war, [107];
- exasperated by Brunswick’s proclamation, [113];
- invaded (1792), [114];
- (1793), [130];
- opposition to the Convention (1793), [131], [132];
- submits to the Reign of Terror, [141];
- becomes a vast arsenal, [143];
- after the victory of Fleurus rejects the Terror, [148];
- detests the Convention because of the Terror (1795), [163];
- but would not rise against it, [164];
- internal peace established (1796), [180];
- state of (1796), [181];
- acquiesced in the coup d’état of Fructidor (1797), [191];
- state of (1798), weary of politics, [196];
- welcomed Bonaparte’s return (1799), [210];
- pacified under the Consulate, [215];
- organisation into prefectures, [230];
- popularity of Bonaparte in (1802), [231];
- enthusiastically welcomes the Empire, [237];
- conduct to the Pope damaged Napoleon’s popularity in, [278];
- Napoleon’s autocratic rule in, abolition of individual liberty and representative institutions, [284];
- indisposed to support Napoleon (1813), [315];
- would not rise to defend France in 1814 as in 1793, [322];
- weary of the military policy of Napoleon and physically exhausted, [324–326];
- reduced to its limits of 1792, [333];
- distrusts Louis XVIII., [351];
- welcomes Napoleon back (1815), [351], [352];
- difference of its attitude in 1814 and 1815, [353], [354];
- reduced to its limits of 1789, [354];
- reactionary government of Louis XVIII., [357], [358].
- Francis ii., Holy Roman Emperor, i. Emperor of Austria (1768–1835), succeeded his father Leopold (1792), [110];
- elected and crowned Emperor, [112];
- war with France, [112], [113];
- loses Belgium, [118];
- regarded himself as duped by being left out of second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- makes Thugut his Foreign Minister, [126];
- his armies invade France, [130], [139];
- repulsed, [140];
- receives Cracow and rest of Galicia at final partition of Poland (1795), [152];
- change in his attitude towards France, [153], [154];
- exchanges French prisoners for Madame Royale, [168];
- appealed to his people’s patriotism against Bonaparte (1796), [176];
- signs Convention of Leoben (1797), [186];
- and treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), [192];
- again prepares for war with France (1798), [197], [201];
- was more afraid of Russia than France, [206];
- signs treaty of Lunéville and dismisses Thugut (1801), [220];
- declares himself Emperor of Austria (1804), [236];
- forms coalition with Russia and England, and invades Italy and Bavaria (1805), [243];
- signs treaty of Pressburg, [245];
- prepares for a fresh war, and tries to rouse a national German spirit, [270], [271];
- invades Italy and Bavaria (1809), [272];
- makes treaty of Vienna, and dismisses Stadion, [274];
- appoints Metternich State Chancellor, [275];
- gives his daughter Marie Louise to Napoleon, [294];
- invades Russia as Napoleon’s ally (1812), [303];
- attempts to mediate between Napoleon and the allies, [310];
- declares war against Napoleon (1813), [311];
- does not want to overthrow Napoleon (1814), [316], [317], [324];
- signs treaty of Chaumont, [327];
- inclined to side with England against Russia and Prussia, [334];
- receives the allied monarchs at Vienna (1814), [337];
- signs secret treaty with England and France (3 Jan. 1815), [340];
- obtains the duchy of Parma for his daughter Marie Louise, [346], [347];
- joins the Holy Alliance, [355];
- greatly weakened actually if not territorially by the great war, [359].
- Francis IV., of Este, grandson of Hercules III., Duke of Modena (1779–1846), [347].
- —— Prince, of Prussia, (1797), [189].
- François de Neufchâteau, Nicolas, Comte, French politician (1750–1828), [190], [191], [195], [196].
- Franconia invaded by Jourdan (1796), [177], [178];
- by Napoleon (1805), [244].
- Frankenberg, Cardinal, Archbishop of Malines, [47], [65].
- Frankfort-on-the-Main, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, [35];
- Leopold crowned Emperor at (1790), [89];
- Francis crowned Emperor at (1792), [112];
- held to ransom by Custine (1792), [118];
- taken by Jourdan (1796), [177];
- maintained as a free city (1803), [226];
- the Proposals of (1813), [316];
- maintained as a free city and member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Frankfort, Grand Duchy of, created (1806), [259], [260].
- Frederick II., King of Prussia, ‘the Great’ (1712–86), typical benevolent despot, [4], [29];
- decay of Prussia after his reign, [5];
- opposed Austrian scheme of exchanging Belgium for Bavaria, [16], [17];
- Joseph’s admiration for, [17];
- suggested the partition of Poland, [18];
- his policy, [30].
- —— VI., King of Denmark (1768–1839), [32], [302], [320], [337], [347].
- —— I., Duke, afterwards King, of Würtemburg (1754–1816), [225], [245], [258], [347].
- —— Augustus I., Elector, afterwards King, of Saxony (1750–1827), [38], [179], [250], [259], [261], [274], [341].
- —— Eugène, Duke of Würtemburg (♰1797), [180].
- —— William II., King of Prussia (1744–97), his character and policy, [30], [31];
- intrigues with the Turks against Austria, [45];
- encourages the Belgian patriots, [48], [64];
- occupies Liége, [63];
- sends help to the Belgians, [65];
- makes treaty with the Poles, [85];
- intrigues against Austria, [85], [86];
- makes Convention of Reichenbach (1790), [87];
- won over by Leopold, [88];
- signs Declaration of Pilnitz with Leopold, [105];
- and treaty with Leopold, [109];
- refuses to break with Austria, [111];
- directed the policy of the Emperor Francis (1792), [112];
- orders retreat from France, [116];
- invades Poland and signs second partition (1793), [122];
- makes Haugwitz his minister, [126];
- driven from Warsaw (1794), [151];
- receives Warsaw in final partition of Poland (1795), [152];
- yields to the anti-Austrian party at his Court, and becomes slack in the war against France, [153];
- signs treaty of Basle with France (1795), [157];
- refuses to make alliance with France (1796), [170];
- signs secret supplement to the treaty of Basle, [179];
- death, [197].
- Frederick William III., King of Prussia (1770–1840), accession (1797), [197];
- insists on strict neutrality, [197];
- attitude in 1799, [206];
- admires Bonaparte, but refuses to make alliance with him, [217];
- his territorial accessions (1803), [227];
- persists in his neutrality, [234], [242];
- inclines to war (1805), [246];
- utterly defeated by Napoleon at Jena, [247];
- signs treaty of Bartenstein with Russia, [248];
- spared by Napoleon on the intercession of Alexander, [250];
- summoned Stein and Scharnhorst to office, [290];
- forced to dismiss Stein, [301];
- obliged to sign alliance with Napoleon (1812), [304];
- calls out the Landwehr and declares war against Napoleon (1813), [308];
- desires to be revenged on France, [317];
- enters Paris (1814), [329];
- his intimacy with the Emperor Alexander, [334];
- present at the Congress of Vienna, [337];
- desires the whole of Saxony, [339], [340];
- gets a portion only, [341];
- with part of Poland, but not Warsaw, [342];
- and Rhenish Prussia, [344];
- joins the Holy Alliance, [355].
- Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Oels (1771–1815), [293], [337].
- Free Cities of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789, their College in the Diet, [34], [35];
- reduced to six (1803), [226];
- reduced to four (1815), [343].
- Freisingen, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), [227].
- Fréjus, Napoleon landed at, on his return from Egypt (1799), [209].
- French philosophers of the 18th century contrasted with the German, [9].
- Fréron, Louis Stanislas, French politician (1765–1802), [147], [155], [182].
- Fribourg, canton of Switzerland, [228].
- Friedland, battle of (14 June 1807), [249].
- Friuli, Duke of. See Duroc.
- Fructidor, coup d’état of 18th (4th Sept. 1797), [191].
- Fuentes de Onor, battle of (5 May 1811), [297].
- Fulda, bishopric of (1803), [227], [260].
- Gaeta, siege and capture by the French (1806), [256].
- —— Duke of. See Gaudin.
- Galicia, Western, obtained by Austria at third partition of Poland (1795), [152];
- ceded to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (1809), [274];
- restored to Austria (1815), [342].
- Gambier, James, Lord, English admiral (1756–1833), [277].
- Gasparin, Thomas Augustin de, French politician (1750–93), [133].
- Gaudin, Martin Michel Charles, Duke of Gaeta, French statesman (1756–1844), [215], [216], [240], [287].
- Geisberg, battle of the (26 Dec. 1793), [140].
- Geneva, its condition as an independent republic in 1789, [41];
- occupied by the Bernese troops (1792), [125];
- united to France, [228], [230];
- made a canton of Switzerland by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [345].
- Genoa, its position in 1789, [27];
- formed into the Liguria Republic (1797), [192];
- besieged by the Austrians (1799), [203], [206], [218];
- annexed to Napoleon’s Empire, [243], [255];
- capital of a French department, [283];
- occupied by the English (1814), [315];
- his proclamation at, [322];
- united to the kingdom of Sardinia (1815), [346].
- Genola, battle of (4 Nov. 1799), [204].
- Gensonné, Armand, French politician (1758–93), [106].
- Gentz, Friedrich von, German statesman (1764–1832), [291], [292], [337].
- George III., King of England (1738–1820), [120].
- Germanic Confederation formed (1815), [342], [343].
- Germany, condition of, in 1789, [33–40];
- spread of revolutionary ideas in, [109];
- resettlement of (1803), [225–227];
- Napoleon’s rearrangement of (1806), [257–261];
- Stadion’s attempt to rouse a national spirit in, [270], [271];
- reforms made in, under French influence, [288], [289];
- growth of a national spirit against the French in, [291–295];
- national rising in, [314];
- resettled at Congress of Vienna, [342], [345].
- See Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Hanover, Prussia, Saxony, Würtemburg.
- German literary movement at Weimar, [38].
- German philosophers of the 18th century compared with the French, [9].
- Germinal, Riot of the 12th (1 April 1795), in Paris, [155].
- Ghent, [64], [341], [352].
- Girondins, French political party, in the Legislative Assembly, [106];
- in favour of war, [107];
- their sections in the Convention, [116];
- attacked the Mountain, [117];
- views on the King’s trial, [119];
- struggle with the Mountain, [128], [129];
- overthrown (2 June 1793), [129];
- attempt to raise the provinces of France against the Convention, [131];
- the leaders guillotined, [138];
- recall of the survivors to the Convention (1795), [154];
- they obtain power, [155].
- Giurgevo, battle of (8 July 1790), [88];
- armistice of (19 Sept. 1790), [88].
- Glarus, [228].
- Gnesen, province of, ceded to Prussia at second partition of Poland (1793), [123].
- Goa, [224].
- Gobel, Jean Baptiste Joseph, French bishop (1727–94), [70], [141].
- Godoy, Don Manuel de, Prince of the Peace, Spanish statesman (1767–1851), [77], [126], [154], [157], [183], [255], [266], [267].
- Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, German poet (1749–1832), [9], [10], [38].
- Gohier, Louis Jerome, French politician (1746–1830), [209], [211].
- Goltz, Bernhard William, Baron von, Prussian statesman (1730–95), [86].
- Göttingen, university of, [39].
- Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent, French general (1764–1830), [275], App. iv.
- Graham, Sir Thomas, Lord Lynedoch, English general (1751–1843), [314], [321].
- Grand Elector, proposed by Sieyès in 1799 but rejected by Bonaparte, [213].
- Grand Livre, Cambon’s creation of, continued by Napoleon, [288].
- Greece, [257].
- Grégoire, Henri, French politician (1750–1831), [53].
- Grenelle, plot to attack the camp of (1796), [181].
- Grenville, Thomas, English diplomatist (1755–1846), [197].
- —— William Wyndham, Lord, English statesman (1759–1834), Pitt’s foreign secretary (1790–1801), [120], [166], [167], [169].
- Grisons, republic of the, [41];
- occupied by the Archduke Charles (1799), [202];
- Suvórov in, [205];
- Macdonald invades (1800), [218], [219];
- formed into a canton of Switzerland by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- and retained by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [344].
- Grodno, Diet of (24 Sept. 1793), second partition of Poland agreed to at, [122].
- Gross-Beeren, battle of (23 Aug. 1813), [312].
- Gross-Gorschen (Lützen), battle of (2 May 1813), [309].
- Grouchy, Emmanuel, Marquis de, French general (1766–1847), [353], [App. iv.]
- Guadeloupe, French West India island, conquered by the English, [154];
- restored to France by treaty of Amiens (1802), [232];
- reconquered by the English (1810), [276];
- returned to France by Sweden (1815), [347].
- Guadet, Marguerite Élie, French politician (1758–94), [106], [129].
- Guastalla, duchy of, granted to Pauline Bonaparte by Napoleon, [283];
- granted with Parma to the Empress Marie Louise (1815), [347].
- Guerilla warfare against the French in Spain, [268], [297].
- Guiana, [155], [191], [223], [232], [348].
- Gustavus III., King of Sweden (1746–92), a benevolent despot of the 18th century, [4];
- his coup d’état of 1772 and reforms, [33];
- invades Russian Finland (1788), [45];
- makes peace with Denmark (1789), [46];
- overthrows the power of the nobility, [46];
- sympathy with Marie Antoinette, [67], [68];
- defeated by the Russians (1790), [95];
- makes treaty of Verela with the Empress Catherine (1790), [95], [96];
- proposes to rescue the French royal family, [109];
- murdered, [110].
- Gustavus IV., King of Sweden (1778–1837), [110], [243], [253], [254], [279].
- Hague, the, the Stadtholder driven from (1787), [31];
- congress at (1790), [93], [94];
- capital moved from, to Amsterdam by Louis Bonaparte, [255].
- Hainault, Estates of, suppressed by the Emperor Joseph (1789), [47].
- Hamburg, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, [35];
- English trade removed from Amsterdam to, [184];
- retained its independence (1803), [226];
- annexed by Napoleon (1810), [282];
- taken by the Russians (1813), [308];
- recovered by Vandamme, [309];
- defended by Davout (1813–14), [319], [320];
- a free city of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Hanau granted to Dalberg, Grand Duke of Frankfort (1806), [260];
- battle of (30 Oct. 1813), [314].
- Hanover, Electorate of, independently administered under the King of England, [38], [39];
- bishopric of Osnabrück merged in (1803), [227];
- occupied by the French under Mortier (1803), [233], [242];
- promised to Prussia and offered to England by Napoleon (1806), [247];
- part of, merged in kingdom of Westphalia, [258];
- and part annexed by Napoleon (1810), [282];
- a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- Hanriot, François, French politician (1761–94), [129], [147].
- Hardenberg, Charles Augustus, Count afterwards Prince von, Prussian statesman (1750–1822), negotiated treaty of Basle (1795), [157];
- opposed alliance with France (1796), [170];
- became Minister for Foreign Affairs (1803), [234];
- and State Chancellor (1807), [248];
- completes the work of Stein (1809), [303];
- accedes to the Proposals of Frankfort (1813), [316];
- signs Provisional Treaty of Paris (1814), [332];
- Prussian Plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), [337].
- —— William, Count von, Hanoverian statesman (1754–1826), [337].
- Harris, Sir James, Earl of Malmesbury. See Malmesbury.
- Hassan Pasha, Turkish admiral, [45].
- Hatry, Jacques Maurice, French general (1740–1802), [193].
- Haugwitz, Christian Henry Charles, Count von, Prussian statesman, (1752–1832) a partisan of France and enemy of Austria, [111];
- appointed Foreign Minister (1792), [126];
- in favour of peace with the French Republic, [153];
- but against an alliance (1796), [170];
- advocated a compromise, [179];
- dismissed as too friendly to France (1803), [234];
- signs treaty of Schönbrunn (1805), [247];
- finally dismissed (1807), [248].
- Hébert, Jacques René, French politician (1755–94), [141], [142].
- Hébertists, the, [141], [142].
- Heidelberg ceded to Baden, [227].
- Heligoland, ceded by Denmark to England (1815), [348].
- Heliopolis, battle of (20 March 1800), [224].
- Helvetian Republic founded (1798), [199];
- replaced by the Confederation of Switzerland (1803), [228].
- Henry, Prince, of Prussia (1726–1802), [111].
- Hérault-Séchelles, Marie Jean, French politician (1760–94), [133].
- Hercules III., Duke of Modena (1727–1803), [25], [26], [174], [175], [192], [226].
- Herder, Johann Gottfried, German philosopher (1744–1803), [9], [38].
- Herford, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227].
- Hermann, Russian general, defeated at Bergen (1799), [205].
- Hertzberg, Ewald Frederick, Count von, Prussian statesman (1725–1795), [30], [31], [85], [87], [88].
- Hesse-Cassel, its condition in 1789, [38];
- made an electorate (1803), [225];
- increased in size, [227];
- merged in the kingdom of Westphalia, [250], [258];
- a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- See William IX.
- Hesse-Darmstadt, increased in size (1803), [227];
- made a Grand Duchy (1806), [259];
- a state of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806), [260];
- of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- See Louis X.
- Hesse-Homburg, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Hildesheim, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- Hildesheim, bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227];
- in the kingdom of Westphalia (1807), [258].
- Hiller, John, Baron von, Austrian general (1754–1819), [315].
- Hoche, Lazare, French general (1768–97), [140], [154], [180], [181], [185], [186], [189], [191], [193], [194].
- Hoensbroeck, Count Cæsar Constantine Francis de, Prince-Bishop of Liége, [39], [49], [95].
- Hofer, Andrew, Tyrolese patriot (1767–1810), [273].
- Hohenlinden, battle of (3 Dec. 1800), [219].
- Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, Prince of, one of the chief Princes of the Empire in Alsace, [79].
- Hohenlohe-Kirchberg, Prince of, Austrian general, [45].
- Hohenzollern, two principalities of, states of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Holland [the United Netherlands], a member of the Triple Alliance, [13];
- position in 1789, [31];
- revolution in (1787) [31], [32];
- put down by Prussia, [32];
- designs of Dumouriez on, [119], [120];
- France declares war against (1793), [120];
- failure of Dumouriez to invade (1793), [126];
- conquered by Pichegru (1794–95), [149];
- organised as the Batavian Republic, [150];
- effect of its conquest on England, [184];
- Delacroix sent as ambassador to, [190];
- Hoche’s scheme of invading England from, [193];
- its fleet destroyed at Camperdown (1797), [194];
- invaded by English and Russians (1799), [205];
- its changes of government, [254];
- Louis Bonaparte, King of (1806), [254], [255];
- colonies taken by England, [264];
- annexed by Napoleon (1810), [282];
- rises against the French (1813–14), [314], [320], [321];
- joined to Belgium as the kingdom of the Netherlands (1815), [344].
- —— kingdom of, formed for Louis Bonaparte, [254];
- his administration (1806–1810), [254], [255].
- Holstein, duchy of, [34], [343].
- Holstein-Gottorp, Prince Peter of, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck in 1789, [39].
- Holy Alliance, the, [355].
- Hondschoten, battle of (7 Sept. 1793), [140].
- Hood, Samuel, Lord, English admiral (1724–1816), [139].
- Houchard, Jean Nicolas, French general (1740–93), [138], [140].
- Howe, Richard, Earl, English admiral (1725–99), [145].
- Humbert, Jean Joseph Amable, French general (1755–1823), [197].
- Humboldt, William, Baron von, Prussian statesman (1767–1835), [303], [304], [323];
- at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), [338].
- Hundred Days, the (March-June 1815), 351–[353].
- Hungary, opposition to the Emperor Joseph’s reforms in, [15], [16];
- abolition of serfdom, [16];
- Joseph’s dying concessions to, [66];
- policy of the Emperor Leopold in, [90–92];
- looked with favour on Napoleon, [270].
- Huningen, fortress to be dismantled by second treaty of Paris (1815), [354].
- Hutchinson, John, Lord, afterwards Earl of Donoughmore, English general (1757–1832), [224].
- Igelström, Joseph, Count, Russian general (♰1817), [151], [152].
- Illyrian Provinces, Napoleon’s, formed (1805), ruled by Marmont, [245], [256];
- the Ionian islands added to (1807), [256];
- increased (1809), [274];
- given to Austria (1815), [347].
- Income tax imposed in France (1800), [215].
- India, Bonaparte’s projects on (1798), [194];
- the Emperor Paul’s plans for invading, [220], [221].
- ‘Infernal Columns’ despatched to La Vendée, [141].
- ‘Infernal Machine,’ plot of the (1800), [231].
- Inquisition, the Holy, [21], [22], [25], [297], [358].
- Ionian Islands belonged to Venice in 1789, [27];
- ceded to France (1797), [192];
- taken by the Russians (1798), [207];
- ceded to France by the treaty of Tilsit (1807), [250];
- added to the Illyrian Provinces, [256];
- given to England (1815), [348].
- Ireland, Hoche’s expedition to (1796), [185];
- Humbert’s (1798), [197].
- Iron crown of Italy assumed by Napoleon (1805), [238].
- Ismail, besieged by the Russians (1789), [45];
- stormed (1790), [96].
- Istria ceded to Austria (1797), [192];
- annexed by Napoleon, [245].
- —— Duke of. See Bessières.
- Italian unity, idea of, in the 18th century, [22];
- promised by Bentinck (1813), [322];
- defended by Murat (1814), [344].
- Italy, condition of, in 1789, [22–27];
- Bonaparte’s arrangements in North, [192];
- conquered by the French (1798–99), [200];
- reconquered by Bonaparte (1800), [218], [219];
- kingdom of, Napoleon’s, [238], [255];
- rises against Napoleon (1813–14), [314], [315];
- settlement of, at Vienna (1815), 345–[347].
- See Genoa, Lombardy, Lucca, Modena, Naples, Parma, Rome, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Venice.
- Jablonowski, Ladislas, Polish statesman (1769–1802), [87].
- Jachvill, Prince, [221].
- Jacobin Club, growth of its importance in France, [100], [105];
- debates on the war question in, [107];
- Hébertists expelled from (1793), [142];
- the headquarters of Robespierre’s party, [147];
- closed (1794), [149].
- Jaffa taken by Bonaparte (1799), [208].
- Jahn, Frederick Louis, German publicist (1778–1852), [291].
- Janissaries, the, dethrone the Sultan Selim III. (1807), [280];
- fight the new militia in Constantinople, [281].
- Janssens, John William, Dutch general (1762–1835), [155].
- Jassy, treaty of (9 Jan. 1792), [96].
- Jaucourt, Arnail François, Marquis de, French statesman (1757–1852), [330].
- Java, taken by the English (1811), [264];
- restored to Holland (1815), [348].
- Javogues, Claude, French politician (1759–96), [139].
- Jeanbon or Jean Bon (André) called Saint-André. See Saint-André.
- Jehu, companies of, ravage the south of France in 1796, [181];
- in 1815, [356].
- Jemmappes, battle of (6 Nov. 1792), [118].
- Jena, university of, [38];
- battle of (14 Oct. 1806), [247].
- Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia (1784–1860), [258], [259].
- Jervis, Sir John, Earl St. Vincent, English admiral (1734–1823), [183].
- Jesuits expelled from Spain by Aranda, [21];
- from Portugal by Pombal, [22];
- from Naples by Tanucci, [23].
- Jeunesse Dorée or Fréronienne, important political part played by, in Paris (1794–95), [155].
- Jews, toleration to, insisted on by Napoleon, [289].
- John VI., King of Portugal (1769–1826), [22], [120], [223], [252], [253].
- —— Archduke, seventh son of the Emperor Leopold (1782–1863), [219], [272], [273], [274].
- Jomini, Henri, Baron, French general (1779–1862), [312].
- Joseph II., Emperor (1741–90), typical benevolent despot of the 18th century, [4];
- preferred Russia to France, [12];
- position in 1789, [14–17];
- internal policy, [15], [16];
- abolition of serfdom, [16];
- foreign policy, [16], [17];
- German policy, [17], [35];
- alliance with Russia, [17];
- attacks the Turks, [17];
- the Pope’s visit to, [24];
- defeated by the Turks (1788), [43];
- prophecy in Jan. 1789, [44];
- policy in Belgium, [46–48];
- death and character, [66];
- why he failed, [67];
- comparison between, and Louis XVI., [67], [68].
- Joseph Bonaparte, elder brother of Napoleon (1768–1844), King of Naples (1806), his good administration, [256];
- King of Spain (1808), [267];
- his reforms, [289], [297];
- driven from Madrid (1812), [306];
- returned, [307];
- finally retired from Madrid, defeated at Vittoria (1813), [315].
- Joseph, Archduke, fourth son of the Emperor Leopold (1776–1847), [270].
- Josephine, the Empress, first wife of Napoleon (1763–1814), [285], [293], [332].
- Joubert, Barthélemy Catherine, French general (1769–99), [186], [200], [204].
- Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, Comte, French general (1762–1833), [140], [144], [150], [172], [177], [178], [202], [315], [App. iv.]
- Journalists, rise of their importance in Paris (1789), [61].
- Jovellanos, Don Gaspar Melchior de, Spanish statesman (1744–1811), [21].
- Joyeuse Entrée or Constitution of Brabant, abrogated by the Emperor Joseph (1789), [47].
- Junot, Andoche, Duke of Abrantes, French general (1771–1813), [253], [265], [266], [296].
- Kaiserslautern, battle of (19 Aug. 1794), [144].
- Kalisch, ceded to Prussia in second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- treaty of (27 Feb. 1813), [308].
- Kalkreuth, Frederick Adolphus, Count von, Prussian general (1737–1818), [153].
- Kant, Immanuel, German philosopher (1724–1804), [9].
- Katt, Lieutenant, Prussian officer, attacked Magdeburg (1809), [293].
- Katzbach, battle of the (25 Aug. 1813), [312].
- Kaunitz, Wenceslas, Prince von, Austrian statesman (1711–94), made the treaty of 1756 with France, [19];
- at the Congress of Reichenbach (1790), [87];
- wrote the despatch and letter which led to war with France, [108], [109];
- practically succeeded by Thugut (1792), [126].
- Keller, Dorotheus Louis Christopher, Count, Prussian statesman (1757–1827), [65], [93].
- Kellermann, François Christophe, Duke of Valmy, French general (1735–1820), [115], App. iv.
- —— François Étienne, French general (1770–1835), [218].
- Kempten, Abbot of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- Kiel, treaty of (14 Jan. 1814), [320].
- Kioge, Danes defeated at, by the English (1807), [252].
- Klagenfurt, Joubert joins Bonaparte at (1797), [186].
- Kléber, Jean Baptiste, French general (1753–1800), [150], [172], [208], [224].
- Knesebeck, Charles Frederick, Baron von, Prussian general (1768–1844), [33].
- Knights of the Holy Roman Empire, [40];
- deprived of their sovereign rights by Napoleon, [260].
- Kolichev, Nicholas, Russian diplomatist (♰1813), [198], [217].
- Kollontai, Hugh, Polish statesman (1752–1812), [104], [122].
- Königsberg, Estates of East Prussia summoned at, by Stein (1813), [308].
- Körner, Charles Theodore, German poet (1791–1813), [291].
- Korsakov, Alexander Rymski, Russian general (1753–1840), [204].
- Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, Polish patriot (1746–1817), defeated by Suvórov at Dubienka (1792), [122];
- raises standard of Polish independence at Cracow, and takes Warsaw (1794), [151];
- defeated by the Russians, wounded and taken prisoner at Maciejowice (1795), [152];
- welcomed in Paris, [206].
- Kray, Paul, Baron, Austrian general (1735–1804), [202].
- Kulm, capitulation of (1813), [313].
- Kutuzov, Michael Larivonovitch Golenitchev, Prince, Russian general (1745–1813), [96], [281], [305];
- death (1813), [309].
- Labrador, Pedro Gomez Ravelo, Count of, Spanish statesman (1775–1850), [338], [347].
- Lacuée de Cessac, Gérard Jean, Comte, French administrator (1752–1841), [241].
- Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier, Marquis de, French general (1757–1834), leads the minority of the nobility in the States-General to join the Tiers État (June 1789), [54];
- commandant of the National Guard of Paris, [59];
- brings Louis XVI. to Paris (6 Oct. 1789), [62];
- got Mirabeau’s proposition on ministers rejected, [72];
- most influential man in France (1790), [73];
- fires on the people (17 July 1791), on the Champ de Mars, [101];
- placed in command of an army on the frontier (1792), [107];
- offers to help the king (July 1792), [112];
- deserts, [114].
- Lagarde, Marie Jacques Martin, French general (♰1815), [356].
- La Harpe, Frederick Cæsar de, Swiss statesman (1754–1838), [234].
- La Marck, Auguste Marie Raymond, Comte de (1753–1833), [72], [73].
- Lambesc, Charles Eugène de Lorraine, Prince de, French officer (1751–1825), [57].
- Lambrechts, Charles Joseph Mathieu, Comte, French politician (1753–1823), [191].
- Lameth, Alexandre Theodore Victor, Vicomte de, French politician (1760–1829), [100].
- Lampredi, Giovanni Maria, Italian jurist (1732–93), [24].
- Landau, siege of, relieved by Pichegru (1793), [140].
- Lanjunais, Jean Denis, Comte, French politician (1753–1827), [154].
- Lannes, Jean, Duke of Montebello, French general (1769–1809), [218], [269], [App. iv.]
- Laon, battle of (9 March 1814), [328].
- La Place, Pierre Simon, French astronomer (1749–1827), [216].
- La Tour du Pin Gouvernet, Frédéric, Marquis de, French diplomatist (1750–1837), [338].
- Lauenburg, Duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation, granted to the King of Denmark (1815), [347].
- League of the Princes, formed by Frederick the Great, [30], [35];
- joined by the Archbishop-Elector of Mayence, [39].
- La Bon, Ghislain Joseph François, French politician (1765–95), [139].
- Le Brun, Charles François, Duke of Piacenza, French statesman (1739–1824), [214], [239], [287].
- Lebrun Tondu, Pierre Henri Hélène, French politician (1763–93), [114].
- Le Chapelier, Isaac Gui René, French politician (1754–94), [52], [100].
- Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, French general (1772–1802), [223], [232].
- Lecourbe, Claude Joseph, Comte, French general (1760–1815), [204].
- Leeds, Francis Godolphin Osborne, Duke of, English statesman (1751–99), [28].
- Lefebvre, François Joseph, Duke of Dantzic, French general (1755–1820), [248], [329], [App. iv.]
- Legations, the. See Bologna, Ferrara.
- Leghorn, its prosperity promoted by the Grand Duke Leopold, [27];
- capital of a French department, [283].
- Legion of Honour, the, [284].
- Legislative Assembly, the, in France (1791–92), [105], [106], [108], [111], [113], [114].
- —— Body, the (Corps Législatif), [214], [240], [285], [322], [326].
- Legislature, the French, under the Constitution of the Year III. See Council of Ancients, Council of Five Hundred.
- —— the French, under the Constitution of the Year VIII. See Legislative Body, Senate, Tribunate.
- Leiningen, the Prince of, one of chief princes holding fiefs of the Empire in Alsace, [79].
- Leipzig, battle of (16–19 Oct. 1813), [314].
- Lenoir-Laroche, Jean Jacques, French administrator (1749–1825), [190].
- Leoben, the Preliminaries of, signed 17th April 1797, [186];
- arrangements of, followed in the treaty of Campo-Formio, [192].
- Leopold II., Emperor (1747–92), typical benevolent despot of the 18th century, [4];
- considered the French the enemies of Austria, [12];
- his administration as Grand Duke of Tuscany (1765–90), [24], [25], [83];
- implored by Marie Antoinette to interfere in France, [81];
- succeeds Joseph II. (1790), [83];
- his internal policy, [83], [84];
- position of Austria, [84];
- appeals to England against Prussia, [86];
- signs Convention of Reichenbach (1790), [87], [88];
- makes armistice with the Turks, [88];
- and treaty of Sistova (1791), [89];
- elected and crowned Emperor, [89];
- letter to Louis XVI. on the rights of the Princes of the Empire in Alsace, [89], [90];
- his policy towards Hungary, 90–[92];
- crowned King of Hungary, [91];
- reconquers Belgium (1790), [94];
- occupies Liége, [95];
- his position in 1791, [97];
- promises to intervene in France, [99];
- issues Manifesto of Padua, [102];
- signs Declaration of Pilnitz, [103];
- his letter and despatch to Louis XVI., [108], [109];
- makes an alliance with Prussia against France, [109];
- death (1 March 1792), [110].
- Leopold, Archduke, fourth son of the Emperor Leopold (1774–94), [91].
- Le Quesnoy, besieged by the Austrians (1793), [130].
- Lessart, Antoine de Valdec de, French statesman (1742–92), [109].
- Letourneur, Charles Louis François Honoré, French statesman (1751–1817), [165], [182], [188].
- Letourneux, Pierre, French administrator (1761–1805), [191].
- ‘Liberum Veto,’ the, in Poland, [18];
- abolished by Polish Constitution of 1791, [104].
- Lichtenstein, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Liége, revolution in (Aug. 1789), [49];
- occupied by the Prussians (1790), [63];
- by the Austrians (1791), [94], [95];
- by Dumouriez (1792), [118].
- Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de, Austrian general (1734–1814), [65].
- Ligny, battle of (16 June 1815), [352].
- Ligurian Republic founded by Bonaparte (1797), [192];
- the Doge appointed by France (1801), [220];
- annexed to Napoleon’s Empire, [243], [283].
- Lille, besieged by the Austrians (1792), [114], [118];
- conference at (1797), [190].
- Limburg, occupied by the Austrians under Bender (1790), [93].
- —— Count Augustus of, Prince-Bishop of Spires in 1789, [39].
- Limon, Geoffroi, Marquis de, French émigrés (♰1799), [113].
- Lindet, Jean Baptiste Robert, French statesman (1743–1825), [132], [133], [148], [210].
- Lippe, two principalities of, states of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Lisbon, occupied by the French under Junot (1807), [253].
- Lithuania, conquered by Napoleon (1812), [305];
- absorbed in Russia, [342].
- Llanos, Don Juan Gomez, minister of the Duke of Parma, [25].
- Loano, battle of (24 Nov. 1795), [151], [173].
- Lobau, Napoleon in the island of (1809), [273].
- Locke, John, English philosopher (1632–1704), [9].
- Lodi, battle of (10 May 1796), [174].
- Lombardy, belonged to Austria in 1789, its good administration, [26];
- conquered by Bonaparte (1796), [174];
- formed part of the Cisalpine Republic (1797), [192];
- occupied by the Austrians (1799), [206];
- reconquered by Bonaparte (1800), [218];
- formed part of the kingdom of Italy (1805), [255];
- restored to Austria (1815), [347].
- Loménie de Brienne, Étienne Charles, Cardinal de, French statesman (1727–1794), [49], [51], [70].
- Longwy, taken by the Prussians (27 Aug. 1792), [114].
- Loudon, Gideon Ernest, Count, Austrian general (1716–90), [43], [45], [88].
- Louis XV., King of France (1710–1774), [19].
- —— XVI., King of France (1754–93), [20], [49], [54], [55], [56], [58], [59], [61], [62], [67], [68], [75], [76], [99], [100], [103], [106], [108], [111], [112], [113], [139].
- —— XVII., de jure King of France (1785–95), [168].
- —— XVIII., King of France (1755–1824), [26], [102], [166], [167], [188], [206], [217], [332], [333], [340], [341], [350], [351], [352], [353], [355], [356–358].
- —— I., King of Etruria (1773–1803), [220], [232].
- —— Bonaparte, King of Holland (1777–1846), [254], [255], [282], [283].
- —— X., Landgrave, afterwards Grand Duke, of Hesse-Darmstadt (1753–1830), [79], [227], [259], [260], [342].
- —— Philippe, Duke of Orleans, afterwards King of the French (1773–1850), [189].
- —— Louis Dominique, Baron, French statesman (1755–1837), [240], [331].
- Louisa, Queen of Prussia (1776–1810), [246], [304].
- Louisiana, ceded by Spain to France (1801), [232];
- sold by Napoleon to the United States, [242].
- Loustalot, Elysée, French journalist (1762–90), [61].
- Louvain, [15], [48], [64].
- Louverture, Toussaint (1743–1803), [232].
- Louvet, Jean Baptiste, French politician (1760–97), [117], [154].
- Löwenhielm, Gustavus Charles Frederick, Count von, Swedish diplomatist (1771–1856), [338].
- Lübeck, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, [35];
- retained its independence (1803), [226];
- annexed by Napoleon (1810), [302];
- as a free city member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Lucca, Republic of, in 1789, [27];
- annexed by Napoleon (1805), [243], [255];
- Elisa Bonaparte, Duchess of, [283];
- made a Grand Duchy for the King of Etruria with reversion to Tuscany (1815), [347].
- Lucchesini, Jerome, Prussian diplomatist (1752–1825), [31], [85], [87], [88], [89], [153].
- Lucerne, canton of Switzerland maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- one of the three meeting-places of the Helvetian Diet (1815), [345].
- Lückner, Nicolas, Baron, French general (1722–94), [107].
- Ludovica, the Empress, third wife of the Emperor Francis II. (1772–1816), [271].
- Lunéville, treaty of (9 Feb. 1801), [219], [220].
- Lusatia, annexed to Saxony (1806), [259];
- to Prussia (1815), [341].
- Lützen (Gross-Gorschen), battle of (2 May 1813), [309].
- Luxembourg, the Austrians retreat to, from Belgium (1789), [64];
- made into a Grand Duchy (1815), [343];
- and given to the King of the Netherlands, [344].
- Lynedoch, Sir Thomas Graham, Lord. See Graham.
- Lyons rises in insurrection against the Convention (1793), [131];
- taken, [140].
- Macdonald, Jacques Étienne Joseph Alexandre, Duke of Taranto, French general (1765–1840), [203], [219], [273], [305], [306], [308], [312], [329], [331], [332].
- Maciejowice, battle of (12 Oct. 1794), [152].
- Mack, Charles, Baron, Austrian general (1752–1828), [200], [243], [244].
- Mackintosh, Sir James, English statesman (1765–1832), [233].
- Madame Royale. See Angoulême, Duchess of.
- Madeira, occupied by the English (1801), [223], [224].
- Maestricht, besieged by Miranda (1793), [126];
- taken by Kléber (1794), [150].
- Magdeburg formed part of the kingdom of Westphalia, [258];
- Katt’s attack on, [293];
- French garrison in, besieged (1814), [319].
- Magnano, battle of (5 April 1799), [202].
- Mahmoud II., Sultan of Turkey (1785–1839), [281].
- Maida, battle of (4 July 1806), [256].
- Maillard, Stanislas, French politician (1763–94), [62].
- Maillebois, Yves Marie Desmarets, Comte de, French general (1715–1791), [31], [32].
- Maitland, Sir Frederick Lewis, English captain (1779–1839), [353].
- Malet, Claude François, French general (1754–1812), [306].
- Malines, riots against Joseph’s reforms at (1788), [47];
- abandoned to the Belgian patriots, [64].
- Malmaison, château of, settled on the Empress Josephine, [293].
- Malmesbury, Sir James Harris, Earl of, English diplomatist (1746–1820), [32], [184], [190].
- Malta, taken by Bonaparte (1798), [195];
- by the English (1800), [195], [204];
- the Emperor Paul Grand Master of the Knights of, [207], [217];
- a cause of the rupture of the treaty of Amiens, [225];
- England refuses to surrender, [233];
- granted to England at the Congress of Vienna (1815), [348].
- Mamelukes defeated by Bonaparte at the battle of the Pyramids (1798), [195];
- at the battle of Cairo (1799), [208].
- Manifesto of Padua issued by the Emperor Leopold (5 July 1791), [102].
- Mannheim, university of, [37];
- taken by Pichegru (1795), [172];
- given to Baden (1803), [227].
- Mantua, Leopold’s interview with Durfort at, [99];
- besieged by Bonaparte (1796–97), [175], [176];
- part of the Cisalpine Republic, [192];
- besieged by Suvórov (1799), [203].
- Marat, Jean Paul, French statesman (1744–93), [61], [101], [107], [117], [155].
- Marceau, François Séverin Desgraviers, French general (1769–96), [172];
- killed at Altenkirchen (1796), [178].
- Marengo, battle of (14 June 1800), [218].
- Maret, Hugues Bernard, Duke of Bassano, French statesman (1763–1839), [241], [316].
- Maria I., Queen of Portugal (1734–1816), [22], [253].
- —— Beatrice of Este, heiress of Modena, married to the Archduke Ferdinand, [25], [26].
- —— Theresa, the Empress (1717–80), [19].
- Marie, Grand Duchess of Saxe-Weimar, sister of the Emperor Alexander, present at the Congress of Vienna, [337].
- —— Amélie, Duchess of Parma, daughter of Maria Theresa, [25].
- —— Antoinette, Queen of France, daughter of Maria Theresa (1755–93), disliked in France as an Austrian, [12];
- opposes Necker, [55];
- urges Louis XVI. to oppose the Assembly, [61], [68];
- wishes her brother Leopold to interfere in France, [75], [80], [81];
- unpopularity increased by Prussian intrigues, [86];
- admiration of Gustavus III. of Sweden for, [95];
- demands Leopold’s aid, [99];
- escapes to Varennes, [99], [100];
- reveals French plan of campaign to Austria, [112];
- ordered to be sent before the Revolutionary Tribunal for trial, [134];
- guillotined, [138].
- —— Caroline, Queen of the Two Sicilies, daughter of Maria Theresa. See Caroline.
- —— Louise, the Empress, Napoleon’s second wife (1791–1847), [294], [330], [332], [346], [347].
- —— —— Queen of Spain (1754–1819), [77], [267].
- Marmont, Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de, Duke of Ragusa, French general (1774–1852), [245], [256], [306], [329], [331], App. iv.
- Marseillaise, the, [113].
- Marseilles opposes the Convention (1793), [151].
- Marshals, Napoleon’s, [239];
- list of, App. iv.
- Martinique, French West India island, taken by the English, [154];
- restored to France (1802), [252];
- again taken by the English (1809), [276];
- restored to France (1815), [348].
- Massa, Duke of. See Regnier.
- —— Principality of, merged in the Duchy of Modena, [25].
- Massacres in the prisons of Paris (Sept. 1792), [115].
- Masséna, André, Duke of Rivoli, Prince of Essling, French general (1758–1817), [204], [218], [221], [244], [272], [296], [297], [App. iv.]
- Matchin, battle of (9 July 1791), [96].
- Maubeuge besieged by the Austrians (1793), [140].
- Mauprat, M. de, reforming minister in Parma, [25].
- Mauritius, the island of the, taken by the English (1809), [264], [276];
- ceded to England by the first Treaty of Paris (1814), [333];
- by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [348].
- Maximilian, Archduke, third son of Maria Theresa, Elector-Archbishop of Cologne in 1789, [40].
- —— Joseph, Elector, afterwards King, of Bavaria (1770–1825), his power increased by the secularisations (1803), [227];
- receives Swabia and the Tyrol and takes the title of king (1806), [245];
- receives Salzburg (1809), [257];
- marries a daughter to Eugène de Beauharnais, [258];
- member of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260];
- sends troops to serve under Napoleon at Wagram, [274];
- signs Treaty of Ried against Napoleon (8 Oct. 1813), [313], [314];
- attacks Napoleon and is defeated at Hanau, [314];
- opens the passes through the Tyrol into Italy to the Austrians, [321];
- agrees to support Austria and England against Russia and Prussia (1815), [341];
- member of the Germanic Confederation, [342];
- gives up the Tyrol and Salzburg to Austria, and receives Rhenish Bavaria (1815), [344].
- Maximum, Law of the, in France, [128];
- an instrument of the Terror, [137];
- abolished by the Thermidorians, [149];
- temporarily imposed by Napoleon, [285].
- Mayence, the Archbishop-Elector of, Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire, and President of the College of Prince, [54].
- —— archbishopric-electorate of, condition in 1789>, [39];
- merged in France (1801), [193];
- given to Bavaria (1815), [344].
- —— city of, taken by the French under Custine (1792), [118];
- by the Prussians after a long siege (1793), [130];
- besieged by Kléber in vain (1795), [172];
- taken by the French under Hatry (1797), [193];
- capital of a French department, [230];
- ceded to Bavaria (1815), [344].
- Mecklenburg, the duchies of, their backward state in 1789, [38];
- made grand duchies and members of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- Medellin, battle of (28 March 1809), [275].
- Medina del Rio Seco, battle of (14 July 1808), [267].
- Melas, Michael Baron von, Austrian general (1730–1806), [175], [204], [218].
- Menou, Jacques François, Baron de, French general (1750–1810), [156], [224].
- Mercy-Argenteau, Florimond Claude, Comte de, Austrian diplomatist (1722–94), [93], [94], [99].
- Merlin [de Douai], Philippe Antoine, Comte, French statesman (1754–1838), [80], [137], [148], [149], [156], [159], [166], [182], [191], [209], [357].
- —— [de Thionville], Antoine Christophe, French politician (1762–1833), [117].
- Methuen Treaty, its effect on Portugal, [14], [21], [252].
- Metternich, Clement Wenceslas Lothaire, Count, afterwards Prince, von, Austrian statesman (1773–1859), becomes State Chancellor of Austria (1809), [275];
- opposes Stein’s idea of rousing the national spirit of Germany against Napoleon, [310], [311];
- brings terms agreed on at Reichenbach to Napoleon at Dresden (1813), [311];
- lays down the Proposals of Frankfort, [316];
- intrigues with Murat, [322];
- presses terms offered at Châtillon, [324];
- becomes intimate with Castlereagh, [331];
- signs Provisional Treaty of Paris, [332];
- Austrian representative at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), [338];
- signs treaty of alliance with England and France against Russia and Prussia (3 Jan. 1815), [340].
- Middle classes in Europe in the 18th century, [7].
- Milan, university of, [26];
- taken by Bonaparte (1796), [174];
- meeting of Lombard delegates at, [175];
- taken by Suvórov (1799), [203];
- by Bonaparte (1800), [218];
- Napoleon crowned King of Italy at (1805), [238];
- issues Decree of, establishing the Continental Blockade against England (1808), [251].
- Milanese, the. See Lombardy.
- Miles, William Augustus, English diplomatist (1754–1817), [78].
- Millesimo, battle of (13 April 1796), [174].
- Mincio, battle of the (8 Feb. 1814), [322].
- Ministers of the French Directory, [166], [182], [190], [191], [210];
- of the Consulate, [216];
- of the Empire, [240], [241].
- Minorca taken by the English (1798), [195], [264].
- Minsk, province of, ceded to Russia at the second partition of Poland (1793), [122].
- Miollis, Sextius Alexandre François, Comte, French general (1759–1829), [277].
- Miot de Melito, André François, Comte, French administrator (1762–1841), [256].
- Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de, French statesman (1749–1791), [54], [56], [60], [61], [72], [73], [75], [76], [78], [79], [80], [98], [99].
- Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti, Marquis de, French economist (1715–89), [25].
- Miranda, Don Francisco, French general (1750–1816), [126], [127].
- Mirandola, principality of, united with Modena in 1789, [25].
- Mittau, Louis XVIII. settled at, by the Emperor Paul (1797), [206];
- ordered to leave (1802), [217].
- Modena, duchy of, condition in 1789, [25], [26];
- conquered by Bonaparte (1796), [174];
- part of the Cisalpine Republic, [192];
- of the kingdom of Italy, [255];
- granted to Ferdinand IV., [347].
- Moeskirch, battle of (5 May 1800), [218].
- Moldavia, conquered by the Austrians (1789), [45];
- by the Russians (1810), [281];
- part of, ceded to Russia (1812), [281].
- Möllendorf, Richard Joachim Heinrich, Count von, Prussian general (1725–1816), [153].
- Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Duke of Conegliano, French general (1754–1842), [151], [275], [356], [App. iv.]
- Mondovi, battle of (22 April 1796), [174].
- Monge, Gaspard, Comte, French mathematician (1746–1818), [114].
- Montbéliard, ceded by Würtermburg to France, [227];
- merged in the department of the Doubs, [230];
- secured to France by the first treaty of Paris, [333].
- Mont-Blanc, Savoy organised as the French department of the, [230].
- —— Cenis, [151].
- Montebello, battle of (4 June 1800), [218].
- —— Duke of. See Lannes.
- Montenotte, battle of (12 April 1796), [174].
- Montereau, battle of (18 Feb. 1814), [319].
- Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de, French philosopher (1689–1755), [9].
- Montesquiou-Fézensac, Anne Pierre, Marquis de, French general (1739–98), [117].
- —— —— François Nicolas, Abbé-Duc de, French politician (1757–1832), [330].
- Monte Video, English expedition to (1806), [264].
- Montgelas, Maximilian Joseph Garnerin, Comte de, Bavarian statesman (1759–1838), [289].
- Montluçon, Bonaparte’s treaty with the Vendéan leaders at (1800), [215].
- Montmirail, battle of (11 Feb. 1814), [319].
- Montmorin-Saint-Hérem, Armand Marc, Comte de, French statesman (1745–92), [78].
- Mont-Terrible, department of, merged in the department of the Haut-Rhin, [230].
- Moore, Sir John, English general (1761–1809), [254], [266], [269], [270].
- Moreau, Jean Victor, French general (1761–1813), [168], [178], [186], [193], [194], [203], [211], [218], [219], [234], [235], [312].
- Moreaux, Jean René, French general (1758–95), [144], [150].
- Morkov, Arcadius Ivanovitch, Count, Russian diplomatist, (♰1827), [243].
- Mortier, Adolphe Edouard Casimir Joseph, Duke of Treviso, French general (1768–1835), [233], [329], App. iv.
- Moscow, occupied by Napoleon (1812), [306].
- Moskowa, Prince of the. See Ney.
- Moulin, Jean François Auguste, French general (1752–1810), [209].
- Mounier, Jean Joseph, French statesman (1758–1806), [51], [55].
- Mountain, the French political party, germs in the Jacobin Club (1792), [107];
- the party in the Convention, [116], [117];
- attacked by the Girondins, [117];
- struggle with the Girondins, [128], [129];
- as a party ceases to exist (1795), [156].
- Mount Tabor, battle of (16 April 1799), [208].
- Mulhouse, Republic of, merged in the Haut-Rhin, [230];
- secured to France (1814), [333].
- Müller, Jacques Léonard, Baron, French general (1749–1824), [140].
- —— Johann von, German historian (1752–1809), [259].
- Munich, taken by the French under Moreau (1800), [219].
- Münster, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- —— bishopric of, part of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227];
- in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806), [259];
- part of, annexed by Napoleon (1810), [282].
- —— city of, capital of a French department, [282].
- —— Ernest Frederick, Count von, Hanoverian diplomatist (1766–1841), [337].
- Murat, Joachim, Grand Duke of Berg, King of Naples, French general (1771–1815), [239], [259], [267], [283], [306], [322], [345], [346], App. iv.
- Murbach, the Abbot of, one of the chief Princes of the Empire in Alsace, [79].
- Murray, Sir John, English general (♰1827), [307].
- Musæus, John Charles Augustus, German author (1735–87), [38].
- Mustapha IV., Sultan of Turkey (1779–1808), [280], [281].
- Mysticism in the 18th century, [10].
- Namur, riots against Joseph’s reforms at (1789), [48].
- Nancy, Bouillé suppresses a military mutiny at (Aug. 1790), [72], [97], [98].
- Nangis, battle of (17 Feb. 1814), [319].
- Nantes, Carrier’s atrocities at (1793), [139], [141].
- Naples, reforms of Tanucci in, [23];
- occupied by the French (1798), and the Parthenopean Republic founded, [200];
- evacuated by the French (1799), and the revenge of Ferdinand, [203];
- attacked by Napoleon (1804), [242];
- Joseph Bonaparte’s rule in, [256];
- Murat king of, [283];
- Ferdinand returns to (1814), [346], [359];
- behaves moderately, [359].
- Napoleon (1769–1821), crowned Emperor, [238];
- his Court, [239];
- his ministers, [240], [241];
- the camp at Boulogne, [241];
- organises the Grand Army, [241], [242];
- wins the battle of Austerlitz, [244];
- crushes Prussia at Jena, [247];
- defeats the Russians at Eylau and Friedland, [248], [249];
- holds interview with Alexander at Tilsit, [249], [250];
- the Continental Blockade against England, [251];
- his rearrangement of Europe, [254–257];
- Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260];
- his Polish policy, [261];
- the Conference at Erfurt, [262];
- makes his brother King of Spain, [267];
- takes Madrid, [269];
- defeats the Austrians (1809), 272–[274];
- quarrel with the Pope, [277], [278];
- greatest extension of his Empire (1810), [282], [283];
- his administration, [283–285];
- belief in heredity, [285], [286];
- aristocracy, [286], [287];
- reforms, [287], [288];
- divorces Josephine, [293];
- marries Marie Louise, [294];
- his differences with Alexander, 299–[301];
- invades Russia (1812), [305];
- his retreat, [306];
- first campaign of 1813 in Saxony, [309];
- refuses the terms offered him by the allies, [311];
- second campaign of 1813 in Saxony, [312], [313];
- defeated at Leipzig, [314];
- first defensive campaign of 1814 in France, [319];
- rejects the terms offered by the allies at Châtillon, [323], [324];
- second defensive campaign of 1814 in France, [328], [329];
- abdicates, [331];
- leaves Elba and returns to France (1815), [351];
- defeated at Waterloo, [353];
- sent to St. Helena, [355].
- See Bonaparte.
- Napoleon, King of Rome, birth of, [294];
- granted succession to Parma by the Provisional Treaty of Paris (1814), [332];
- but not by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [347].
- Narbonne-Lara, Comte Louis de, French politician (1755–1813), [106], [107], [109].
- Nassau, duchy of, increased in 1803, [227];
- merged in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806), [259];
- a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- Nassau-Siegen, Prince Charles Henry Nicholas Otho of, Russian admiral (1745–1809), [44], [95].
- National Assembly. See Constituent Assembly.
- —— Guards formed in Paris, [57];
- throughout France, [59].
- Nationality, the principle of, [2], [3];
- extinct in 18th-century Germany, [40];
- made the French successful and the Poles fail, [153];
- roused against Napoleon in Spain, [298];
- in Germany, [293], [314];
- rejected by the Congress of Vienna, [360].
- Natural limits of France, the Rhine and the Alps, claimed at Basle (1795), [157];
- demanded by the Directory, [170];
- recognised secretly by Prussia, [179];
- by the Preliminaries of Leoben, [186];
- by the Treaty of Campo-Formio, [192];
- by the Treaty of Lunéville, [220];
- abandoned by Napoleon’s annexations, [282];
- offered by the allies at Dresden, [311];
- at Frankfort, [316];
- opposed by Castlereagh, [318], [324].
- Necker, Jacques, French statesman (1732–1804), [49], [51], [56], [58], [61], [74].
- Neipperg, Albert Adam, Count (1774–1829), [346], [347].
- Nelson, Horatio, Viscount, English admiral (1758–1805), [183], [195], [222], [242], [244], [245].
- Nesselrode, Charles Robert, Count, Russian statesman (1780–1863), [301], [332], [337].
- Netherlands, Austrian. See Belgium.
- —— The Protestant, or the United Provinces. See Holland.
- —— Kingdom of the, formed (1815), [344].
- Neufchâtel, belonged to Prussia in 1789, [41];
- Berthier created Prince-Duke of, [283], [286];
- made a Canton of Switzerland (1815), [345].
- Neumarkt, battle of (20 March 1797), [186].
- Neutral League of the North, the, [222].
- Ney, Michel, Duke of Elchingen, Prince of the Moskowa, French general (1769–1815), [244], [296], [306], [313], [329], [332], [351], [352], [356], [App. iv.]
- Nice, port of, improved by Victor Amadeus III., [26];
- taken by the French (1792), [117];
- annexed, [118];
- formally ceded to France, [174];
- formed into a department, [230];
- restored to Sardinia (1814), [333].
- Niebuhr, Barthold George, German historian (1776–1831), [304].
- Nile, battle of the (1 Aug. 1798), [195].
- Nimeguen, [149].
- Nive, battle of the (9–13 Dec. 1813), [316].
- Nivelle, battle of the (10 Nov. 1813), [316].
- Noailles, Comte Alexis de, French diplomatist (1783–1835), [338].
- Nobility, the European, in the 18th century, [7].
- Nootka Sound, [77–79].
- Nore, mutiny at the, [183], [193].
- Normal School of Paris, founded by Napoleon, [288].
- Normandy, the rising in, against the Convention, suppressed, [132], [133].
- Norway, [32], [302], [320], [347].
- Novi (Bosnia) taken by Loudon (1788), [43].
- —— (Italy), battle of (15 Aug. 1799), [204].
- Noyades at Nantes, [139].
- Nuremberg, a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, [35];
- retained its independence (1803), [226];
- granted to Bavaria (1806), [257].
- Oath of the Tennis Court (20 June 1789), [54].
- Ocana, battle of (12 Nov. 1809), [276].
- Ochakov (Oczakoff), [43], [44], [96].
- Oldenburg, duchy of (1815), [282], [300], [342].
- Olivenza ceded by Portugal to Spain (1801), [223];
- left to Spain by the Congress of Vienna, [348].
- Oporto, rising against the French at (1808), [265];
- taken by Soult, [270];
- recaptured by Wellesley (1809), [275].
- Orange, Prince of. See William V., William VI.
- Orleans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke of (1747–93), [57], [138].
- Orsova besieged by the Austrians (1789), [45];
- taken by the Prince of Coburg (1789), [88];
- ceded to Austria (1791), [88].
- Ortenau given to Baden (1807), [258].
- Orthez, battle of (27 Feb. 1814), [321].
- Osnabrück, the Duke of York bishop of, in 1789, [39];
- merged in Hanover (1803), [227];
- annexed by Napoleon (1810), [282].
- Ostend taken by the Belgian patriots (1789), [64].
- Otranto, Duke of. See Fouché.
- Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Duke of Reggio, French general (1767–1847), [312], [329], [App. iv.]
- Paciaudi, Paolo Maria, Italian scholar (1710–85), [25].
- Pacte de Famille, the, between France and Spain, [14], [20], [77–79].
- Pacy, the Norman insurgents against the Convention defeated at (13 July 1793), [131].
- Paderborn, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- —— bishopric of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227];
- in the kingdom of Westphalia (1807), [258].
- Padua, Manifesto of, [102].
- Pahlen, Peter, Count von der, Russian general (♰1826), [221].
- Palestine, conquered by Bonaparte (1799), [208].
- Palm, John Philip, German bookseller (♰1806), [293].
- Palmella, Pedro de Sousa-Holstein, Count, afterwards Duke, of, Portuguese statesman (1786–1850), [338].
- Pampeluna besieged and taken by Wellington (1813), [315], [316].
- Paoli, Pascal, Corsican patriot (1726–1807), [27], [145].
- Papacy, the, its temporal power in the 18th century, [24].
- Paris, takes part in the Revolution, [56];
- riot of 12 July (1789), [57];
- the taking of the Bastille, [57], [58];
- the King brought to (6 Oct. 1789), [62];
- keeps the King prisoner in the Tuileries, [99];
- massacre of 17 July (1791), [101];
- invades the Tuileries (20 June 1792), [112];
- takes the Tuileries (10 Aug. 1792), [113];
- massacres in (Sept. 1792), [115];
- people of, refuse to support Robespierre, [147];
- fights against the Convention, 13 Vendémiaire, [164], [165];
- welcomes the Empire, [238];
- battle of (1814), [239];
- occupied by the allies, [239];
- provisional treaty of, [331], [332];
- return of Louis XVIII. to, [333];
- first treaty of, [333], [334];
- return of Napoleon to (1815), [351];
- reoccupied by the allies, [353];
- second treaty of, [353], [354].
- Parker, Sir Hyde, English admiral (1739–1807), [222].
- Parma, city of, capital of a French department, [283].
- —— Duke of. See Cambacérès.
- —— and Piacenza, Duchess of. See Marie Louise.
- —— ——, Duke of. See Ferdinand, Louis.
- —— ——, duchies of, well governed in the 18th century, [25];
- conquered by Bonaparte (1796), [174];
- exchanged for kingdom of Etruria (1801), [220];
- annexed by Napoleon (1810), [283];
- granted to Marie Louise by the Provisional Treaty of Paris (1814), [332];
- by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [347].
- Parthenopean Republic, founded (1798), [200];
- overthrown (1799), [203].
- Passau, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1801), [227].
- Paul, Emperor, of Russia (1754–1801), his accession (1796), [185];
- inclines to war with France, [198];
- declares war against France (1798), [202];
- receives Louis XVIII., [204];
- withdraws his troops from the Continent, [206];
- becomes Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, [207];
- quarrels with Austria and England, [207];
- makes peace with France, [207];
- admiration for Bonaparte, [216], [217];
- schemes for an invasion of India, [220], [221];
- forms Neutral League of the North, [221], [222];
- assassinated, [222].
- Pavia, the university of, [26].
- Peace, Prince of the. See Godoy.
- Peltier, Jean Gabriel, French journalist (1765–1825), [133].
- Peninsular War: campaign of 1808, [265], [266];
- of 1809, [275], [276];
- of 1810, [296];
- of 1811, [296], [297];
- of 1812, [306], [307];
- of 1813, [315].
- Père Duchesne, [142].
- Pérignon, Dominique Catherine, Comte, French general (1754–1818), [183], [App. iv.]
- Pesth, [90], [91].
- Pétiet, Claude, French administrator (1749–1805), [182], [190].
- Pétion, Jérome, French politician (1753–94), [78], [86].
- Pfaffenhofen, treaty of (1796), [180].
- Philosophers, the eighteenth century, [4], [9], [17], [38].
- Piacenza, Duchy of. See Parma.
- —— Duke of. See Le Brun.
- Pichegru, Charles, French general (1761–1804), [140], [144], [149], [167], [172], [188], [191], [234], [235].
- Piedmont, part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1789, [26];
- left to Victor Amadeus (1797), [192];
- occupied by the French under Joubert (1798), [200];
- occupied by the Austrians (1799), [206];
- conquered by Bonaparte (1800), [218];
- annexed to France (1801), [220], [230], [255].
- Pigot, Sir Henry, English general (1752–1840), [195].
- Pilnitz, Conference between the Emperor Leopold and King Frederick William at (1791), [102];
- the Declaration of, [103];
- its effect on France, [106].
- Pisa, the university of, [24], [200].
- Pitt, William, English statesman (1759–1806), [28], [45], [78], [86], [97], [120], [125], [126], [166], [167], [169], [184], [189], [190], [225], [243], [245], [264].
- Pius VI., Giovanni Angelo Braschi, Pope (1717–99), [24], [66], [76], [175], [177], [200], [203], [217].
- —— VII., Gregorio Barnabé Luigi Chiaramonti, Pope (1742–1834), [217], [220], [229], [230], [238], [277], [278], [347].
- Plain, deputies of the Centre in the Convention called the, [117], [129], [156].
- Pleswitz, armistice of (3 June 1813), [309].
- Plettenberg, the Baron of, Prince-Bishop of Münster in 1789, [39].
- Pléville de Peley, Georges René, French admiral (1726–1805), [190], [196].
- Podolia, province of, taken by Russia at the second partition of Poland (1793), [122].
- Poland, its extinction impending in 1789, [14];
- Catherine’s policy in the first partition of, [18];
- Prussia’s share of, and aims on, [30];
- treaty of Warsaw with Prussia, [85];
- refuses to surrender Thorn and Dantzic (1790), [87];
- attempts at reform, [103], [104];
- the Constitution of 1791, [104], [105];
- invaded by the Russians (1792), [121];
- attacked by the Prussians (1793), [122];
- second partition of (1793), [122];
- causes of the failure of the attempt at constitutional reform, [123];
- insurrection in (1794), [151];
- victory of the Russians, [151], [152];
- final partition and extinction of Polish independence (1795), [152];
- comparison between French and Polish revolutions, [152], [153];
- looked favourably on by the Directory, [206];
- Napoleon’s campaign in 1807, [248], [249];
- Napoleon’s Polish policy, [261];
- creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, [261];
- serfdom abolished in, [289];
- the Emperor Alexander’s ideas on (1814), [339];
- final rearrangement of (1815), [342].
- Police, Ministry of General, established in France (1796), [182];
- abolished under the Consulate, but restored under the Empire, [241].
- Polignac, Armand Jules Marie Heraclius, Comte, afterwards Duc de, French politician (1771–1847), [235].
- Polish Legion formed for the service of France (1797), [206].
- Pombal, Sebastian José de Carvalho-Mello, Marquis of, Portuguese statesman (1699–1782), [22].
- Pomerania, Prussian, its backward state in 1789, [29].
- —— Swedish, possession of, gave the King of Sweden a voice in the Diet of the Empire, [34];
- occupied by the French under Brune (1808), [250], [254], [279];
- exchanged for Norway by the treaty of Kiel (1814), [320];
- given to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [347].
- Pompadour, Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), [19].
- Poniatowski, Joseph, Prince, Polish patriot, French general (1762–1813), [121], [122], [App. iv.]
- —— Stanislas, King of Poland (1732–98), [104], [122], [151], [152].
- Ponte Corvo, principality of, belonged to the Pope in 1789, [24];
- Bernadotte made Prince of (1806), [277].
- Pontine marshes drained by Pope Pius VI., [24].
- Popes. See Pius VI., Pius VII.
- Porentruy, district of, merged in the department of the Haut-Rhin, [230].
- Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, French statesman (1745–1807), [214], [215].
- Portugal, its condition in 1789, [14], [21], [22];
- declares war against the French Republic (1793), [120];
- treaty of San Ildefonso (1796), [183];
- England comes to the help of, [184];
- attacked by Spain, and forced to cede Olivenza by the treaty of Badajoz (1801), [223];
- Napoleon’s schemes against, [252];
- to be divided by treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), [252], [253];
- conquered by the French, [253];
- rises in insurrection against the French, [265];
- English army sent to, [265];
- freed from the French by the Convention of Cintra, [266];
- invaded by the French under Masséna (1810), [296];
- their repulse (1811), [297];
- deserted by Castlereagh at the Congress of Vienna (1815), [348].
- Portuguese Legion, formed by Junot, for the service of France, [253].
- Posen, province of, taken by Prussia in the second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- given back to Prussia (1815), [342].
- Potemkin, Gregory Alexandrovitch, Prince, Russian statesman (1736–1791), [43], [44], [45], [96].
- Potocki, Stanislas Felix, Polish statesman (1745–1805), [121].
- Potsdam, treaty of (3 Nov. 1805), [247].
- Pozzo di Borgo, Charles Andrew, Count, Russian diplomatist (1764–1842), [301], [337].
- Praga, suburb of Warsaw, stormed by Suvórov (4 Nov. 1794), [152].
- Prague, congress of (1813), [311].
- Prairial, the insurrection of 1st, in Paris (1795), [155], [156].
- Prefectures, Bonaparte’s establishment of, in France, [230].
- Preliminaries of Leoben signed (17 April 1797), [186].
- Pressburg, treaty of (26 Dec. 1805), [245].
- Prieur [of the Côte-d’Or], Claude Antoine, French statesman (1763–1832), [133], [134].
- —— [of the Marne], Pierre Louis, French statesman (1760–1827), [133].
- Prince-Bishops of the Holy Roman Empire, [39], [40].
- Profession de Foi du Vicaire Savoyard, Rousseau’s, [10].
- Proposals of Frankfort (1813), [316], [317].
- Provera, John Nicholas, Baron, Austrian general (1747–1801), [176].
- Prussia, administrative decay in, [5];
- serfdom in, [5];
- a member of the Triple Alliance, [13];
- condition in 1789, 28–[30];
- policy of, [30], [31];
- intervention in Holland (1787), [32];
- influence in the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire, [34];
- position of, in 1789, [84];
- anti-Austrian policy, 84–[86];
- alliance with Austria against France (1792), [109];
- its share in the second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- in the third partition of Poland (1795), [152];
- more anti-Austrian than anti-French, [152];
- makes treaty of Basle with the French Republic (1795), [156], [157];
- becomes protector of North Germany, by the conclusion of the line of demarcation, [170], [171];
- its great increase in importance by the secularisations of 1803, [227];
- neutrality violated by the French (1805), [244];
- advantages obtained by its policy of neutrality, [246];
- desires to fight France, [246], [247];
- crushed at Jena, and occupied by the French, [247];
- deprived of its Rhenish Westphalian and Polish provinces (1807), [250];
- reorganisation of, under Stein and Scharnhorst, [289–291];
- becomes the recognised leader of the revived German national spirit, [292];
- Stein’s reforms completed by Hardenberg, [303];
- foundation of the University of Berlin, [303], [304];
- obliged to allow Napoleon to traverse it, and to send him a contingent (1812), [304];
- rises against the French, [308], [309];
- receives part of Saxony (1815), [341];
- and part of Prussian Poland, [342];
- obtains large Rhenish province, [344];
- gets Swedish Pomerania, [347];
- as a result of the period becomes the preponderant German power, [359].
- See Frederick William II., Frederick William III.
- Public Safety, Committee of. See Committee.
- Pyramids, battle of the (21 July 1798), [195].
- Pyrenees, campaigns in the, [133], [140], [144], [150], [151], [315], [316].
- Quatre Bras, battle of (16 June 1815), [352].
- Quedlinburg, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227].
- Quiberon Bay, defeat of the French émigrés at (June 1794), [154].
- Quinette, Nicolas Marie, Baron, French administrator (1762–1821), [210].
- Raab, battle of (14 June 1809), [273].
- Rabaut de Saint-Étienne, Jean Paul, French politician (1743–93), [52].
- Raclawice, battle of (4 April 1794), [151].
- Radet, Étienne, Baron, French general (1762–1825), [278].
- Ragusa, Duke of. See Marmont.
- Ramel, Jean Pierre, French general (1768–1815), [356].
- —— de Nogaret, Jacques, French politician (1760–1819), [182].
- Rapinat, Jacques, French administrator (1750–1818), [199], [209].
- Rasomovski, Andrew, Count, afterwards Prince, Russian diplomatist (1751–1836), [323], [337].
- Rastadt, Congress at, [186], [192], [202].
- Ratisbon, bishopric of, granted to the Elector of Mayence (1803), [225];
- to the King of Bavaria (1805), [260].
- —— a free city of the Holy Roman Empire, where the Imperial Diet met, [35], [225], [257].
- Reason, the Worship of, in Paris, [141];
- attacked by Danton and Robespierre, [142].
- Receivers-general of taxes, their establishment under the Consulate, [215].
- Reden, Baron, Dutch diplomatist (♰1799), [87].
- Regency, Portuguese, formed (1808), [266].
- Reggio, duchy of, belonged to the Duke of Modena in 1789, [25];
- merged in the Cisalpine Republic (1797), [192].
- —— Duke of. See Oudinot.
- Regnier, Claude Ambroise, Duke of Massa, French statesman (1736–1814), [216], [239], [240], [241].
- Reichenbach, conference, Congress and convention of (June 1790), [87], [88];
- treaty of (17 June 1813), [310].
- Reichskammergericht. See Tribunal, Imperial.
- Reichstag. See Diet, Imperial.
- Reign of Terror in France. See Terror.
- Reinhard, Charles Frédéric, Comte, French diplomatist (1761–1837), [210].
- Renier, Paolo (♰1789), Doge of Venice in 1789, [27].
- Repnin, Nicholas Vassilievitch, Prince, Russian general (1734–1801), [44], [96].
- Retreats, famous military: Moreau’s, from Bavaria (1796), [178];
- Moore’s, from Salamanca (1808–09), [269], [270];
- Napoleon’s, from Moscow (1812), [306].
- Reubell, Jean François, French statesman (1747–1807), [150], [156], [165], [169], [179], [181], [191], [209].
- Réunion, island of (Isle of Bourbon), restored to France (1815), [348].
- Reuss, the principalities of, states of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Reuss, Prince Anton von (1738–96), [87].
- Réveillon, Jean (1796), sack of his house at Paris (June 1789), [56].
- Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis Marie de la, French statesman (1753–1824), [165], [171], [181], [182], [209].
- Revolution, the reasons why it began in France, [7], [8].
- See France.
- Revolutionary Propaganda, decreed by the Convention (18 Nov. 1792), [118];
- its effect on the character of the war, [125];
- the decree repealed (16 May 1793), [133];
- idea adopted by the Hébertists, [141];
- formally abandoned by the Thermidorian Committee of Public Safety, [148], [159].
- —— Tribunal. See Tribunal.
- Révolutions de Paris, important journal edited by Loustalot, [61].
- Reynier, Jean Louis Ebenezer, Comte, French general (1771–1814), [256], [296].
- Rhine, the, declared the natural boundary of France, [157];
- crossed by Moreau (1796), [178];
- by Moreau (1797), [186];
- by Blücher (1813), [318].
- —— Confederation of the, formed by Napoleon (1806), [245];
- its members, [260], [261];
- replaced by the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342], [343].
- Ricci, Scipio de, Bishop of Pistoia, Italian statesman (1741–1810), [24], [83].
- Richelieu, Armand Emmanuel Sophie Septimanie du Plessis, Duc de, French statesman (1766–1822), [357].
- Ried, treaty of (8 Oct. 1813), [313], [314].
- Riga, besieged by the French under Macdonald (1812), [307].
- Rivers, stipulations on the navigation of, [349].
- Rivière, Charles François de Riffardeau, Marquis, afterwards Duc de, French émigré (1763–1827), [235].
- Rivoli, battle of (14 Jan. 1797), [176].
- —— Duke of. See Masséna.
- Roberjot, Claude, French politician (1753–99), [202].
- Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore de, French statesman (1758–1794), opposes intervention of France on behalf of Spain (1790), [78];
- moves motion preventing election of deputies of the Constituent to the Legislative Assembly, [105];
- opposes war with Austria, [105];
- a leader in the Convention, [117];
- attacked by Louvet, [117];
- views on the King’s trial, [119];
- his struggle with the Girondins, [129];
- member of the Committee of Public Safety, [133];
- his position and character, [134], [135];
- attacks the Hébertists, [142];
- establishes the Worship of the Supreme Being, [146];
- overthrown in Thermidor (1794), [146], [147];
- guillotined, [147].
- Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de, French general (1725–1807), [107].
- Rödt, Baron of, Prince-Bishop of Constance in 1789, [39].
- Roggenbach, Baron Joseph Sigismund of, Prince-Bishop of Basle in 1789 (♰1794), [39].
- Roland de la Platière, Jean Marie, French administrator (1734–93), [110], [112], [114].
- —— Manon Jeanne, Madame (1754–93), her salon, [116].
- Roliça, battle of (17 Aug. 1808), [265].
- Romagna, the, part of the Cisalpine Republic (1797), [192].
- Roman Empire, the Holy. See Empire.
- Roman Republic, the, established (1798), [200];
- overthrown (1799), [203].
- Rome, administration of the Popes at, [24];
- occupied by French troops (1798), [200];
- evacuated by them, [203];
- annexed by Napoleon (1810), [255];
- declared the second city of the Empire, [277], [278];
- capital of a French department, [283];
- restored to the Pope (1815), [347].
- Rosas, taken by the French (3 Feb. 1795), [150], [151].
- Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Genevese philosopher (1712–78), [9], [10], [41], [146].
- Roussillon, [130], [140].
- Ruffo, Alvaro, Commander, afterwards Prince, Neapolitan diplomatist (♰1825), [338], [346].
- Rügen, island of, belonged to Sweden in 1789, [32].
- See Pomerania, Swedish.
- Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count, Bavarian statesman (1753–1814), [37].
- Russia, condition and growth of, under Catherine, [18], [19];
- invaded by the Swedes (1788–90), [45], [95];
- obtains increase of territory by the treaty of Jassy (1792), [96];
- her share in the second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- in the third partition (1795), [152];
- accession of Paul, [185], [198];
- her intervention in the war with France and its results, [206], [207];
- disapproves of war with England, [221];
- murder of Paul (1801), [221];
- trade of, [234];
- joins the coalition against Napoleon (1805), [242], [243];
- defeated at Eylau, [248];
- and Friedland, [249];
- results, [249];
- cessions made to, by the treaty of Tilsit, [249], [250], [261];
- grumbles at the Continental Blockade, [261], [300];
- attitude towards Austria (1809), [272];
- annexes Finland, [278], [299], [302];
- its cessions from the Turks in 1812, [281];
- incited by England to war with France, [301];
- invaded by Napoleon (1812), [305], [306];
- drives out the French, [306];
- its share in the overthrow of Napoleon, [334];
- its annexations from Poland (1815), [341], [342];
- a result of the period its taking a prominent place in European polity, [359], [360].
- See Alexander, Catherine, Paul.
- Russian Armament, the (1788), [45].
- Rymnik, battle of the (12 Aug. 1789), [45].
- Sacilio, battle of (16 April 1809), [273].
- Safety, Public, Committee of. See Committee.
- Saint-Aignan, Paul Hippolyte de Beauvilliers, Marquis de, French diplomatist (1782–1831), [316].
- Saint-André, André Jeanbon, called, French administrator (1749–1813), [133].
- Saint Bernard, the Great, [218].
- Saint Bernard, the Little, [151].
- Saint-Claude, abbey of, in the Jura, [6].
- Saint-Cloud, the Councils removed to from Paris, [210];
- Bonaparte’s coup d’état of 18 Brumaire (1799) at, [211].
- Saint-Cyr, Laurent Gouvion de. See Gouvion.
- Saint-Gall, the canton of, created by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [344].
- Saint-Gothard, Suvórov’s passage of the (1799), [204].
- Saint Helena, Napoleon deported to (1815), [355].
- Saint-Helens, Alleyne Fitzherbert, Lord. See Fitzherbert.
- Saint-Just, Louis Léon Antoine Florelle de, French politician (1767–94), [133], [135], [138], [140], [142], [147].
- Saint Lucia, island of, ceded to France (1783), [19];
- restored to England by the first treaty of Paris (1814), [333];
- by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [348].
- Saint-Marsan, Filippo Antonio Maria Asinari, Marquis de, Italian diplomatist (1761–1828), [338].
- Saint Ouen, Declaration of (2 May 1814), [332], [333].
- Saint Petersburg, threatened by the Swedes (1790), [95].
- Saint Priest, Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, Comte de, French émigré, Russian general (1776–1814), [328].
- Saint-Vincent, battle of (14 Feb. 1797), [183].
- Saint-Vincent, Sir John Jervis, Earl. See Jervis.
- Salamanca, Moore’s advance to (1808), [269];
- battle of (22 July 1812), [306].
- Saliceti, Christophe, French politician (1757–1809), [256].
- Salkief, circle of, in Poland, ceded to Russia (1807), [261].
- Salm, petty German principalities (1789), [34];
- territories in Germany annexed by Napoleon (1810), [282].
- —— Salm, Constantine Alexander, Prince of (1762–1828), [79].
- Salomon, Gabriel René, French politician (♰1792), [60].
- Salzburg, the Archbishop of, alternate president of the College of Princes in 1789, [34].
- Salzburg, archbishopric of, made into an electorate for the Grand Duke Ferdinand of Tuscany (1803), [225], [229];
- ceded to Bavaria (1809), [257], [274];
- restored to Austria (1815), [344].
- San Domingo, Bonaparte’s attempt to reconquer (1802), [232].
- —— Ildefonso, treaty of (19 Aug. 1796), [183].
- —— Sebastian, threatened by the French (1794), [144];
- taken by the French (1795), [157];
- stormed by Wellington (1813), [315], [316].
- Saorgio, battle of (29 April 1794), [144].
- Saragossa, siege of (1809), [275].
- Sardinia, kingdom of, condition in 1789, [26], [27];
- attacked by the French (1792), [117];
- subsidised by England, [126];
- restored to Victor Emmanuel I., with the addition of Genoa, [346];
- got back Savoy (1815), [354].
- See Charles Emmanuel III., Victor Amadeus IV., Victor Emmanuel I., also Nice, Piedmont, Savoy.
- Savigny, Frederick Charles von, German jurist (1779–1861), [304].
- Savona, Pope Pius VII. imprisoned at, [278].
- Savoy, part of the kingdom of Sardinia in 1789, [26];
- conquered by the French (1792), [117];
- annexed to France, [118];
- ceded by the King of Sardinia (1797), [174];
- made into the department of Mont-Blanc, [230];
- left to France (1814), [333];
- restored to the King of Sardinia (1815), [354].
- Saxe-Coburg, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- —— —— Saalfeld, Prince Francis Josias of. See Coburg, Prince of.
- —— Gotha, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- —— Hildburghausen, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- —— Meiningen, duchy of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Saxe-Teschen, Duke Albert of, Austrian general (1738–1822), [113].
- Saxe-Weimar, duchy of, [38];
- made a Grand Duchy and a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- See Charles Augustus.
- Saxony, electorate of, its condition in 1789, [38];
- receives Lower Lusatia, and made a kingdom (1806), [259];
- a state of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260];
- invaded by Schill (1809), [293];
- occupied by Napoleon (1813), [309];
- proposition to merge it in Prussia rejected (1814), [339], [340];
- part of, ceded to Prussia (1815), [341];
- a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- See Frederick Augustus.
- Schaffhausen, Thurgau, separated from the canton of, by Bonaparte (1803), [228].
- Scharnhorst, Gerard David von, Prussian general (1755–1813), reorganised the Prussian army, [290], [291], [308];
- mortally wounded at Lützen, [309].
- Scheldt, navigation of the, declared free by the National Convention, [118].
- Schérer, Barthélemy Louis Joseph, French general (1747–1804), [173], [190], [202], [203].
- Schill, Friedrich, Prussian officer (1773–1809), [293].
- Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich, German poet (1759–1805), [9], [38].
- Schimmelpenninck, Roger John, Count, Dutch statesman (1761–1825), [254].
- Schleiermacher, Ernst Friedrich, German philosopher (1779–1834), [304].
- Schlieffen, Friedrich von, Prussian general (♰1791), [63], [65], [94], [95].
- Schönbrunn, treaty of (15 Feb. 1806), [247].
- Schönfeld, Wilhelm Christoph von, Prussian general (♰1797), [65], [93].
- Schulenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count von, Prussian statesman (1730–1802), [126].
- —— —— Albert, Count von, Saxon diplomatist (1772–1853), [338].
- Schulz, pastor of Gielsdorf, the case of, [10].
- Schwartzberg, two principalities of, recognised as states of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- Schwartzenberg, Prince Charles Philip von, Austrian general (1771–1820), [294], [305], [312], [313], [318], [319], [320], [328], [329], [350], [353].
- Schweitz, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228].
- Séance Royale, held by Louis XVI. (23 June 1789), [54].
- Sebastiani, François Horace Bastien, Comte, French general (1772–1851), [275], [280].
- Secularisation of the ecclesiastical states of the Empire proposed by France, [170];
- agreed to at Lunéville (1801), [220];
- its tendency, [226];
- carried out (1803), and its effects, [226], [227].
- Security, General, Committee of. See Committee.
- Selim III., Sultan of the Ottoman Turks (1761–1808), [44], [88], [89], [96], [280], [281].
- Senate of France, established by the Constitution of the Year VIII., its functions, [214];
- given power to dissolve the Tribunate and Legislative Body (1803), [232];
- offers the title of Emperor to Napoleon (1804), [236];
- its position under the Empire, [240], [284];
- appoints a Provisional Government (1814), [330];
- declares Napoleon dethroned, [331].
- Serfdom in Europe in the 18th century, [5], [6];
- abolished in Hungary by Joseph II., [16];
- the Russian peasant partly protected from, by his village organisation, [19];
- prevalent in Prussia, [29], [30];
- abolished in Denmark (1788), [32];
- abolished in Baden (1783), [37];
- its existence a cause of the failure of the Poles to maintain their independence, [152];
- disappeared from Central Europe under the influence of the French Revolution and Napoleon, [288], [289];
- abolished in Prussia by Stein, [290];
- its general abolition a permanent result of the period, [361].
- Sérurier, Jean Mathieu Philibert, French general (1742–1819), App. iv.
- Servan, Joseph, French general (1741–1808), [114].
- Servia, conquered by the Austrians under Loudon (1789), [45]; independence recognised by the Turks (1812), [281].
- Shumla, [281].
- Sicily, not much affected by Tanucci’s reforms, [23];
- held by the English for Ferdinand IV., [256], [264].
- Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Viscount. See Addington.
- Sieges: Acre (1799), [208];
- Alessandria (1799), [203], [204];
- Alexandria (1801), [224];
- Almeida (1811), [296];
- Antwerp (1814), [321];
- Badajoz (1812), [306];
- Bayonne (1814), [316], [321];
- Bender (1789), [45];
- Burgos(1812), [307];
- Cadiz (1810–12), [296], [297];
- Cairo (1801), [224];
- Ciudad Rodrigo (1812), [306];
- Condé (1793), [130];
- Dantzic (1806–7), [248], [249];
- Dantzic (1813–14), [319];
- Dunkirk (1793), [130], [140];
- Gaeta (1807), [256];
- Genoa (1799–1800), [205], [206], [218];
- Giurgevo (1790), [88];
- Hamburg (1813–14), [319], [320];
- Ismail (1789–90), [45], [96];
- Landau (1793), [140];
- Le Quesnoy (1793), [130];
- Lille (1792), [114], [118];
- Lyons (1793), [131], [140];
- Magdeburg (1813–14), [319];
- Mantua (1796–97), [175], [176];
- Mantua (1799), [203];
- Maubeuge (1793), [140];
- Mayence (1793), [130];
- Mayence (1795), [172];
- Mayence (1797), [193];
- Ochakov (1788), [43], [44];
- Orsova (1789–90), [45], [88];
- Pampeluna (1813), [316];
- Riga (1812), [307];
- San Sebastian (1813), [315], [316];
- Saragossa (1809), [275];
- Stettin (1813–14), [319];
- Tarragona (1812), [307];
- Toulon (1793), [140];
- Valenciennes (1793), [130];
- Warsaw (1794), [151], [152].
- Siena, [24], [283].
- Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph, Comte, French statesman (1748–1836), [53], [54], [60], [150], [156], [159], [165], [166], [182], [197], [209], [219], [211], [213], [357].
- Silesia, the Prussian Army of, formed under Blücher (1813), [309];
- defeated the French at the Katzbach, [319];
- crosses the Rhine, [318];
- cut to pieces by Napoleon, [319].
- Silistria, taken by Kutuzov (1811), [281].
- Siméon, Joseph Jerome, Comte, French administrator (1749–1842), [259].
- Sistova, congress of (1790–91), [88];
- treaty of (4 Aug. 1791), [89].
- Slave trade, the Negro, condemned by the Congress of Vienna at the demand of Castlereagh (1815), [348], [349].
- Smith, Sir William Sidney, English admiral (1764–1840), [145], [208].
- Smolensk, [305], [306].
- Socialism opposed even by the Hébertists, [141].
- Soleure, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228].
- Soltikov, Ivan, Count, Russian general (1736–1805), [43].
- Somo Sierra, Napoleon forces the pass of the (1808), [269].
- Sotin de la Coindière, Pierre, French administrator (1764–1810), Minister of Police (1797), [190].
- Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, Duke of Dalmatia, French general (1769–1851), [269], [270], [275], [296], [297], [315], [316], [321], [332], App. iv.
- Sovereignty of the people, the doctrine of, [2].
- Spain, allied to France by the Pacte de Famille, [14];
- its condition in 1789, [20], [21];
- the reforms of Aranda, [21];
- demands the help of France against England in the Nootka Sound affair (1790), [78];
- declares war against France (1793), [119];
- subsidised by England, [126];
- invades France, [130];
- defeated by the French (1794), [140];
- invaded by the French (1795), [144];
- weary of the war with France, [154];
- makes peace with France at Basle (1795), [157];
- makes alliance with France at San Ildefonso, and attacks England, [183];
- fleet defeated off Cape St. Vincent (1797), [183];
- Bonaparte’s communications with, [223];
- attacks Portugal, and gets Olivenza by the treaty of Badajoz (1801), [223];
- cedes Louisiana to France, [232];
- agrees at Fontainebleau for the partition of Portugal, [252], [253];
- course of politics in, [266], [267];
- Napoleon makes Joseph Bonaparte king of (1808), [267];
- the Spanish people rise against the French, [267], [268];
- Napoleon in Spain, 268–[70];
- the guerilla war against the French, [297];
- evacuated by the French (1813), [315];
- lost Trinidad, but kept Olivenza at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), [348];
- reactionary policy of Ferdinand VII. in (1815), [358].
- See Charles IV., Ferdinand VII., Joseph, Peninsular War.
- Spanish Armament, the (1790), [78].
- Spielmann, Anton, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist (♰1738–1813), Austrian representative at Reichenbach (1790), [87].
- Spires, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34];
- and one of the Princes holding largest fiefs in Alsace, [79].
- —— bishopric of, the portion on the right bank of the Rhine merged in Baden (1803), [227].
- —— city of, taken by Custine (1792), [118].
- Splügen pass, forced by Macdonald (1800), [219].
- Stäblo, Abbot of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34].
- Stackelberg, Gustavus, Count von, Russian diplomatist (♰1825), [337].
- Stadion, John Philip Charles Joseph, Count, Austrian statesman (1763–1824), tried to rouse Germany against Napoleon, [270], [271];
- succeeded by Metternich (1809), [275];
- inspired by Gentz, [292];
- Austrian plenipotentiary at Châtillon (1814), [323].
- Staps, Friedrich (1792–1809), schemed to assassinate Napoleon, [293].
- State, doctrine of the, [4], [292].
- States of the Church. See Papal States.
- States-General of France, summoned (1788), [43];
- a financial expedient, [49], [50];
- the elections to, [50], [51];
- struggle between the Orders, [52], [53];
- declares itself the National Assembly, [53].
- See Constituent Assembly.
- Stein, Henry Frederick Charles, Freiherr von, Prussian statesman (1757–1831), a Knight of the Empire, [40];
- his reforms in Prussia, [290];
- dismissed by Napoleon’s orders, [291];
- pressed Alexander to war with Napoleon, [301];
- his work completed by Hardenberg, [303];
- at the Russian headquarters (1812), [304];
- summoned the Estates of Prussia at Königsberg, [308];
- his idea of rousing a German national spirit abandoned by the allied monarchs (1813), [310];
- present at the Congress of Vienna, [337].
- Stéphanie Tascher de la Pagerie (1789–1860), married to the Hereditary Grand Duke of Baden (1806), [258].
- Stettin, French garrison left in (1813), [308];
- besieged (1813–14), [319].
- Stewart, Hon. Sir Charles, afterwards Lord, English general and diplomatist (1778–1854), [301], [323], [337].
- —— Robert, Viscount Castlereagh. See Castlereagh.
- Stockach, battle of (25 March 1799), [202].
- Stralsund, taken by the French (1807), [250].
- Strasbourg, Archbishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34];
- one of chief Princes of the Empire in Alsace, [79].
- —— archbishopric of, the portion on the right bank of the Rhine ceded to Baden (1803), [227].
- Stuart, Hon. Sir Charles, English general (1753–1801), [184], [195].
- —— Sir John, English general (1762–1810), [256].
- Stuttgart, [37], [38], [178].
- Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Duke of Albufera, French general (1770–1826), [275], [297], [307], [315], [App. iv.]
- Sudermania, Duke of. See Charles XIII., King of Sweden.
- Supreme Being, Worship of the, established by Robespierre (1794), [146].
- Suspects, Law of the, [137].
- Suvórov, Alexander Vassilivitch, Count, afterwards Prince, Russian general (1729–1800), gallantry at the siege of Ochákov (1788), [44];
- defeats the Turks at Foksany and the Rymnik (1789), [45];
- stormed Ismail, and served at Matchin (1790–91), [96];
- defeated the Poles at Zielence and Dubienka (1792), [121], [122];
- defeated Kosciuszko at Maciejowice, and took Warsaw (1794), [152];
- defeats the French at Cassano and the Trebbia, and conquers Northern Italy (1799), [203];
- defeats Joubert at Novi, and crosses the Alps, [204];
- repulsed by the French, [205];
- accuses the Austrians of causing his failure, [207].
- Svenska Sound, battle of (9 July 1790), [95].
- Swabia, part ceded to Bavaria, [245];
- part to Würtemburg, [258].
- Sweden, its condition in 1789, [32], [33];
- at war with Russia and Denmark, [45], [46];
- makes peace with the Danes (1789), [46];
- the coup d’état of Gustavus III. (1789), [46];
- peace with Russia, [95], [96];
- death of Gustavus III., [110];
- neutral in the war against France, [120], [124], [171];
- loses Pomerania and Finland, [250], [254];
- revolution in, and dethronement of Gustavus IV. (1809), [278], [279];
- Bernadotte elected Prince Royal (1810), [279];
- exchanges Pomerania for Norway by the treaty of Kiel (1814), [320];
- cession of Norway confirmed by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [347].
- See Bernadotte, Charles XIII., Gustavus III., Gustavus IV.
- Switzerland, its condition in 1789, [41];
- its neutrality in the war against France, [120], [125], [171];
- headquarters of French diplomacy, [156];
- and of the émigrés diplomacy, [166], [167];
- revolution of 1798, [198], [199];
- invaded by the French and the Helvetian Republic formed, [199];
- Masséna’s campaign in (1799), [204], [205];
- reorganised by Bonaparte as the Confederation of Switzerland (1803), [228], [229];
- neutrality of, violated by the allies (1814), [318];
- independence and neutrality guaranteed by the treaty of Paris (1814), [334];
- reorganised, and given a fresh constitution by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [344], [345].
- Syria, Bonaparte’s campaign in (1799), [208].
- Tagliamento, Bonaparte forces the passage of the (16 March 1797), [185], [186].
- Talavera, battle of (27 July 1809), [275].
- Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, Bishop of Autun, afterwards Prince of Benevento, French statesman (1754–1838), consecrates the Constitutional bishops in France (1790), [70];
- appointed Foreign Minister (1797), and advocated the coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, [190];
- resigned (1799), [210];
- advised Bonaparte to the coup d’état of 18 Brumaire, [210];
- Foreign Minister under the Consulate, [216];
- Grand Chamberlain of the Empire, [239];
- Foreign Minister under the Empire, [241];
- created Prince of Benevento, [277];
- his policy after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814, [329], [330];
- President of the Provisional Government of France, [330];
- gets the Bourbons accepted, [331];
- negotiates the first treaty of Paris, [333];
- French plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), [338];
- his masterly attitude, [338], [339];
- signs treaty with Austria and England against Russia and Prussia (3 Jan. 1815), [340];
- dismissed by Louis XVIII. (1815), [357].
- Tallien, Jean Lambert, French politician (1769–1820), [166].
- Talma, François Joseph, French actor (1763–1826), [262].
- Tanucci, Bernardo, Marquis, Italian statesman (1698–1783), [4], [23].
- Taranto, Duke of. See Macdonald.
- Targovitsa, Confederation of, asks Catherine’s aid to overthrow the Polish Constitution of 1791, [121].
- Tarragona, English failure before (1812), [307].
- Tauroggen, convention of (1812), [308].
- Temeswar, the Banat of, invaded by the Turks (1788), [43].
- Tennis Court, Oath of the (20 June 1789), [54].
- Terror, the Reign of, weapons of, forged, [128];
- Robespierre deemed the author of, [135], [147];
- the system of, [135–138];
- the deputies on mission, [136], [137];
- revolutionary tribunal, [137], [138];
- the Terror in the provinces, [138], [139];
- excused by France because of the success of the Committee of Public Safety against the foreign foes, [141];
- Danton believed it too stringent, [143];
- rose to its height (June-July 1794), [145], [146];
- system abandoned, [148].
- —— the White, in France (1815), [356], [357].
- Tetterborn, Baron von, Russian general (♰1836), [308].
- Teutonic Order, the, suppressed by Hardenberg in Prussia, [303].
- Texel, Dutch fleet in the, captured by French hussars (1795), [149];
- blockaded by the English fleet, [184], [193];
- defeated in the battle of Camperdown (1797), [194];
- captured by the English (1799), [205].
- Theo-philanthropy, new religion started in France, [181], [182].
- Thermidor, overthrow of Robespierre on the 9th, [147].
- Thermidorians, rule of the, [148], [149], [154–157];
- their foreign policy, [156], [157].
- Thompson, Benjamin, Count Rumford. See Rumford.
- Thorn, promised to Prussia by the Poles (1790), [85];
- but not surrendered (1791), [87];
- obtained by Prussia at the second partition of Poland (1793), [122];
- restored to Prussia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [342].
- Thouret, Jacques Guillaume, French politician (1746–94), [100].
- Thugut, Franz Maria, Baron, Austrian statesman (1734–1818), becomes Austrian Foreign Minister, [126];
- his policy, [153], [154];
- in favour of continuing the war with France, [169];
- delayed the treaty of Campo-Formio as long as he could, [192];
- retired from office, [220].
- Thurgau, canton of, formed by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [344].
- Thuriot de la Rozière, Jacques Alexis, French politician (1758–1829), [133].
- Thurn and Taxis, Prince of, as Imperial Commissary, summoned the Diet of the Empire (1792), [108].
- Ticino, canton of, formed by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [344].
- Tiers État, Order of the, in the States-General, its struggle with the privileged Orders, [51], [53];
- declares itself the National Assembly, [53].
- Tillot, Guillaume Léon du, Marquis of Felino, Italian statesman (1711–1774), [25].
- Tilsit, the meeting of Napoleon and Alexander at, [249], [250];
- the treaty of (7 July 1807), [250].
- Tirlemont, [48], [64].
- Titles abolished in France by the Constituent Assembly, [60].
- Tloczow, circle of, ceded to Russia (1807), [26].
- Tobac, battle of (1789), [45].
- Tobago, ceded by England to France (1783), [19];
- ceded to England by the treaty of Paris (1814), [333];
- cession recognised by the Congress of Vienna, [348].
- Tolentino, treaty of (19 Feb. 1797), [177];
- battle of (3 May 1815), [346].
- Toleration, Napoleon insists on religious, in Europe, [289].
- Töplitz, treaty of (9 Sept. 1813), [313].
- Torgau ceded by Saxony to Prussia (1815), [341].
- Torres Vedras, Masséna repulsed from the lines of (1810), [296].
- Tortona, fortress of, built by Victor Amadeus III., [27].
- Toulon, [139], [140].
- Toulouse, battle of (10 April 1814), [332].
- Trafalgar, battle of (21 Oct. 1805), [244], [245].
- Trautmannsdorf, Count Albert von, Austrian statesman (1749–1817), [47], [64].
- Treaties: Amiens (1802), [225];
- Badajoz (1801), [223];
- Bartenstein (1807), [248];
- Basle (1795), [156], [157];
- Bucharest (1812), [281];
- Campo-Formio (1797), [192], [193];
- Chaumont (1814), [327], [328];
- Fontainebleau (1807), [252], [253];
- Ghent (1814), [341];
- Jassy (1792), [96];
- Kalisch (1813), [308];
- Kiel (1814), [320];
- Lunéville (1801), [219], [220];
- Paris, Provisional (1814), [331], [332];
- Paris, First (1814), [333], [334];
- Paris, Second (1815), [353], [354];
- Pfaffenhofen (1796), [180];
- Potsdam (1805), [247];
- Pressburg (1805), [245];
- Reichenbach (1813), [310];
- Ried (1813), [313], [314];
- San Ildefonso (1796), [183];
- Schönbrunn (1806), [247];
- of 3 Jan. 1815, secret, [341];
- of 1756, [11], [12], [19];
- Sistova (1791), [89];
- Tilsit (1807), [250];
- Tolentino (1797), [177];
- Töplitz (1813), [313];
- Verela (1790), 95–[96];
- Versailles (1783), [13], [19], [28];
- Vienna (1809), [274];
- Vienna (1815), [350];
- Warsaw (1790), [85].
- Trebbia, battle of the (17–19 June 1799), [203].
- Treilhard, Jean Baptiste, Comte, French statesman (1742–1810), [148], [166], [195], [209].
- Trent, Macdonald joined by Brune at (1800), [219].
- —— bishopric of, granted to Austria (1803), [226].
- Trèves, the Archbishop of, an Elector in 1789, [34];
- one of the chief Princes of the Empire, with fiefs in Alsace, [79];
- electorate abolished (1803), [225].
- —— city of, taken by the French (1795), [150];
- capital of a French department, [230].
- —— electorate of, well governed in 1789, [40];
- conquered by the French under Moreaux (1795), [150];
- ceded to France, [193], [225];
- given to Prussia (1815), [344].
- Treviso, Duke of. See Mortier.
- Tribunal, the Imperial, of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichskammergericht), [35].
- —— the Revolutionary, of Paris, established (March 1793), [128];
- its powers and effect, [137];
- its system of work, [138];
- its powers increased (June 1794), [146], [147];
- condemns Carrier, [149].
- Tribunate, formed by the Constitution of the Year VIII., its functions, [214];
- reduced to fifty members (1805), [240];
- suppressed (1808), [284].
- Trieste ceded to Napoleon (1809), [274].
- Trinidad, island of, taken by the English (1797), [264];
- ceded to England by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [348].
- Triple Alliance, the, of England, Holland, and Prussia, formed 1788, [13], [32].
- Tronchet, François Denis, French jurist (1726–1806), [215].
- Truguet, Laurent Jean François, Comte, French admiral (1752–1839), [166], [190].
- Tudela, battle of (23 Nov. 1808), [269].
- Tuileries, Palace at Paris, [62], [99], [100], [112], [113], [129], [155], [164], [165].
- Turin, observatory at, built by Victor Amadeus III., [26];
- threatened by Bonaparte (1796), [174];
- occupied by Suvórov (1799), [203].
- Turkey, travelling to decay, [14];
- Joseph declares war against, [17];
- campaign of 1788 against the Russians and Austrians, [43], [44];
- accession of Sultan Selim (1789), [44];
- campaign of 1789, [45];
- Prussia negotiates with, [45], [85];
- campaign of 1790 against the Austrians, [88];
- treaty of Sistova (1791), [89];
- campaign of 1790–91 against the Russians, [96];
- treaty of Jassy (1792), [96];
- looked with favour on the French Revolution, [171];
- defeated by Bonaparte in Syria and Egypt (1799), [208];
- French army in Illyria to threaten, [256];
- its general policy (1796–1807), [280];
- revolution in, and accession of Mahmoud (1807–08), [280], [281];
- war with Russia (1809–12), [281];
- treaty of Bucharest (1812), [281].
- See Abdul Hamid, Mahmoud, Mustapha, Selim.
- Turreau, Louis Marie, Baron, French general (1756–1816), [141].
- Tuscany, its prosperity under the Grand Duke Leopold, [24], [25];
- declares war against France (1793), [120];
- makes peace with France, [157], [171];
- occupied by the French (1799), [200];
- evacuated by them, [203];
- restored to the Grand Duke Ferdinand (1800), [206];
- made into the kingdom of Etruria (1801), [220];
- annexed to Napoleon’s Empire (1808), [255];
- Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of, [283];
- restored to Ferdinand (1815), [347].
- See Ferdinand II., Leopold.
- Two Sicilies, kingdom of the. See Naples.
- Tyrol, the opposition to Joseph’s reforms in, [15];
- Joseph suspends his edicts, [66];
- pacified by Leopold (1790), [84];
- invaded by Bonaparte (1797), [186];
- by Macdonald (1800), [219];
- ceded to Bavaria (1805), [245];
- Hofer’s insurrection in (1809), [273], [274];
- restored to Austria by Bavaria (1815), [344].
- Ulm, [35], [243], [244].
- United States of America, [145], [159], [160], [242], [341].
- Universities: Berlin, [303], [304];
- Bonn, [40];
- Cracow, [105];
- Göttingen, [39];
- Jena, [38];
- Mannheim, [37];
- Milan, [26];
- Parma, [25];
- Pavia, [26];
- Pisa, [24];
- Siena, [24].
- University of France founded by Napoleon, its constitution, [288].
- Unterwalden, canton of Switzerland maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228].
- Unzmarkt, battle of (22 March 1797), [186].
- Uri, a canton of Switzerland, [41], [228].
- Vadier, Marc Guillaume Alexis, French politician (1736–1828), [149], [155].
- Valais, the, declared an independent Republic (1803), [228];
- annexed by Napoleon (1810), [283];
- made a canton of Switzerland by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [345].
- Valence, Pope Pius VI. dies at (1798), [203].
- Valencia, taken by Moncey (1809), [275].
- Valenciennes, taken by the English and Austrians (1793), [130].
- Valmy, battle of (20 Sept. 1792), [115].
- —— Duke of. See Kellermann.
- Valsarno, battle of (26 Oct. 1813), [315].
- Vancouver Island, the affair of Nootka Sound (1790), [77], [78];
- the Spaniards claim, [79].
- Vandamme, Dominique René, Comte, French general (1770–1830), [309], [312], [313].
- Van der Mersch, John Andrew, Belgian general (1734–92), [48], [64], [93].
- Van der Noot, Henry Charles Nicholas, Belgian statesman (1735–1827), [48], [64], [65], [92], [93], [94].
- Vandernootists or Statists, Belgian political party, [47], [48], [92], [93].
- Van der Spiegel, John, Baron, Dutch statesman, Grand Pensionary of Holland, [65], [93].
- Varennes, the flight of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette from Paris (June 1791), stopped at, [100].
- Vauchamps, battle of (14 Feb. 1814), [319].
- Vaud, Pays de, revolts against Berne (1798), [199];
- made an independent canton of Switzerland by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- recognised by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [344].
- Venaissin, the county of the, [76], [333], [354].
- Vendée, La, the insurrection in, [128], [130], [131], [141], [143], [180], [181], [215].
- Vendémiaire, the insurrection of 13th (5 Oct. 1795), in Paris, [164], [165].
- Venice, condition of the Republic in 1789, [27];
- remained neutral in the war against the French Republic, [124];
- promised to Austria in exchange for Lombardy at Leoben, [186];
- occupied by Bonaparte (1797), [191], [192];
- ceded the Ionian Islands to France, [192];
- ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Campo-Formio (1797), [192];
- conclave met at (1799), [206];
- occupied by Brune (1800), [219];
- ceded to Austria by the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), [220];
- ceded to the kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg (1805), [245], [255];
- granted to Austria by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [347].
- Verdun, taken by the Prussians (1792), [114], [115].
- Verela, treaty of (14 Aug. 1790), [95], [96].
- Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, French politician (1753–93), [106], [114], [116], [129].
- Verona, belonged to Venice in 1789, [27];
- punished by Bonaparte for the murder of French soldiers (1796), [191];
- Schérer attacked at, [202].
- Versailles, the States-General meets at (May 1789), [51];
- invaded by the women of Paris (5 Oct. 1789), [62].
- —— the treaty of (1783), [13], [19], [28].
- Veto, the question of the, in the Constituent Assembly, [61].
- Vicenza, Duke of. See Caulaincourt.
- Victor Amadeus III., King of Sardinia (1726–96), [26], [27], [63], [117], [126], [173], [174].
- —— Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia (1759–1824), [346], [354].
- —— Victor Claude Perrin, called, French general (1764–1841), [269], [275], [276], [297], App. iv.
- Vienna, the inscription on the Emperor Joseph’s statue at, [66];
- Bernadotte insulted at (1798), [198];
- the French approach (1801), [219];
- occupied by Napoleon (1805), [244];
- and (1809), [273];
- treaty of (1809), [274];
- and (1815), [350].
- —— the Congress of, [336], [350], [337], [338], [340], [341], [342], [343], [344], [345], [347], [348], [349].
- Vieux Cordelier, the, [142], [143].
- Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste Silvestre de, French admiral (1763–1806), [242], [244], [245].
- Vimeiro, battle of (21 Aug. 1808), [265], [266].
- Vins, Charles, Baron de, Austrian general (♰1794), [88].
- Virtue, Reign of, Robespierre’s belief in a, [146].
- Visconti, Ennius Quirinus, Italian antiquary (1751–1818), [24].
- Vittoria, taken by the French (1795), [151];
- battle of (21 June 1813), [315].
- Volhynia, province of, ceded to Russia at the second partition of Poland (1793), [122].
- Volta, Alessandro, Italian man of science (1745–1827), [26].
- Voltaire, François Marie, Arouet de, French philosopher (1694–1778), [6], [9].
- Vonck, Francis, Belgian politician (1752–1797), [48], [93].
- Vonckists, Belgian political party, [48], [65], [92], [93].
- Vyborg, the Swedish fleet blockaded in the Gulf of (1790), [95].
- Wagram, battle of (6 July 1809), [274].
- Walcheren, the English expedition to (1809), [276].
- Waldeck, principality of, a state of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [343].
- —— Prince Christian Augustus of, Austrian general (1744–98), [184].
- Wallachia, invaded by the Austrians (1789), [45];
- conquered by the Russians (1810), [281].
- Warsaw, treaty made at, between the Poles and Prussia (29 March 1790), [85];
- occupied by Kosciuszko (1794), [151];
- besieged by the Prussians, [151];
- taken by the Russians, [152];
- ceded to Prussia (1795), [152];
- Napoleon enters (1807), [248];
- given to Russia by the Congress of Vienna (1815), [342].
- Warsaw, Grand Duchy of, founded by Napoleon (1807), [259], [261];
- Western Galicia ceded to, by Austria (1809), [274];
- dissolved (1815), [342].
- Waterloo, battle of (18 June 1815), [353].
- Watteville, Nicholas Rodolphe de, Swiss statesman (1760–1832), [228].
- Wattignies, battle of (16 Oct. 1793), [140].
- Weimar, headquarters of the German literary movement, [38].
- See Saxe-Weimar.
- Wellesley, Hon. Sir Arthur, Duke of Wellington. See Wellington.
- —— Richard, Marquis, English statesman (1760–1842), [295].
- Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, English general (1769–1852), defeated the Danish army at Kioge (1807), [252];
- sent to Portugal (1808), [265];
- defeats the French at Roliça and Vimeiro, [265], [266];
- recalled, [266];
- again sent to Portugal (1809), [275];
- takes Oporto, [275];
- defeats the French at Talavera, [275], [276];
- forms the Anglo-Portuguese army, [296];
- campaign of 1810, 1811, [296], [297];
- campaign of 1812 and victory of Salamanca, [306];
- wins battle of Vittoria (1813), [315];
- invades France, and wins battles of the Nivelle and the Nive (1813), [316];
- wins battle of Orthez (1814), [321];
- his attitude towards the Duc d’Angoulême, [326], [327];
- defeats Soult at Toulouse, [332];
- succeeds Castlereagh as English plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna (1815), [341], [349];
- signs the treaty of Vienna, [350];
- takes command of the allied armies in Belgium, [352];
- defeats Napoleon at Waterloo, [353].
- Werden, abbey of, merged in Prussia (1803), [227].
- Wessenberg-Ampfingen, Johann Philip, Baron von, Austrian diplomatist (1773–1858), [337].
- West India Islands, the French, taken by the English, [154];
- restored at the Peace of Amiens (1802), [232];
- recaptured (1809), [264];
- restored except Saint Lucia and Tobago (1815), [348].
- Westphalia, kingdom of, formed by Napoleon (1807), [250];
- its limits, [258];
- administration, [258], [259];
- member of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260].
- Wetzlar, seat of the Imperial Tribunal of the Empire, [35];
- taken by Hoche (1796), [186];
- merged in the electorate of Mayence (1803), [225].
- White Terror in France in 1815, [356], [357].
- Wickham, William, English diplomatist (1768–1845), [166], [167], [182].
- Widdin, the Pasha of, defeated at Foksany (1789), [45].
- Wieland, Christoph Martin, German poet (1733–1813), [38].
- William V., Prince of Orange, and Stadtholder of the United Netherlands (1748–1806), [31], [32], [149], [179], [227].
- —— VI., Prince of Orange, and I. King of the Netherlands (1772–1843), [314], [320], [321], [344].
- —— Prince Royal, afterwards King, of Würtemburg (1781–1864), [337].
- —— IX., Landgrave, afterwards Elector and Grand Duke of Hesse-Cassel (1743–1821), [6], [38], [157], [225], [227], [250], [258], [337];
- made a Grand Duke and member of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- —— Prince, of Prussia, afterwards German Emperor (1797–1888), [337].
- Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, English general (1777–1849), [301].
- Wintzingerode, Ferdinand, Baron, Russian general (1770–1818), [319], [320], [328], [338].
- Wissembourg, lines of, stormed by the Austrians (1793), [139].
- Wittenberg, ceded to Prussia by Saxony (1815), [341].
- Wittgenstein, Louis Adolphus Peter, Prince of Sayn-, Russian general (1769–1843), [309].
- Wolf, Frederick Augustus, German scholar (1759–1824), [304].
- Wolkonski, Nicholas, Prince Repnin-, Russian general (1778–1845), [337].
- Worms, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [34];
- one of the chief princes in Alsace, [79].
- —— city of, headquarters of Condé’s army of French émigrés, [106];
- taken by Custine, [118].
- Worship of Reason at Paris (1793), [142].
- —— of the Supreme Being, [146].
- Wrede, Charles Philip, Prince von, Bavarian general (1767–1838), [338].
- Würmser, Dagobert Sigismund, Count, Austrian general (1724–97), [40], [130], [139], [140], [175], [176].
- Würtemburg, duchy of, condition in 1789, [37], [38];
- invaded by Moreau (1796), [180];
- made an electorate (1803), [225];
- receives extension of territory, [227];
- invaded by Napoleon (1805), [244];
- made a kingdom (1806), [245];
- receives Austrian Swabia, [258];
- state of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260];
- of the Germanic Confederation (1815), [342].
- See Charles Eugène, Frederick, Frederick Eugène.
- Würtzburg, Bishop of, an ecclesiastical Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, [35].
- Würtzburg, bishopric of, merged in Bavaria (1803), [227];
- exchanged for Salzburg (1809), and made a Grand Duchy, [260];
- a state of the Confederation of the Rhine, [260].
- —— city of, taken by Jourdan (1796), [177].
- York, Frederick, Duke of, English general (1763–1827), [39], [127], [130], [140], [205].
- —— von Wartenburg, John David Louis, Count, Prussian general (1759–1830), [308].
- Zettin, taken by the Austrians (1790), [88].
- Zielence, battle of (18 June 1792), [122].
- Zubov, Prince Plato, Russian statesman (1767–1822), [221].
- Zug, canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228].
- Zurich, battle of (26 Sept. 1799), [204].
- —— canton of Switzerland, maintained by Bonaparte (1803), [228];
- made one of the presiding cantons of the Helvetian Diet (1815), [345].
- Zweibrücken. See Deux-Ponts.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Joseph II. und Leopold von Toscana. By the Ritter von Arneth: Vienna, 1872.
[2] Vehse’s Memoirs of the Court, Aristocracy, and Diplomacy of Austria, English translation. London, 1856, vol. ii. p. 305.
[3] Memoirs of the Court Aristocracy and Diplomacy of Austria, by E. Vehse, translated by Franz Demmler. London: 1856, vol. ii. p. 334.
[4] L’Europe et la Révolution Française, by Albert Sorel, vol. ii. p. 50.
[5] A History of the French Revolution, by H. Morse Stephens. Vol. i., chapter i. gives a detailed account of the method of election.
[6] On Mirabeau’s proposed Ministries, see A History of the French Revolution, by H. Morse Stephens, vol. i., pp. 246 and 247.
[7] Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution Française, vol. ii. p. 69.
[8] Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution Française, vol. ii. p. 194, footnote.
[9] Coxe’s Hist. of House of Austria, ed. 1847, vol. iii. p. 552, footnote.
[10] Preussen und Frankreich von 1795 bis 1807: Diplomatische Correspondenzen. Ed. by P. Bailleu, vol. i. p. 41.
[11] Bailleu, op. cit. vol. i. p. 48.
[12] Alison’s Lives of Lord Castlereagh, and Sir Charles Stewart, vol. ii p. 241.
[13] Fain, Manuscrit de l’An 1813, pp. 297, 298.
[14] Las Cases, Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène, vol. vii. pp. 56, 57.
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