INDEX
Every reference is to the page: words in italics are names of genera or species; figures in italics indicate that the reference relates to systematic position; figures in thick type refer to an illustration; f. = and in following page or pages; n. = note.
Abdominal armour, of Cricotus, [287];
of Microsauri, [289];
of Prosauri, [290]
Abdominal ribs, of Rhynchocephali, [292], [298];
of Dinosauria, [414];
of Megalosaurus, [421]
Aberrant scaling of Lacertilia, [495]
Ablepharus, [560];
eyelids, [494]
Acanthodactylus vulgaris, [559]
Acanthophis antarcticus, [635]
Acentrous vertebrae, i.e. those without a centrum or body, [4]
A. gryllus, [207] f.
Acrochordinae, [606]
Acrochordus javanicus, [607]
Acteosaurus, [489]
Adams, visit to the Mugger-peer, [455] f.
Adaptive characters of Anura, [142]
Adhesive apparatus, of tadpoles, [57], [57];
of Tree-frogs, [187];
of Thoropa, [209];
of finger-discs of Raninae, [239];
Aelurosaurus, [307]
Aestivation, of Crocodiles, [457];
of Tortoises, [357], [365], [404]
Aetosaurus, [432];
Agama, [520];
A. sanguinolenta, [520];
Agamura, tail, [506]
Agassiz, on habits of Alligator Turtle, [341];
of Trionyx, [407]
Age of Chelonia, how to estimate, [326];
great age attained by Tortoises, [369], [376], [377];
see also Growth, rate of
Aglossa, [139], [140], [143] f.;
distribution, [143]
Ahaetulla s. Leptophis, [618], [619]
Aistopodes, [81]
Aldabra, gigantic tortoises of, [373] f., [375]
Algae, destructive to shell of tortoises, [357]
Allantois, an embryonic outgrowth from the posterior part of the gut, acting as a respiratory organ, [278]
A. mississippiensis, [467] f.;
skull, [468];
nesting, [469];
A. sinensis, [471]
Alligator Turtle, [340]
Allopleuron hofmanni, [380]
Allosaurus, [422]
Alpine, Newt, [126];
Salamander, [119]
Altitude, high, in which Anura have been found, [181]
Alytes, [157] f.;
A. cisternasi, [160];
A. obstetricans, [158];
urino-genital organs, [49]
Amblycephalidae, [592], [593], [637]
Amblycephalus monticola, [637]
Amblyrhynchus, [528];
A. cristatus, [533]
Amblystoma, skull, [17], [94], [96], [109], [110] f., [112];
A. jeffersonianum, [111];
A. mavortium, [115];
A. opacum, [110];
A. persimile, [111];
A. punctatum, [110];
A. talpoideum, [110];
A. tigrinum, [111] f.;
metamorphosis of, [112] f.
Ameiva, [549]
Amnion, a membrane round the embryo, [278]
Amphibia, [3] f.;
definition, [5];
systematic position, [5];
numbers of species, [4]
Amphicondylous, i.e. the occipital part of the skull articulates with the neck by a right and a left knob, [4]
Amphignathodon, [185];
A. guentheri, [188]
Amphignathodontinae, [139], [188]
Amphisbaena, [566];
A. fuliginosa, [566]
Amphisbaenidae, [514], [565] f.
A. means s. tridactyla, [100], [101]
Amphodus, [210];
A. wucheri, [211]
Anaides = Autodax (q.v.), [107]
Anal sacs of Chelonia, used as additional respiratory organs, [330]
Anarosaurus pumilio, [477]
Anchisaurus, [415], [417], [421];
skull of A. coelurus, [421]
Ancistrodon, [645];
A. halys, [645];
A. himalayanus, [645];
Anderson, on nest of Gavialis, [452]
Andrews, on Amblystoma, [110]
Andrias scheuchzeri, [84]
Anelytropsis papillosus, [564]
Aniella pulchra, [564]
Annandale, on habits of Calotes, [518];
of Liolepis, [527];
of Rhacophorus, [247];
of Varanus salvator, [544]
Anodonta, as food of Trionyx, [407]
Anodontohyla, [236]
Anolis, [528];
A. carolinensis, [529]
Anomodontia, [309]
Anura, [7];
characters, [138];
classification, [139] f., [141];
phylogenetic tree of, [142]
Anus, asymmetrical position of, [60]
Apoda, [84] f.;
affinities, [88];
distribution, [89];
eyes, [86];
skin, [87];
spermatozoa, [87];
tentacular apparatus, [88];
vertebrae, [86];
visceral arches, [86]
Archaeopteryx, [417]
Archegosaurus, vertebrae, [13], [82], [287]
Arcifera, of Cope, [140];
of Boulenger, [140]
Arciferous, type of shoulder-girdle, [24], [25]
Arion, slug, eaten by tortoises, [363]
Arrau-turtle (Podocnemis), [391] f.
Arteria cutanea magna, [144];
A. sacralis of Anura, [144]
A. seychellensis, [243], [243]
Ascaphus, [153]
Asterophrys, [161]
Athecae, [333];
definition of name, [337]
Atlas and Axis, i.e. first and second cervical vertebrae; of Cryptobranchus, [13];
of Crocodilia, [283];
atlas fused with axis, [307]
Atoposauridae, [453]
Atractaspis, [638];
dentition, [593] n.
Atria, the thin-walled receptive parts (auricles) of the heart
Auditory columellar apparatus, of Amphibia, [24];
of Anura, [29]
Australian, Anura, spawning time and habits of, [201];
Lacertilia, [502]
A. lugubris, [107];
A. iecanus, [107]
Autosauri, [491] f.
Axis;
see Atlas
Axolotl, [65], [112] f., [112];
Azemiops feae, [638]
Balancers of Amphibia, [45]
Barfurth, on absorption of Tadpole's tail, [61]
Bartlett, on Boa constrictor, [602];
on Pipa, [152]
Bates, on habits of Podocnemis, [392] f.
Batrachomyia, fly infesting Bufonidae, [177]
Batrachophrynus, [224];
B. macrostomus, [225];
B. brachydactylus, [224]
Batrachopsis, [161]
Batrachylodes, [241]
Batrachyperus, [96];
B. sinensis, [109]
Baur, on Sphargis, [336]
Bdellophis, [90]
Bedriaga, on Axolotl, [114];
synopsis of Urodelous Larvae, [59] n.
Bell, J., on classification, [8]
Bell, Napier, on habits of Iguana, [531]
Bemmelen, on Sphargis, [336]
Berg, on Spelerpes fuscus, [106]
Bert, quoted, [571] n.
Biedermann, on change of colour in Hyla, [35]
Birds not related to Dinosaurs, [416] f.
B. nasicornis, [640]
Black Snake, of Australia, [634];
of North America, [613]
Blainville, de, on classification, [7]
Blanus cinereus, [566]
Blood, shape of red corpuscles, [4];
temperature, [67] f.
Blood-sucker = Calotes ophiomachus, [519]
Blum, quoted, [642] n.
Boa, [602];
B. constrictor, [602];
B. dumerili, [602];
B. madagascariensis, [602]
Boettger, on influence of climate and country upon reptiles, [492] f.
Boinae, [601] f.
habits, [156] f.;
tadpoles, [157];
abnormal vertebrae, [22];
shoulder-girdle, [25];
urino-genital organs, [49];
B. pachypus, [155]
Bothrops, [647]
Boulenger, classification of Amphibia Caudata, [9];
on vertebrae of Pelobates, [20];
on vertebrae of Bombinator, [22];
number of phalanges in Anura, [27];
on poison of Amphibia, [36];
on vocal sacs, [48];
on modes of fecundation and nursing habits, [54], [56];
synopsis of Tadpoles, [59] n.;
on tadpoles of Rana opisthodon, [260];
on classification of Anura, [140], [141];
on Pipa, [152];
on Scaphiopus solitarius, [165];
on Alligator sinensis, [471];
on Lanthanotus, [542];
on aberrant scaling, [495];
on Heloderma, [540] n.;
on classification of Snakes, [592];
on Sea-Snakes, [637];
on Sphargis, [336]
Boulengerula, [90]
Box-Tortoises, [362], [364], [365]
Brachial plexus, of Anura, [39]
B. ephippium, [231]
Brachylophus, distribution, [501], [528]
Brain, of Scaphognathus, [485];
small size of, in Dinosaurs, [425]
Branchial arches, of Urodela, [16];
of Anura, [42]
Branchiosauri, [80]
Branchiosaurus, skull, [80];
B. salamandroides, [80]
Brauer, on development of Apoda, [92];
on nursing habits of Arthroleptis, [243]
Breeding of Axolotl, [113]
Breviceps, shoulder-girdle, [26], [225], [226], [227], [232];
B. mossambicus, [232]
Brithopus, [308]
Brongniart, on classification, [7]
B. excelsus, [418]
B. giganteum, [420]
Brood-pouches, of Anura, [151], [248];
of Hyla goeldii, [198];
of Nototrema, [202];
of Rhinoderma, [228]
Brookesia, [580]
Brown Adder, [634]
Brown Frog, Common, [251] f., [255]
Brücke, quoted, [571]
Buchholz, on Chiromantis, [244] f.
Budgett, on breeding habits of Phyllomedusa, [204];
on Paludicola, [220];
on Lepidobatrachus, [218];
quick development of Phryniscus, [231];
on Bufo marinus, [179]
Bufo, sacral vertebra, [22];
shoulder-girdle, [26];
urine-genital organs, [49];
development of adhesive apparatus, [57];
B. agua, [178];
B. americanus, [178];
B. calamita, [181] f.;
B. ceratophrys, [179];
B. empusus and B. peltocephalus, dermal ossifications, [179];
B. jerboa, [166];
B. lentiginosus, [178], [179];
map of distribution, [167], [168], [169] f.;
B. marinus, [178];
B. mauritanica s. pantherina, [184];
B. melanostictus, [177], [179];
B. quercinus, [178];
B. variabilis = viridis, [180];
large-sized specimens, [171];
immured in buildings, [174];
diseases, [176];
distribution, [177]
distribution, [167];
affinities, [166]
Bufoniformes, [139]
Bullfrog, of America, Rana catesbiana, [261];
of India, Callula pulchra, [234];
Rana tigrina, [261]
Bungarus coeruleus s. candidus, [633];
B. fasciatus, [633]
Butler, on fat-bodies, [500]
Cabrita, [551]
Cacopus, shoulder-girdle, [25], [225], [226], [228]
vomer, [435];
O. palpebrosus, [471];
C. sclerops, [471];
Calcareous deposits in the skin of Amphibia, [31], [34]
Calliphora silvatica, fly infesting Bufo, [176]
Callophis macclellandi, [634]
C. pulchra, habits of, [234] f.
Calotes, [517];
C. emma, [518];
C. mystaceus, [519];
C. ophiomachus, [519];
C. versicolor, [518]
Calyptocephalus, [179], [212], [215]
Camptosaurus, [426]
Capitosaurus, [83]
Carapace, [321] f., [319], [320], [322], [323];
posterior portion movable in Cinyxis, [364], [365];
carapace of tortoises, evolution of, [337];
composition of, [324] f.;
reduction of component elements, [325];
reduction in thickness, [373];
correlative changes, [328];
of Sphargis, [335] f.;
of Chelone, [379];
of Testudo, [322];
of Pleurodira, [389];
reduction in Trionychidae, [325];
fenestration, [325];
with hinge in Cinyxis, [364], [365]
Cardioglossa, [274]
Carettochelydidae, [313], [314]
Carettochelys, [337], [389], [390];
C. insculpta, [404];
absence of horny shields, [325]
Carpus (see also Limbs), of Eryops, [286];
of Sphenodon, [294];
of Eusuchia, [440]
Casarea, [603]
Case, on Sphargis, [336]
Cassina, [240]
Causus, [638];
C. rhombeatus, [639]
Centrolene geckoideum, [211]
Cerastes cornutus, [640], [641]
Ceratobatrachidae, [141]
Ceratobatrachinae, [139], [237] f.
Ceratobatrachus guentheri, [237]
Ceratohyla, [211]
Ceratophora, [517];
C. stoddarti, [517];
C. tennenti, [517]
C. cornuta, [216];
C. dorsata, [215];
Ceratopsia, [430]
Ceratosaurus, [413], [416], [417];
Cerberus rhynchops, [625]
Cetiosaurus, [419]
Chalarodon, [528];
geographical distribution of; [501]
Chalcides, [562];
Ch. bedriagae, [563];
Ch. guentheri, [563];
Ch. lineatus, [563];
Ch. ocellatus, [563];
Ch. tridactylus, [563]
Chamaeleon, [573];
Ch. bifidus, [580];
Ch. calcaratus, [579];
Ch. parsoni, [580];
Ch. vulgaris, [573], [574], [575]
Chamaeleontes, [567] f.;
distribution, [568];
tongue, [569] f.;
colour-changing mechanism, [570], [571], [573] f.;
eggs, [572]
Chamaeleontidae, [573] f.
Chamaerops humilis, dates of, eaten by Testudo, [367]
Chameleon, misnamed Calotes, [518];
misnamed Polychrus, [529]
Chauvin, Marie von, on Axolotl, [113];
on Salamandra atra, [120]
Chelodina, suppression of neural plates, [324];
intergular shields, [389], [315];
skull, [399];
Ch. longicollis, [402] f., [403]
Chelone, skull, [317];
skeleton, [320];
plastron, [321];
shields, [327];
intergular shields, [325];
Ch. mydas, [381] f.;
various modes of fishing, etc., [382], [383];
Chelonemydidae, [380]
Chelonia, [312];
number of species, [312];
affinities of, [312];
classification, [313];
key to living families, [314];
plastron, names of the horny shields, [315]; [321], [325];
skull, [280], [317], [356], [364], [379], [400], [405];
skeleton of Testudo, [319];
of Chelone, [320];
pectoral arch, [318];
pelvis, [319];
plastron, bones of, [321];
limbs, [320];
bony shell, [321] f., [322], [323];
evolution of, [337];
evolution of the horny shields, [326] f., [327];
regeneration, [329];
sense-organs, [329];
digestive apparatus, [330];
respiration, [331];
growth of Chrysemys, [349]
Chelonidae, [313], [314], [378] f.;
affinities of, [380]
Chelydidae, [313], [314], [399];
Chelydra, [328];
Ch. serpentina, [338]
Chelydridae, [313], [314], [338];
distribution of, [332]
Chelydropsis, nuchal plates, [324]
Chelys fimbriata, [400];
intergular shields, [325]
Chersydrus granulatus, [607]
Ch. lusitanica, [121]
Chirixalus, [241]
Chiroleptes, [209], [213], [221];
Ch. platycephalus, [221]
Chiromantis, [238], [241], [244];
Ch. petersi, [244];
Ch. xerampelina, [244]
Chirotes, [564];
Ch. canaliculatus, [566]
Chirotherium, [83]
Chlamydosaurus kingi, [522], [523]
Choanae, or inner nasal openings, [47]
Chorda dorsalis, the axial rod between the gut and the spinal cord, around which the vertebrae are formed, [12]
Ch. ornatus, [208]
Chromatophores, [35]
Chrysemys, costal plates of, [325];
green colour of, [328], [346] f.;
colour of iris, [329];
Ch. concinna, [346], [349], [350];
Ch. elegans, [346];
Ch. picta, [346], [347], [348];
Ch. rubriventris, [346]
Cimoliasaurus, [478];
C. australis, [478];
C. cantabrigiensis, [478];
C. chilensis, [478];
C. haasti, [478]
Cinosternidae, [313], [314], [342];
distribution, [332]
Cinosternum, [342] f.;
arrangement of neural plates, [324];
C. pennsylvanicum, [342], [344]
Cinyxis belliana, [365];
C. homeana, [364]
Cistecephalus, [310]
Cistudo, arrangement of neural plates, [324];
colour of iris, [329]
Claosaurus, [429]
Clarke, on habits and development of Alligator, [467]
Classification of Amphibia, historical account, [7] f.
Clawed Toad (Xenopus), [146] f.
Claws or nails of Amphibia, [32]
Cleithra = the pair of additional clavicles;
of Stegocephali, [79];
Clemmys, [356] f.;
C. caspica, [358];
C. insculpta, [359];
skull, [356]
Clepsydrops, [308]
Clidastes tortor, [490]
Cloaca, of Chelonia, [330];
of Crocodiles, [445];
of Lacertilia, [498]
Cnemidophorus, [549];
C. sexlineatus, [549]
Coccyx, s. Os coccygeum, of Anura, [20], [21], [22]
Coecilia, [89]
Coeciliidae, [89] f.;
distribution of, [89]
Coelopeltis, [624];
C. monspessulana s. lacertina, [624]
Coelurus, [415];
C. gracilis, [423]
Colombo, gigantic tortoise of, [377]
Coloration, warning colours of Amphibia, [38], [156];
protective, of Amphibia, [191], [238], [252];
of deserticolous reptiles, [494]
Colour, changes of, in Anura, [35];
in Calotes, [518], [519], [520];
in Geckos, [509];
in Lacertilia, [498];
mechanism of changing, in Chameleons, [570], [571]
Coluber, [615] f.;
C. aesculapii = flavescens = longissimus, [616] f.;
C. leopardinus, [616];
C. (Rhinechis) scalaris, [617]
Colubrinae, [607] f.
Columella cranii, [496], [550], [551]
Columellar auditory chain, of Amphibia, [4];
of Anura, [29];
of Crocodiles, [446];
of Lizards, [496]
Comoro Islands, Tortoises of, [373]
Compsognathus, [415], [416], [417];
Condyle, occipital, of Theromorpha, [302];
exaggerated importance of its character, [285]
Conolophus subcristatus, [532]
Conus arteriosus, continuation of the heart beyond the ventricles so far as it contains valves, [6]
Cope, on classification of Amphibia, [9];
on Siren, [136];
on hand-skeleton of Eryops, [286];
on Sphargis, [336];
classification of Lacertae, [513];
classification of Snakes, [592]
Cophyla, [236]
Copulatory organs, of Lacertilia, [499];
absent in Sphenodon, [294];
of Chelonia, [330];
of Snakes, [585]
Coqui, [214]
Coronella, [619];
C. austriaca s. laevis, [619], [620];
C. girondica, [621]
C. corrugatus, [244];
C. johnstoni, [243];
C. solomonis, [244];
C. unicolor, [244]
C. greeningi, [207]
Costal plates of Chelonia, [324] f., [322], [323]
Craspedocephalus, [647]
C. heteroclitus, [287]
Crinia, [213];
spawning, [223]
Crocodilia, [431] f.;
skeleton, [434] f.;
atlas and axis, [283], [431], [439];
affinities, [432];
teeth, [437];
skin, [442];
dermal armour, [442];
skin glands, [443];
tongue, [443];
respiratory organs, [444];
"diaphragm," [444];
digestive organs, [444];
cloaca, [445];
heart, [445];
ear, [445];
eye, [446];
geographical distribution, [446], [446];
voice, [447];
habits, [447];
propagation, [447];
classification, [448]
Crocodilidae, [454]
teeth, [437];
skin glands, [443];
C. americanus, [466];
skull, [466];
C. biporcatus = porosus, [458];
rate of growth, [459];
C. cataphractus, [465];
C. intermedius, [466];
C. johnstoni, [466];
C. niloticus = vulgaris, [460] f., [449], [461];
habits, [462] f.;
skull, [455];
C. porosus, [458];
skull, [458];
Crotalinae, [644]
Crotalus, [648];
rattle of, [644];
C. durissus, [648], [649], [650];
C. horridus, [649];
C. terrificus, [650]
Cryptobranchus, [84], [96], [99];
fossil, [84];
C. alleghaniensis, [97];
Cryptoclidus, shoulder-girdle, [474], [475], [478]
Cryptopsophis, [89];
C. multiplicatus, [92]
Cryptotis, [213]
Cutis, of Amphibia, [33] f.
Cyamodus, [311]
Cyclanorbis, [411];
nuchal plate, [324]
Cycloderma, [411]
Cyclodus s. Tiliqua, [561];
Cyclorhamphus, [212]
Cynognathus, [301], [302], [303];
C. berryi, [307];
C. crateronotus, [306];
C. platyceps, [307]
Cystignathidae, [139], [209] f.;
distribution, [161]
Cystignathinae, [139], [211] f.
Cystignathus = Leptodactylus, [210], [218]
Daboia, [643]
Dactylethra;
see Xenopus, [146] f.
Darwin, on Conolophus, [532] n.;
on tortoises of Galapagos Islands, [377]
Dasypeltis scabra, [622], [622];
dentition, [593] n.
Davison, on breeding of Amphiuma, [101]
Dawsonia, [289]
Death Adder, [635]
Denburgh, van, on Autodax, [107]
Dendrobates, [272];
D. braccatus, [273];
D. trivittatus, [273];
D. typographus, [273];
various uses of its poison, [38]
Dendrobatinae, [139], [237], [272] f.;
distribution, [239]
Dendrophis, [618];
Dendrophryniscinae, [139], [224]
Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus, [224]
Dentition, of snakes, [582], [592], [593];
see also Teeth
Dermal armour, of Cricotus, [287];
of Microsauri, [289];
of Prosauri, [290];
of Theromorpha, [302];
of Dinosauria, [415];
of Pseudosuchia, [433];
of Parasuchia, [434];
of Crocodiles, [442]
Dermal ossification in Anura, [179], [190], [210]
Dermatemydidae, [313], [314], [341];
distribution of, [332]
Dermatochelys coriacea, [333] f., [334]
D. thomensis, [93]
Deserticolous reptiles, [493] f.
Desmognathinae, [102]
Deuterosaurus, [308]
Development, of Anura, [56] f., [57];
of horny teeth, [58];
of Apoda, [92];
of Crocodilus, [465];
of Alligator, [467]
Diadectes, [308]
Diademodon, [309]
D. jordani, [207];
D. petasata, [207]
Diaphragm, of Anura, [144];
of crocodiles, [444]
Diapophyses (the lateral or "transverse" processes of the neural arches) of Anura, [138], [141]
Dibamus novae-guineae, [564]
Dicamptodon, [96];
D. ensatus, [109]
Diclonius = Hadrosaurus, [429]
Dicynodon, [301], [302], [303], [310];
skull, [280];
D. leoniceps, [310];
D. orientalis, [310];
D. tigriceps, [310]
Digestive apparatus, of Chelonia, [330];
of crocodiles, [444];
of Lacertilia, [498]
Digits = Fingers and Toes.
Number of digits in Urodela, [15], [16];
in Anura, [26];
terminal phalanges, [26];
number of joints, [27];
adhesive discs, [27];
variability in numbers, [563];
digits of Eryops, [286];
of Crocodiles, [441];
of Plesiosauri, [475];
of Geckos, [505]
Dimetrodon, [308]
Dimorphodon macronyx, [486]
Dinosauria, [412];
affinities of, [415];
analogies with Birds, [416]
Diplocynodon, [448];
D. hastingsiae, [454]
Diplodocus longus, [419] f.;
skull, [419]
Dipsadomorphinae, [623] f.
Dipsadomorphus, [623];
D. cyaneus, [624];
D. trigonatus, [623]
Dipsas bucephala, [624]
Discoglossidae, [139], [152] f.
Discoglossus, urino-genital organs, [49], [153];
D. pictus, [153] f.
Dissorophus multicinctus, [82]
Distira cyanocincta, [637];
D. semperi, [636]
Distribution, geographical;
see Maps
Dolichosauri, [489]
Dolichosaurus longicollis, [489]
Dolichosoma longissimum, [81]
Doliophis intestinalis, [634]
Dollo, on Sphargis, [336]
Dracaena, [547];
D. guianensis, [549]
Draco, [516];
D. dussumieri, [516];
and Bibron, on classification of Snakes, [592]
Dwarf Chameleon, [579]
Dyscophus, [236];
D. antongili, [236]
Ear, of Chelonia, [330];
of Crocodiles, [445] f.;
of Snakes, [583]
Ear-opening of deserticolous reptiles, [494]
Echeneis remora, used for turtle fishing, [382]
Echidna s. Bitis, [639], [639]
Echis, [640];
E. arenicola, deserticolous, [493]
Edalorhina, [212]
Eggs of Amphibia, [53];
mode of deposition in Amphibia, [54]-[56];
of Ichthyophis, [91];
and spermatophore of Triton viridescens, [128];
nursing and taking care of, [55];
by Pipa, [151];
by Alytes, [159];
by Rhacophorus reticulatus, [248];
by Amphignathodon, [188];
by Hyla goeldii, [198], [198];
by Leptodactylus mystacinus, [219];
by Rhinoderma, [228];
by Rhacophorus, [248];
by Desmognathus fuscus, [103], [103];
number of: in Bufo vulgaris, [175];
in Bufo viridis, [181];
in Hyla arborea, [193];
in Rana esculenta, [270]
Eggs of Reptilia: Sphenodon, [299];
Chelonia, [331];
Testudo graeca, [369];
T. ibera, [369];
T. elegans, [371];
T. polyphemus, [372];
Emys orbicularis, [355];
Clemmys leprosa, [358];
Chelone mydas, [382];
Thalassochelys caretta, [387];
Podocnemis expansa, [393] f., [398];
Trionyx, [408];
mode of laying by Emys, [355];
by Podocnemis, [393];
used commercially, [394] f.;
enormous destruction of, [395], [399];
Alligator, [470];
eggs and nest of Gavialis, [452];
Lacertilia, [499];
increasing in size after deposition, [499];
Geckos, [506], [508], [509], [511];
Tarentola, [509];
Lacerta viridis, [555];
Chameleons, [572]
Egg-sac, of Salamandrella, [110]
Egg-tooth, of Lacertilia, [499]
Eimer, on habits of Lacerta, [552];
on L. coerulea, [558]
Elachistodon westermanni, [625]
Elachistodontinae, [625]
Elaphis s. Coluber, [615] f.
Elapinae, [626]
Elaps corallinus, [635]
Elasmosauridae, [478]
Elasmosaurus, [478]
E. mirabilis, skull, [280], [305]
Elosia, [212]
Emerald Lizard, [555]
Emery, on hand-skeleton of Eryops, [286]
Empedias molaris, [308]
Emyda, [411]
Emys, [350] f.;
E. blandingi, [355];
E. europaea = orbicularis, [351] f., [353]
Enaliosauri, [476]
Endothiodon, [307]
E. carolinense, [232]
Engystomatidae, [139], [225] f.
Engystomatinae, [139], [225] f.
Enhydrina valakadien s. bengalensis, [636], [636]
Enygrus, [601]
Epichordal type of vertebrae, [20], [145]
Epidermis, of Amphibia, [31] f.;
sense-organs in, [33]
Equisetum, eaten by Uromastix, [525]
Eremias, [551];
deserticolous, [493]
Erpetosuchus, [433]
trunk-vertebrae, [286], [288], [304];
E. megacephalus, [286]
Eryx, [604];
E. jaculus, [604];
deserticolous, [493]
Escuerzo = Ceratophrys, [216]
Espada, on Rhinoderma, [228]
Eublepharinae, [512]
Eunectes murinus, [603], [603]
Euprepes vittata, [562]
Euproctus = Triton, [130]
Eurysternum, [380]
Eustachian tubes, of Anura, [29];
of Pelobatidae, [161];
of Aglossa, [143]
Eusuchia, [434]
Eye, of Apoda, [86];
of Chelonia, [329];
of deserticolous reptiles, [494];
of Chameleons, [569];
of Snakes, [583]
Eyelid, of Geckos, [504], [512];
transparent in Chelodina, [329];
lower, transparent in Lacertidae, [551];
in Scincidae, [560]
Fasting, of Chrysemys, [347]
Fat-bodies, of Amphibia, [49], [52];
of Lacertilia, [500]
Fecundation, various modes of, in Amphibia, [54];
in Apoda, [87]
Fer-de-Lance, [647]
Ferreiro = Hyla faber, [196] f.
Feylinia, [564]
Fingers, number of, in Urodela, [15];
number of joints in Anura, [26], [27];
terminal modifications of, in Anura, [26];
mechanism of adhesive discs in Hylidae, [187]
Fire Salamander, [115]
Firmisternal shoulder-girdle, [24], [25]
Firmisternia, [140]
Fischer-Sigwart, on growth of Alytes, [159] f.;
on growth of Bufo, [175];
on gestation of Chalcides, [563]
Fletcher, on spawning of Australian frogs, [201], [223]
Flower, S. S., on habits of Rhacophorus, [249];
Phrynella pollicaris, [233];
Callula pulchra, [234]
Flying Dragon, [516]
Flying Frog, Rhacophorus, [245] f., [246]
Foot, tridactyle, in Hallopus, [423];
bird-like in Compsognathus, [423]
Fore-limb, of Urodela, [15];
of Anura, [26];
of Proreptilia, [286];
of Microsauri, [289];
of Theromorpha, [302];
of Chelonia, [320];
of Dinosauria, [414], [423], [425], [427];
of Crocodilia, [440];
of Plesiosauria, [475];
of Ichthyosauria, [481];
of Pterosauria, [485];
of Pythonomorpha, [489];
of Lacertilia, [497]
Frog, see Rana.
Grassfrog, [251];
Water-frog, [263], [268], [269]
Gage, on Triton viridescens, [129]
Galapagos Islands, tortoises of, [372], [377] f.
Galesaurus, [307]
Gampsosteonyx, [271];
Gasco, on spawning of newts, [124]
Gastrechmia, [140], [141], [232]
Gastrocentrous vertebrae, defined, [282]
Gaupp, on frogs' respiration, [47] n.
Gavialidae, [451] f.
Gavialis, [435], [436], [451];
G. gangeticus, [452];
Gavialosuchus, [453]
Gecko, [511];
G. stentor, [511];
G. verus = guttatus = verticillatus, [511]
Geckolepis, deserticolous, [493]
Geckones, [502] f.;
adhesive apparatus, [505], [505];
voice, [506];
reproduction of tail, [506];
Geckonidae, [507] f.
Geckoninae, [507] f.
Gegenbaur, on classification, [9]
Geikia, [310]
Genital organs, of Amphibia, [48] f., [49]
Genyophryne, [236];
G. thomsoni, [236]
Genyophrynidae, [141]
Geographical distribution, principles of, [69] f.;
regions and sub-regions, [74] f. (for details see also Maps);
of Apoda, [89];
of Anura, [143], [161], [167], [185], [239];
of Chelonia, [331] f., [332], [333];
of Crocodilia, [446];
of Lacertilia, [500] f., [515], [529], [543], [552], [565], [568];
of Snakes, [585]
Geomolge, [96]
Geosaurus, [451]
Geotriton, [97]
Geotrypetes, [89]
Gerrhonotus, [538];
G. coeruleus, [538]
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, [559]
Gharial, [452];
see also Gavialis
Gigantic Tortoises, [372] f.
Gila Monster, [541]
Gills, definition, [40];
retention of, [40];
external and internal, [43] f.;
operculum of, [44];
of Nototrema, [203]
Gill-clefts, [42];
of Urodela, [42];
of Anura, [42]
Girtanner, on musical appreciation of tortoises, [368]
Glass-Snake, [538]
Glauconia, [594]
Glyphoglossus, [225], [226], [228], [233];
G. molossus, [233]
Goeldi, on Hyla faber, [197];
on habits of Podocnemis expansa, [397] f.
Gondwanosaurus, [83]
Gongylus, [562]
Goniopholidae, [453]
G. crassidens, [453];
G. simus, [453]
Gordonia, [301], [303], [310];
skull, [280]
Grass-Snake, [608] f.
Greek Tortoise, [365] f.
Green Lizard, [555]
Green Toad, [180]
Green, or Edible, Turtle, [381] f.
Groenberg, on Pipa, [149]
Growth, rate of, in Testudo ibera, [370];
Chrysemys picta, [349];
Emys orbicularis, [351], [355]
Gular shields of Chelonia, [315]
Gundlach, on Leptodactylus, [219]
Günther, [140];
on gigantic Tortoises, [374];
on classification of Snakes, [592]
Gutzeit, on horny teeth of Tadpoles, [58]
Gymnodactylus, tail, [506], [512], [512];
deserticolous, [493]
Gymnophiona, [84] f.
Gymnophis, [90]
Gymnophthalmus, aberrant scaling, [495]
Haast, on habits of Sphenodon, [299]
Hadrosaurus mirabilis, [429]
Haeckel, on classification, [9]
Hallopus victor, [423]
Hamadryad, [632]
Hand-skeleton, excalation of second finger in Eryops, [286]
Haptoglossa, [96]
Hardun = Agama stellio, [521]
Hatteria–see Sphenodon, [293] f.
Hawksbill-Turtle, [384] f.
Hay, on Sphargis, [337]
Hearing of Chelonia, [330]
Heart, modification of, in lungless Amphibia, [47]
Hedonic glands (ἡδονή, lust), [443]
H. albopunctatus, [222];
H. pictus, [222]
Helix virgata, eaten by Hyla coerulea, [200]
Heloderma horridum, [540];
Helodermatidae, [513], [540] f.
Hemidactylus turcicus, [508], [508]
Hemiphractinae, [139], [210] f.
Hemiphractus, [210]
Hemisus, [225], [226], [228], [232];
shoulder-girdle, [25];
H. guttatum, [232];
H. sudanense, [232]
Hensel, on Bufo marinus, [179];
on tadpoles of Thoropa, [209];
on nest-building of Leptodactylus, [219]
Herodotus, on Crocodiles, [462]
Herpele, [90]
Herpestes griseus (Mongoos), [629]
Hibernation, temperature of blood during, [68];
of Tortoises, [347], [349], [354], [358], [360], [363], [365], [369], [376];
of Crocodiles, [447]
Hinckley, on tadpoles of Hyla versicolor, [195]
Hind-limbs, of Urodela, [15];
of Anura, [27];
of Prosauria, [289];
of Chelonia, [321];
of Dinosauria, [414], [423], [425], [427], [429];
of Crocodilia, [440];
of Plesiosauria, [476];
of Ichthyosauria, [480];
of Pterosauria, [486];
of Lacertilia, [497];
of Ophidia, [593], [594], [596]
Hipistes hydrinus, [625]
Holbrook, on the Black Snake, [613];
on habits of Alligator, [470] f.
Holoblastic eggs;
the whole mass of the egg undergoes the process of cleavage, [53]
Homalopsinae, [625]
Homalopsis buccata, [625]
Homing of turtles, instances of, [386]
Homoeosaurus pulchellus, [292]
Homopholis, deserticolous, [493]
Homothermous, defined, [68]
Hoplocephalus curtus, [634]
Hoplurus, [528];
geographical distribution, [501]
Horned Toad = Ceratophrys, [215] f., [216], [217]
Horny nail, on tail of Chelonia, [328]
Horny scales, of Chelonia, [328]
Horny shields, of Chelonia, [314], [315], [322], [323], [326] f., [327];
their growth, [326]
Horny teeth, of Anura, [58]
Hose, on reproduction of tortoise-shell, [386]
Howes, on development of Sphenodon, [298]
Humerus of Sphenodon, [294]
Hutton, on Starred Tortoise, [370] f.
Huxley, on classification, [9]
Hydraspis, [389];
skull, [399]
H. tectifera, [404]
Hydrophinae, [635]
Hydrophis obscura, [636], [636]
Hydrosaurus, [543]
Hyla, [189] f.;
var. meridionalis, [191];
var. savignyi = japonica, [191];
H. aurea, [201] f.;
spawning, [201];
H. carolinensis s. lateralis, [194];
spawning, [223];
H. dasynotus and H. nigromaculata, dermal ossifications of, [190];
H. ewingi, [201];
spawning, [223];
H. faber, peculiar nursing habits, [196] f.;
H. femoralis, [194];
female with eggs, [198];
H. maxima, [196];
H. nebulosa s. luteola, [197];
nest-building, [198];
H. polytaenia, [198];
H. squirella, [194];
H. vasta, [195];
H. versicolor, [194] f.
Hylaeformes, [139]
Hylaeobatrachus croyi, [83]
Hylaeosaurus, [425]
mechanism of climbing, [187];
map of distribution, [185];
distribution, [186]
Hylodes, [212];
H. martinicensis, [214] f., [214];
H. abbreviatus = Thoropa miliaris, [209]
Hyloplesion longicostatum, [289]
Hylopsis, [212];
H. platycephalus, [224]
Hylorhina, [212]
Hymenochirus, [143], [144], [149]
Hyoid apparatus, of Urodela, [16];
of Anura, [31];
of Chelonia, [318];
of Chelys, [400];
of Lacertilia, [496]
Hyperodapedon gordoni, [292]
Hyperolia, [213];
spawning, [223]
Hyperphalangeal limbs, of Eusuchia, [441];
of Ichthyosauri, [480]
Hypogeophis, [87], [89], [92];
H. alternans, [92];
H. rostratus, [92]
Hypopachus, [226], [227], [235]
Hypsilophodon foxi, [427]
Hypsirhina plumbea, [625]
Iberian Water-tortoise, [357] f.
Ichthyodea, distribution of, [95]
Ichthyophis, skull, [85], [88], [89] f., [91];
I. monochrous, [90]
Ichthyopterygia, [476]
Ichthyosauri, [483] f.
Ichthyosauria, [478] f.;
vertebrae, [480];
limbs, [481];
shoulder-girdle, [481]
Ichthyosaurus, [483];
I. communis, [483];
I. campylodon, [483];
I. quadriscissus, [483];
I. tenuirostris, [483];
I. trigonodon, [483]
Idiochelys, [380]
I. tuberculata, [531]
Iguanodon, [416], [417], [427];
I. bernissartensis, [428], [428];
I. mantelli, [427]
Ihering, on breeding habits of Phyllomedusa, [205] f., [206]
Ikeda, on nursing habits of Rhacophorus, [248]
Ilysia, [595]
Inframarginal shields, [326], [315]
Intergular shields of Chelonia, [325], [315]
Iris, colour of, in Chelonia, [329]
Jaw, lower, of Salamandra, [17];
of Urodela, [18];
of Anura, [30]
Keller, quoted, [571] n.
K. crassum, [81]
Kidneys of Amphibia, [48] f., [49]
Klinckowstroem, on Pipa, [149]
Kollmann, on Neoteny, [64]
Krait, [633]
Labial glands of Heloderma, [498]
Labyrinthodon, [83]
Labyrinthodonta, [82]
Lacerta, [553];
L. agilis, [554];
L. muralis, [557];
L. pater, [556];
L. schreiberi, [555];
L. tangitana, [556];
L. viridis, [555];
skull, [550];
L. vivipara, [553]
Lacertae, [513] f.
skull, [550];
distribution, [552]
Lacertilia, [491] f.;
skeleton, [494] f.;
skin, [497];
change of colour, [498]
Lachesis gramineus, [647];
Land-tortoises, [364] f.
Lanthanotidae, [514], [541] f.
Lanthanotus borneensis, [541]
Laosaurus, [427]
L. balsami, [477]
Larvae, of Ichthyophis, [91];
of Hypogeophis, [92];
of Amblystoma, [112];
of Triton waltli, [131]
Latreille, on classification, [7], [8]
Laurenti, on classification, [7]
Leathery Turtle = Sphargis, [333] f., [334]
Lechriodonta, distribution of, [95];
defined, [102]
Lepidophyma, [547]
Lepospondylous, defined, [79]
Leptobrachium, [161];
L. carinense, [166]
Leptodactylus, [212], [218] f.;
L. albilabris, [219];
L. mystacinus, [219];
L. ocellatus, [219];
L. typhonius, [219] f.
Leptognathus, [624]
Leptophis, [618];
Leslie, on Xenopus, [146]
Leuckart, on classification, [8]
Leydig's duct, defined, [48], [49]
Lialis burtoni, [567]
Limbs, of Amphibia, [26], [27];
Eryops, [286];
Microsauri, [289];
Prosauri, [291];
Sphenodon, [298];
Theromorpha, [302];
Pareiasauri, [305];
Chelonia, [320], [319], [320];
Sphargis, [335];
Chelonidae, [379];
Dinosauria, [414] f., [418], [420];
Compsognathus, [423];
Stegosauri, [426] f.;
Eusuchia, [440];
Lariosaurus, [477];
Ichthyosauria, [480];
Lacertilia, [495];
Geckones, [505];
Chameleons, [568];
reduction of, in Lacertilia, [497];
in Ophidia, [593], [594], [596]
spawning, [223]
Limnomedusa, [212]
Linnaeus, on classification, [7]
Liodon haumuriensis, [490]
Liolepis belli, [527]
Liopelma, [153];
L. hochstetteri, [160]
Liosaurus, [529]
Lissamphibia, [84] f.
Lizard, Common English, [553];
Emerald, [555];
Green, [555];
Sand, [554];
Wall, [557]
Lizards, [491] f.
Locality, sense of, in Tortoises, [368], [387]
Loggerhead Turtle, [387];
individual varieties of shields, [327], [388]
Longevity, of Testudo daudini, [376];
T. graeca, [369];
T. ibera, [369];
T. sumeirei, [377]
Loxocemus bicolor, [598]
Loxomma, [83]
Lucilia bufonivora, fly infesting Bufo, [176]
Lungs, definition, [40];
suppression of, [46];
of Aglossa, [144];
of Lacertilia, [499]
Luth, or Leathery Turtle, [333] f., [334]
Lycosaurus, [307]
Lygosoma, distribution, [501]
Lymph-spaces, in the cutis of Anura, [34]
Lyriocephalus scutatus, [517], [518]
Mabuia, [562];
distribution, [501];
eyelids, [494];
M. vittata, [562]
Macroclemmys, [326];
Macroprotodon cucullatus, [624]
Macrorhynchidae, [451]
Madagascar, Lacertilia of, [502]
Malacoclemmys terrapin, [359] f.;
commercial breeding-farms, [360]
Malpighian, body, [49];
stratum, [32]
Mammalian affinities of Theromorpha, [303], [309]
M. quadridigitatus, [106]
Mandible, composition of, in Crocodiles, [437];
very Mammalian in Gomphognathus, [309]
Mantella, [274]
Maps showing geographical distribution, of Coeciliidae, [89];
Urodela, [95];
Aglossa, [143];
Cystignathidae, Discoglossidae, Pelobatidae, [161];
Bufonidae, [167];
Hylidae, [185];
Ranidae, [239];
Chelydridae, [332];
Cinosternidae, [332];
Dermatemydidae, [332];
Pelomedusidae, [332];
Platysternidae, [332];
Trionychidae, [333];
Crocodilia, [446];
Geckonidae, [503];
Agamidae, [515];
Anguidae, [529];
Iguanidae, [529];
Zonuridae, [529];
Varanidae, [543];
Lacertidae, [552];
Amphisbaenidae, [565];
Chamaeleontes, [568];
Snakes, dangerously poisonous, [585];
Elapinae, [626];
Crotalinae, [644];
Viperinae, [638]
Marbled Newt, [126]
Marginal plates of Chelonia, [325], [322], [323]
Marginal shields, [326]
Marsh, on Axolotl, [115]
Marsh Crocodile, [455]
Marshall, on distribution of Uropeltidae, [595]
Mascarene Islands, tortoises of, [373] f.
Mason, on habits of Calotes, [519];
on Python legends, [599];
on Varanus, [544]
Mastodonsaurus, [83]
Matamata = Chelys fimbriata, [400], [401]
Mauritius, gigantic tortoises, [373] f., [376]
Mecodonta, distribution of, [95];
defined, [102]
Megalophrys, [161];
tadpole, [60]
Megalosaurus, [416];
M. bucklandi, [421]
Megalotriton, [83]
Melosaurus, [287]
Menobranchus lateralis, [132]
Menopoma, [97]
Mento-Meckelian cartilages, [30]
Meroblastic eggs; part of the egg only undergoes the process of cleavage, [53]
Merrem, on classification, [8]
Mesosauridae, [476]
Mesosaurus, [476];
M. tenuidens, [476]
Metamorphosis of Tadpoles, [56] f.
Metasternum of Anura, [26], [25];
taxonomic value, [141];
definition, [26]
Metatarsalia of Theropoda, [420]
Metopias, [83]
Metopoceros cornutus, [532]
Metriorhynchidae, [451]
Metriorhynchus, atlas and axis, [283], [431], [451]
Metzdorff, on Axolotl, [113]
Micrixalus, [241]
Microhyla, [228]
Microsauri, [288]
Midwife-toad, [158]
Mimosa (plant), [629]
Miolania, [390]
Mixophyes, [213];
spawning, [213]
Mixosaurus, limbs, [480], [481], [483]
Molge–see Triton, [122]
Mongoos and Cobra, [629]
Monitor, [543]
Morosaurus grandis, [419];
pelvis, [419]
Mosasauri, [489] f.
Mosasaurus, [489];
M. camperi, [490]
Moult of Geckos, [510];
of Chameleons, [571];
of Snakes, [583]
Mud-diver, [165]
Mud-turtle, [342]
Mugger, [454]
Müller, J., on classification, [8]
Musical appreciation of Tortoises, [368]
Myobatrachus, [166], [167], [168];
M. gouldi, [184], [227], [236]
Nails or claws of Amphibia, [32]
Naja, [626];
N. bungarus s. elaps, [632];
Naosaurus claviger, [308]
Natterjack, [181]
Naultinus elegans, [506]
Neck, mode of withdrawing in Chelonia, [328] f.
N. subasper, [169]
N. afra, [169];
N. tuberculosa, [169];
N. guentheri, [169];
N. hosei, [169];
N. misera, [169]
Necturus, pelvis, [15], [96], [132];
N. maculatus, [132]
Neoteny, [63] f.;
defined, [64]
Nephrurus asper, tail, [506]
Nerves, spinal, of Amphibia, [38];
cranial, [39]
Nest, of Crocodilus, [463];
of Gavialis, [452]
Neural plates, of Chelonia, [323] f., [322], [323];
suppression of plates, [324];
in Pleurodira, [389];
of Dermatemys, [342]
Neusticosaurus, [477]
Newt, Common, [127];
Marbled, [126];
Spotted, [127]
Newton, E. T., on fossil Reptiles, [303] n.
Nile Crocodile, [461]
Nodosaurus, [430]
Nose-horned Viper, [640]
N. bennetti, [167]
Notechis scutatus, [634]
Nothosauri, [476] f.
Nothosauridae, [477]
Nothosaurus, [474];
N. mirabilis, [477]
Notocentrous vertebrae, defined, [19]
Notochord = Chorda dorsalis, q.v.
Nototrema, [189];
N. cornutum, [203];
N. marsupiatum, [202];
N. oviferum, [202];
peculiar gills of embryos, [203];
N. pygmaeum, [202];
N. testudineum, [202]
Nuchal plate of Chelonia, [323] f.;
of Pleurodira, [389]
Nuchal shield of Chelonia, [326], [327];
Nuptial excrescences of Anura, [33]
Nursing, habits, of Arthroleptis seychellensis, [243];
of Chiromantis rufescens, [244];
of Rhacophorus, [248];
of Rhinoderma, [228] f.;
of Pipa, [151];
of Hyla faber, [196] f.;
of H. nebulosa, [198];
of H. goeldii, [198];
of Nototrema, [203];
of Phyllomedusa, [204] f.;
of Leptodactylus, [219] f.;
of eggs by Desmognathus, [103], [103];
by Autodax, [108]
Nyctibatrachus, [240]
Nyctimantis rugiceps, [189], [206]
Nyctixalus, [238]
Occipital condyle, of Reptilia, [278];
exaggerated importance of, [285];
of Theromorpha, [302];
of Pareiasauri, [305];
of Cynognathus, [307];
of Crateronotus, [307];
of Dicynodon, [310];
of Eusuchia, [437];
of Amphisbaenidae, [496]
Odontaglossa, [140]
Oligodon, dentition, [593] n.
Omosaurus = Stegosaurus, [425]
Omosternum of Anura, [25];
taxonomic value, [141]
Onychodactylus, [96];
O. japonicus, [109]
Operculum of gills, [44]
Ophiderpeton, [81]
Ophiophagus, [632]
Ophiops, [551]
Ophioxylon (plant), [629]
Ophisaurus, [538];
O. apus, [538];
O. gracilis, [538]
Ophthalmosaurus, limbs, [481], [481], [484]
Opisthocoelous, definition, [12]
Opisthoglossa, [140]
Opisthoglypha, [592], [606] f., [623] f.
Oppel, on classification, [7]
Oreobatrachus, [241]
Oreophrynella, [227]
Ornithocheirus, [486]
Ornithomimus, [417];
O. grandis, [429]
Ornithopsis, [419]
Ornithoscelida, [416]
Ornithosuchus, [433]
Orthopoda, [424]
Ossifications, dermal, in Anura, [31], [34], [179], [190], [210], [211]
Osteoderms = ossifications in the skin, of Sphargis, [337];
of Caiman, [337];
of Lizards, [504], [513], [514]
Osteolaemus, [450];
O. tetraspis, [466]
Ouaran, [543]
Oudenodon, [301];
O. rugosus, [310]
Ovary, [49]
Owen, on fossil Reptiles, [303] n.
Oxydactyla, [140]
P. brevipes, [132]
Painted Terrapin, [347], [348];
rate of growth, [349]
Palaeobatrachus, vertebral column, [22], [145]
Palaeohatteria longicaudata, [291];
Paludicola, resembles Engystomops, [166], [212], [220];
P. fuscomaculata, [220];
P. biligonigera, [221]
Paludina, as food of Trionyx, [407]
Parasternum = the sum total of the Abdominal ribs, q.v.;
of Sphenodon, [298];
of Crocodilia, [440];
of Ichthyosauria, [480]
Parasuchia, [433]
Pareiasauri, [301], [302], [304]
Pareiasaurus baini, [304]
Parrots, feathers dyed with poison of Dendrobates, [272]
Pelobates, variation of vertebrae, [19];
sacral vertebra, [22], [161] f.;
P. fuscus, [162];
P. syriacus, [164]
distribution, [161]
P. punctatus, [165];
P. caucasicus, [166]
Pelomedusa galeata, [391]
Pelosaurus, [81]
Pelvic, plexus of Anura, [39]
Pelvis, of Urodela, [15];
of Eryops, [286];
of Microsauri, [289];
of Sphenodon, [298];
of Theromorpha, [302];
of Pareiasauri, [305];
of Cynognathus, [307];
of Dicynodon, [310];
of Chelonia, [319], [319], [320];
of Dinosauria, [414];
of Eusuchia, [441];
of Plesiosauria, [476];
of Ichthyosauria, [480];
of Pterosauria, [485];
of Pythonomorpha, [489];
of Lacertilia, [496]
not a natural group, [65]
Petrels living with Sphenodon, [299]
Phalanges, number of, in Urodela, [15];
in Stegocephali, [79];
in Palaeohatteria, [291];
in Chelone, [379];
in Scelidosaurus, [425];
in Camptosaurus, [427];
in Laosaurus, [427];
in Iguanodon, [428];
in Eusuchia, [441];
in Plesiosauria, [475];
in Lariosaurus, [477];
in Ichthyosauria, [481], [481];
shape in Anura, [138];
peculiar in Pipa, [151]
Phaneroglossa, [152]
Phanéroglosses, [139]
Phanerotis, [213]
Phisalix, on poison of Amphibia, [37]
Pholidosaurus, [451]
Phractamphibia, [78] f.
Phrynaglosses, [139]
Phrynella, [227];
Ph. pollicaris, [233]
Phryniscus, [226], [227], [230];
Ph. nigricans, [230]
Phrynobatrachus, [241]
Phrynocephalus, [521];
deserticolous, [493];
coloration, [494];
Ph. helioscopus, [522];
Ph. interscapularis, [522];
Ph. mystaceus, [522]
Phrynoderma, [241]
Phrynopsis, [241]
Phyllobates, [242];
Ph. bicolor, [242];
Ph. trinitatis, [242]
Phyllodactylus, [507];
Ph. europaeus, [507]
Phyllomedusa, [189], [203] f.;
Ph. bicolor, [203];
Ph. dacnicolor, [203];
Ph. hypochondrialis, breeding habits and development, [204];
Ph. iheringi, [205];
breeding habits, [206]
Phylogeny, of Amphibia, [66];
of Anura, [142] f.;
of Reptilia, [282];
of Lacertilia, [515];
of Ophidia, [592]
Physignathus lesueuri, [523], [524]
Pigment in the skin, [34]
Pipa, [143], [144], [149] f., [150]
Pit-Vipers, [644]
Placodontia, [311]
Placodus, [301];
P. gigas, [311]
Plastron, of Chelonia, [315], [321], [321];
provided with hinges, [323];
sexual characters of, [331];
movable in Emys, [350];
of Chelonidae, [321], [321], [322], [380];
of Pelomedusidae, [390];
of Chelydidae, [399];
of Trionychoidea, [406]
Platecarpus, [490]
Platemys, suppression of neural plates, [324];
skull, [399]
Plathander = Xenopus, [146] f.
Platurus fasciatus s. colubrinus, [637]
Platydactyla, [140]
Platydactylus facetanus, [509], [508]
Platyhyla, [236]
Platysternidae, [314], [326], [345]
Platysternum megacephalum, [345]
Plectromantis, [212]
Plesiosauri, [477] f.
Plesiosauria, [473] f.;
vertebrae, [474]
Plesiosauridae, [478]
P. conybeari, [478];
P. dolichodirus, [478]
Plethodon, [94], [96], [104], [106];
P. erythronotus, [107];
P. glutinosus, [106]
Pleurosaurus, [294]
Pleurosternum, [390]
Plioplatecarpus, [489]
Pliosauridae, [477]
Pliosaurus grandis, [477]
Plover, Egyptian, and Crocodile, [462]
P. expansa, [391] f.;
Bates, on habits of, [392] f.
Poikilothermous, defined, [67]
Poison, of Amphibia, [37], [38];
peculiar use of, [272]
Poison-apparatus, of Heloderma, [540];
of Snakes, [586] f.
Polacanthus, [425]
Polychrus marmoratus, [529]
Polyodontophis, [605] n.
Portschinsky, on parasitic flies, [177] n.
Postpubis, of Dinosaurs, [414], [424], [426]
Pouchet, quoted, [571]
Predentary bone, of Dinosaur, [424]
Prehallux, of Anura, [28]
Prepubis, of Dinosaurs, [414], [424], [426]
Proganochelys, [389]
Proganosauria, [476]
Proreptilia, [285]
Prosauri, [290]
Prosauria, [288]
Prostherapis, [242]
Protection of Amphibia by poison, [38]
Proteidae, [94], [96], [132] f.
Proteroglossa, [140]
Proteroglypha, [625]
Proteus, [96];
Protorosaurus lincki, [291]
Protosphargis, [336]
Protostega, [336]
Psammodromus hispanicus, [558];
P. algirus, [558]
Psammosaurus, [543]
Psephoderma, [337]
Pseudechis porphyriaceus, [634]
P. paradoxa, [213] f.
Pseudobranchus, [96];
P. striatus, [137]
Pseudocentrous, defined, [79]
Pseudophryne, [166], [167], [168];
spawning, [223];
P. australis, [168];
P. bibroni, [168]
Pseudopus, aberrant scaling, [495];
P. pallasi, [538]
Pseudosphargis, [336]
Pseudosuchia, [432]
Ptenopus, [507];
deserticolous, [494]
Pteranodon longiceps, [487]
Pteranodontes, [487]
P. fodiens, [207]
Pterodactyli, [486]
Pterodactylus longirostris, [487];
P. spectabilis, [487]
Pterosauri, [486]
Pterosauria, [484] f.
Ptyas = Zamenis, [611]
Ptychozoon, tail, [506];
P. homalocephalum, [512], [512];
adhesive apparatus, [505]
Pubis, of Dinosaurs, [414], [424], [426]
Pygopus lepidopus, [567]
Python, [598];
P. regius = P. sebae, [601];
P. reticulatus, [598];
Pythoninae, [598] f.
Pythonomorpha, [487] f.
Pyxis arachnoides, [365]
Radde's "law of the steppe," [493]
sacral vertebrae, [22];
shoulder-girdle, [25];
urino-genital organs, [49];
Tadpoles' horny teeth, [58];
vocal sacs, [250];
nuptial excrescences, [250];
large glandular complexes, [250];
distribution, [251];
species with finger-discs, [250];
R. afghana, [250];
R. agilis, [257];
R. albolabris, [250];
R. alticola, [250];
R. arvalis, [257];
R. catesbiana, [261];
R. chalconota, [250];
R. chloronota, [250];
R. corrugata, [250];
R. curtipes, [250];
R. cyanophlyctis, [250];
R. elegans, [250];
R. erythraea, [250];
R. esculenta, [263];
mechanism of tongue, [268];
vocal sacs, [269];
var. chinensis, [267];
var. lessonae, [265];
var. ridibunda, [264];
var. typica, [265];
R. fontinalis, [262];
R. glandulosa, [250];
R. gracilis, [261];
R. graeca, [259];
R. guppyi, [261];
R. halecina, [263];
R. hexadactyla, [250];
R. iberica, [258];
R. latastei, [259];
R. liebigi, [250];
R. mascareniensis, [250];
R. montezumae, [250];
R. mugiens, [261];
R. opisthodon, [260];
R. oxyrhynchus, [250];
R. rugosa, [250];
R. silvatica, [259];
R. temporalis, [250];
R. temporaria, [251] f., [255];
R. tigrina, [261]
Ranidens, [96];
R. sibiricus, [109]
Raninae, [139], [237], [238] f.;
distribution, [239]
Rappia, [241]
Rattle of Rattle-Snake, [644]
Rattle-Snake, [648] f., [648], [650]
Reduction of limbs, in Urodela, [16];
in Lacertilia, [497]
Regeneration, in Amphibia, [66] f.;
of tail in Sphenodon, [298];
of shell in Chelonia, [329];
of horny shields in Chelonia, [329], [386];
of tail in Lacertilia, [495];
of tail in Geckos, [506]
Regions, geographical, [74] f.
Reproduction of Tortoise-shell, [386]
Reptilia, defined, [277];
principal characters of, [278];
classification of, [279];
diagram of affinities of principal groups, [282];
affinities to Mammalia, [303], [309]
Respiration, mode of, in Chelonia, [331];
assisted by anal sacs, [330]
Respiratory organs, of Amphibia, [40]
Rhachiodontinae, [622]
Rhacophorus, [151], [186], [238], [241], [244], [246];
Rh. leucomystax, [247];
tadpoles, [249];
Rh. maculatus, nesting, [248];
Rh. madagascariensis, [245];
Rh. maximus, [245];
Rh. reinwardti, [247];
Rh. reticulatus, [248];
Rh. schlegeli, nesting, [248]
Rhampholeon spectrum, [580]
Rhamphorhynchus longicaudatus, [486];
Rh. phyllurus, [486];
Rh. muensteri, [487]
Rhamphosuchus crassidens, [453]
Rhinatrema, [89]
Rhinochelys, [390]
Rhinoderma, [226], [227], [228];
Rh. darwini, [228] f.
Rhinophis, [91];
Rh. sanguineus, [596]
Rhinophrys, [167]
Rhynchocephali, [292]
Rhynchosaurus, [292]
Rhytidosteus, [83]
Ribs, of Urodela, [14];
of Anura, [21];
of Microsauri, [288];
of Sphenodon, [297];
of Theromorpha, [302];
of Cynognathus, [307];
of Microgomphodon, [309];
of Chelonia, [315], [320], [324];
of Dinosauria, [413];
of Crocodilia, [438];
of Parasuchia, [434];
of Eusuchia, [439];
of Lacertilia, [495];
of Geckones, [504];
much elongated in certain Iguanidae, [529];
meeting ventrally in Chameleons, [568]
Ridewood, on hyoid apparatus of Anura, [31]
Ritter and Miller, on Autodax, [107]
Robinson, on peculiar use of Varanus, [546]
Rodriguez, gigantic tortoises, [374]
Rostral bone of Ceratopsia, [430]
Round Island snake, [603]
Sacral vertebrae of Anura, [21], [22]
Salamandra, [115] f.;
trunk-vertebra, [14];
skull, [17];
lower jaw, [17];
S. atra, [119] f.;
S. caucasica, [121];
S. maculosa, [115] f.
S. keyserlingi, [109];
S. schrenki, egg-sac, [110]
S. perspicillata, [122];
skull, [17]
Sarasin, P. and F., [10];
on Coeciliae, [88];
on Ichthyophis, [90]
Sauria, [491] f.
Saurichnites salamandroides, [83]
Sauropoda, [418]
Sauropterygia, [476]
Saurosternum, [291]
Scales of Apoda, [87]
Scaling, aberrant, [495]
Scaphiophryne, [225], [226], [227]
S. solitarius, [165]
Scapteira, deserticolous, [494]
Scapula, attached to thoracic vertebrae, [487]
Scelidosaurus, [416];
S. harrisoni, [425]
Scheuchzer, on Homo diluvii testis, [84]
Schlegel, on Cryptobranchus, [100]
Schuberg, on mechanism of finger-discs of Hylidae, [187]
Schwalbe, on Salamandra atra, [120]
Scincus officinalis, [561]
Sciurus bicolor, squirrel, [248]
Scolecomorphus, [90]
Sea Snakes, [635]
Seeley, on fossil Reptiles, [303] n.
Segmental duct, [49]
Sense-organs, of Chelonia, [329] f.;
of Crocodiles, [445] f.
Sepedon haemachates, [632], [633]
Seps, [562]
Seychelles, gigantic tortoises of, [373]
Shell of Chelonia, [321] f., [319], [320], [321], [322], [323], [327];
partial regeneration of, [329];
correlated changes, [328]
Shields, horny, of Chelonia, [322], [323], [325] f., [327];
evolution of, [326] f.;
individual variation in, [326], [327];
periodical peeling of, [328]
Shoulder-girdle, of Urodela, [14];
of Anura, [24], [25], [138] f.;
arciferous, [24], [25], [138];
firmisternal, [24], [25], [138];
of Aglossa, [144];
of Microsauri, [289];
of Protorosauri, [290];
of Theromorpha, [302];
of Pareiasauri, [305];
of Dicynodon, [310];
of Chelonia, [318], [319], [320];
of Dinosauria, [414];
of Eusuchia, [440];
of Plesiosauria, [474];
of Cryptoclidus, [475];
of Ichthyosauria, [480], [481];
of Pterosauria, [485];
of Pteranodon, [487];
of Pythonomorpha, [488];
of Lacertilia, [496]
Shufeldt, on Axolotl, [114];
on Heloderma, [540] n.
Simosaurus, [477]
Siredon (Axolotl), [112]
Siren, [96];
Sistrurus miliarius, [647]
Skeleton, figured, of Testudo, [319];
of Chelone, [320];
of Brontosaurus, [418];
of Ceratosaurus, [422];
of Stegosaurus, [426];
of Iguanodon, [428];
of Triceratops, [430];
of Pterodactylus, [485]
Skin, of larval Amphibia, [31];
shedding of, [32];
glands, [32];
pigment, [34];
change of colour, [35];
poison, [36];
of Apoda, [87];
of Pipa, [149];
forms receptacles for eggs, [151], [248];
of Eusuchia, [441] f.
Skin-glands, of Crocodiles, [443];
of Lacertilia, [497];
of Geckones, [504];
of Snakes, [583]
Skull, of Urodela, [16] f., [17];
of Amblystoma, [17];
of Salamandrina, [17];
of Salamandra, [17];
of Anura, [28] f.;
Skull, of Reptilia, [280], [281]:
–of Proreptilia: Cricotus, [287];
Eryops, [286]:
–of Microsauri, [289]:
–of Protorosauri, [280];
–of Rhynchocephali (Sphenodon), [280], [295], [295]:
–of Theromorpha, [280], [301], [303];
Theriodontia, [306];
Mammalian resemblances, [308] f.;
Lycosaurus [307];
Endothiodon, [307];
Gomphognathus, [308];
Oudenodon, [310];
Placodus, [311]:
–of Mammalia, generalised, [281]:
–of Chelonia, [316] f., [280];
Sphargis, [335];
Chelonidae, [317], [378], [379];
Thalassochelys, [379];
Clemmys, [356];
Testudo, [364];
Pelomedusidae, [390];
–of Dinosauria, [412] f., [422];
Anchisaurus, [421];
Ceratosaurus, [422];
Diplodocus, [419]:
–of Crocodilia, [280];
Pseudosuchia, [432];
Parasuchia, [433];
Eusuchia, [434] f.;
Gavialis, [452];
Crocodilus americanus, [466];
C. niloticus, [460];
C. palustris, [455];
C. porosus, [458];
Alligator, [468]:
–of Plesiosauria, [473];
Nothosaurus, [477]:
–of Ichthyosauria, [479];
Ichthyosaurus, [281]:
–of Pterosauria, [484];
Dimorphodon, [281]:
–of Pythonomorpha, [488];
Clidastes, [281]:
–of Lacertilia, [281];
Geckones, [504];
Uromastix, [281];
Iguanidae, [528];
Anguidae, [537];
Helodermatidae, [540];
Varanidae, [281], [542], [543];
Varanus, [281];
Tejidae, [547];
Lacertidae, [281], [550], [550];
Lacerta, [281];
Scincidae, [559];
Amphisbaenidae, [565];
–of Ophidia, [281], [596], [597], [588];
Crotalus, [588]
Slugs eaten by tortoises, [363]
Smell, sense of, of Chelonia, [330]
Smith, the, = Hyla faber, peculiar nursing habits, [196] f.
Snakes, [581] f.;
skull, [581] f., [281], [588], [596], [597] f.;
vertebrae, [582];
general anatomical structure, [583] f.;
geographical distribution, [585] f., [585];
classification, [592] f.
Snake-charming, [631]
Snake-poison, [586] f.
Snake-stones, [629] f.
Snapping Turtle, [338] f.
Soft-shelled Turtle, [408]
Sound produced by rubbing of scales of Teratoscincus, [507]
Spade-foot, [162]
Spelerpes, [94], [96], [97], [103], [104], [106];
S. altamazonicus, [104];
S. bilineatus, [104];
tongue, [106];
S. infuscatus, [104];
S. lineolus, [104];
S. parvipes, [104];
S. porphyriticus, [105];
S. salmoneus, [105];
S. subpalmatus, [104];
S. uniformis, [104]
Spencer, on habits of Chiroleptes, [221] f.
Spermatozoa of Amphibia, [52] f.
Sphargidae, [313], [314], [333] f.;
affinities, [336];
morphology of shell, [337]
Sphargis coriacea, [333] f., [334];
absence of horny shields, [325]
Sphenodon, [288], [290], [305], [306], [432];
skull, [295];
cervical vertebrae, [297];
habits, [298] f.
Spiny-tailed Lizard, [524] f.
Spiracle, development, [45]
Spotted Newt, [127]
Spy-Slange, [632]
St. Helena, gigantic tortoises introduced, [375]
Stagonolepis, [434]
on vertebrae of Pelobates, [20]
Staurotypus salvini, [342]
Stegocephali, [78] f.;
St. Lepospondyli, [80] f.;
St. Temnospondyli, [81] f.;
St. Stereospondyli, [83] f.;
vertebrae, [78] f.;
shoulder-girdle, [79];
dermal armour, [79]
Stegosauri, [425]
Stegosaurus armatus, [425];
Stenodactylus, deserticolous, [494];
sleeping attitude, [509]
S. incrassatus, [231]
Stereorhachis, [308]
Stereospondylous vertebrae, defined, [284]
Sternothaerus, [324], [389], [390];
S. derbianus, [391];
shields of, [327]
Sternum, of Urodela, [15];
of Anura, [25];
taxonomic value, [141], [142];
of Sphenodon, [297] f.;
Protorosauri, [290];
Dinosauria, [414];
Eusuchia, [440]
Stewart, quoted, on Heloderma, [540] n.
Stinkpot Terrapin, [342]
Suboccipital (first spinal nerve) of Anura, [144]
Subregions, geographical, [74] f.
Syrrhopus, [212]
Systomata, [139]
Tadpoles, horny teeth of, [58] f.;
absorption of tail, [61] f.;
of Bombinator, [157];
of Alytes, [159];
of Hyla arborea, [193];
of H. versicolor, [195];
of Bufo viridis, [181];
of B. calamita, [183];
of B. vulgaris, [176];
of Thoropa miliaris, [209];
of Pseudis paradoxa, [213];
of Hylodes martinicensis, [214];
of Rhinoderma darwini, [229];
of Arthroleptis seychellensis, [243];
of Rana temporaria, [255];
of R. opisthodon, [260];
of R. esculenta, [270]
its absorption, [61];
of Chelonia, [328];
of Geckos, various shapes, [506];
reproduction of, [506]
Tarentola mauritanica, [508], [509] f.
Tarsus (see also Limbs), of Chelonia, [319], [320], [321];
of Dinosauria, [416], [418], [420], [421], [423], [426];
of Theropoda, [420];
of Compsognathus, [423];
of Iguanodon, [428]
Teeth, of Anura, [30], [138], [139];
substitutes for, [30], [58], [218], [237];
of Apoda, [86];
of Rhynchosaurus, [292];
of Homoeosaurus, [292];
of Rhynchocephali, [292];
of Sphenodon, [296];
of Theromorpha, [301];
of Lycosaurus, [307];
of Galesaurus, [307];
of Endothiodon, [307];
of Empedias, [308];
of Stereorhachis, [308];
of Gomphognathus, [308];
of Tritylodon, [309];
Mammalian resemblances, [309];
of Anomodontia, [309];
of Gordonia, [280];
of Placodus, [311];
of Sauropoda, [418] f., [419];
of Theropoda, [420] f., [422];
of Orthopoda, [424] f.;
of Eusuchia, [437];
of Ichthyosauri, [479];
of Snakes, [582]
Teleosauridae, [450]
Teleosaurus, [451]
Telerpeton elginense, [291]
Temnospondylous vertebrae, defined, [284]
Temperature of blood, [67] f.;
of water for Crocodiles, [460]
Tennent, on immunity of Cobras, [629] f.;
on turtles at Ceylon, [384], [386];
on habits of Crocodilus palustris, [456] f.;
on habits of C. porosus, [459];
on peculiar use of Varanus, [545];
on habits of Gecko, [511]
Tentacular apparatus of Apoda, [45], [86], [88]
Tephrometopon, [493]
Teratoscincus, deserticolous, [493];
eye, [494];
T. scincus, [507]
Terrapin, [359] f.
Testis, [49]
Testudinidae, [313], [314], [345];
distribution, [332]
Testudo, [365];
shields of, [327];
T. elegans, [370] f.;
T. elephantina, [374];
T. elephantopus, [378];
T. ephippium, [378];
T. gigantea, [374];
T. graeca, [365] f.;
habits, [367];
eggs, [369];
great age, [369];
T. grandidieri, [373];
T. horsfieldi, [370];
T. ibera, [366];
age attained, [369];
rate of growth, [370];
T. marginata, [367];
T. perpigniana, [372];
T. polyphemus, [371] f.;
T. sumeirei, [376];
Tetradactylus, [559];
T. africanus, [559];
T. seps, [559]
Tetrapoda, Credner's name for "four-footed" creatures in opposition to the fishes, which have fins, [4], [11]
Thalassemydidae, [380]
Thalassochelys caretta, individual variation of shields, [326], [327], [387];
skull, [379]
Thecophora, definition of term, [337], [338]
Theobald, on Varanus, [544]
Theriodontia, [306]
their affinity to Mammals, [303] f., [309]
Theropoda, [420]
Thilenius, quoted, [571] n.
Thoracosaurus, [451]
Th. pennatulus, [103]
Th. miliaris, [209]
Tiger Snake, [634]
Tiliqua s. Cyclodus, [561]
Toad, see Bufo, [169];
Toes, number of, in Urodela, [16];
in Anura, [28];
of Geckos, structure, [505], [505]
T. schlegeli, [453]
Tongue, of Amphibia, nerve-supply, [39];
shape of, in Anura, [47];
of Spelerpes, [106];
absent in Aglossa, [145];
of Rana esculenta, [268];
of Crocodiles, [443];
of Lacertilia, [498];
of Chameleons, [569] f.
Tortoise, Greek, [365] f.;
habits, [367] f.;
Moroccan, [366];
habits, [367] f.;
Starred, [370] f.;
Gopher, [371] f.;
Gigantic Land-Tortoises, [372] f.
Tortoises = Chelonia, [312] f.
Tortoise-shell of commerce, [386]
Trachea, of Crocodiles, [443]
Tree-frogs, [185] f.;
change of colour, [35]
Triceratops, [413];
T. flabellatus, [430]
Trichobatrachus, [240];
T. robustus, [271]
Trigonocephalus cenchris, [645], [645], [646], [646]
Trimerorhachis, [82]
Trionychidae, [313];
distribution, [333]
Trionychoidea, [313], [314], [404] f.;
habits, [407]
Trionyx, nuchal plate, [324];
skull, [405];
plastron, [406];
number of costal plates, [325];
T. hurum, [410];
T. triunguis, [410]
Triprion, [179], [185], [189];
T. petasatus, [207]
Trirhachiodon, [309]
Triton, [122] f., [96], [115], [125], [128], [131];
fossil, [83];
spermatophores, [53];
T. blasii, [126];
T. cristatus, [122], [125], [125];
T. hagenmuelleri, [123];
T. helveticus, [127];
T. italicus, [127];
T. montadoni, [127];
T. palmatus, [127];
T. poireti, [123];
T. punctatus = vulgaris, [127];
T. pyrenaeus, [130];
T. pyrrhogaster, [123], [128];
T. taeniatus = vulgaris, [127];
egg, [128];
T. waltli, [123], [130], [131]
Tropidonotus, [607];
T. natrix, [608] f.;
T. ordinatus, [611];
T. tesselatus, [611]
Tropidosaura, [558]
Tuatera, [293]
Tupinambis, [548];
T. teguixin, [548];
T. nigropunctatus, [548], [548]
Turtles, [378] f.;
skeleton, [320];
plastron, [321];
on Laysan Islands, [383];
Green or Edible, [381] f.;
T. andersoni, [130];
T. verrucosus, [132]
Tympanic cavity, reduction of, in Anura, [30];
in Ophidia, [583]
Tympanum of Aglossa, [143]
Typhlomolge, [96];
T. rathbuni, [135]
T. compressicauda, [93]
Typhlops, [91];
T. braminus, [594];
T. vermicularis, [594]
Typhlosaurus, [564]
Typhlotriton, [94], [96], [102];
T. spelaeus, [103]
Urino-genital organs, [48] f., [49]
Urodaeum of Chelonia, [330]
Urodela, [94] f.;
geographical distribution, [96]
Uromastix, [524];
U. acanthinurus, [526], [526];
U. hardwicki, [525]
Uropeltis, [595];
U. grandis, [595]
Uroplates, [512]
Uroplatinae, [512]
Urostyle, of Anura, [23];
of Chelonia, [328]
skull, [542];
distribution, [543]
Varanus, [543];
V. gouldi, [546];
V. griseus, skull, [542];
V. niloticus, [543];
Vertebrae, procoelous, definition, [19], [138];
acentrous, i.e. without a centre or body, [4];
amphicoelous, defined, [12];
of Urodela, [11];
gastrocentrous, defined, [282];
lepospondylous, [5];
defined, [78];
notocentrous, [4];
defined, [19];
opisthocoelous, defined, [12], [138];
stereospondylous, defined, [79], [284];
temnospondylous, [13];
development of–in Urodela, [12], [13];
in Anura, [19];
of trunk of Salamandra, [14];
epichordal, [20];
sacral, of Anura, [22];
shifting forwards of sacral attachment of ilium, [23];
of Reptilia, composition of, [283], [288];
trunk-vertebrae of Eryops, [283], [286], [286];
of Cricotus, [287];
of Microsauri, [289];
of Sphenodon, [294], [296], [297];
atlas and axis of Sphenodon, [283];
of Theromorpha, [302];
of Pareiasauri, [305];
atlas fused with axis in Cynognathus, [307];
of Dimetrodon, with peculiar processes, [308];
of Chelonia, [314] f.;
atlas of Trionyx, [283];
of Chelys, [283];
of Dinosauria, [413];
hollow in Dinosaurs, [415], [420];
of Eusuchia, [438] f.;
atlas and axis of Crocodilus, [283];
of Metriorhynchus, [283];
of Pterosauria, [485];
of Ichthyosauria, [480];
of Pythonomorpha, [488];
of Lacertilia, [494];
of Geckones, [503];
of Snakes, [582]
Vertebral column, instance of greatest shortening, [144];
of Stegocephali, [78];
of Anura, [18] f., [21], [22];
Palaeobatrachus, [22];
Bombinator, [22];
of Apoda, [86];
number of vertebrae of Protorosaurus, [291];
of Palaeohatteria, [291];
of Homoeosaurus, [292];
of Sphenodon, [297];
of Cynognathus, [306];
of Iguanodon, [428];
of Eusuchia, [440];
of Plesiosauria, [474];
of Elasmosauridae, [478]
Vesiculae seminales, [49], [51]
Viper, Common, [641] f., [620], [642]
Vipera, [641];
V. aspis, [643];
V. berus, [641], [642], [620];
V. latastei, [643];
V. russelli, [643]
Viperidae, [592], [593], [637]
Viperinae, [638]
Viperine Snake, [610]
Vis, de, on Chlamydosaurus, [523]
Viviparous, Chameleon, [572];
Lacertilia, [499];
Geckos, [506]
Vocal sacs, [47] f.;
of Paludicola, [220];
of Rhinoderma, used as brood-pouches, [228]
Voeltzkow, on nesting of Crocodiles, [462] f.;
on Testudo daudini, [375]
Voice, [47]
Wagler, [8]
Wallace, on Rhacophorus, [246] f.
Wall-Lizard, [557]
Warning, attitudes, of Bombinator, [157];
of Heloderma, [541]
Weismann, on Axolotl, [64], [114]
Werner, on Eryx, [604]
White's aged Tortoise, [369]
Wilder, on Desmognathus, [103]
Xantusia, [547]
Xenobatrachus, [225];
X. ophiodon, [228]
Xenopeltis unicolor, [605]
Xenopus, [143];
distribution, [143], [144], [146] f.;
X. calcaratus, [146];
X. muelleri, [146]
Xenorhina, [228]
Xenosaurus grandis, [536]
Zachaenus, [212]
Zamenis constrictor, [613];
Z. gemonensis s. viridiflavus, [612];
Z. hippocrepis, [613];
Zander, on habits of Agama, [520];
of Phrynocephalus, [522];
of Eryx, [604]
Zaocys carinatus, [614], [615]
Zatachys, [82]
Zeller, on spermatophores, [53];
on Proteus, [134]
Zonurus derbianus s. giganteus, [536], [537]
END OF VOL. VIII
Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.
THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY
EDITED BY
S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S. and A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S.
In Ten Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Medium 8vo. 17s. net each.
PROTOZOA, COELENTERATES, ECHINODERMS, etc.
VOLUME I.
Protozoa, by Marcus Hartog, M.A., D.Sc.; Porifera (Sponges), by Igerna B. J. Sollas, B.Sc.; Coelenterata and Ctenophora, by S. J. Hickson, M.A., F.R.S.; Echinodermata, by E. W. MacBride, M.A, F.R.S.
NATURE.–"Taken in conjunction with the earlier published volumes, the work seems to fulfil the purpose of providing an intelligible and adequate survey of the entire animal kingdom without giving undue prominence to particular groups.... The illustrations are excellent."
FIELD.–"The book can be in the strongest manner recommended to those for whose benefit it has been written. We know of no work from which a more truly scientific account of the Protozoa, Echinodermata, and other lower forms of animal life could be gained."
OUTLOOK.–"There is much valuable matter in these well-planned sections which will render the volume, like the others which have preceded it, a necessary book of reference in every well-equipped library."
WORMS, ROTIFERS, AND POLYZOA
VOLUME II.
Flatworms and Mesozoa, by F. W. Gamble, D.Sc.; Nemertines, by Miss L. Sheldon; Threadworms and Sagitta, by A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S.; Rotifers, by Marcus Hartog, M.A., D.Sc.; Polychaet Worms, by W. Blaxland Benham, D.Sc., M.A.; Earthworms and Leeches, by F. E. Beddard, M.A., F.R.S.; Gephyrea and Phoronis, by A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S.; Polyzoa, by S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S.
CAMBRIDGE REVIEW.–"Several of the groups treated of in this volume are unknown, by sight even, to the general reader, and possess no popular name whatsoever; and as only a few insignificant details are known of the habits of the animals composing them, their treatment in the volume before us has necessarily been to a large extent anatomical. This circumstance renders the book of especial value to students, more particularly as in some cases the articles on the groups in question are the first comprehensive ones dealing with their respective subjects.... Most of the articles are of a very high order of merit–taken as a whole, it may be said that they are by far the best which have as yet been published.... We may say with confidence that the same amount of information, within the same compass, is to be had in no other zoological work."
NATURAL SCIENCE.–"This second volume of the Cambridge Natural History is certain to prove a most welcome addition to English Zoological literature. It deals with a series of animal groups, all deeply interesting to the specialist in morphology; some important from their economic relations to other living things, others in their life-histories rivalling the marvels of fairy-tales. And the style in which they are here treated is also interesting; history and the early observations of the older writers lend their charm; accounts of habits and mode of occurrence, of life, in a word, from the cradle to the grave, are given in ample detail, accompanied by full references to modern and current literature. The whole is admirably illustrated."
MOLLUSCS AND BRACHIOPODS
VOLUME III.
Molluscs, by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A.; Brachiopods (Recent), by A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S.; Brachiopods (Fossil), by F. R. C. Reed, M.A.
TIMES.–"There are very many, not only among educated people who take an interest in science, but even among specialists, who will welcome a work of reasonable compass and handy form containing a trustworthy treatment of the various departments of Natural History by men who are familiar with, and competent to deal with, the latest results of scientific research. Altogether, to judge from this first volume, the Cambridge Natural History promises to fulfil all the expectations that its prospectus holds out."
FIELD.–"We know of no book available to the general reader which affords such a vast fund of information on the structure and habits of molluscs."
KNOWLEDGE.–"If succeeding volumes are like this one, the Cambridge Natural History will rank as one of the finest works on natural history ever published."
ATHENÆUM.–"The series certainly ought not to be restricted in its circulation to lecturers and students only; and, if the forthcoming volumes reach the standard of the one here under notice, the success of the enterprise should be assured."
VOLUME IV.
Crustacea, by Geoffrey Smith, M.A.; Trilobites, etc., by H. Woods, M.A.; Limulus, Linguatulida, and Tardigrada, by A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S.; Spiders, Mites, Scorpions, etc., by C. Warburton, M.A.; Pycnogonids, by D'Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., M.A.
[In the Press.
PERIPATUS, MYRIAPODS, AND INSECTS–Part I.
VOLUME V.
Peripatus, by Adam Sedgwick, M.A., F.R.S.; Myriapods, by F. G. Sinclair, M.A.; Insects, Part I., Introduction, Aptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and a portion of Hymenoptera (Sessiliventres and Parasitica), by David Sharp, M.A., M.B., F.R.S.
FIELD.–"Although written for the student and the specialist, the book is not the less adapted to all intelligent readers who wish to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with the habits, structure, and the modern classification of the animals of which it treats. To such it cannot be recommended too strongly."
SCIENCE GOSSIP.–"Every library, school, and college in the country should possess this work, which is of the highest educational value."
Prof. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S., in his Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London, said:–"The authors of this volume are certainly to be congratulated upon having furnished such a valuable contribution to our literature. When its successor appears, and I will venture to express the hope that this will be at no very distant period, we shall be in possession of a treatise on the natural history of insects which, from the point of view of the general reader, will compare most favourably with any similar work that has been published in the English language."
ENTOMOLOGISTS MONTHLY MAGAZINE.–"We venture to think the work will be found indispensable to all who seek to extend their general knowledge beyond the narrowing influence of exclusive attention to certain orders or groups, and that it will take a high position in 'The Cambridge Natural History' series."
INSECTS–Part II.
VOLUME VI.
Hymenoptera continued (Tubulifera and Aculeata), Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Aphaniptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Anoplura, by David Sharp, M.A., M.B., F.R.S.
SATURDAY REVIEW.–"Dr. Sharp's treatment is altogether worthy of the series and of his own high scientific reputation. But in a work of this sort it is not only necessary that information should be accurate, but also that it shall be presented to the eye, so far as illustrations and printing are concerned, in such a way as to render its matter as easily intelligible as possible, and readily usable for purposes of reference. Under both these heads we have nothing but commendation for Mr. Sharp's treatise. The illustrations are indeed beautiful, and the use of the heavy type for the headings of the various sections and leading paragraphs materially helps the reader in the progress of his study. Certainly this is a book that should be in every entomologist's library."
DAILY NEWS.–"It would be hard to say too much in praise of this most admirable volume. It is too often the case that scientific books are written in a dull and uninteresting style. The reader will find nothing of that kind to complain of here. The descriptions are clear, the illustrations are excellent; while, as in the previous volumes of the series, printing and paper are all that could be desired."
FISHES, ASCIDIANS, etc.
VOLUME VII.
Hemichordata, by S. F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S.; Ascidians and Amphioxus, by W. A. Herdman, D.Sc., F.R.S.; Fishes (exclusive of the Systematic Account of Teleostei), by T. W. Bbidge[**Bridge??], Sc.D., F.R.S.; Fishes (Systematic Account of Teleostei), by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S.
ATHENÆUM.–"All who take a serious interest in the advance of ichthyology will find this a fascinating book."
NATURE NOTES.–"It is a thoroughly scholarly work for students, amply sustaining the reputation of an ancient university as being in the van of scientific progress."
AMPHIBIA AND REPTILES
VOLUME VIII.
By Hans Gadow, M.A., F.R.S.
FIELD.–"The work is worthy of the series in which it appears, and we cannot give it higher praise."
SCIENCE GOSSIP.–"More than maintains the high scientific reputation of this series. The herpetologists, or students of the Amphibia and Reptiles, have now a standard work of the highest class."
LANCET.–"An account of both Amphibia and Reptiles which should satisfy the expert, and at the same time entertain the reader who is merely interested in the tit-bits of natural history.... A book full of accurate information and pleasant reading."
MORNING POST.–"A delightful as well as a serviceable book.... Herein perhaps lies the great charm and merit of Dr. Gadow's book, that, while satisfying all the inquiries of the student, it is also in great part written for the ordinary intelligence, and the naturalist in the crowd may, while necessarily gliding over distressing technicalities, find in its pages many hours of profitable and entertaining study of the habits of the classes under notice."
NATURE.–"In concluding the review we would express the opinion that by this handsome volume a very important addition to science has been made; that the beautiful illustrations, together with the clear and charming accounts of the life-histories which it contains, will do much to popularise the study of a rather neglected section of zoology; and that lovers of Reptiles, of which there are more than one generally thinks, will feel that the new knowledge imparted to them emanates from one who is thoroughly in sympathy with their enthusiasm."
BIRDS
VOLUME IX.
By A. H. Evans, M.A.
IBIS.–"Mr. Evans has produced a book full of concentrated essence of information on birds, especially as regards their outer structure and habits, and one that we can cordially recommend as a work of reference to all students of ornithology."
NATURE NOTES.–"We venture to predict that, of the ten volumes of which this excellent series is planned to consist, none will secure a wider popularity than Mr. Evans's treatise on birds. Strange as it may appear, among the many books on birds that have appeared of late years, we do not recall any that covers the same ground.... We are grateful to the author for the mine of valuable information which he has crowded between his two covers."
SCIENCE GOSSIP.–"General readers will find this work most useful in obtaining a proper understanding of birds, and will be assisted by the effective diagram of a hawk in the introduction, showing the recognised names of every part of the exterior appearance. The expressions used in naming the various portions are fully explained on the adjoining page. As we have already said, the illustrations are admirable. The book is a useful addition to any library, as it treats of nearly every known kind of bird throughout the world."
SATURDAY REVIEW.–"The expert and the novice alike must be at once delighted by the accuracy and the beauty of the illustrations.... It is astonishing to note the mass of information the author has been able to bring together.... With a little practice any observant person would soon learn by the help of this volume to track down any bird very nearly to its ultimate place in classification."
MAMMALIA
VOLUME X.
By Frank Evers Beddard, M.A., F.R.S.
NATURE.–"Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and palæontology."
ATHENÆUM.–"Mr. Beddard has produced a volume equal in interest and value to the others in the Cambridge series."
LAND AND WATER.–"A notable book, the result of long study, patient labour, sound reasoning, and careful selection, for which we are deeply indebted to the author."
DAILY NEWS.–"A volume which, for the interest of its contents and for its style and method of treatment, is not only worthy of its predecessors, but may be regarded as one of the most successful of a brilliant series."
KNOWLEDGE.–"In this volume Mr. Beddard has undoubtedly made an important contribution to the history of mammals, his text-book being the only one which can be said to be up to date and to contain notices of the many important types–both recent and fossil–discovered during the last few years."
FIELD.–"Its utility to the working zoological student can hardly be overrated. It is exceedingly well illustrated."
LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.