CONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME

THE PROGRAMME

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On Lord Gifford’s Conception of “Science”[1]
Natural Sciences and “Natural Theology”[3]
Our Philosophical Basis[5]
On Certain Characteristics of Biology as a Science[9]
The Three Different Types of Knowledge about Nature[13]
General Plan of these Lectures[15]
General Character of the Organic Form[19]

SECTION A.—THE CHIEF RESULTS OF ANALYTICAL BIOLOGY

PART I.—THE INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM WITH REGARD TO
FORM AND METABOLISM

A. ELEMENTARY MORPHOGENESIS—
Evolutio and Epigenesis in the old Sense[25]
The Cell[27]
The Egg: its Maturation and Fertilisation[31]
The First Developmental Processes of Echinus[33]
Comparative Embryology[44]
The First Steps of Analytical Morphogenesis[45]
The Limits of Pure Description in Science[50]
B. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL MORPHOGENESIS—
1. The Foundations of the Physiology of Development. “Evolutio” and “Epigenesis”[52]
The Theory of Weismann[52]
Experimental Morphology[56]
The Work of Wilhelm Roux[58]
The Experiments on the Egg of the Sea-urchin[59]
On the Intimate Structure of the Protoplasm of the Germ[65]
On some Specificities of Organisation in Certain Germs[70]
General Results of the First Period of “Entwickelungsmechanik”[71]
Some New Results concerning Restitutions[74]
2. Analytical Theory of Morphogenesis[76]
α. THE DISTRIBUTION OF MORPHOGENIC POTENCIES[76]
Prospective Value and Prospective Potency[76]
The Potencies of the Blastomeres[79]
The Potencies of Elementary Organs in General[80]
Explicit and Implicit Potencies: Primary and Secondary Potencies[83]
The Morphogenetic Function of Maturation in the Light of Recent Discoveries[85]
The Intimate Structure of Protoplasm: Further Remarks[88]
The Neutrality of the Concept of “Potency”[89]
β. THE “MEANS” OF MORPHOGENESIS[89]
β′. The Internal Elementary Means of Morphogenesis[90]
Some Remarks on the Importance of Surface Tension in Morphogenesis[91]
On Growth[93]
On Cell-division[94]
β″. The External Means of Morphogenesis[95]
The Discoveries of Herbst[96]
γ. THE FORMATIVE CAUSES OR STIMULI[99]
The Definition of Cause[99]
Some Instances of Formative and Directive Stimuli[102]
δ. THE MORPHOGENETIC HARMONIES[107]
ε. ON RESTITUTIONS[110]
A few Remarks on Secondary Potencies and on Secondary Morphogenetic Regulations in General[110]
The Stimuli of Restitutions[113]
3. The Problem of Morphogenetic Localisation: The Theory of the Harmonious-Equipotential system—First Proof of the Autonomy of Life[118]
The General Problem[118]
The Morphogenetic “System”[119]
The “Harmonious-equipotential System”[122]
Instances of “Harmonious-equipotential Systems”[126]
The Problem of the Factor E[132]
No Explanation offered by “Means” or “Formative Stimuli”[132]
No Explanation offered by a Chemical Theory of Morphogenesis[134]
No Machine Possible Inside the Harmonious Systems[138]
The Autonomy of Morphogenesis proved[142]
“Entelechy”[143]
Some General Remarks on Vitalism[145]
The Logic of our First Proof of Vitalism[146]
4. On Certain other Features of Morphogenesis Advocating its Autonomy[150]
Harmonious-equipotential Systems formed by Wandering Cells[151]
On Certain Combined Types of Morphogenetic Systems[153]
The “Morphaesthesia” of Noll[157]
Restitutions of the Second Order[158]
On the “Equifinality” of Restitutions[159]
Remarks on “Retro-Differentiation”[163]
C. ADAPTATION—
Introductory Remarks on Regulations in General[165]
1. Morphological Adaptation[168]
The Limits of the Concept of Adaptation[168]
Adaptations to Functional Changes from Without[172]
True Functional Adaptation[176]
Theoretical Conclusions[179]
2. Physiological Adaptation[184]
Specific Adaptedness not “Adaptation”[186]
Primary and Secondary Adaptations in Physiology[188]
On Certain Pre-requisites of Adaptations in General[189]
On Certain Groups of Primary Physiological Adaptations[190]
General Remarks on Irritability[190]
The Regulation of Heat Production[193]
Primary Regulations in the Transport of Materials and Certain Phenomena of Osmotic Pressure[194]
Chromatic Regulations in Algae[197]
Metabolic Regulations[198]
Immunity the only Type of a Secondary Physiological Adaptation[204]
No General Positive Result from this Chapter[209]
A few Remarks on the Limits of Regulability[212]
D. INHERITANCE. SECOND PROOF OF THE AUTONOMY OF LIFE—
The Material Continuity in Inheritance[214]
On Certain Theories which Seek to Compare Inheritance to Memory[216]
The Complex-Equipotential System and its Rôle in Inheritance[219]
The Second Proof of Life-Autonomy. Entelechy at the Bottom of Inheritance[224]
The Significance of the Material Continuity in Inheritance[227]
The Experimental Facts about Inheritance[228]
The Rôle of the Nucleus in Inheritance[233]
Variation and Mutation[237]
Conclusions from the First Main Part of these Lectures[240]

PART II.—SYSTEMATICS AND HISTORY

A. THE PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMATICS—
Rational Systematics[243]
Biological Systematics[246]
B. THE THEORY OF DESCENT—
1. Generalities[250]
The Covert Presumption of all Theories of Descent[253]
The Small Value of Pure Phylogeny[255]
History and Systematics[257]
2. The Principles of Darwinism[260]
Natural Selection[261]
Fluctuating Variation the Alleged Cause of Organic Diversity[264]
Darwinism Fails all along the Line[269]
3. The Principles of Lamarckism[271]
Adaptation as the Starting-Point[272]
The Active Storing of Contingent Variations as a Hypothetic Principle[273]
Criticism of the “Inheritance of Acquired Characters” assumed by Lamarckism[275]
Other Principles Wanted[281]
Criticism of the Hypothesis of Storing and Handing Down Contingent Variations[282]
4. The Real Results and the Unsolved Problems of Transformism[290]
5. The Logical Value of the Organic Form according to the different Transformistic Theories[293]
The Organic Form and Entelechy[294]
C. THE LOGIC OF HISTORY[297]
1. The Possible Aspects of History[299]
2. Phylogenetic Possibilities[304]
3. The History of Mankind[306]
Cumulations in Human History[308]
Human History not an “Evolution”[311]
The Problem of the “Single” as such[315]
Conclusions about Systematics and History in General[322]