MISCELLANEOUS DATA ON MATERIALS, MACHINES AND COSTS.

The following cost data comprise such miscellaneous items as do not properly come in the preceding chapters. They are given not as including all the miscellaneous purposes for which concrete is used but as being such items of costs as were secured in collecting the more important data given in preceding sections.

Fig. 303.—Device for Drilling Green Concrete.

DRILLING AND BLASTING CONCRETE.—Concrete is exceedingly troublesome material in which to drill deep holes, and this statement is particularly true if the concrete is green. The following mode of procedure proved successful in drilling 1½-in. anchor bolt holes 6 ft. and over in depth in green concrete. The apparatus used is shown by Fig. 303, re-drawn from a rough sketch made on the work by one of the authors, and only approximately to scale. The drill is hung on a small pile driver frame, occupying exactly the position the hammer would occupy in a pile driver, and is raised and lowered by a hand windlass. By this arrangement a longer drill could be used than with the ordinary tripod mounting and less changing of drills was necessary. A wide flare bit was used, permitting a small copper pipe to be carried into the hole with the drill; through this pipe water was forced under pressure, carrying off the chips so rapidly that no wedging was possible. By this device drilling which had previously cost over 25 cts. a hole was done at a cost of less than 5 cts. a hole.

In removing an old cable railway track in St. Louis, Mo., holes 8 ins. deep were drilled in the concrete with a No. 2 Little Jap drill, using a 1¼-in. bit and air at 90 lbs. pressure. A dry hole was drilled, the exhaust air from the hollow drill blowing the dust from the hole keeping it clean. The concrete was about 18 years old and very hard. Two holes across track were drilled, one 10 ins. inside each rail; lengthwise of the track the holes were spaced 24 ins. apart, or four pairs of holes between each pair of yokes.

Common labor was used to run the drills and very little mechanical trouble was experienced. Three cars were fitted up, one for each gang, each car being equipped with a motor-driven air compressor, water for cooling the compressors being obtained from the fire plugs along the route. The air compressors were taken temporarily from those in use in the repair shops, no special machines being bought for the purpose. Electricity for operating the air compressor motors was taken from the trolley wire over the tracks. The car was moved along as the holes were drilled, air being conveyed from the car to the drills through a flexible hose. Two drills were operated normally from each car. One of the air compressors was exceptionally large and at times operated four drills. The total number of holes drilled in the reconstruction of the track was 31,000. The total feet of hole drilled was 20,700 ft.

With the best one of the plants operating two to three drills 30 8-in. holes, or 20.3 ft. of hole, were drilled per hour per drill at a labor cost of 2.7 cts. per foot.

For blasting, a 0.1-lb. charge of 40 per cent. dynamite was used in each hole. A fulminating cap was used to explode the charge, and 12 holes were shot at one time by an electric firing machine. The dynamite was furnished from the factory in 0.1-lb. packages, and all the preparation necessary on the work was to insert the fulminating cap in the dynamite, tamp the charge into the hole and connect the wires to the firing machine. In order to prevent any damage being done by flying rocks at the time of the explosion, each blasting gang was supplied with a cover car, which was merely a flat car with a heavy bottom and side boards. When a charge was to be fired, this car was run over the 12 holes and the side boards let down, so that the charge was entirely covered. This work was remarkably free from accidents. There were no personal accident claims whatever, and the total amount paid out for property damages for the whole six miles of construction was $685. Most of this was for glass broken by the shock of explosion. There was no glass broken by flying particles. The men doing this work, few of whom had ever done blasting before, soon became very skillful in handling the dynamite, and the work advanced rapidly. The report made by the firing of the 12 holes was no greater than that made by giant fire-crackers.

For the drilling and blasting the old rail had been left in place to carry the air compressor car and the cover car. After the blasting, this rail was removed and the concrete, excavated to the required depth. In most cases the cable yokes had been broken by the force of the blast. Where these yokes had not been broken, they were knocked out by blows from pieces of rail. The efficacy of the blasting depended largely upon the proper location of the hole. Where the holes had been drilled close to the middle of the concrete block, so that the dynamite charge was exploded a little below the center of gravity of the section, the concrete was well shattered and could be picked out in large pieces. Where the hole had been located too close to either side of the concrete block, however, the charge would blow out at one side and a large mass of solid concrete would be left intact on the other side. The total estimated quantity of concrete blasted was 6,558 cu. yds., or 0.2 cu. yd. of concrete per lineal foot of track. The cost of the dynamite delivered in 0.1 lb. packages was 13 cts. per pound. The exploders cost $0.0255 each.

The cost of drilling and blasting was as follows:

Item.	Per mile.	Per lin. ft.	Per cu. yd.
Labor, drilling	$ 89.76	$0.017	$0.085
Blasting labor and materials.	285.12	0.054	0.268
	———	———	———
Total drilling and blasting.	$374.88	$0.071	$0.353

Fig. 304.—Bench Monument, Chicago, Ill.

The cost of blasting with labor and materials, separately itemized, was as follows, per cubic yard:

Dynamite and exploders	$0.192
Labor	0.076
	———
Total	$0.268

Two cubic yards of concrete were blasted per pound of dynamite.

BENCH MONUMENTS, CHICAGO, ILL.—The standard bench monuments, Fig. 304, used in Chicago, Ill., are mostly placed in the grass plot between the curb and the lot line, so that the top of the iron cover comes just level with the street grade or flush with the surface of the cement walk. The monument consists of a pyramidal base 6 ft. high and 42 ins. square at the bottom, with a ¼-in.×2-ft. copper rod embedded, and of a cast iron top and cover constructed as shown by the drawing. Mr. W. H. Hedges, Bench and Street Grade Engineer, Department of Public Works, Chicago, Ill., gives the following data regarding quantities and cost. The materials required for each monument are: 1.78 cu. yd. crushed stone, 0.6 cu. yd. torpedo sand, 1½ bbls. cement, 60 ft. B. M. lumber, one ¼×24-in. copper rod, one top and cover. A gang consisting of 1 foreman, 4 laborers and 2 teams construct from one to three monuments per day, the average number being two per 8-hour day. In 1906 the average cost of the monuments was $24.12 each, based on above material and labor charges.

Fig. 305.—Base for Wooden Pole.

Fig. 306.—Mile Post, Chicago & Eastern Illinois Ry.

POLE BASE.—Figure 305 shows a concrete base for transmission line poles invented by Mr. M. H. Murray, of Bakersfield, Cal., and used by the Power Transit & Light Co. of that city. These bases are molded and shipped to the work ready for placing. They weigh about 420 lbs. each. One base requires 37½ lbs. of 2×¼-in. steel bar, 40 lbs. of Portland cement, 3 cu. ft. of broken stone or gravel and enough sand to fill the form or mold, which is 10×10 ins. by 4½ ft. Unskilled labor is employed in the molding and two men can mold ten bases per 8-hour day. The cost of molding is as follows per base:

2 men at $2 per day	$0.40
Brace irons per set	2.50
1-9 cu. yd. stone at $4.05	0.45
40 lbs. cement at 1½ cts.	0.60
Sand	0.15
	——
Total cost	$4.10

Two men at $2 per day each set five bases in eight hours, making the cost of setting 80 cts. per base. The bases were sunk to a depth of 3 ft. 3 ins. In many cases they were placed under poles without interrupting service by sawing off the pole, dropping it into the ground, placing the new base and setting the sawed-off pole on it and bolting up the straps.

MILE POST, CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS R. R.—The dimensions of the post are shown by Fig. 306. Each post weighs 498 lbs. They are made when other concrete work is being done. The form is laid flat, with the molds for the letters on the bottom, and bottom and sides are plastered with mortar, which is backed up with a 1-1-2 stone concrete. The cost of the post is given as follows:

¼ barrel of cement at $2	$0.50
267 lbs. crushed stone	0.01
133 lbs. sand	0.01
1⅓ hours labor at 15 cts.	0.20
⅓ hour carpenter changing letters at 25 cts.	0.08
Coloring cement	0.02
	——
Total	$0.82

BONDING NEW CONCRETE TO OLD.—Concrete which has set hard has a surface skin or glaze to which fresh concrete will not adhere strongly unless special effort is made to perfect the bond. Various ways of doing this are practiced. The most common is to clean the hardened surface from all loose material and give it a thorough wash of cement grout against which the fresh concrete is deposited and rammed before the grout has had time to set. Washing the old surface with a hose or scrubbing it with a brush and water improves the bond, as does also the hard tamping of the concrete immediately over the joint. Mortar may be used in place of grout. The thorough cleansing of the surface is, however, quite as essential as the bonding coat, in fact in the opinion of the authors it is more essential. As a rule, a good enough joint for ordinary purposes can be got by tamping the fresh concrete directly against the old concrete, without grout or mortar coating, if the surface of the latter is thoroughly cleaned by scrubbing and flushing. The secret of securing a good bond between fresh concrete and concrete that has set lies largely in getting rid of the glaze skin and the slime and dust which forms on it. Washing will go far toward doing this. The glaze skin can be removed entirely by acid solutions, but the acid wash must be flushed free from the surface before placing the fresh concrete. Ransomite, made by the Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J., is a prepared acid wash which to the authors' knowledge has given excellent success in a number of cases. The glaze coat can also be removed by picking the hardened surface, but the picking should be followed by washing to remove all loose chips and dust.

DIMENSIONS AND CAPACITIES OF MIXERS.—In planning plant lay-outs it is often desirable to know the sizes, capacities, etc., of various mixers in order to make preliminary estimates. Tables XXII to XXXIII give these data for a number of the more commonly employed machines. The Eureka, the Advanced and the Scheiffler mixers are continuous mixers and the others are batch mixers.

Table XXII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Advanced Mixers. Cement Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.

Height ground to hopper top	3'6"
Width over all	3'6"
Length over all on trucks	10'6"
Capacity per hour, cu. yds.	25 to 75
Horsepower, engine	2
Weight:
On trucks, without power, lbs.	1,700
On trucks, steam engine	2,000
On trucks, gas engine	2,200
On trucks, steam engine and boiler	2,500

Table XXIII—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Scheiffler Proportioning Mixers. The Hartwick Machinery Co., Jackson, Mich.

Mixer Number.	No. 2.	No. 2½.	No. 3.
Dimensions of hopper, ins.	55×33	53×33	60×40
Height, from ground to top of hopper, ins.	43	43	48
Width over all on trucks, ins.	46	46	46
Length over all on trucks, ins.	126	126	132
Hourly capacity in cubic yards	5-6	8	12-15
Horsepower required, gasoline engine	2	3	4
Horsepower required, steam engine.	3	4
Weights:
On trucks, without power, lbs.	2,400	2,900	3,300
On trucks, gasoline engine, lbs.	3,000	3,600	4,500
On trucks, steam engine, lbs.	2,800	3,330	4,000
On trucks, steam engine and boiler, lbs.	3,500	3,700	4,800

Table XXIV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Eureka Mixers. Eureka Machine Co., Lansing, Mich.

Mixer Number		No. 81	No. 82	No. 83	No. 84	No. 25	No. 23
Size hoppers, ins.	Sand	18"×25½"	...	...	18"×25½"	18"×25½"	18"×25½"
	Cement	17"×25½"	do	do	17"×25½"	17"×25½"	17"×25½"
	Stone	30"×25"	...	...	30"×25"	...	...
Height, ground to hopper top		49"	49"	49"	49"	49"	49"
Width over all on trucks		40"	40"	40"	40"	40"	40"
Length over all on trucks		12'-9"	10'-0"	10'-0"	10'-0"	8'-0"	8'-0"
Capacity per hour, cu. yds.		10 to 18	10 to 18	10 to 18	10 to 18	10 to 18	2 to 4
Engine horsepower		3 stm.	3 stm.	3½ gas	3 el. motr	Pulley.	Hand.
Boiler horsepower		4	...	...	1,980	1,400	1,400
Weight on trucks, no power		1,980	1,980	1,980	...	...	...
Weight trucks steam engine		2,800	...	...	...	...	...
Weight trucks gas engine		...	...	2,300	...	...	...
Weight trucks, eng. and boiler		3,000	...	...	...	...	...

Table XXV—Sizes, Capacities and Weights of Snell Mixers.

R. Z. Snell Mfg. Co., South Bend, Ind.

Mixer Number.	No. 0.	No. 1.	No. 2.	No. 3.
Size batch, cu. ft.	3	7	11	24
Capacity per hour, cu. yds.	2½	5	8	20
Speed revs. per min.	30	30	25	19
Weight on Skids:
With pulley, lbs.	480	800	900	2,000
With engine, lbs.	800	1,550	2,050	3,500
With eng. and boiler, lbs.	...	2,170	2,900	4,000
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs.	1,100	2,200	3,450	4,700
With engine and boiler, lbs.	...	3,570	4,750	5,200
Engine:
Size cylinder, ins.	4×6	3½×4½	4×5	5×6½
Rated horsepower	1½	4	5	6
Boiler:
Size, ins.	...	24×60	26×60	30×60
Rated horsepower	5	6	8
Outside dimensions on skids	2'9"×4'	3'4"×5'6"	4'×6'	6'×9'
Total height on skids	3'8"	4'6"	5'	5'6"

Table XXVI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepower of Ransome Mixers.

Ransome Concrete Machinery Co., Dunellen, N. J.

Mixer number.	No. 1.	No. 2.	No. 3.	No. 4.
Size batch, cu. ft.	10 to 14	20	30	40
Capacity per hr., cu. yds.	10	20	30	40
Speed, Revs. per min.	16	15	14½	14
Weight on Skids:
Pulley or gear, lbs.	3,300	3,650	5,900	7,400
With engine, lbs.	4,600	5,050	7,700	9,250
With engine and boiler, lbs.	6,450	8,700	12,200	14,700
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs.	5,100	5,550	8,200	9,750
With engine and boiler, lbs.	6,950	9,200	12,700	15,000
Engines:
Size cylinder, ins.	6×6	7×7	8×8	9×9
Rated horsepower	7	10	14	20
Boiler:
Size, ins.	36×69	42×75	42×87	48×93
Rated horsepower	10	15	20	30

Table XXVII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Improved Cube Mixers. Municipal Engineering and Contracting Co., Chicago, Ill.

Mixer number.	No. "Handy."	No. 6.	No. 11.	No. 17.	No. 22.	No. 33.	No. 64.
Size batch, cu. ft.	2½	6	11	17	22	33	64
Capacity per hr., cu. yds.	5½	13	24	40	50	70	120
Speed, revs. per min.	24	20	18	17	16	15	12
Weight on Skids:
Pulley or gear, lbs.	1,000	1,900	2,800	5,000	7,000	9,600	19,000
With engine, lbs.	2,500	3,600	6,100	8,200	12,000
With eng. and boiler, lbs. 3,100	4,300	7,800	10,000	16,000
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs.	1,400	3,200	4,500	7,100	9,500	15,000
With eng. and boiler, lbs.	4,000	6,000	8,800	10,300	17,000
Engine:
Size cylinder, ins.	4×4	6×6	6½×7	7×8	8×9
Rated horsepower	2	3	6	8	12	15	30
Boiler, rated horsepower	4	8	10	15	18	35
Width over all	4'-5"	5'-10"	7'-1"	7'-8"	8'-6"	9'-8"
Length over all	4'-10"	6'-9"	8'-0"	8'-10"	10'-2"	13'-6"
Height bot. sill to charging hopper	3'-4¼"	3'-5"	3'-10"	4'-7"	5'-0"	5'-9"
Additional height on wheels	9⅞"	1'-5⅛"	1'-5⅛"	6⅜"	5½"

Table XXVIII—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Cropp Mixers.

A. J. Cropp, Concrete Machinery, Chicago, Ill.

Mixer number.	No. 0.	No. 1.	No. 2.	No. 3.	No. 4.
Size batch, cu. ft.	7 to 8	10	13	16	20
Cap. per hr., cu. yds.	15	20	25	30	40
Speed, revs. per min.	12	10	10	10	10
Weight on Skids:
With engine, lbs.	1,375	1,650	1,700	1,975	2,100
With eng. and boiler, lbs.	2,575	2,950	3,000	3,775	3,900
Weight on Wheels:
With engine, lbs.	1,775	2,050	2,200	2,475	2,600
With eng. and boiler, lbs.	2,900	3,350	3,400	4,250	4,350
Engine:
Size cylinder, ins.	4×4	5×5	5×5	6×6	6×6
Rated horsepower	3	5	5	7	7
Boiler:
Size inside	24"×4'	24"×6'	24"×6'	30"×6'	30"×6'
Rated horsepower	4	6	6	9	9
Out. dimensions on skids	40"	40"	40"	48"	48"
Total height	50"	56"	56"	56"	62"
Height fr. ground on trucks:
Charging, ins.	20	20	20	20	20
Discharging, ins.	30	30	30	30	30

Table XXIX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Chicago Concrete Mixers.

Chicago Concrete Machinery Co., Chicago, Ill.

Number of mixer.	No. 00.	No. 0.	No. 1.	No. 2.
Standard charge in cu. ft. cement	½	1	1	2
" " Sand	1½	2½	4	8
" " stone	3	5	8	16
Total unmixed batch in cu. ft	5	8½	13	26
Mixed concrete per batch, loose in cu. ft.	3½	6	9	18
Cubic yards of unmixed material per hour, 45 batches per hour	8	14	21	42
Cubic yards of mixed concrete per hour, 45 batches per hour	6	10	15	30
Minimum horsepower required	2	4	6	8
Revolutions of driving pulley per min	200	190	185	170
Revolutions of drum per min	20	18	15	13
Diameter and face of driving pulley	20×3½	20×4½	24×5½	28×6½
Weight:
On skids with pulley, lbs.	1,550	2,150	2,900	4,850
On truck with pulley or gears, lbs.	1,800	2,550	3,500	5,150
On skids with st. engine only, lbs.	...	2,400	3,400	4,600
On truck with st. engine only	...	2,900	4,000	5,300
On skids with st. eng. and boiler, lbs.	...	2,800	4,700	6,000
On truck with st. eng. and boiler, lbs.	2,400	4,200	5,750	7,850
On skids with gasoline engine, lbs.	2,000	3,500	5,000	6,500
On truck with gasoline engine, lbs.	2,400	4,300	5,800	7,800

Table XXX—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Koehring Mixers.

Koehring Machine Co., Milwaukee, Wis.

Mixer number.	No. 0-B.	No. 1-B.	No. 2-B.	No. 3-B.
Capacity per charge, in cu. ft	7	11	22	27
Capacity per hour in cu. yds	7	14	25	30
Horsepower, steam engine	4	6	8	10
Horsepower, steam boiler	5	8	10	14
Horsepower, gasoline engine	4	6	10	12
Horsepower, electric motor	5	6	7½	10
Speed of drum	20	17	15	15
Speed of intermediate shaft	132	108	75	75
Weight of mixer on skids	1,800	2,800	5,200	5,500
Weight of mixer on skids, with steam eng.	2,300	3,550	6,500	7,000
Weight of mixer on skids, with steam engine and boiler	3,300	5,000	8,000	9,300
Weight of mixer on skids, gasoline engine and housing	3,000	4,400	7,500	8,600
Weight of trucks with pole	400	600	850	950
Weight of automatic loading bucket complete	500	700	1,000	1,100
Weight of mixing through complete	200	250	400	400

Table XXXI—Sizes, Capacities and Horsepowers of Smith Mixers.

Contractors' Supply & Equipment Co., Chicago, Ill.

Mixer number.	No. 0.	No. 1.	No. 2.	No. 2½.	No. 4.	No. 5.
Stand. charge cu. ft. Cement	1	1	2	2	3	4
" " " Sand	2½	4	6	7½	10½	14
" " " Stone	5	8	12	15	21	28
Total unmixed per batch, cu. ft.	8½	13	20	24½	34½	46
Mixed material per batch (loose), cu. ft.	6	9	13½	16½	22	30
Cubic yards mixed per hour, up to	9	20	30	39	46	62
Power required—H.P.	4	6	8	10	15	19
Revs. per minute of driving pulley	218	180	173	162	160	125
Diameter and face of driving pulley, ins.	20×4½	24×5½	28×5½	28×6½	36×6½	48×7½
Weight on skids with pulley only, lbs.	1,740	2,500	3,600	4,400	6,200	7,900
Weight on truck with pulley or gears, lbs.	2,200	3,650	4,750	5,500	7,400	....
Weight on truck with steam eng. & boil., lbs.	3,750	5,600	7,200	8,600	11,400	....
Weight on truck with gasoline engine, lbs	4,000	5,100	7,400	9,300	....	....

Table XXXII—Sizes, Weights and Capacities of Polygon Mixer.

Waterloo Cement Machinery Co., Waterloo, Iowa.

Mixer number.	No. 4.	No. 5.	No. 6.	No. 7.
Maximum charge, cu. ft.	6	10	12	16
Cubic yards mixed per day (10 hrs.) up to	60	190	130	180
Weight on skids with pulley (approx.)	1,600	2,200	3,500	4,000
Weight on skids with steam engine and boiler (approx.)	3,100	3,900	5,500	6,200
Weight on skids with gasoline engine (approx.)	2,900	3,900	5,100	5,700
Weight on trucks with steam engine and boiler (approx.)	3,600	4,600	6,000	7,000
Weight on trucks with gasoline engine (approx.)	3,400	4,650	5,700	6,750

DATA FOR ESTIMATING THE WEIGHT OF STEEL IN REINFORCED CONCRETE.—Architects' and engineers' plans record the steel used in reinforced concrete in various ways. Sometimes complete schedules of shapes, dimensions and weights of the various reinforcing elements are drawn up and submitted to bidders with the plans. In such cases the estimating is usually a simple problem for the contractor. In other cases the amount of steel that will be required is stated as a percentage of the volume of the concrete. In still other cases the detail drawings merely show the number, location and dimensions of the reinforcing bars, stirrups, etc., and the contractor has to compile from them his own schedule of quantities. The following tables and discussion will aid the contractor in making his estimates. Before proceeding with these data, however, the authors would strongly advise that to facilitate rapid estimating the contractor should keep accurate records of all reinforced concrete structures in such form as to show the percentages of steel used. In doing this, however, he should be careful to separate the foundations, etc., which are not reinforced from the superstructure which is reinforced. A reinforced concrete arch bridge, for example, usually rests on piers and abutments which are not reinforced. Do not lump together all the concrete in recording the weight of reinforcement used, but separate the reinforced arch from the unreinforced portions.

Method of Computing Weight from Percentage of Volume.—In a cubic yard of concrete there is 1 per cent. of 27 cu. ft. or 0.27 cu. ft. of steel if the reinforcement is 1 per cent. Now a cubic foot of steel weighs 490 lbs., but for all practical purposes we can call it 500 lbs. Hence reinforced concrete containing 1 per cent. of steel has 0.27 × 500 = 135 lbs. per cubic yard. Table XXXIII has been computed in this manner; knowing the price of steel it is a matter of simple multiplication to estimate from the table the cost of steel for any percentage of reinforcement.

Weights and Dimensions of Plain and Special Reinforcing Metals.—Steel for reinforcement is used in the shape of plain round and square bars, deformed bars, woven and welded netting and metal mesh of various sorts. Tables XXXIV to XXXVII show the weights, dimensions, etc., of these various metals.

Table XXXIII—Showing Weight of Steel Per Cubic Foot and Per Cubic Yard of Concrete for Various Percentages of Reinforcement.

Per cent of steel.	Lbs. steel Per cu. ft.	Lbs. steel Per cu. yd.
0.20	1.00	27.0
0.25	1.25	33.8
0.30	1.50	40.5
0.35	1.75	47.3
0.40	2.00	54.0
0.45	2.25	60.8
0.50	2.50	67.5
0.55	2.75	74.3
0.60	3.00	81.0
0.65	3.25	87.5
0.70	3.50	94.5
0.75	3.75	101.3
0.80	4.00	108.0
0.85	4.25	114.8
0.90	4.50	121.5
0.95	4.75	128.3
1.00	5.00	135.0

Table XXXIV—Weights of Round and Square Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforcing Concrete.

Thickness or diameter in inches	Weight of square bars. Lbs. per ft.	Weight of round rods. Lbs. per ft.
¹/₁₆	0.013	0.010
⅛	0.053	0.042
³/₁₆	0.119	0.094
¼	0.212	0.167
⁵/₁₆	0.333	0.261
⅜	0.478	0.376
⁷/₁₆	0.651	0.511
½	0.850	0.668
⁹/₁₆	1.076	0.845
⅝	1.328	1.043
¹¹/₁₆	1.607	1.262
¾	1.913	1.502
⅞	2.608	2.044
1	3.400	2.670
1⅛	4.303	3.380
1¼	5.312	4.172
1½	7.650	6.008
1¾	10.404	4.178
2	13.600	10.68

Table XXXV—Dimensions and Weight of Expanded Metal.

	Mesh, inches.	Sectional area sq. ins. per ft. width.	Weight, lbs. per sq. ft.
Standard	½	0.209	0.74
Standard	¾	0.225	0.80
Standard	1½	0.207	0.70
Standard	2	0.166	0.56
Standard	3	0.083	0.28
Light	3	0.148	0.50
Standard	3	0.178	0.60
Heavy	3	0.267	0.90
Extra heavy	3	0.356	1.20
Standard	3	0.400	1.38
Standard	3	0.600	2.07
Old style	4	0.093	0.42
Standard	6	0.245	0.84
Heavy	6	0.368	1.26

Table XXXVI—Dimensions and Weight of Kahn Rib Metal.

Size No.	Section area per ft. width sq. ins.	Weight per sq. ft. lbs.
2	0.54	2.13
3	0.36	1.43
4	0.27	1.08
5	0.22	0.87
6	0.18	0.72
7	0.15	0.62
8	0.14	0.55

Table XXXVII—Weights of Deformed Bars of Dimensions Commonly Used for Reinforced Concrete.

Size ins.	Weight, lbs. per ft.	Area sq. ins.	Size ins.	Weight, lbs. per ft.	Area sq. ins.
Ransome Twisted Bar.			New Style Corrugated Bar.
¼	0.212	0.063	¼	0.24	0.06
½	0.85	0.25	½	0.85	0.25
⅝	1.32	0.319	⅝	1.33	0.39
¾	1.91	0.563	¾	1.91	0.56
⅞	2.6	0.765	⅞	2.60	0.77
1	3.4	1.000	1	3.40	1.00
1¼	5.3	1.563	1¼	5.30	1.56
Diamond Bar.			Universal Corrugated Bar.
½	0.85	0.25	¼×1	0.73	0.19
⅝	1.33	0.39	5/16×1¼	1.18	0.32
¾	1.91	0.56	⅜×1⅜	1.35	0.41
⅞	2.60	0.76	⅜×1¾	1.97	0.54
1	3.40	1.00	⅜×2	2.27	0.65
1¼	5.31	1.56	⅜×2½	2.85	0.80
—No. 1 Mill—		Thatcher Bulb Bar.		—No. 2 Mill.—
¼	0.16	0.047	...	...	...
½	0.61	0.18	½	0.58	0.17
⅝	0.95	0.28	⅝	0.92	0.27
¾	1.39	0.41	¾	1.34	0.39
⅞	1.87	0.55	⅞	1.79	0.53
1	2.42	0.71	1	2.32	0.68
1¼	3.74	1.10	1¼	3.55	1.04
1½	5.30	1.56	1½	5.20	1.53
1¾	7.07	2.08	....	....	....

2	9.02	2.65	....	....	....
Monolith Bar.			Twisted Lug Bar.
0.4	0.55	0.25	¼	0.222	0.625
½	0.85	0.32	½	0.87	0.250
...	....	....	⅝	1.35	0.3906
...	....	....	¾	1.94	0.5625
0.8	2.18	0.64	⅞	2.64	0.7656
1	3.37	1.00	1	3.45	1.00
...	....	....	1¼	5.37	1.5625
1½	7.75	2.25	1½	7.70	2.25
Cup Bar
⅜	0.48	....
½	0.86	....
⅝	1.35	....
¾	1.95	....
⅞	2.65	....
1	3.46	....
1 ⅛	4.38	....
1¼	4.51	....

RECIPES FOR COLORING MORTARS.—The following recipes for coloring cement mortar have been found reliable; the weights given being weight of coloring matter per bag of cement and for a 1-2 mortar:

Brown Stone: 4 to 5 lbs. brown ochre or ½ lb. best quality roasted iron oxide.

Buff Stone: 4 lbs. yellow ochre.

Red Stone: 5 lbs. raw violet iron oxide.

Bright Red Stone: 5½ to 7 lbs. English or Pompeiian red.

Blue Stone: 2 lbs. ultramarine blue.

Dark Blue Stone: 4 lbs. ultramarine blue.

Slate: Lamp black ½ lb. light slate; 4 lbs. dark blue slate.

Light Terra Cotta: 2 lbs. Chattanooga iron ore.