Dominance of Positivism, 1851–1860.
1851–1860. Mileage of European Railway Systems increases by 250 per cent.
1851. Lyell: Principles of Geology. Lombroso: Concerning Marzolo’s “Monumenti storici rivelati dall’ analisi della parola.” Schopenhauer: Parerga und Paralipomena. Discovery of the Neanderthal Skull and Other Evidences of the Antiquity of Man. Helmholtz: Ophthalmoscope. Ruhmkorff: Induction Coil. Richard Wagner: Oper und Drama. Millet: Le Semeur; und Courbet: Das Begräbnis von Ornans. 1852. Moleschott: Kreislauf des Lebens. 1855. Pflüger: Electrotonus. Naegeli: Investigations Regarding Vegetable Physiology. Büchner: Kraft und Stoff (Force and Matter). Faraday: Magnetic Philosophy. Discovery of Hot-air Engine, of Bessemer Steel, and of Aniline-violet. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass. 1856. Discovery of the Annular Kiln, of the Regenerative Gas Furnace, and of the Mercurial Air-pump. J. von Liebig: Theory and Practice of Agriculture. Le Play: Les Ouvriers Européens.