| [I.] |
| PAGE |
| Early History | [1] |
| The importance of, and features of interest in, Portuguesehistory—Greeks, Phœnicians, and Romans—Portugal is notthe ancient Lusitania—The influence of Rome—The Visigoths—Therule of the Mohammedans—The Christian princescommence their incursions—Ferdinand “the Great” capturesCoimbra—The successes of the Almoravides—The formationof the County of Portugal. |
| [II.] |
| The County of Portugal—Donna Theresa | [20] |
| The character of Henry of Burgundy, first Count of Portugal—TheCountess Theresa—Her policy—Count Henry fights inSpain—His death—The regency of Theresa—The nobility andthe bishops—The wars of Theresa—Theresa styled Infanta—Thebattle of S. Mamede—Theresa introduces the religiousmilitary orders—Death of Donna Theresa. |
| [III.] |
| Portugal becomes a Kingdom—The Reign ofAffonso Henriques | [34] |
| The youth of Affonso Henriques—The heroism of Egas Moniz—TheGallician wars—Affonso assumes the title of king—Heis recognized by the Pope—The Treaty of Zamora—Independencewon by the Gallician wars—The state of the Moors—Affonso’sfirst war with the Moors—The victory of Ourique—Legendsconcerning it—The wars of conquest—The captureof Santarem and Lisbon—The assistance of the English crusaders—Captureof Alcacer do Sal—The Treaty of Cella Nova—Affonsotaken prisoner at Badajoz—Truce with the Moors—Furtherfighting—Great victory over the Moors at Santarem—Deathof Affonso Henriques. |
| [IV.] |
| Portugal attains its European Limits | [60] |
| The reign of Sancho I.—The successes of the Moors—Sancho’sinternal administration—His quarrels with the clergyand the Pope—The marriages of his children—The reign ofAffonso II. “the Fat”—Recapture of Alcacer do Sal anddefeat of the Moors—Arrival of the friars—The reign ofSancho II.—The capture of Elvas—His quarrels with hisbishops—He is deposed by the Pope—The reign of AffonsoIII.—His conquest of the Algarves—His alliance with hispeople—The Cortes—His death. |
| [V.] |
| The Consolidation of Portugal | [85] |
| The reign of Diniz—The Order of Christ—His internaladministration—His encouragement of literature—Portuguesepoetry—Stanzas of Camoens on Diniz—Affonso IV. “theBrave”—The victory of the Salado—Friendship betweenPortugal and England—The murder of Ines de Castro—Pedro“the Severe”—Ferdinand “the Handsome”—The QueenLeonor—Riot in Lisbon—War between Portugal and Castile—Thewickedness of the queen—The Treaty of Salvaterra—ThePortuguese revolt under Dom John of Aviz—The defenceof Lisbon—Dom John elected king—The victory of Aljubarrota—TheTreaty of Windsor and alliance with John of Gaunt—Peacewith Castile. |
| [VI.] |
| Portugal during the Age of Exploration | [115] |
| The policy of John “the Great”—The alliance with England—Hisinternal administration—The power of the feudalnobility—The capture of Ceuta—The king’s sons—The growthof Portuguese literature—The reign of Duarte or Edward—Theexpedition to Tangier—The “Constant Prince”—Disputeas to the regency—Dom Pedro regent—Overthrown at battleof Alfarrobeira—The reign of Affonso V. “the African”—HisAfrican expeditions—War with Castile—Defeated at Toro—Hispatronage of literature. |
| [VII.] |
| The Portuguese Explorers | [140] |
| Prince Henry “the Navigator” and his work—The importanceof a direct route to India—The discovery of Madeira—Thestory of Robert Machin—The discovery of the Azores—CapeBojador passed—The commencement of the African slavetrade—The discovery of Guinea, and of Cape Verde—Thevoyage of Cadamosto—Death of Prince Henry—The equatorcrossed—Discovery of the Congo—The Cape of Good Hopereached and doubled. |
| [VIII.] |
| The Heroic Age of Portugal | [158] |
| John II. “the Perfect”—Overthrow of the power of thenobility—His foreign policy—Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain—Friendshipwith England—His encouragement of exploration—Hiscourt—Emmanuel “the Fortunate”—Expulsion ofthe Jews—His policy and marriages—The discoveries of thePortuguese—The seeds of decline—John III.—His policy—Theabandonment of the ports in Morocco—Corruption atCourt—Rapid depopulation of Portugal—The Inquisition andthe Jesuits—Death John III. |
| [IX.] |
| The Portuguese in India and the Eastern Seas | [185] |
| Romantic interest of the story of the Portuguese in India—Thevoyage of Vasco da Gama—State of India, when hereached it—His return—The voyage of Cabral and the victoryof Pacheco—The viceroyalties of Almeida and Alboquerque—Thecapture of Goa—Alboquerque establishes a factory atMalacca and attacks Aden—The policy of Alboquerque—Therule of his successors—Their policy and the nature of theirgovernment—The Christian missionaries—S. Francis Xavier—Theviceroyalty of Castro—His victory at Diu—The successorsof Castro—The settlements in South-east Africa—ThePortuguese at Malacca and in the Spice Islands—Their communicationswith China and Japan—The career of MendesPinto—Extraordinary energy of the Portuguese in Asia. |
| [X.] |
| The Portuguese in Brazil | [220] |
| Importance of Brazil to Portugal—Cabral’s discovery of thecountry—Spain abandons its claims—The aboriginal inhabitants—Earlydays—The first settlers and their government—Emigrationfrom Portugal—The viceroyalty of Thomas deSousa—The Jesuits and their work—The government of Duarteda Costa—Failure of the French Huguenots to establishthemselves in Brazil. |
| [XI.] |
| The last Kings of the House of Aviz—DomSebastian and the Cardinal Henry | [236] |
| The rapid decay of Portugal—The accession of Sebastian—Theregency of Queen Catherine—The regency of the CardinalHenry—The character of Sebastian—His crusading ardour—ThePortuguese in India—Athaide’s defence of Goa—Sebastiandetermines to invade Morocco—His applications for foreignaid—His preparations—He lands in Africa—The defeat ofAlcacer Quibir—The death of Sebastian—The reign of theCardinal Henry. |
| [XII.] |
| Portuguese Literature—Camoens | [259] |
| The “Golden Age” of Portuguese literature—The revival ofclassical learning—History of the University of Coimbra—GilVicente—Bernardim Ribeiro—Sá de Miranda—Ferreira—Camoens—Hislife—His “Lusiads”—João de Barros—Otherwriters—Decline of Portuguese literature. |
| [XIII.] |
| The Sixty Years’ Captivity | [278] |
| The claimants to the Portuguese crown—Defeat of the Priorof Crato—Philip II. of Spain recognized as king of Portugal—Furtherefforts and death of the Prior of Crato—The falseDom Sebastians—The government of Spain and its disastrousresults—The reign of Philip II.—The Portuguese in Asia—Theconquest of Kandy—The missionaries and the Inquisition—TheDutch and the English overthrow the Portuguese powerin Asia—The Dutch in Brazil—Count Maurice of Nassau—Resultsof the rule of Spain. |
| [XIV.] |
| The Revolution of 1640 | [300] |
| Discontent of the Portuguese at the rule of the Spaniards—Fosteredby Richelieu—The Duke and Duchess of Braganza—TheDuchess of Mantua, and her advisers—Preparations forrevolt—The leaders—The Revolution of December 1, 1640—TheDuke of Braganza crowned as John IV.—He obtains helpfrom Holland and France—The “Caminha” conspiracy—Thevictory of Montijo—Brazil expels the Dutch—War withHolland—The King despairs, and offers to abdicate—Treatyof alliance with France—Death of John IV. |
| [XV.] |
| The English Alliance | [326] |
| The Queen as Regent—Schomberg organizes the army—Victoryof Elvas—Marriage of Charles II. of England to Catherine ofBraganza—Affonso VI. declares himself of age—The Ministryof Castel Melhor—Victories of the Portuguese—Court revolution—DomPedro regent—Peace with Spain—The rule of Pedro II.as Regent and King—His foreign policy—Death of Charles II.of Spain—The Methuen treaty and its results—The war of theSpanish Succession—Death of Pedro II.—The decline of thePortuguese power in Asia—Prosperity of Brazil—Discoveryof gold there. |
| [XVI.] |
| Portugal in the Eighteenth Century—TheMarquis of Pombal | [349] |
| Portugal in the eighteenth century—Accession of John V.—Endof the war of the Spanish Succession—Peace policy ofthe King—His long and prosperous reign—Accession ofJoseph—Early career of Pombal—The earthquake of Lisbon—Pombal,prime minister—He attacks the Jesuits—The“Tavora” plot—Banishment of the Jesuits—Short war withSpain—Suppression of the Jesuits—Death of Joseph—Theadministration of Pombal—His great reforms—Accession ofPedro III. and Maria I.—Disgrace of Pombal—The reign ofPedro and Maria—Death of Pedro III.—The Portuguese inIndia in the eighteenth century—The prosperity of Brazil—Discoveryof diamonds there—Literature in the eighteenthcentury. |
| [XVII.] |
| The Era of the French Revolution—ThePeninsular War | [382] |
| The French Revolution—Persecution of sympathisers with itin Portugal—Dom John sends help to Spain in the war againstFrance—Deserted by Spain at the Treaty of Basle—TheTreaty of San Ildefonso—Alliance with England—Dom Johndeclared Regent—The war of 1801—The Treaty of Badajoz—Policyof Napoleon against Portugal—Mission of Lannes—Treatyof Fontainebleau, 1807—Junot invades Portugal—TheRegent escapes to Brazil—Junot’s rule—Forms the PortugueseLegion—General insurrection against him—The Portugueseappeal to England—Victory of Vimeiro and Convention ofCintra—Soult occupies Oporto—Expelled by Wellesley—Beresfordreorganizes the Portuguese army—The Regency—Massénabefore Torres Vedras—The Portuguese troops duringthe Peninsular War—Conclusion of the War—Death of QueenMaria Francisca. |
| [XVIII.] |
| Modern Portugal—Civil Wars and the Establishmentof Parliamentary Government | [409] |
| John IV. his queen, and his sons Dom Pedro and DomMiguel—Oporto and Lisbon revolt against the Regency—TheConstitution of 1821—Brazil declares itself independent—TheConstitution abrogated—Death of John VI.—The influence ofthe army—The Charter of 1826—Pedro IV. abdicates in favourof Maria II.—Dom Miguel, Regent—Elected King—Reignof Dom Miguel—The “Miguelite” war, 1830-34—Conventionof Evora Monte—Reign of Maria da Gloria—Civil wars and“pronunciamentos”—Era of peaceful parliamentary government—Reignsof Pedro V. and Luis I.—Accession of Carlos I.—ThePortuguese settlements in Africa—Material prosperity—Theliterary revival—Lessons taught by the history ofPortugal—Conclusion. |
| [Index]:[A],[B],[C],[D],[E],[F],[G],[H],[I],[J],[K],[L],[M],[N],[O],[P],[Q],[R],[S],[T],[U],[V],[W],[Y],[Z] | [433] |
