The Animal Parasites of Man

by Harold Benjamin Fantham; Max Braun; J. W. W. Stephens; Fred. V. Theobald

FOOTNOTES:

[1] According to Sambon, the Ricinidæ are by no means advantageous to their hosts. These Hemipterous parasites give rise to an intolerable itching which may cause loss of rest, emaciation, and sometimes even death. Birds suffering from phthiriasis of the Ricines are usually in bad health.

[2] For further information on these conditions, see “Die Schmarotzer des Thierreichs,” by P. J. van Beneden, Leipzig, 1876; and “Die Symbiose,” by O. Hertwig.

[3] Oerley, L., “Der Rhabditiden und ihre medizinische Bedeutung,” Berlin, 1886, p. 65.

[4] Lühe, M., “Ueber d. Fix. d. Helm. a. d. Darmwand ihrer Wirthe u. die dadurch verursachten path-anat. Veränderungen d. Wirthsdarmes,” Trans. of IVth Intern. Zool. Cong., Berlin, 1901; Mingazzini, P., “Ric. sul var. modo di fiss. delle tenie alla par. int. e sul loro assorbimento,” Ric. Lab. Anat. Roma e altri Lab. biol., vol. x, 1904; Shipley, A. E., and E. G. Fearnsides, “The Effects of Metazoan Parasites on their Hosts,” Journ. Econ. Biol., 1906, i, 2.

[5] Moursson et Schlagdenhauffen, “Nouv. rech. clin. et phys. sur quelq. liquides organ.,” C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1882, p. 791; Debove, “De l’intox. hydat.,” Bull. et Mém. Soc. méd. des Hôpit., 1888; Linstow, v., “Ueb. d. Giftgehalt d. helm.,”Internat. Monatsschr. f. Anat. u. Phys., xiii, 1896; Peiper, “Z. Symptomatol. der thier. Paras.,” Deutsche med. Wochenschr., 1897, No. 40; Mingazzini, P., “Ric. sul veleno d. elm. int.,” Rass. intern. d. med. modern. Ann., 1901, ii, No. 6; Vaullegeard, A., “Etud. exp. et crit. sur l’action d. helm.,” Bull. Soc. Linn. de Normandie, 1901, 5, Ser. T, vii, p. 84, and others.

[6] Die Geschichte der “Klinisch wichtigen Parasiten,” behandelt H. Vierordt im “Handb. d. Gesch. d. Med. hrsg.” v. M. Neuburger u. J. Pagel, Bd. ii, 1903.

[7] Refer to the collected literature under Dibothriocephalus latus, and the reply to Küchenmeister by Braun (“Ueber den Zwischenwirt des breit. Bandw.” Würzb.: Stuber, 1886).

[8] However, in the Protozoa there are examples of hereditary transmission of parasites, e.g., in the case of Babesia (Piroplasma) bovis and Babesia canis in their invertebrate hosts (ticks); in Crithidia melophagia and Crithidia hyalommæ; and in the case of Spirochæta duttoni in its invertebrate host (a tick).

[9] Independently of propagation, many protozoa protect themselves from death by encystment when the water in which they are living dries up; in this condition the wind may carry them over wide tracts of land.

[10] “Amœbic Dysentery,” Johns Hopkins Hosp. Repts., ii, pp. 395–548, 7 plates.

[11] “On Amœba blattae,” Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia (1879), xxxi, p. 204.

[12] “Entamœba hominis s. Amœba coli (Lösch).” Annali d’Igiene speriment. (1897), vii, p. 103. See also further remarks on p. 34.

[13] Archiv f. Protistenkunde, xxiv, p. 182.

[14] Bull. Soc. Path. Exotique, v, p. 135.

[15] Lung abscesses generally arise by the bursting of a liver abscess through the diaphragm into the right lower lobe of the lung, sometimes also through conveyance of amœbæ by means of the blood-stream (Banting).

[16] These findings were confirmed by Schaudinn by means of investigations on cats and men. Cf. also Alfred Gross, Marchoux, P. G. Woolley, W. E. Musgrave, H. F. Harris and others.

[17] Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, xix, pp, [547–576].

[18] “Life cycle of Amœba coli in Human Body,” American Medicine, 1904, vii, p. 299; viii, p. 185.

[19] Arch. f. Protistenkunde (1911), xxiv, p. 163.

[20] See Darling, 1913, Arch. Intern. Med., vol. ii, pl. i, fig. 3.

[21] Bull. Soc. Med. et Chirurg. Indo-Chine, iv, p. 474.

[22] Centralbl. f. Bakter., Orig., lii, p. 335.

[23] Philip. Journ. Sc. (1911), B, vi, p. 259.

[24] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol. (1913), vii, p. 321.

[25] Brit. Med. Journ., Nov. 15, 1913, p. 1287, and Journ. Lond. School Trop. Med., ii, p. 27.

[26] Noc, F. (1909), Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxiii, p. 177.

[27] See Fantham, H. B. (1911), Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., v, p. 111.

[28] Centralbl. f. Bakter., Orig., lii, p. 335.

[29] Journ. of Med. Research, xxix, p. 43.

[30] Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., lxiv, p. 553.

[31] “The Parasitic Amœbæ of Man,” Lippincott, Philadelphia.

[32] See Craig (1913), Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Prevent. Med., i, p. 351.

[33] Arch. de Parasitologie, i, p. 275.

[34] Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Prevent. Med., ii, p. 256.

[35] Schaudinn (1903), Arb. a. d. Kaiserl. Gesundh., xix, p. 547.

[36] To explain this discrepancy it is stated that the border of the undulating membrane can be detached in the form of an independent flagellum. But Parisi (1910) places such quadriflagellate forms in the sub-genus Tetratrichomonas, Arch. f. Protistenk., xix, p. 232.

[37] According to Marchand, the nucleus is connected with a line, which becomes visible on addition of acetic acid, terminates at the posterior extremity, and does not correspond to the line of insertion of the undulating membrane. This formation probably is the same as the axostyle in Trichomonas batrachorum, Perty. Blochmann (1884) also mentions two longitudinal rows of granules, which commence at the same place as the nucleus and converge posteriorly.

[38] Under the term Cercomonas intestinalis, Lambl in different years has described two entirely distinct Flagellata, namely, in 1859 (“Mikr. Unters. d. Darm- Excrete,” Prag. Vierteljahrsschr. f. prakt. Hlkde., lxi, p. 51; and Lambl, A. d. Franz-Josephs-Kinderspitale in Prag, Prag, 1860, i, p. 360), a form that at the present day is termed Lamblia intestinalis; and in 1875 (in the Russian Medical Report, No. 33), a species identical with Cercomonas hominis, Dav.

[39] Davaine, C., “Sur les anim. infus. trouv. dans les selles d. malad. atteints du cholera et d’autr. malad.,” C. R. Soc. Biol., 1854, ii, p. 129.

[40] For the present the following should be regarded as synonymous: Protoryxomyces coprinarius, Cunningham (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (2) 1880, xxi, p. 234), (Zeitschr. f. Biol., 1882, viii, p. 251). Monocercomonas hominis, Grassi, 1882. Cimænomonas hominis, Grassi, 1882. Trichomonas hominis, Grassi, 1888. Cercomonas coli hominis, May (Deutsches Archiv. f. klin. med., 1891, xlix, p. 51). Monocercomonas hominis, Epstein (Prag. med. Wochenschr. 1893, Nos. 38–40). Trichomonas confusa, Stiles (Zool. Anz., 1902, xxv, p. 689). Trichomonas elongata, Trichomonas elliptica, Cohnheim (Deutsche med. Wochenschr., 1903, xxix, Nos. 12–14). Trichomonas elongata, Trichomonas caudata, Trichomonas flagellata, Steinberg (Kiewer Zeitschr. f. neuere Medicin, 1862). Trichomonas pulmonalis, A. Schmidt, (Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1895, No. 51), and St. Artault (Arch. de parasit. 1898, i, p. 279).

[41] Brit. Journ. Children’s Diseases, x, p. 60.

[42] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vi, p. 120.

[43] Parasitology, iii, p. 210.

[44] Arch. f. Protistenk., xxxiv, p. 1.

[45] Bull. Soc. Med. Chirurg. Indo-Chine, v, p. 55.

[46] Arch. f. Protistenkunde, Suppl. i, p. 169.

[47] Lancet, 1859, ii, p. 503.

[48] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitology, vi, p. 245.

[49] Arch. f. Protistenk. xxii, p. 370.

[50] Geneesk. Tijdschr. v. Nederl. Ind., lii, p. 659; Med. v. d. Burg. Geneesk. d. Nederl. Ind., iii, p. 1.

[51] Mem. Inst. Osw. Cruz., ii, p. 64.

[52] Bull. Soc. Med. Chir. Indo-Chine, i, p. 471.

[53] Gruby’s generic name is generally accepted. Still others have been used, e.g., Undulina, Ray Lankester, Globularia Wedl, Paramecioides Grassi, Trypanomonas Danilewsky, Hæmatomonas Mitrophanow.

[54] Ann. Inst. Pasteur, xxv, p. 497.

[55] Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. & Hyg., viii, p. 1.

[56] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., viii, p. 1.

[57] Robertson (1912), Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, p. 527.

[58] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 27.

[59] Phil. Trans., B (1913), cciii, pp. 161–184.

[60] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 212.

[61] C. R. Acad. Sci., 153, p. 649.

[62] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 513.

[63] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvi, p. 66.

[64] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vi, p. 331.

[65] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, pp. 156, 483.

[66] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 339; viii, p. 379.

[67] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 28.

[68] Stephens and Fantham (1912–13), Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, p. 223, and Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 27.

[69] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., i, p. 441.

[70] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 212.

[71] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxii, p. 411.

[72] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., iv, p. 417.

[73] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, p. 423.

[74] C.R. Soc. Biol., lxxii, p. 58.

[75] C.R. Acad. Sci., 153, p. 1,097.

[76] C.R. Acad. Sci., 154, p. 18.

[77] C.R. Soc. Biol., lxxi, p. 609.

[78] C.R. Soc. Biol., lxxi, p. 271.

[79] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., v, pp. 26, 241.

[80] C.R. Acad. Sci., 154, p. 18.

[81] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., v, p. 101.

[82] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 183.

[83] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 281.

[84] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvii, p. 516.

[85] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vi, pp. 103, 331.

[86] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvi, p. 187.

[87] Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., i, p. 159.

[88] Brazil Medico, Nov. 15, 1910. Longer account in Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, iii, pp. 219–275. See Sleep. Sick. Bull., Nos. 35 and 40.

[89] Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, iii, p. 276.

[90] Rev. Med. S. Paulo (1912), xv, p. 337.

[91] “Protozoa,” p. 294.

[92] C. R. Acad. Sci., clv, p. 658.

[93] Parasitology, iii, p. 360.

[94] Arch. f. Protistenkunde, xxv, p. 386.

[95] Report to Advis. Comm. Trop. Dis. Research Fund for 1913, p. 74.

[96] Nuttall, Parasitology, v, p. 275.

[97] Report to Advis. Comm. Trop. Dis. Research Fund, October, 1912, p. 91. See also Journ. Lond. Sch. Trop. Med., ii, p. 119.

[98] Centralbl. f. Bakt., Orig., lxi, p. 102.

[99] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvii, p. 526.

[100] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvi, p. 187.

[101] C.R. Acad. Sci., cxliv, p. 243.

[102] Philippine Journ. Sc. (Sect. B), vii, p. 53.

[103] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 196.

[104] Brazil Medico, xxvii, p. 366.

[105] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvii, p. 89.

[106] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., iii, p. 381.

[107] C. R. Soc. Biol., lxv, p. 581.

[108] Journ. Med. Research, xxxi, p. 195.

[109] See Bruce and colleagues (1910), Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 15.

[110] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiii, p. 176.

[111] Repts. Sleeping Sickness Commission Roy. Soc. (1913), xiii, p. 82.

[112] Centralbl. f. Bakt. (1910), Orig., liii, p. 303.

[113] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., iv, p. 233.

[114] Zeitschr. f. Immunitatsforschung, iv, p. 422 (1909), and v, p. 337 (1910).

[115] Arch. f. Protist., xiii, p. 1.

[116] Parasitology, ii, p. 367.

[117] Bull. Path. Exot., vi, p. 254.

[118] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxiv, p. 505.

[119] C. R. Acad. Sci., clvii, pp. 423, 744. Ibid., clviii, pp. 450, 770. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, 605.

[120] Proc. Camb. Philosoph. Soc., xviii, p. 39.

[121] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vi, pp. 156, 333, 377.

[122] See Porter, Parasitology, iv, p. 237.

[123] The literature up to 1912, on kala-azar and other leishmaniases is reviewed in the Kala-azar Bulletin. Afterwards in the Tropical Diseases Bulletin.

[124] For the composition of this medium, see Appendix.

[125] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxvii, p. 284.

[126] Sci. Mem. Govt. India, Nos. 27, 31 (1907–08).

[127] Parasitology, iv, p. 387.

[128] Sci. Mem. Govt. India, No. 50.

[129] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 186.

[130] Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop. Hyg., xvii, p. 397.

[131] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 272.

[132] Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis, i, p. 26.

[133] See Wenyon (1914), Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., vii, p. 97; also Critien (1911), Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., v, p. 37.

[134] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 41.

[135] Quoted by Leishman (1911) in his interesting review of Leishmaniasis, Journ. Roy. Army Med. Corps, xvii, p. 567, xviii, pp. 1, 125. Also Quart. Journ. Med. v, pp. 109–152.

[136] Numerous papers in Rendiconti R. Accad. dei Lincei (Rome), xix, xx (1910–11).

[137] See Fantham, Brit. Med. Journ., 1912, ii, p. 1196.

[138] Annales Inst. Pasteur (1914–15), xxviii, pp. 823, 885; xxix, pp. 1, 71.

[139] Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., xlvi, p. 1283: Journ. Exptl. Med. (1909), xi, p. 515.

[140] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vi, p. 318.

[141] Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg., xvii, p. 113.

[142] Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., lii, p. 1.

[143] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxi, p. 500.

[144] Fantham, Parasitology, ii, p. 392.

[145] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxi, p. 500.

[146] Liverpool Sch. Trop. Med., Memoir xvii; Lancet, Nov. 30, 1907, p. 1523.

[147] Journ. Roy. Army Med. Corps, xii, p. 123; Lancet (1910), clxxviii, p. 11.

[148] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., v, p. 479.

[149] Parasitology, iv, p. 133.

[150] Parasitology, iv, p. 463.

[151] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol. (1911), v, p. 479.

[152] Annales Inst. Pasteur, xxvii, pp. 450, 620.

[153] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., viii, p. 471.

[154] Brit. Med. Journ., Dec. 14, 1907, p. 1706.

[155] See also Nuttall, Herter Lecture on Spirochætosis, Parasitology, v, p. 269.

[156] C.R. Acad. Sci., cliv, p. 1636; clv, p. 481.

[157] Journ. Exptl. Med., xvi, p. 261.

[158] Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 466.

[159] Journ. Exptl. Med., xvi, p. 202.

[160] Ibid., p. 205.

[161] Ibid., p. 205.

[162] Ibid., p. 208.

[163] Ibid., p. 620.

[164] Brit. Med. Journ., Nov. 15, 1913. p. 1, 271.

[165] Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 90; xvi, p. 211.

[166] Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 201.

[167] Journ. Exptl. Med., xvii, p. 89.

[168] Centralbl. f. Bakt., Orig., lxxii, p. 107.

[169] Journ. Exptl. Med., xv, p. 81; xvi, p. 194.

[170] See Fantham (1908), Parasitology, i, p. 369.

[171] Notwithstanding the progress made during the last decades, the ova of helminthes and more particularly of trematodes, have been mistaken for Coccidia. Thus Poschinger (Zool. Anz., 1819, ix, p. 471) and Gebhard (Virchow’s Arch., 1897, No. 147, p. 536) mistook the ova of Distoma turgidum, Brds., for Coccidia. Podwyssotzki (Centralbl. f. allg. Path., 1890, i, p. 135) made a similar error with the ova (and vitelline sacs) of a species of Prosthogonimus (Distoma ovatum of the authors); von Willach (Arch. f. wiss. u. prakt. Thierheilk., 1892, xviii, p. 242) mistook the ova of a nematode for Coccidia.

[172] The life-cycle given here is based on that of Eimeria (Coccidium) schubergi, after Schaudinn (1900). See “Untersuchungen über den Generationswechsel bei Coccidien,” Zool. Jahrb., Abt. f. Anat., xiii, pp. 197–292, 4 plates.

[173] Arch. f. Protistenkunde (1911), xxii, p. 71.

[174] Fantham, H. B. (1910), “The Morphology and Life History of Eimeria (Coccidium) avium, a Sporozoön causing a fatal disease among young Grouse,” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, pp. 672–691, 4 plates. Also Fantham, H. B. (1911), “Coccidiosis in British Game Birds and Poultry,” Journ. Econ. Biol., vi, pp. 75–96.

[175] Fantham, H. B. (1910), “Experimental Studies on Avian Coccidiosis, especially in relation to young Grouse, Fowls and Pigeons,” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, pp. 722–731, 1 plate.

[176] For an account of the life-cycle of Eimeria stiedæ consult Wasielewski, Th. von (1904), “Studien und Photogramme zur Kenntnis der pathogenen Protozoen,” Heft. 1 (Coccidia), 118 pp., 7 plates, Leipzig: J. A. Barth. Also, Metzner, R. (1903), Arch. f. Protistenk., ii, p. 13.

[177] Gubler, A., “Tumeurs du foie déterm. par des œufs d’helm. . . .” Mem. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1858, v, 2; and Gaz. med. de Paris, 1858, p. 657; Leuckart, R., Die menschl. Paras., 1863, 1st edition, i, pp. 49, 740.

[178] Leuckart, R., Die menschl. Paras., 1863, 1st edition, i, p. 740.

[179] Leuckart, R., Die Paras. d. mensch., 1879, 2nd edition, p. 281.

[180] Leuckart, R., ibid., p. 282.

[181] Silcock, “A Case of Parasit. by Psorospermia,” Trans. Path. Soc., London, 1890, xli, p. 320.

[182] Pianese has confirmed the fact that Coccidia actually occur in the blood of the hepatic veins of infected rabbits.

[183] Die ei- u. kugelf. Psorosp. d. Wirbelt., 1870, p. 16.

[184] Railliet and Lucet, “Obs. s. quelq. Cocc. intest.,” C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1890, p. 660; Railliet, Trait. Zool. med. et agric., 2e éd., 1895, p. 140.

[185] Arch. f. path. An., xviii, 1860, p. 523.

[186] Podwyssotzki, “Ueb. d. Bedeut. d. Coccid. in d. Path. Leber des Menschen,” Centralbl. f. Bakt., vi, 1889, p. 41.

[187] Thomas, J., “Case of Bone Formation in the Human Brain, due to the Presence of Coccidium oviforme,” Journal Boston Soc. Med. Sc., iii, 1899, p. 167; Centralbl. f. Bakt. [I] xxviii, 1900, p. 882.

[188] “Notes on Paras.,” No. II, Journ. of Comp. Med. and Vet. Sci., 1892, xiii, p. 517.

[189] Arch. f. path. An., 1860, xviii, p. 527.

[190] Grunow, “Ein Fall von Protozoën (Coccidien?) Erkrankung des Darmes,” Arch. f. exper. Path. und Pharm., 1901, xlv, p. 262.

[191] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., iv, p. 255.

[192] Centralbl. f. Bakt., Orig., lxxi, p. 66.

[193] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 437.

[194] Quinine is still almost exclusively the remedy used in the treatment of malaria. It is prepared from the bark of the cinchona tree. This important remedy was introduced into Europe in 1640 from Ecuador by Juan del Vego, physician of the Countess del Cinchon.

[195] The discovery of Laveran is in no way lessened by the fact that one investigator or another (according to Blanchard [Arch. de Paras., vii, 1903, p. 152], P. F. H. Klencke in 1843) had seen, mentioned and depicted malarial parasites. (Neue phys. Abhandl. auf. selbständ. Beob. gegr., Leipzig, 1843, p. 163, fig. 25). In 1847 Meckel had recognized that the dark colour of the organs in persons dead of malaria was due to pigment. Virchow in 1848 stated that this pigment occurred in blood cells. Kelsch in 1875 recognized the frequency of melaniferous leucocytes in the blood of malarial patients. Beauperthuy (1853) noticed that in Guadeloupe there was no malaria at altitudes where there were no “insectes tipulaires,” and suggested that the disease was inoculated by insects.

[196] Grassi, B. (1901), “Die Malaria,” 250 pp., 8 plates. G. Fischer, Jena.

[197] It should be remembered that some authors (Laveran, Argutinsky, Panichi, Serra) argue against the intra-globular position of malarial parasites and state that they only adhere outwardly to the red blood corpuscles. These views have recently been revived by Mary Rowley-Lawson, and she states that the malarial parasite is “extracellular throughout its life-cycle and migrates from red corpuscle to red corpuscle destroying each before it abandons it.” (Journ. Exper. Med., 1914, xix, p. 531.)

[198] The incubation period, that is, the time between infection and the first attack of fever, is ten to fourteen days; with severe infection fewer days (minimum 5 to 6) are needed.

[199] Schizonts ingested about the same time perish in the intestine of the mosquito.

[200] If the microgametocytes are sufficiently mature the formation of microgametes occurs in the blood of man as soon as it is taken from the blood-vessel and has been cooled and diluted. Such a stage is called a Polymitus form, and the process has been called “exflagellation.”

[201] See Schaudinn, F. (1902), Arb. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundheits., xix, pp. 169–250, 3 plates.

[202] The pigment masses (melanin or hæmozoin) are taken up by the leucocytes, particularly the mononuclear ones, and are carried especially to the spleen, and also to the liver and the bone-marrow. From this circumstance arises the well-known pigmentation of the spleen in persons who have suffered from malaria.

[203] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 385.

[204] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxvii, p. 77.

[205] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., viii, p. 85.

[206] Journ. Exptl. Med., xvi, p. 567.

[207] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vi, p. 449; vii, pp. 153, 509.

[208] Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., vi, p. 220.

[209] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vii, p. 621.

[210] Arch. Inst. Bact. Camara Pestana, iii, p. 11.

[211] Parasitology, v (1912), p. 65.

[212] Nuttall and Graham-Smith, Journ. Hyg., vii, p. 232.

[213] “Piroplasmosis,” Herter Lectures, Parasitology, vi, p. 302.

[214] Sci. Mems. Govt. India, No. 29.

[215] Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., li, p. 297.

[216] Sci. Mems. Govt. India, No. 29.

[217] Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., 1, p. 493.

[218] Parasitology, ii, p. 156.

[219] Parasitology, ii, p. 325; iii, p. 117.

[220] Zeitschr. f. Infekt. paras. Krankh. u. Hyg. d. Haustiere, viii, p. 406.

[221] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., iii, p. 135.

[222] Yellow Fever Bulletin, i, p. 251.

[223] C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, xcv, p. 1168.

[224] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vi, pp. 145–214, 3 pls.

[225] C. R. Soc. Biol., lxviii, p. 997.

[226] Centralbl. f. Bakt., Orig., xlvii, p. 612; see also xlvii, p. 56; lv, p. 373.

[227] Journ. Exptl. Med., xii, p. 19.

[228] Sitz. Gesell. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, p. 377.

[229] Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., xi, p. 152.

[230] Science, xxxvii, p. 498.

[231] Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, May, 1914, p. 432.

[232] Proc. Cambr. Philosoph. Soc., xvii, p. 221.

[233] “Ueb. d. hyg. Bdtg. d. Gregarinen,” Dtsche. Ztschr. f. Staatsarzneikunde, 1868, xxvi, p. 326.

[234] “Ein Befund von Psorosp. in Herzmusk d. Menschen,” Ztschr. f. Hygiene, 1892, xi, p. 435.

[235] Kartulis, “Ueb. pathog. Protoz. b. Menschen,” Ztschr. f. Hyg. u. Inf., 1893, xiii, p. 1. Compare also Braun, M., Die Thier. Par. d. Mensch., 2nd Edit., Wrzbg., 1895, p. 92; Braun, M., “Z. Vork. d. Sarcosp., b. Menschen,” Centralbl. f. Bakt. 1895, xviii, p. 13.

[236] “Sur un cas de Tub. Psorosp. ob. chez l’homme,” C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1894 (x), I, p. 201. “Le Parasitisme d. Sarcosp. chez l’homme,” Bibliogr. Anat. 1894, p. 79.

[237] Arch. Internal Med., III, p. 183.

[238] Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., li, p. 81.

[239] See Fantham, Brit. Assoc. Reports, 1907, p. 553.

[240] Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sci., xlix, p. 521.

[241] Journ. Pathol. and Bacteriol., xi, p. 270; and Brit. Med. Journ., Nov. 16, 1907, p. 1402.

[242] New York Med. Journ., December 21, 1907, p. 1149.

[243] La Ciencia Medica (Buenos Ayres), 1912.

[244] Lancet, September 3, 1910, p. 726.

[245] It may be stated that numerous peculiarly shaped species live in the stomach of ruminants, others in the colon of horses. Several species are found in the rectum of frogs and toads; others, again, on the surface of the bodies of fishes; and various other species exist in and on the bodies of invertebrate animals.

[246] Bronn’s Cl. u. Ordn. d. Thierr., i, Protozoa, Part 3, Infusoria.

[247] According to Gourvitch (“Bal. coli. Darmk. d. Menschen,” Russ. Arch. f. Path., klin. med. u. Bact., Petrograd, 1896), the conjugated Balantidia are supposed to fuse with each other and form oval cysts two or three times the size of the free organisms, and to divide into numerous globules within the cystic membrane; the process, however, has hitherto not been confirmed. The supposed Balantidium cysts appeared in two patients who were simultaneously suffering from Dibothriocephalus latus, after the administration of anthelminthics. It therefore seems, according to the description, that in reality these forms were actually abnormally large, possibly swollen, young eggs of the tape-worm mentioned.

[248] Centralbl. f. Bakt., Orig., xlvii, p. 351.

[249] Philip. Jl. Sc., Sec. B, viii, p. 333.

[250] Lehrbuch der Protozoenkunde, 3rd ed., p. 963.

[251] For a detailed account of the Chlamydozoa see Prowazek’s Handbuch der Pathogenen Protozoen, Bd. i (1911–12). Leipzig, J. A. Barth.

[252] Journ. Exptl. Med., xviii, p. 314.

[253] Idem, p. 572.

[254] This grouping goes back to the year 1800, and was made by J. G. H. Zeder, a physician and helminthologist of Forchheim, who divided the helminths, which until 1851 were generally regarded as a special class of animals, into the groups of round, hook, sucker, tape and bladder worms, as which they are recognized up to the present time. In 1809, K. A. Rudolphi gave them the names Nematodes, Acanthocephali, Trematodes, Cestodes and Cystici.

[255] A sucker or acetabulum (little cup) is a round, cup-shaped muscular organ, the muscles of which are sharply defined from those of the body.

[256] Nematobothrium filarina, van Bened., on the branchial chamber of the Tunny.

[257] The following conditions represent deviations from this type: (1) In Gasterostomum the oral aperture is situated in the middle of the ventral surface, and occasionally is even nearer to the posterior than to the anterior end. There is no proper oral sucker, but the pharynx is thus termed. (2) A few genera, such as Gasterostomum, Aspidogaster, Diplozoon, etc., have only one intestinal diverticulum, which is undoubtedly to be taken as representing the primitive condition, as it is also often found in the young stages of the Trematoda. (3) The branches of the intestines are curved and united behind (several Tristomidæ and Monostomidæ), while in Polystomum integerrimum (in the bladder of frogs) there are several commissures between the intestinal branches, and in the Schistosomidæ the united intestinal branches proceed as one channel towards the posterior end. (4) The termination of the two intestinal branches is not always on a level; they are therefore of different lengths. (5) When the œsophagus is very long the intestinal branches extend both forward and backward, so that the gut exhibits the form of an H. (6) In the broad and flat species the gut-forks form diverticula mostly externally but also internally; these again may branch (fig. [139]). (7) In a few cases (Nematobothrium, Didymozoon) the intestine completely disappears up to the pharynx.

[258] The following description relates in the main to the Distomata.

[259] The following description relates mainly to the Distomata.

[260] The typical position of the genitalia is subject to many deviations, which are of importance in the differentiation of the genera and families. The following are some few of these deviations: (1) The genital pore remains on the ventral surface, but is situated beside or behind the ventral sucker, or it becomes marginal, and is then found in front of or beside the oral sucker, or at a lateral edge, or, finally, in the centre of the posterior border; the ducts also correspondingly alter their direction. (2) The ovary usually lies in front of the testes, not rarely, however, behind them or between them. (3) The three genital glands mostly lie together close in front of, or behind, the centre of the body; they may be moved far back, and may incidentally become separated one from the other. (4) The vitellarium may be single, in which case it then may lie in the central field. (5) A few forms possess but one, others several or numerous testes. Amongst the ectoparasitic trematodes there are also species with but one testis; but they mostly have several. As a rule, their uterus is short, but the oötype well developed. Special canals (vagina), single or double, are used for copulation, not the uterus. The vitelline ducts also communicate with the intestine through the canalis vitello-intestinalis (fig. [123]).

[261] Monogenea: Trematoda in which the anterior sucker, if present, is double. Development without an intermediate host.

[262] [Recent work (e.g., Goldschmidt, Zool. Anzeiger, xxxiv, p. 482) has shown that the older views regarding the formation of the egg must be modified. In certain species, at any rate, the shell material is formed by the yellow droplets of the yolk glands and not by the so-called shell gland (Mehli’s gland) secretion, which is clear and watery. The function of this secretion accordingly still requires explanation; according to Looss it serves as a covering secretion for the egg-shell proper. It appears also that other granules, the yolk granules as distinct from the shell drop granules, are not always used up during the development of the embryo and hence do not function as yolk, so these also when they exist, and frequently they are wanting, must serve some other purpose, possibly that of imbibing water for the use of the embryo.—J. W. W. S.]

[263] Holostomata: Prostomata with (in addition to the oral and ventral suckers) a third fixation apparatus, generally on a separate part of the body.

[264] [Also known as ciliated embryos.—F. V. T.]

[265] [In Fasciola hepatica in the summer months the rediæ give rise to daughter rediæ, which then give rise to cercariæ.—J. W. W. S.]

[266] The cercaria is the characteristic larval stage of the Trematodes, and corresponds to a cysticercus or cysticercoid, though there is the important difference that the cercaria has an enteric cavity. According to some observers the enteron is represented by the frontal sucker of some Cestodes, and by the rostellum of the majority of others.

The sporocyst and redia are regarded as intercalated stages, viz., as cercariæ exhibiting pædogenesis, i.e., development of young by a parthenogenetic process from individuals (i.e., cercariæ) not yet adult.

[267] Leiper places this species in a new genus Gastrodiscoides. Genus Gastrodiscoides, Leiper, 1913, distinguished from Gastrodiscus by: (1) large genital cone; (2) position of genital orifice; (3) disc without papillæ; (4) testes one behind the other.

[268] [There does not seem to be any direct evidence of either rabbits or hares normally being invaded by this fluke.—F. V. T.]

[269] [This is not the case in Great Britain; fluky sheep are sent to market, there being no danger to man from eating the flesh.—F. V. T.]

[270] As an example, this occurred in Berlin in the case of 19,034 oxen, 15,542 sheep, 1,704 pigs, and 160 calves in the period of 1883–1893; during which time 719,157 oxen, 1,519,003 sheep, 2,258,110 pigs, and 567,964 calves were slaughtered. As a matter of fact, however, the number of infected beasts was really larger.

[271] In the English translation of Küchenmeister’s work on Parasitology (London, 1857). The specimen is preserved in the Hunterian Museum, London, and is an adult liver fluke, measuring 18 mm. in length and 7 mm. in breadth.

[272] This species from Canis fulvus was for long thought to be the same as that here described as Amphimerus noverca. It probably does not belong to the genus Metorchis.

[273] In the genus Tocotrema the common genital duct opens into the ventral sucker.

[274] It is noteworthy that in this almost classical case no worms were found in any of the sections. It is further noteworthy that the eggs in the rectum showed great irregularity of form. Eggs with a spine at each end were not uncommon; exceptionally eggs with two polar spines and one lateral.

[275] In a case from Madras, recorded by Stephens and Christophers, the eggs were long and spindle-shaped, quite unlike the eggs of Schistosoma hæmatobium.

[276] They may remain simple, and are then not separated from the remaining muscles of the scolex; or they project as roundish or elongated structures over the scolex, hollow on their free surface, and often divided into numerous areas by muscular transverse ribs. They may also carry accessory suckers on their surface.

[277] The various parts of a hooklet are thus named from the point backwards: (1) blade or prong, (2) guard or ventral or posterior root, (3) handle or dorsal or anterior root.

[278] There are, however, tapeworms with only one, others with only two or three testes in each segment.

[279] I.e., regarded from the interior or centre of the invagination.

[280] Bothridia or “phyllidia” are outgrowths from the scolex. They are concave and extremely mobile. By some authors the term “phyllidium” is used for the outgrowth, and the term “bothridium” is restricted to the muscular cup. Bothria, on the other hand, are grooves more or less wide, the musculature of which is only slightly developed and is not separated off internally from the parenchyma. Acetabula, or suckers in the usual sense, are hemispherical cups, without lips and with musculature separated internally from the parenchyma.

[281] Until recently this worm, which was understood to belong to a separate species, was proved on examination by R. Blanchard (“Mai. Par.,” 1896), to be Dibothriocephalus latus. Compare also Galli-Valerio, in Centralbl. f. Bakt., Path. und Infektionskr., 1900 (1), xxvii, p. 308.

[282] The genus is by some authors divided into two sub-genera—Hymenolepis, s. str., and Drepanidotænia, Raill.

Drepanidotænia.—Body, broad lanceolate, testes three, female genitalia antiporal beside the testes. Scolex small, with eight hooks. Neck very short, longitudinal muscle bundles very numerous. No accessory sac opening into genital atrium.

Hymenolepis.—Narrow, female genitalia ventral to or between testes.

[283] Proc. Zool. Soc., 1911, p. 9.

[284] A third cysticercoid resembling this, but without hooks, has also been found.

[285] [The larval stage of the Davaineas occurs in slugs (Limax) and snails (Helix).—F. V. T.]

[286] The Greeks termed the tapeworms ἕλμινθες πλατεῖαι, more rarely χηρία (= fascia); the Romans called them tænia, tinea, tæniola, later lumbrici, usually with the addition lati, to distinguish them from the Lumbrici teretes (Ascaridæ). The proglottids were called Vermes cucurbitini; the cysticerci χάλαζαι (hailstones), later hydatids. Plater (1602) was the first to differentiate Tænia intestinorum (= Bothriocephalus latus) amongst the Lumbrici lati of man from Tænia longissima (= Tænia solium). The term solium was already used by Arnoldus Villanovanus, who lived about 1300; and, according to him, it signifies “cingulum” (belt, chain), while N. Andry, in 1700, traces this word from “solus,” because the worm occurs always singly in man. Leuckart and Krehl derive the word “solium” from the Syrian “schuschl” (the chain), which in Arabian has become “susl” or “sosl,” and in Latin has become “sol-ium.” What Linnæus described under the term Tænia solium was really Tænia saginata; the latter was first distinguished by Goeze, but was forgotten until Küchenmeister, in 1852, again called attention to the differences.

[287] The larvæ which on rare occasions are found in the muscular system of sheep are either strayed specimens of Cysticercus tenuicollis, which normally develop in organs of the abdominal cavity, and appertain to Tænia marginata of the dog, or actually Cysticercus cellulosæ. (Cf. Bongert, in Zeitschr. f. Fleisch- u. Milchhyg., 1899, ix, p. 86.)

[288] According to Gerlach only young pigs (up to 6 months old) are capable of infection, and perhaps the failure may have been due to the animals chosen for experiment being of the wrong age.

[289] Dressel, for instance, examined eighty-seven persons suffering from cysticercus, and found it seventy-two times in the brain, thirteen times in the muscles; K. Müller, in thirty-six cases, found it twenty-one times in the brain, twelve times in the muscles, three times in the heart; Haugg, in twenty-five cases, found it thirteen times in the brain, six times in the muscles, twice in the skin, etc. According to Graefe, amongst 1,000 ophthalmic cases in Halle and Berlin, there was one with cysticercus in the eye; in Stuttgart there was only one in 4,000, in Paris one in 6,000, and in Copenhagen one in 8,000.

[290] The diagnosis as a rule is not difficult; the patients themselves frequently observe the pumpkin seed-like segments in the fæces. But in such cases the diagnosis must still be confirmed. In other cases the discovery of the oncospheres in their embryonal shells (embryophores), which cannot be confounded with the other constituents of the fæces, gives complete certainty, although the differential diagnosis between T. solium and T. saginata is hardly possible from the embryophores; but, if evacuated segments are placed between two slides and lightly pressed, the species is easily recognizable by the shape of the uterus (cf. figs. [239] and 241).

[291] Abnormal migrations of this species have also been known. Compare, amongst others, Stieda, A., “Durchbohr. d. Duod. u. d. Pancreas durch eine Tænia,” Centralbl. f. Bakt., Path. und Infektionsk., 1900, xxviii (1), p. 430.

[292] In Iceland 28 per cent. of the dogs are infected with this Tænia, in Lyons 7·1 per cent., in Zurich 3·9 per cent., in Berlin 1 per cent., and in Copenhagen 0·4 per cent. In Australia even 40 to 50 per cent. of the dogs are affected. It is, however, a question whether, in addition to Tænia echinococcus, a second analogous form is not involved, as the form from Canis dingo attains a length of 10 to 30 mm.

[293] Mosler, F., “Ueb. Mittel z. Bekampfg. endem. vork. Echinococcuskrank.,” Deutsch. med. Zeit., 1889, No. 72.

[294] In such cases the toxic effects of the echinococcus fluid usually—if not always—manifest themselves. Such effects are manifested by severe symptoms of poisoning being set up, by urticaria, peritonitis, and ascites, and not infrequently they cause a fatal termination.

[295] According to Perroncito the scolices had not formed proglottids nine days after feeding, but the latter were present twenty-four days after feeding, although the formation of eggs had not begun.

[296] This may perhaps be explained by the fact that the hosts are slaughtered before the parasites have attained the size or other conditions necessary to disintegration.

[297] In the Ascaridæ isolated epidermal cells grow to a considerable size, and have to do with the sensory apparatus of the lips (Goldschmidt).

[298] In Ankylostomes according to Looss these cells have no glandular function, but are ligaments.

[299] As a case published by Teissier shows, they may also abnormally appear in the blood (Arch. méd. expér. et d’An. path., 1895, vii, p. 675).

[300] The larvæ resemble those of Cucullanus elegans parasitic in the perch (Perca fluviatilis). The larvæ of this species develop in Cyclops sp. Fedschenko in 1870, at Leuckart’s suggestion, succeeded in observing the invasion of Cyclops by Guinea worm larvae. They penetrate not per os but through the exoskeleton. Newly hatched larvæ (in bananas) will cause infection of monkeys.

[301] C. W. Stiles (“American Medicine,” 1905, ix, p. 682) is of the opinion that Salisbury’s Trichina cystica is identical with Oxyuris vermicularis.

[302] For determining periodicity measured quantities of blood, e.g.., 20 mm.³, should be used. A thick film is made of the whole quantity. The numbers present in this quantity may vary from three or four to 300 or 400.

[303] [Acetic alcohol does well for detecting crescents in thick films of malaria blood.—J. W. W. S.]

[304] Trichinellæ that are unable to penetrate into muscular fibres invariably die, no matter where else they settle; their occurrence in the adipose tissue is disputed, but is still possibly correct, as bundles of muscles are present in the fat of bacon. The Trichinellæ do not settle in heart muscle, although they may reach it in cases of heavy infection; they then die or wander into the pericardium, and eventually into the heart cavities.

[305] It is still a matter of dispute and can hardly be definitely settled whether Trichinellæ were brought to Europe by the sewer rats which invaded Europe at the end of the eighteenth century, or whether they were imported with the Chinese pig in 1820 or 1830, when it was introduced into England and Germany to cross with the native breeds, or whether finally Trichinellæ are also indigenous to Europe.

[306] For instance, extensive epidemics occurred in Hettstädt in 1863 (160 patients, 28 deaths); Hanover, 1864–1865 (more than 300 patients); Hadersleben, 1865 (337 patients, 101 deaths); Potsdam, 1866 (164 patients); Greifswald, 1866 (140 cases, 1 death); Magdeburg, 1866 (240 cases, 16 deaths); Halberstadt, 1867 (100 cases, 20 deaths); Stassfurt, 1869 (over 100 cases); Wernigerode, 1873 (100 cases, 1 death); Chemnitz (194 cases, 3 deaths); Linden, 1874 (400 cases, 140 deaths); Niederzwohren, near Cassel, 1877 (half the population); Diedenhofen, 1877 (99 cases, 10 deaths); Leipzig, 1877 (134 cases, 2 deaths); Ernsleben, 1883 (403 cases, 66 deaths); Strenz-Neuendorf, 1884 (86 cases, 12 deaths), etc. According to Johne, 109 epidemics, with 3,402 cases and 79 deaths, occurred in Saxony between 1860 and 1889. Stiles, in a work recently published, states that there were 8,491 cases of trichinosis with 513 deaths (6·04 per cent.) in Germany from 1860 to 1880; and 6,329 cases and 318 deaths (5·02 per cent.) between 1881–1898. Of these latter, 1881–1898, 3,822 (225 deaths) occurred in Prussia, 1,634 (76 deaths) in Saxony, and 873 (17 deaths) in the remaining states. There is, however, no doubt that many deaths from trichinosis were not recognized, as proved by experience at post-mortems.

[307] Convergent: i.e., the uteri are parallel, converging from the anterior part of body to the vagina, which is near the anus, this position being associated with convergence of the uteri. Divergent: Uteri run anterior and posterior, diverging from the vagina, which in this case is near middle of body.

[308] For nomenclature of rays vide p. 449.

[309] The reports of the city inspection of meat in Berlin state that Strongylidæ in the lungs of pigs are by no means rare; therefore the lungs of 1,941 pigs were condemned between 1885–1886, of 1,641 between 1886–1887, of 3,237 between 1887–1888, of 4,855 between 1888–1889, of 7,197 between 1889–1890, and of 5,574 pigs between 1890–1891, etc. Ostertag found Strongylus apri in 60 per cent. of the pigs examined in the Berlin abattoir; Meyer, in Leipzig, found the parasite in 15 per cent. of the native pigs and in 52 per cent. of the Hungarian pigs.

[310] Dictyocaulus is parasitic in the bronchi.

[311] When the anterior ray is double, the branches of it are called antero-anterior and latero-anterior.

[312] Identical with T. colubriformis of the sheep according to Leiper. If so, this latter name has priority.

[313] Triodontophorus belongs to the group Cylicostomeæ, which has the following bursal formula: (1) anterior cleft, (2) median double, (3) postero-external and posterior arising separately, (4) posterior double, each branch giving off two lateral branches.

[314] I.e., with a distinct space between the limbs.

[315] Strongylus (Syn.: Sclerostomum) differs slightly in its posterior ray from the other genera of the group. Each bifurcation is trifurcate rather than tridigitate.

[316] The ventral lancet (of one side) of Necator is seen in fig. [335].

[317] This also occurs in other Strongylidæ, e.g., in the genus Strongylus (Syn.: Sclerostomum).

[318] Table of Differences between Larvæ of A. duodenale AND S. stercoralis.

	A. duodenale	S. stercoralis
(1) Vestibulum oris	1·8 µ broad	3 µ		Rhabditiform.
(2) Genital rudiment	3 µ to 5 µ long	25 µ to 33 µ
(3) Thickness	Thicker	—		Filariform.
(4) Œsophagus	One-fourth body length	Half body length
(5) Tail	Pointed	Two fine points
(6) Motion	Less active than	—
(7) Gut	Soon fills with dark granules	—

[319] Moults take place by the formation of a new skin below the old one, the two being in close apposition at first.

[320] From the number of eggs present in a given quantity of fæces, the number of female Ancylostomes present in the gut can be reckoned by a formula of Leichtenstern’s (x = a/47, in which a signifies the number of eggs counted in a single gramme of fæces).

[321] [In most Arthropoda the skin is hardened by a deposit of chitin (Hexapoda, etc.).—F. V. T.]

[322] Parasitic or free-living Crustaceans may now and then invade man abnormally. Thus, according to Betten, Caligus curtus invade the cornea (Betten, R. A., “Par. Crust. as a Foreign Body on the Cornea,” Lancet, 1900, i, p. 1002; and Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Par., xxix, p. 506). According to Laboulbène, also Gammarus pulex (Laboulbène, A., “Obs. d’accid. caus. par le G. pul. apport. avec l’eau de boison dans l’estomac d’un homme,” Bull. Acad. méd., 1898, p. 21).

[323] R. Blanchard has compiled thirty-five cases in which Myriapoda have been observed in the intestine as well as in the nose of human beings (“Sur le pseudopar. d. myriap. chez l’homme,” Arch. de Par., 1898, i, p. 452). E. Munoz Ramos reports an additional case (ibid., p. 491). A few years ago a doctor in East Prussia sent me a rain worm out of a lady’s nose (cf. Hanau, A., “Wahrsch. Pseudo-paras. v. Schmeissfliegenlarv. u. angebl. Paras. v. Regenwürmern b. einer Hysterischen,” Arch. de Par., 1899, ii, p. 23).

[324] [This is only so in the Acarina or mites, not in the Araneida or spiders.—F. V. T.]

[325] [The true character of the Arachnoidea is the presence of four pairs of ambulatory appendages. This number is reduced to two pairs in the gall-making Phytoptidæ, and they differ from all other Arthropoda in having no antennæ.—F. V. T.]

[326] Twelve orders are now recognized, as follows: Pentastomida or Linguatulids; Tardigrada or bear-animalcules; Phalangidæ or harvest-men; Acarina or ticks and mites; Palpigradi; Solifugæ; Pseudoscorpionidea or book mites; Pedipalpi or false scorpions; Scorpionidea or true scorpions; Araneida or spiders; Xiphosura or king crabs; and Pycnogonida, marine Arachnoids.

[327] Chelifer cancroides has also been observed as a pseudoparasite in man (Arnault de Very, S., “Pseudopar. du. Chel. cancr. chez l’homme,” Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., 1901, liii, p. 105).

[328] [The cheliceræ are sometimes regarded as modified antennæ, but it is more natural to regard them as the morphological equivalent of the mandibles of Hexapoda.—F. V. T.]

[329] [The pedipalpi, or second pair of jaws, consist of a stout basal segment and a palp, which may have the appearance of a leg in Arachnida; this may end with or without a claw, or with a chela (scorpions); they may also form a tube enclosing the styliform cheliceræ (mites).—F. V. T.]

[330] [Acarina are also found living upon trees, feeding upon other Arthropods and also upon spores of lichen and fungi (Oribatidæ or beetle mites); they also swarm indoors amongst stores and provisions (Tyroglyphidæ and Glyciphagi, household, sugar and cheese mites). This order is very important, as many are parasites upon man, his domestic animals and his cultivated plants, and attack his provisions and stores. Some live on blood, and in some of the ticks distribute various protozoal and other blood parasites and germs.—F. V. T.]

[331] [Some have seven segments to the legs.—F. V. T.]

[332] [This minute parasite is especially obnoxious in barley fields. In walking over barley stubble one is sure to be attacked by this Acarus in many districts. Trombidium is often very prevalent in gardens, especially along rows of peas, and in spring they may be found on fruit trees and bushes. Nut-pickers are frequently attacked by Leptus, and also pickers in other fruit plantations. It is often called the harvest mite.—F. V. T.]

[333] Lemaire, “Import. en France du tlalsahuate,” Compt. rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, 1867, lxv, p. 215.

[334] [This species is also known as Bicho colorado. It spins a web under the lower surface of the leaves, and it is only from December to February that it attacks warm-blooded animals and man.—F. V. T.]

[335] [There is something wrong here, probably in the identification. T. telarius is purely a plant-feeder, and it is extremely unlikely a variety would attack man. Anyhow, it will not do so in Great Britain.—F. V. T.]

[336] This has been proved in Uganda—so-called tick fever in man.

[337] Some ticks require only one (R. decoloratus), others two (R. evertsi), and some three hosts (R. appendiculatus) in order to reach maturity.

[338] Ixodes reduvius and I. ricinus are synonymous. [The above should read Ixodes ricinus, Latreille, 1806.—F. V. T.]

[339] Neumann, G. L., “Rev. de la fam. des Ixodides,” III Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1899, xii, p. 129.

[340] Neumann, G. L., loc. cit., p. 205.

[341] Morgan, “Ticks and Texas Fever,” Louisiana State Bull. 55, pp. 134, 135, pl. 59.

[342] Neumann, G. L., loc. cit., p. 285; Ronsisvalle, “Sui fenomeni morb. prodotti nel uomo da un Ixodide denominato Hyal. æg.,” Boll. Acc. Gioenia sci. nat., 1891, xvii.

[343] Neumann, G. L., “Rev. de la fam. des Ixodides,” Mém. Soc. Zool. France, 1897, x, p. 360.

[344] Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 1909, iii, No. 4.

[345] Neumann, G. L., loc. cit., 1897, p. 385.

[346] “Report of Government Entomologist, Cape of Good Hope, for 1899,” 1900, p. 33.

[347] “Fourth Report Wellcome Res. Labs.,” 1911, p. 128.

[348] “A System of Medicine,” Allbutt and Rolleston, i, pt. 2, p. 195.

[349] “Fourth Report Wellcome Res. Labs.,” 1911, B, p. 129.

[350] Cooper and Busk’s Micros. Journ., 1842, and “Economic Entomology,” Murray, p. 280.

[351] Dalgetty, A. B., “Water-itch; or Sore Feet of Coolies,” Journ. Trop. Med., 1901, iv, p. 73.

[352] Trouessart, E. R., Compt. rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, 1900, lii, pp. 742–744, 893, 894; Arch. de Par., 1902, v, pp. 449–459.

[353] [This mite produces the so-called “black muzzle” of sheep.—F. V. T.]

[354] [This mite causes what we know in England as red mange in dogs.—F. V. T.]

[355] What are designated as stigmata in the Linguatulides are the orifices of sebaceous glands.

[356] Synonymy given by Sambon: Adult form, Ténia lanceolé, Chabert, 1787; Ver rhinaire, Chabert, 1787; Tænia rhinaris, Pilger, 1805; Tænia lanceolata, Rudolphi, 1805; Cochlus rhinarius, Rudolphi, 1805; Prionoderma rhinaria, Rudolphi, 1808; Polystoma tænioides, Rudolphi, 1809; Linguatula tænioides, Lamark, 1816; Prionoderma lanceolata, Cuvier, 1817; Pentastoma tænioides, Rudolphi, 1819; Linguatula lanceolata, de Blainville, 1828; Linguatula rhinaris, Railliet, 1885; Linguatula caprina, R. Blanchard, 1900. Nymphal form: Linguatula serrata, Frölich, 1789; Tænia capræa, Abildgaard, 1789; Tænia caprina, Gmelin, 1800; Polystoma serrata, Goeze, 1800; Halysis caprina, Zeder, 1803; Linguatula denticulata, Rudolphi, 1805; Echinorhynchus capreæ, Braun, 1809; Tetragulus capriæ, Bosc, 1810; Pentastoma denticulatum, Rudolphi, 1819; Pentastoma emarginatum, Rudolphi, 1819; Pentastoma fera, Creplin, 1829; Linguatula ferox, Gros, 1849.

[357] Adult form as Linguatula armillata, Wyman, 1847; Pentastomum polyzonum, Hailey, 1856; Pentastomum armillatum, Leuckart, 1860; Pentastomum armillatum, Diesing, 1864; Porocephalus armillatus, Stiles, 1893; Porocephalus polyzonus, Stiles, 1893; Porocephalus moniliformis, Neumann (in part), 1899. Nymphal form: Linguatula diesingii, van Beneden, 1849; Pentastomum euryzonum, Diesing, 1850; Nematoideum hominis, Diesing, 1851; Pentastomum constrictum, von Siebold, 1852; Linguatula constricta, Küchenmeister, 1855; Pentastoma leonis, Wedl., 1863; Pentastoma fornatum, Cobbold, 1879; Pentastomum protelis, Hoyle, 1883; Porocephalus constrictus, Stiles, 1893; Linguatula constrictor, Galli-Valerio, 1896; Pentastomum diesingii, Shipley, 1898.

[358] The synonymy is as follows:—Adult form: Pentastoma moniliforme, Diesing, 1835; Linguatule moniliforme, Mégnin, 1880; Porocephalus moniliformis, Stiles. Nymphal form: Pentastoma fornatum, Creplin (in part), 1849; Pentastoma wedlii, Cobbold, 1866; Pentastoma aonycis, Macalister, 1874; Porocephalus armillatus, Stiles (in part), 1908.

[359] [The mandibles are only powerful masticatory organs in biting-mouthed insects (Mandibulata); in the sucking or piercing-mouthed insects they may be absent, or in the form of needle-like stylets (Haustellata).—F. V. T.]

[360] [As in the order Aptera, which includes the Thysanura and Collembola, and also exceptions in other orders, as the fleas amongst Diptera, the Mutillus and ants amongst Hymenoptera.—F. V. T.]

[361] [Usually known as Hemiptera. There are two sub-orders, Heteroptera and Homoptera. The former have the base of the front wings coriaceous; the latter have all four wings membranous. The Homoptera are Aphides or plant lice and scale insects (Coccidæ), none of which attack man. Recently an interesting case has been reported to me where certain Aphides had been passed in human urine. One species was Rhopalosiphum dianthi, the other found in the urine was the hop aphis (Phorodon humuli). I cannot believe, however, that they had been actually passed, in spite of the case being reported by a medical man.—F. V. T.]

[362] “Household Insects,” Howard and Marlatt, Bull. 4 (N.S.), U.S. Dept. Agric., 1896, p. 37.

[363] Indian Med. Gaz., February, 1907, xlii, No. 2.

[364] Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1910, 2, fasc. 2, pp. 206–212.

[365] “Household Insects,” p. 42.

[366] [First Report Econ. Zool., 1903, p. 130.—F. V. T.]

[367] Charles Darwin, “A Naturalist’s Voyage” (Voyage of the Beagle), 1888, p. 330.

[368] “Text-book of Entomology,” 1885, p. 205.

[369] “The Big Bed Bug of the Far West,” Bull. 18 (N.S.), U.S. Dept. Agric., 1898, p. 101.

[370] “Insects to which the name ‘Kissing-bug’ became applied during the summer of 1899,” Bull. 22 (N.S.), U.S. Dept. Agric., 1900, p. 24.

[371] American Entomologist, 1869, i, pp. 84–88.

[372] R. Blanchard, “Sur la Piqûre de quelques Hémiptères,” Arch, de Par., 1902, p. 145.

[373] “So-called Spider-bites and their Treatment,” Therap. Gaz., February 19, 1875.

[374] Bull. Ent. Res., 1910, i, pt. 3, p. 227.

[375] Ibid., 1911, ii, pt. 2, p. 180.

[376] [Dr. Daniels has sent me a small coleopterous larva found in an abscess on a man in British Guiana.—F. V. T.]

[377] Bull. Ent. Res., 1911, i, pt. 2, p. 92.

[378] “Report United States Public Health, 1909,” xxiv, No. 29.

[379] [This is by no means always the case; in the genera Deinocerites, Wyeomyia, Limatus, Theobald, and in Sabethes, Robineau Desvoidy, they are nearly the same in both sexes.—F. V. T.]

[380] [This is not always the case, vide previous note.—F. V. T.]

[381] [This is only so in Anophelina and in the genus Theobaldinella, Neveu-Lemaire, Grabhamia, Theobald, Acartomyia, Theobald, etc. In true Culex and many other genera the male palpi are pointed.—F. V. T.]

[382] [This is certainly not always the case.—F. V. T.]

[383] Compare Ficalbi, E., “Venti spec. di zanzare (Culicidæ) ital. . .,” Bull. Soc. ent. ital., 1899, xxxi; abstracted in Centralbl. f. Bakt., Par. u. Infektionsk., 1900, xxviii, p. 397.

[384] Both males and females may be kept alive in captivity for a long time if given fruits, or even only sugar and water.

[385] The act of copulation in many species is now known. The female Culex has three receptaculæ seminalis, while the female Anopheles has one receptaculum seminis.

[386] It is certain that the females perish immediately after depositing the ova; but this does not always hold good, as a part of them survive for a few days. The males die soon after copulation.

[387] “Wald Mosquitoes und Wald Malaria,” Dr. Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakt., Par., u. Infektionsk., i Abt. Orig., xxxiii, No. 4.

[388] Information sent me by Dr. Grabham shows this statement to be not quite correct, as the frontal hairs may vary in different stages of the same larva. This he has shown in Cellia albipes, Theob., and I have noticed it in a Nyssorhynchus from Africa.

[389] Heart-shaped scales occur on the wings of Etiorleptiomyia.

[390] The following genera of Anophelites have been founded by James†:—

† Records of Indian Museum, 1910, iv, No. 5, p. 98.

(1) Abdomen with hairs but no scales. Thorax with dorsum with long narrow curved scales, which form on the anterior promontory a thick bunch projecting over the neck. Prothoracic lobes with a tuft of rather broad true scales, upright forked scales of head of usual broad expanding type: Patagiamyia, James. Includes Gigas, Giles, and Lindesayi, Giles. Both seem to me typical Anopheles.

(2) Abdomen as above; Thorax very similar. Prothoracic lobes with hairs, no scales. Upright forked scales of head rod-shaped: Neostethopheles, James. Includes Atkenii, James; Immaculatus, Theobald; Culiciformis, James and Liston. These seem to me to be true Anopheles.

(3) Abdomen with hairs and scales on dorsum of each segment; ventrally there are six scaly tufts on the apices of six segments. Thorax with scales and a tuft of outstanding ones on prothoracic lobes: Christophersia, James. Type Halli, James. Very close to if not identical with Cellia.

(4) Head with narrow curved scales lying rather flat upon head and flat lateral scales, upright forked ones behind. Central lobe of scutellum with tuft of narrow curved scales, lateral lobes with large flat oval scales; male palpi longer than proboscis, two large apical segments with long projecting hairs: Leslieomyia, Christophers. Type Leslieomyia tæniorhynchoides, Christophers, from Amritsar, India.

(5) Abdomen with first six or seven segments with hairs only, eighth and seventh (?) with scales, also genital processes. Thorax with hairs and narrow curved scales sharp pointed, blunt-ended broad scales on each side of anterior third. No tufts of scales on prothoracic lobes. Head usual type of upright forked scales: Nyssomyzomyia, James. Type Rossii, Giles.

[391] Many other genera have been created; these will be found in my catalogue of Culicidæ in my “Monograph of the Mosquitoes of the World,” 1901–10, 5 vols., in my “Novæ Culicidæ,” family Culicidæ, Genera Insectorum, etc.

[392] Theobald, “Second Report on Economic Zoology,” 1903, p. 9.

[393] “A Monograph of the Culicidæ of the World,” 5 vols. and atlas, 1901 to 1910, British Museum (Nat. Hist.); and the following: Howard, Dyar and Knab, “The Mosquitoes of North and Central America and the West Indies,” 1912; James and Liston, “The Anophelinæ of India,” Leicester, 1908; “The Culicidæ of Malay,” Inst. Med. Res., Fed. Malay States, iii; Ann.Trop. Med. and Par., papers by Newstead and Carter; Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, papers by Lutz, Neva, Chagas; and the Bulletin of Entomological Research, etc.

[394] Bull. du Mus. d’Hist. nat., 1906, xii, p. 522.

[395] Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1910, ii, fasc. 2, pp. 211–267.

[396] C. Fuller, “A New Poultry Pest,” 1899, Leaflet No. 1, Dept. Agric.

[397] Insect Life, 1888, i, p. 14.

[398] Ibid., 1893, v, p. 61.

[399] Entomologist, 1879, p. 89.

[400] Theobald, “An Account of British Flies,” i, p. 172.

[401] Bull. Ent. Res., 1912, iii, pp. 99–108.

[402] Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1913, v, fasc. 1, pp. 45–72, pls. 6–8; and 1914, vi, fasc. 2, pp. 81–99.

[403] Bull. Ent. Res., 1911, ii, pt. 2, pp. 47–78.

[404] “Ricerche sui Flebotomi,” Mem. della Soc. ital. della Scienze, 1907, ser. 3, xiv, pp. 353–394.

[405] “Indian Sand-flies,” Ind. Med. Cong., 1909, sec. III, pp. 239–242.

[406] Newstead: Bull. Ent. Res., 1912, iii, pp. 361–367.

[407] Rec. Ind. Mus., v, pt. 3, Nos. 13 and 14.

[408] Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 1912, iv, fasc. I, pp. 84–95.

[409] Theobald, “First Report Economic Zoology,” Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), p. 55.

[410] Hagen, Proc. Bost. Soc., N.H., xx, p. 107.

[411] “Larvæ of a Musca, probably M. corvina, were passed in numbers per rectum by a child in Liverpool with Homalomyia larvæ,”—“Second Report Economic Zoology,” Theobald, 1903, p. 16.

[412] [The correct name for this fly is Wohlfahrtia magnifica, Schiner.—F. V. T.]

[413] [The following are known to cause myiasis in man in Africa: Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grünb.; Auchmeromyia luteola, Fabr.; A. rodhani, Gedoelst; Oestrus ovis, Linn.; and Anthomyia desjardensii, Macq. The anthropophaga, Blanchard, and the depressa, Walker, referred to here are Grünberg’s anthropophaga.—F. V. T.]

[414] [Austen gives the length as 12 to 12·5 mm. and the breadth as 5 mm.; he describes the larva as follows: Bluntly pointed at the anterior extremity, and truncate behind; from third to eleventh segments thickly covered with minute recurved spines of brownish chitin, usually arranged in transverse series of groups of two or more, which can be seen to form more or less distinct undulating and irregular transverse rows. In each of the two posterior stigmatic plates, the respiratory slit on either side of the median one is characteristically curved, resembling an inverted note of interrogation. The barrel-shaped puparium is on an average 10·3 by 4·6 mm.; its colour varies from ferruginous to nearly black.—F. V. T.]

[415] [According to Austen this is Cordylobia anthropophaga, Grünb. Bengalia depressa, Walker, is a very different insect, whose life-history is unknown.—F. V. T.]

[416] Dutton, Todd and Christy, “The Congo Floor Maggot,” Mem. xiii Liv. Sch. Trop. Med., p. 40.

[417] Balfour, Journ. Trop. Med., 1909, xii, No. 4, p. 47.

[418] Journ. Trop. Med., 1905, viii, No. 6, p. 90.

[419] [This is not the case, for Carpenter has shown that muzzled calves become infected (“Mém. First Int. Cong. Ent.,” pp. 289–293). Jost (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1907, xxxvi, pp. 644–715) thinks that the ova, not young larvæ, are ingested (vide note in Supplement).—F. V. T.]

[420] Duprey advances the opinion that Dermatobia deposits its eggs not only on the skin of man and animals, but also on the leaves and twigs in the bush, where, too, young larvæ have been met with which gain access from hence to men and animals (Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg., 1906).

[421] Vide Bull. 20, N. Sc., U.S. Div. Ent.

[422] “Tabanidæ of Ohio,” Ohio State University Bull. 19, 1903, sec. 7, p. 14.

[423] This does not include G. maculata, Newstead, which is regarded by Austen as a synonym of G. palpalis, Rob. Des.; according to this authority the curiously spotted appearance of the type and only example of G. maculata is due to foreign matter.

[424] Newstead has recently described another species as G. severini (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 1913, vii, No. 2, pp. 331–334). It is allied to G. fuscipleuris, Austen.

[425] Bull. des Séances de la Soc. ent. de France, 1878, pp. cxliv, cxlv.

[426] Atti della Reale Accad. dei Lincei, Anno CCC. Se Quinta, 1903, xii, 2 sem. fasc., pp. 387–393.

[427] This is apparently the stimulans of Meigen.

[428] Charles T. Brues and Philip A. E. Sheppard, “The Possible Etiological Relation of certain Biting Insects to the Spread of Infantile Paralysis,” Journ. Econ. Ent., 1912, cciv, pp. 305–324.

[429] Philippine Journ. Sc., B, viii, p. 253.

[430] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., viii, pp. 321, 353.

[431] Ind. Med. Gazette, April, 1915, l, p. 121.

[432] Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg., xviii, p. 157.

[433] Brit. Journ. Children’s Diseases, x, p. 60.

[434] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vi, p. 120.

[435] Ibid., v, p. 725.

[436] Ibid., v, p. 495.

[437] Brazil Medico, xxviii, p. 269.

[438] Arch. f. Protistenkunde, xxxiv, p. 1.

[439] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 571.

[440] Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., cxliv, p. 82.

[441] Brit. Journ. Children’s Diseases, x, p. 60.

[442] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 657.

[443] Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Prevent. Med., ii, p. 627.

[444] Bull. Soc. Med. Chirurg. Indo-Chine, v, p. 55.

[445] Beihefte z. Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., xviii, 5, p. 155.

[446] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., viii, p. 63.

[447] Journ. Roy. Army Med. Corps, xxiii, pp. 440–446 (see Trop. Dis. Bull., v, No. 5, p. 276).

[448] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., viii, p. 485.

[449] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 277.

[450] Lindsay (1914), Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., vii, p. 259.

[451] Sergent (Ed. and Et.), Lemaire and Senevet (1914), Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 577.

[452] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., iv, p. 440.

[453] Journ. Trop. Med. and Hyg., xvi, p. 329.

[454] Annual Med. and Sanit. Rept., Uganda, for 1913, p. 80.

[455] “The Diagnostics and Treatment of Tropical Diseases.” London: H. K. Lewis.

[456] “The Prevention of Malaria.” Second Edition (1911). London: John Murray.

[457] Beihefte z. Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., xvii, 6, p. 371.

[458] Philippine Jl. Sc., Sect. B, viii, pp. 1–15, [333–349].

[459] Arch. f. Verdauungs Krankheiten, xix, p. 42.

[460] Kermogant, Soc. méd. des Hôp., February 7, 1905.

[461] [The distomiasis of Tonkin is due to Clonorchis sinensis and not to F. hepatica.—J. W. W. S.]

[462] Bierner, Schweiz. Zeitschr. f. Heilk., 1863.

[463] Bostroem, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1883.

[464] Sagarra, quoted by Duffek.

[465] Duffek, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1902, xxx.

[466] Tappeiner, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1900, l.

[467] Odhner, Centrall l. f. Bakt., 1902, xxxi.

[468] Katsurada, Ziegler’s Beitr. z. path. Anat., 1900, xxviii.

[469] Looss, “Handb. d. Tropenkrankh.,” von Mense, 1905, i.

[470] Inouye, quoted by Looss.

[471] Scheube, “Die Krankh. d. warm. Länder,” 1896.

[472] Otani, quoted by Looss.

[473] Inouye, quoted by Looss.

[474] Yamagiva, quoted by Looss

[475] Taniguchi, Arch. f. Psych. u. Nervenkrankh., xxxviii.

[476] Laspeyres, “Dissert. Kiel,” 1904.

[477] Katsurada, Ziegler’s Beitr. z. path. Anat., 1900, xxviii.

[478] Stock, Lancet, September 29, 1906.

[479] Kautsky, Wien. klin. Rundschau, 1903, xxxvi.

[480] Goebel, Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., 1903, vii.

[481] Kautsky, Wien. klin. Rundschau, 1903, xxxv.

[482] Balfour, Lancet, December, 1903.

[483] Douglas and Hardy, ibid., October, 1903.

[484] Goebel, Centralbl. f. d. Krankh. d. Harn u. Sexualorgane, xvii.

[485] Kutner, ibid., xvi.

[486] Petrie, Brit. Med. Journ., July, 1903.

[487] Burfield, Lancet, February 10, 1906.

[488] Kelly, quoted by Burfield.

[489] Symmers, Lancet, January 7, 1905.

[490] Milton, quoted by Looss, “Handb. d. Tropenkrankh.,” v. Mense, 1905, i, p. 95.

[491] Horwood, Brit. Med. Journ., March 10, 1906.

[492] Brock, Journ. of Path. and Bact., 1893.

[493] Petrie, loc. cit.

[494] Sandwith, Annal. of Surgery, 1904, xxxix.

[495] Harley, Lancet, 1870.

[496] Reyher, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1886, xxxix.

[497] von Shapiro, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 1888.

[498] Podwissotsky, Jahrb. f. Kinderkrankh., 1889.

[499] Pariser, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1892.

[500] Schaumann, Berlin, 1894, and Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1898.

[501] Müller, Charité-Annal., xiv.

[502] Kurimoto, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., xl, and Kongr. f. inn. Med., Karlsbad, 1899.

[503] Meyer, Mount Sinai Hosp. Reports, 1903 and 1904, iv.

[504] Rosenquist, Verein f. innere Med. in Berlin, May 6, 1901; and Zeitschr. f. klin. Med. xlix.

[505] Bendix, Deutsch. Aerzte Zeitg., 1904, i.

[506] Zinn, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[507] Isaac and van den Velden, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1904, xxvii.

[508] Galli-Valerio, Therap. Monatsh., 1905.

[509] Tallqvist, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 1907, lxi.

[510] Leichtenstern, “Handb. d. Therap. v. Pentzoldt-Stintzing,” 1898, 2nd edition, iv.

[511] Lenhartz, ibid., 1903, 3rd edition, iv, p. 607.

[512] Leichtenstern, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1899.

[513] Lussana, Rivista Clin. Arch. ital. di clin. Med., 1890.

[514] Arslan, Rev. mens. des Mal. de l’Enfance, 1892.

[515] Fischer, Versamml. d. ophthal. Gesellsch., 1892.

[516] Samelsohn, ibid.

[517] Zappert, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1892.

[518] Müller and Rieder, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., xcviii.

[519] Bücklers, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1894.

[520] Neusser, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1892.

[521] Bohland, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1894.

[522] Daniels, Lancet, No. 3,725.

[523] Looss, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1897.

[524] Scheube, “Die Krankh. der warm. Länder,” 1896.

[525] v. Jaksch, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[526] Galvagno, Arch. di Patol. e Clin. inf., 1902–1904.

[527] Loeb and Smith, Centralbl. f. Bakt., xxxvii.

[528] Bauer, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1904.

[529] Allessandrini, Policlinica, 1904.

[530] Hynek, Klin. Chron., 1904.

[531] Goldmann, Wien. klin. Rundschau, 1905.

[532] Romani, Gaz. d. Osp., 1904.

[533] Liefmann, Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 1905, l.

[534] Berti, Gaz. d. Osp., 1906.

[535] Peiper, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1897.

[536] Löbker and Bruns, Arb. aus dem kaiserl. Reichsgesundheitsamt, 1906, xxiii.

[537] Cao, Riforma Med., 1901.

[538] Messineo and Calmida, Centralbl. f. Bakt., xxx.

[539] Jammes and Mandoul, Acad. des Sciences, 1904.

[540] Messineo, Giorn. med. del regio eserc., 1903.

[541] Pereira, Lancet, September, 1903.

[542] Barnabo, Sperimentale, 1906, v.

[543] Gagnoni, Pediatric., 1903.

[544] Dirksen, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[545] Brandt, quoted by Pollak in Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1889, v.

[546] Peiper, vide Seifert, “Lehrb. d. Kinderkrankh.,” 1897, p. 243.

[547] Demme, vide Seifert, ibid.

[548] Kutner, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1865.

[549] Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakt.

[550] Drouillard, Journ. de Méd., 1900. xi.

[551] Annaratone, Giorn. med. del regio eserc., 1900.

[552] Delille, Journ. de Méd., May 10, 1907.

[553] Mériel, Annal. de Méd. et Chir. inf., 1900.

[554] Papi, Gaz. d. Osp., 1901.

[555] Taillens, Arch. de méd. d’Enf., 1906.

[556] Máreo, Allg. Wien. med. Zeitg., 1902.

[557] Schupfer, Gaz. d. Osp., 1901.

[558] Duprey, Lancet, 1903.

[559] Naab, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[560] Hammiss, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1904, iii.

[561] Koneff, quoted by Liesen, “Dissert. Bonn,” 1904.

[562] Buchholz, Norsk. Mag. for Läge, 1903.

[563] Rose, Billroth and Pitha, “Chirurgie.”

[564] Cattaneo, Arch. f. Kinderheilk., xliv.

[565] Messineo, Giorn. med. del regio eserc., 1905.

[566] Huber, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1870, vii.

[567] Barth, reported by Valleix, Paris, 1845.

[568] Gibson, Lancet, 1862.

[569] Pascal, quoted by Kahane, Korrespondenzbl. f. Schweizer Aerzte, 1907, viii.

[570] Burchhardt, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1880.

[571] Rippe, St. Petersb. med. Wochenschr., 1907, i.

[572] Moosbrugger, Med. Correspondenzbl. f. Württemberg, 1890.

[573] Morsasca, abstract in Centralbl. f. innere Med., 1897.

[574] Becker, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[575] Sandler, ibid., 1905.

[576] Girard, Annal. de l’Inst. Pasteur, 1901.

[577] Schiller, Beitr. z. klin. Chir., 1902, xxxiv.

[578] Hausmann, St. Petersb. med. Wochenschr., 1900.

[579] Hartmann, Naturforschervers., Köln, 1889.

[580] Silvester, quoted by Schlüter, “Dissert. Kiel,” 1905.

[581] Valdes, quoted by Schlüter, op. cit.

[582] Bücklers, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1894.

[583] Bruns, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1907.

[584] Müller, D., “Dissert. Würzburg,” 1885.

[585] Finsen, quoted by D. Müller.

[586] Caffarena, Convers. clin. Genova, 1902.

[587] La Spada, Gaz. d. Osp., 1904.

[588] Bindi, ibid., 1907.

[589] Santucci, “Clinica moderna,” 1905.

[590] Welsh and Barling, Scot. Med. and Surg. Journ., 1907.

[591] quoted by Rostowzeff, Bobritsch. Gaz. Botkina, 1902.

[592] quoted by Rostowzeff, Bobritsch. Gaz. Botkina, 1902.

[593] quoted by Rostowzeff, Bobritsch. Gaz. Botkina, 1902.

[594] quoted by Rostowzeff, Bobritsch. Gaz. Botkina, 1902.

[595] Bergmann, Prag. med. Wochenschr., 1890

[596] Strümpell, “Lehrb. d. spez. Path. u. Therap.,” 1894.

[597] Boas, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1895.

[598] Still, Brit. Med. Journ., 1899.

[599] Arboré-Rally, Arch. de Méd. des Enf., 1900.

[600] Metschnikoff, Bull. méd., 1901.

[601] Matignon (abstract), Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1901.

[602] Des Barres, Gaz. des Hôp., 1903.

[603] Kirmisson, Annal. de Méd. et Chir. des Enf., 1901.

[604] Moty (abstract), Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1901, p. 910.

[605] Girard, Annal. de l’Inst. Pasteur, 1901.

[606] Triboulet, Soc. méd. des Hôp. de Paris, 1901.

[607] Morkowitin (abstract), Centralbl. f. d. Grenzgebiete, 1902.

[608] v. Genser, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1901.

[609] Schiller, Beitr. z. klin. Chir., 1902, xxxiv.

[610] Czerny and Heddäus, ibid., xxi.

[611] Kaposi, ibid., xxviii.

[612] Schwankhaus, Amer. Pract., 1901.

[613] Ramstedt, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[614] Rostowzeff, Russ. med. Rundschau, 1903.

[615] Wirsaladze, Bobritsch. Gaz. Botkina, 1902.

[616] Oppe, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[617] Hanau, ibid., 1903.

[618] Galli-Vallerio, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1903, p. 1094.

[619] Ssaweljews, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1903.

[620] Nason, Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1904.

[621] Spieler, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1904.

[622] Bégonin, Journ. de Méd. de Bordeaux, July, 1902.

[623] Putnam, quoted by Spieler.

[624] Schilling, “Würzb. Abhandl.,” 1905. v.

[625] Blanchard, Acad. de Méd., July 3, 1904.

[626] Moore, Brit. Med. Journ., August 18, 1906.

[627] Auley, ibid., 1906.

[628] Page, New York Med. Journ., January 20, 1906.

[629] Schoeppler, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1906.

[630] Oui, Rev. prat. d’Obstét. et de Paed., 1906.

[631] Frangenheim, Samml. klin. Vortr., 1906, No. 424.

[632] Kahane, Schweiz. Korrespondenzbl., 1907, viii.

[633] Heekes, Brit. Med. Journ., March 16, 1907.

[634] Andrews, ibid., 1906.

[635] Leuckart, “Die Parasiten des Menschen.”

[636] Heller, “Handb. d. spez. Path.,” v. Ziemssen, vii.

[637] Mosler and Peiper, “Spez. Path. u. Ther.,” v. Nothnagel, vi.

[638] Henoch, “Vorlesungen über Kinderkrankheiten.”

[639] Davaine, “Traité des Entozoaires.”

[640] Küchenmeister and Zürn, “Die Parasiten des Menschen.”

[641] Bremser, “Lebende Würmer im lebenden Menschen.”

[642] Mondière, Schmidt’s Jahrb., 1840.

[643] v. Siebold, “Parasiten” in Wagner’s “Handwörterbuch,” 1845.

[644] Rokitansky, “Path. Anat.”

[645] Gerhardt, quoted by Liesen, “Dissert. Bonn.”

[646] Abrault, quoted by Seifert, “Lehrb. d. Kinderkrankh.”

[647] Apostolides, Lancet, 1898.

[648] Marcus, quoted by Seifert, “Lehrb. d. Kinderkrankh.”

[649] Wischnewsky, quoted by Seifert, ibid.

[650] Galvagno, Arch. de Patol. et Clin., inf., 1902.

[651] Salieri, Rif. med., 1902.

[652] Lini, Schmidt’s Jahrb., 1838.

[653] Gräffe, Protokoll d. Ges. f. Natur u. Heilkunde, Dresden, 1853.

[654] Nicolino, Clin. mod., 1902.

[655] Liesen, “Dissert. Bonn.” 1904.

[656] Boloff, quoted by Seifert, “Lehrb. d. Kinderkrankh.”

[657] Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakt.

[658] Schiller, Beitr. z. klin. Chir., xxxiv, p. 200.

[659] Rehn, see Schiller, loc. cit., p. 201.

[660] Broca, Rev. mens. des Mal. de l’Enf., 1904.

[661] Lutz, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1905, xv.

[662] Froelich, Rev. mens. des Mal. de l’Enf., 1897.

[663] Vuillemin, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1902.

[664] Marro, Arch. per le Sci. med., 1901.

[665] Simons, Centralbl. f. Gynäk., 1899.

[666] Kolb, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1902.

[667] Chiari, Prag. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[668] Schneider, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1904.

[669] Sehrt, Beitr. z. klin. Chir., li.

[670] Fauconneau-Dufresne, quoted by Seifert.

[671] Tschernomikow, quoted by Seifert.

[672] Mosler and Peiper, loc. cit.

[673] Raie, Lancet, 1899.

[674] Schulhof, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[675] Rehberg, “Dissert. Königsberg,” 1907.

[676] Rocheblave, Gaz. des Hôp., 1898.

[677] Heller, loc. cit.

[678] Leichtenstern, “Ziemssen’s Handb.,” vii.

[679] Huber, quoted by Rehberg.

[680] Wilms, Deutsch. Zeitschr. f. Chir., xlvi.

[681] Black, Brit. Med. Journ., 1872.

[682] Parkinson, quoted by Rehberg.

[683] Guiart, Compt. rend. Soc. de Biol., Paris, March 16, 1901.

[684] Blanchard, Arch. d. Par., 1901.

[685] Vivaldi and Tonello, Gaz. d. Osp., October 29, 1905.

[686] Leuckart, quoted by Kahane.

[687] Blanchard, Acad. de Méd., October 18, 1904.

[688] Bendix, Verein f. innere Med., Berlin, June 16, 1902.

[689] Miyake, Mitteil. aus d. Grenzgebiete, 1904, xiii.

[690] Hashimoto, quoted by Miyake.

[691] Omi, Iji-Shinshi, Tokio, 1898.

[692] Inoye, ibid., 1897.

[693] Bollinger, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1905, lxxxiv.

[694] Köhl, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1904.

[695] Lindblad, Hygiea, xlv.

[696] Sonnenschein, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[697] Asam, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[698] Zschokke, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1905.

[699] Pollak, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1907.

[700] Krüger, St. Petersb. med. Wochenschr., 1887.

[701] Brandt, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1889.

[702] Huber, suppl. to Asam, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[703] Rosenberg, Ges. f. innere Med., February 16, 1904.

[704] Nicolo, Gaz. d. Osp., 1904.

[705] Stoerk, E., and Haendel, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1907, xxix.

[706] Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1894.

[707] Predtetschensky, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., xl.

[708] Grassi, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1887.

[709] Bordier, quoted by Predtetschensky, loc. cit., p. 95.

[710] Steinhaus, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[711] Posselt, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1899.

[712] Wolff, “Lesser’s Encyclop. d. Haut- u. Geschlechtskrankh.,” 1900.

[713] Frangenheim, Volkm. klin. Vortr., No. 424.

[714] Pelagutti, Giorn. ital. delle mal. vener., 1900.

[715] Glas, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1905.

[716] Gaetano, Giorn. int. delle Sci. med., 1904.

[717] Huber, “Bibliographie der klin. Helminthologie,” 1891, pt. 2.

[718] Kaldrovils, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[719] Orth, Berl. med. Ges., June 29, 1904.

[720] Sipari, “Angelo Trani Neapel,” 1900.

[721] Henneberg, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1906, xxxii.

[722] Hagen-Thorn, abstract by Posselt.

[723] Jacobson, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1906.

[724] v. Bergmann, quoted by Frangenheim, loc. cit., p. 470.

[725] Simmonds, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1907, xxvii.

[726] Versé, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1907, xi.

[727] Stern, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., lxi.

[728] Jolasse, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1896.

[729] Hartmann, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1902.

[730] Meyer, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1906.

[731] Durst, Lieven. viestnik, 1902.

[732] Markwald, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1895.

[733] Remmert, “Dissert. Berlin,” 1893.

[734] Kleefeld, see Seifert loc. cit.

[735] Prunac, see Eichhorst, “Handb. d. spez. Path. u. Therap.,” ii, p. 281.

[736] Galli-Valerio, Therap. Monatsh., 1900.

[737] Fischer, Stockholm, Nordin and Josephson, 1904.

[738] Grawitz, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1899.

[739] Boas, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1889.

[740] Marx, “Diss. Würzburg,” 1903.

[741] Nagel, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[742] Meyer, O., Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1905.

[743] Studt, ibid., 1905.

[744] Uhthoff, ibid., 1905.

[745] Noiszewski, “Postepokuhst,” 1906.

[746] Viereck, Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyg., 1906.

[747] Stuelp, Arch. f. Augenheilk., 1906, li.

[748] Huber, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[749] Marx, loc. cit.

[750] Sonnenschein, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[751] Boas, loc. cit.

[752] Lenhartz, loc. cit.

[753] Apolant, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1905, xliv.

[754] Fischer, loc. cit.

[755] Boas, loc. cit.

[756] Fowler, Brit. Med. Journ., 1906.

[757] Jaquet, Therap. Monatsh., 1904.

[758] Bodenstein, Wien. med. Presse, 1906.

[759] Brieger, “Therap. d. Gegenwart.,” 1905.

[760] Goldmann, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1905.

[761] Liermberger, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1905.

[762] Fischer, loc. cit.

[763] Laurén, Therap. Monatsh., 1899.

[764] Friedjung, Ges. f. innere Med., Wien, March 8, 1906.

[765] Drivon, Lyon méd., 1902.

[766] Sobotta, loc. cit.

[767] Boas, loc. cit.

[768] Storch, see Lenhartz, loc. cit.

[769] Pick, Ges. f. innere Med., Wien, March 8, 1906.

[770] Ritter, Prag. med. Wochenschr., 1904, v.

[771] Liebreich and Langgard, “Kompendium der Arzneiverordnung,” 1907.

[772] Leichtenstern, “Therap. der Gegenwart.,” 1899.

[773] White, Scot. Med. and Surg. Journ., 1900.

[774] Carratú, Giorn. med. del regio eserc., 1903.

[775] Galli-Valerio, Therap. Monatsh., 1900.

[776] Pool, Med. Woche, 1901.

[777] Dörr, “Therap. der Gegenwart.,” 1901.

[778] Koch, Med. Klinik, 1907.

[779] Seifert, “Sitzungsberichte der phys.-med. Ges. in Würzburg,” 1883.

[780] Leichtenstern, Arbeiten aus d. kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, 1905, xxii.

[781] Zinn, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1900, xlix.

[782] Schlüter, “Diss. Kiel,” 1905.

[783] Silvestri, see Schlüter loc. cit.

[784] Valdes, ibid.

[785] Trappe, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1907.

[786] Fülleborn, Biol. Abt. d. ärztl.-Vereins in Hamburg, October 14, 1902.

[787] Bruns, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1907, xix.

[788] Leichtenstern, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1898.

[789] Kurlow, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1902.

[790] Goldmann, Deutsch. Aerzte-Zeitg., 1903.

[791] Schlüter, “Diss. Kiel,” 1905.

[792] Valdes, loc. cit.

[793] Soussino, see Schlüter loc. cit.

[794] Goldmann, loc. cit.

[795] Teissier, Arch. d. Méd. exp., 1895.

[796] Davaine, see Seifert, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[797] Mildner, Berl. med. Ges., July 24, 1907.

[798] Schlüter, loc. cit.

[799] Trappe, loc. cit.

[800] Poupée-Desportes, see Looss, “Handb. d. Tropenkrankh.,” 1905, i.

[801] Harington, Brit. Med. Journ., 1906.

[802] Emily, see Looss loc. cit.

[803] Mense, ibid.

[804] Frangenheim, Volkmann’s Samml. klin. Vorträge, 424.

[805] Finucane, Lancet, 1907.

[806] Bancroft, Lancet, 1885.

[807] Ziemann, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1905, xi.

[808] Ziemann, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1905.

[809] Pick, ibid.

[810] Ziemann, loc. cit.

[811] Wurtz and Cleri, Arch. Méd. expér., 1905, ii.

[812] Pollack, Berl. ophthal. Ges., May 17, 1906.

[813] Martens, Berl. med. Ges., July 24, 1907.

[814] Leichtenstern, “Handb. d. Therap. v. Pentzoldt-Stintzing.”

[815] Eichhorst, “Handb. d. Spez. Path. u. Therap.”

[816] Askanazy, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1896.

[817] Moosbrugger, Med. Corresp.-Bl. f. Württemburg, 1890.

[818] Kahane, Korrespondenzbl. f. Schweiz. Aezte, 1907, viii.

[819] Schulze, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1905.

[820] Vix, Zeitschr. f. Psychiat., xvii.

[821] Girard, Annal. d. l’Inst. Pasteur, 1901.

[822] Blanchard, Acad. de Méd., July 3, 1906.

[823] Poledne, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1906.

[824] Rippe, St. Petersb. med. Wochenschr., 1907.

[825] Becker, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[826] Peiper, quoted by Seifert, loc. cit., p. 248.

[827] Merkel, “Handb. d. Therap. v. Pentzoldt-Stintzing,” i.

[828] Klopsch, quoted by Babes.

[829] Langenbeck, ibid.

[830] Babes, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1906, xlii.

[831] Schleip, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., lxxx.

[832] Stäubli, ibid., lxxxv.

[833] Moscato, quoted by Predtetschensky, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., xl.

[834] Stuertz, Ges. d. Charité-Aerzte in Berlin, June 26, 1902.

[835] Löbker and Bruns, Arb. aus. dem. kaiserl. Gesundheitsamte, 1906, xxiii.

[836] v. Ziemssen, quoted by Haenisch, “Diss. Strasburg,” 1901.

[837] Huppertz, quoted by Haenisch, “Diss. Strasburg,” 1901.

[838] Baravalle, Progresso medico, 1903.

[839] Boycott, Journ. of Hygiene, 1904.

[840] Lohr, Zeitschr. f. Heilk., xxvi.

[841] Bruns, Liefmann and Meckel, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1905.

[842] Inouye, Arch. f. Verdauungs Krankh., 1905, xi.

[843] Looss, “Handb. f. Tropenkrankh.,” v. Mense, i, p. 129.

[844] Schaudinn, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1904.

[845] Dieminger, Klin. Jahrb., 1905, xiv.

[846] Dubreuilh, La Presse méd., 1905, xxx.

[847] Goldmann, Wien. med. Presse, 1905, ii.

[848] Ibid., “Die Hygiene des Bergmannes.” Halle: W. Knapp, 1903.

[849] Tenholt, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1905.

[850] Goldmann, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1905, x.

[851] Dieminger, loc. cit.

[852] Calmette, Acad. de Méd., July 25, 1905.

[853] Manouriez, Bull. de. l’Acad. de Méd., 1905.

[854] Looss, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 1905, lviii.

[855] Manson, Brit. Med. Journ., November 5, 1900.

[856] Fabre, Progrès méd., 1905.

[857] Bozzolo, Giorn. del R. Acad. d. Med. di Torino, 1881.

[858] Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakt.

[859] Grünberger, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1902, lii.

[860] Smith, Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., 1903.

[861] Mann, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., lxxiv.

[862] Prowe, Virch. Arch., clviii.

[863] Sandwith, quoted by Looss.

[864] Thornhill, ibid.

[865] Leichtenstern, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1887.

[866] Grünberger, loc. cit.

[867] Goldmann, Ges. f. innere Med. in Wien, March 8, 1906.

[868] Goldmann, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1905, x.

[869] Liermberger, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1905.

[870] Pool, Med. Woche, 1901.

[871] Bauer, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1904.

[872] Leonardi, Gaz. d. Osp., 1904.

[873] Mann, loc. cit.

[874] Grünberger, loc. cit.

[875] Nagel, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1903.

[876] Zinn, “Therap. der Gegenwart.,” 1903.

[877] Warburg, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1904.

[878] Nagel, loc. cit.

[879] Hynek, Sbornik Kliniky, v.

[880] Stockman, Brit. Med. Journ., 1904.

[881] Boycott and Haldane, Journ. of Hyg., ix.

[882] Adams, Arch. of Pediat., 1901.

[883] Philips, Lancet, 1906.

[884] Hermann, La méd. moderne, 1905.

[885] Neumann, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1904.

[886] Bentley, Indian Med. Gaz., 1904.

[887] Goldmann, Deutsch. Aerzte-Zeitg., 1903.

[888] Liermberger, loc. cit.

[889] Clason, see Seifert, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[890] Sick, “Diss. Tübingen,” 1901.

[891] Sick, ibid., 1901.

[892] Borger, “Diss. München,” 1891.

[893] Dauernheim, “Diss. Giessen,” 1900.

[894] Neugebauer, Arch. f. klin. Chir., 1903, lxx.

[895] Schupper, Gaz. d. Osp., 1904, xxxiii.

[896] Schiller, Beitr. zur klin. Chir., 1902, xxxiv.

[897] Epstein, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., 1904, lxxxi.

[898] Mertens, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1898, xxiii.

[899] Vierordt, Volkmann’s Samml. klin. Vortr., No. 375.

[900] Quincke, “Nothnagel’s Spez. Path. u. Therap.,” 1899, xviii.

[901] Dauernheim, loc. cit.

[902] Saltykow, Prag. Zeitschr. f. Heilk., 1900.

[903] Leer, Brit. Med. Journ., 1906.

[904] Vierordt, loc. cit.

[905] Mosler and Peiper, “Nothnagel’s Handb.,” 1894, vi.

[906] Troja, Napoli, 1771.

[907] Wrisberg, see Blumenbach, Göttingen, 1907.

[908] Deschamps, see Blass, “Diss. Strasburg,” 1902.

[909] Fortessin, see Bardeleben, “Lehrb. d. Chirurgie,” 1875.

[910] Albrecht, Commer. Noricum. T. I. Annal., 1739.

[911] Benievini, “Prol. Anat. d. Sin. front.,” Göttingen, 1779.

[912] Forest, see Tiedemann, Mannheim, 1844.

[913] Lanzoni, idem.

[914] Langelott, idem.

[915] Tulpe, idem.

[916] Reisel, idem.

[917] Fehr, idem.

[918] Bruckmann, Commer. Noric., 1739.

[919] Bahr, idem.

[920] Slabber, idem.

[921] Lange, “Blumenbach’s Med. Bibl.,” Göttingen, 1788.

[922] Chiari, “Krankh. d. Nase,” 1902.

[923] Haffner, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1880.

[924] Jurasz, Heymann’s “Handb. d. Laryngol. u. Rhinol.,” iii.

[925] Reynolds, Lancet, 1880.

[926] Wagenhäuser, Arch. f. Ohrenheilk., 1889, xxvii.

[927] Turnbull, Virchow-Hirsch Jahresbericht, 1880.

[928] Oesterlein, Deutsch. Klin. 1851.

[929] Smyly, Dubl. Journ., 1867.

[930] Fürst, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1879.

[931] Mosler, quoted by Liesen.

[932] Donati, Ann. Univ. de Méd. et Chir., Milano, 1875.

[933] Cerchez, Clinica, 1891, iv.

[934] Wagner, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[935] Rabot, Soc. de Sci. méd. de Lyon, September 9, 1904.

[936] Negresco, Soc. de Méd. légale, November 9, 1903.

[937] Schlüter, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1902.

[938] Epstein, see Seifert, “Lehrb. d. Kinderkrankh.,” p. 273.

[939] Metschnikoff, Gaz. hebd. de Méd. et Chir., 1901.

[940] Guermonprez, see Seifert, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[941] Küchenmeister, loc. cit.

[942] Lewin, see Seifert, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[943] Henoch, idem.

[944] Schidlowsky, see Seifert.

[945] Calderone, idem.

[946] Hausmann, St. Petersb. med. Wochenschr., 1900.

[947] Du Bois, see Lenhartz in “Penzoldt-Stintzing’s Handbuch,” p. 619.

[948] Ferran, idem.

[949] Bodenstein, Wien. med. Presse, 1906.

[950] Brüning, Med. Klin., 1906.

[951] Idem, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1907.

[952] Thelen, “Diss. Rostock,” 1907.

[953] Ungar, see Seifert, “Lehrbuch der Kinderkrankh.,” p. 246.

[954] Trendelenburg, see Seifert, idem.

[955] von Wagener, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., lxxxi.

[956] Ruffer, Brit. Med. Journ., 1901.

[957] Seifert, “Lehrb. d. Kinderkrankh.,” and Lesser’s “Encyklop. d. Haut-u. Geschlechtskrankh.,” p. 373.

[958] Majochi, Boll. d. Sci. med. d. Bologna, 1893.

[959] Szerlecky, Journ. Ann. Med. prat., Paris, 1874.

[960] Michelson, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1877, xxxiii.

[961] Majochi, loc. cit.

[962] Barbagallo, Gaz. d. Osp., November 16, 1900.

[963] Vignolo-Lutati, Arch. f. Derm., lxxxvii, pt. 1.

[964] Zarniko, “Die Krankh. d. Nase, u.s.w,” S. Karger, Berlin, 1905.

[965] Chiari, “Erfahr. auf d. Gebiete der Hals- u. Nasenkrankh.,” Wien, 1887.

[966] Hartmann, Naturforscherversamml., Köln, 1889.

[967] Rheins, “Der prakt. Arzt.,” 1893.

[968] Proskauer, Zeitschr. f. Ohrenheilk., 1891.

[969] Metschnikoff, Med. Klin., 1907, xlii, p. 1284.

[970] Heller, Deutsch. Arch. f. klin. Med., lxxvii.

[971] Barbagallo, loc. cit.

[972] Ungar, see Seifert, “Lehrb. d. Kinderkrankh.”

[973] Dornblüth, Arztl. Zentral-Anzeiger, 1903.

[974] Barbagallo, loc. cit.

[975] Heller, loc. cit.

[976] Still, Brit. Med. Journ., 1899.

[977] Dornblüth, loc. cit.

[978] Rahn, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1905.

[979] Senger, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1907, xxxviii.

[980] Seifert, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[981] Esser, Schweiz. Korrespondenzbl., 1893.

[982] Jurasz, Heymann’s “Handb. d. Laryng. u. Rhinol.,” 1899, ii.

[983] Cortial, Union méd., 1886.

[984] Palazzolo, Bull. del. mal. dell’ orecchio, etc., 1895.

[985] Roset, Rev. d. Cienc. méd. de Barcelona, 1907, ii.

[986] Huber, Deutsch: Arch. f. klin. Med., xlvii.

[987] Ramon de la Sota y Lastra, Rev. méd. de Sevilla, 1883.

[988] Photiades, Int. Zentralbl. f. Laryng., 1884.

[989] Maissurianz, St. Petersb. med. Wochenschr., 1883.

[990] Schmolitschew, Wratsch, 1884.

[991] Godet, Arch. de Méd. et Pharm. milit., 1887.

[992] Ficano, Rev. de Laryng., 1890.

[993] Massei, Int. Journ. of Laryng., 1890.

[994] Winternitz and Karbinski, Prag. med. Wochenschr., 1890.

[995] Aubert, Echo méd., 1891.

[996] Seifert, Rev. de Laryng., 1893.

[997] Leone, Boll. del. mal. dell’ orecchio, etc., 1892.

[998] Martin, Arch. de Méd. et Pharm. milit., 1891.

[999] Berthoud, ibid., 1893.

[1000] Palazzolo, Boll. del. mal. dell’ orecchio, 1895.

[1001] Panzat, Arch. de Méd. et Pharm. milit., 1896.

[1002] Moucharinski, Wratsch, 1896.

[1003] Martin, Rev. barcelon de enf. de oido, 1906.

[1004] Vieus and Nepeon, Monatsschr. f. Ohrenheilk., 1884.

[1005] Aubert, Echo méd., October 12, 1891.

[1006] Vicano, Boll. del. mal. dell’ orecchio, etc., 1892, ix.

[1007] Ridola, Arch. ital. di Laryng., 1894, ii.

[1008] Tapin, Siglo med., March 16, 1907.

[1009] Lusitanus, see Seifert in Heymann’s “Handb.,” p. 599.

[1010] Sinclair, Brit. Med. Journ., June 20, 1885, i.

[1011] Condorelli-Francaviglia, Spallangini, 1892.

[1012] Sota y Lastra, Rév. méd. de Sevilla, 1887.

[1013] Keng, Scot. Med. and Surg. Journ., October, 1899.

[1014] Looss, “Handb. d. Tropenkrankh.,” v. Mense, i, p. 194.

[1015] There is no reason for calling this the gooseberry mite. It is rarely found on this fruit. The gooseberry mite is Bryolia pretiosa.

[1016] MacLennars, Lancet, 1905.

[1017] [This cannot be the case, as Leptus autumnalis is the larval form of Trombidium holosericeum.—F. V. T.]

[1018] Sack, “Handb. d. Hautkrankh.,” v. Mraček, 1907.

[1019] Sandwith, Lancet, 1905.

[1020] Geber, “Handbuch d. Hautkrankh.,” in v. Ziemssen’s “Handbuch d. spez. Pathol. u. Therap.,” 1884, xiv.

[1021] Josai.

[1022] Looss, “Handbuch d. Tropenkrankh.,” v. Mense, p. 195.

[1023] Baelz, Virchow’s Archiv, lxxviii.

[1024] Heinecke, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1901.

[1025] Buy, “Histoire naturelle et médicale des Ixodes,” “Thèse de Lyon,” 1906.

[1026] Jelgenum, Med. Weekblad v. Noord- en Zuid-Nederland, 1901, i, No. 24.

[1027] [This is produced by a distinct species, vide pp. 519–20.—F. V. T.]

[1028] Nagelschmidt, Med. Klin., 1907, xxxv.

[1029] Sachs, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1900.

[1030] Sack, “Handb. d. Hautkrankh.,” v. Mraček.

[1031] Juliusberg, Therap. Monatsh., 1901.

[1032] Pfeiffenberger, Klin. therap. Wochenschr., 1900.

[1033] Rille, “Die Heilkunde,” 1900.

[1034] Kraus, Allg. wien. med. Zeit., 1900.

[1035] Kaposi, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1900.

[1036] Siebert, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1900.

[1037] Wolters, Therap. Monatsh., 1898.

[1038] Demitsch, Wratsch, 1905, iv.

[1039] Taenzer, Monatsh. f. prakt. Derm., xxi.

[1040] Schumann, Allg. med. Central-Zeitg., 1901.

[1041] Veiel, v. Ziemssen’s “Handb. d. spez. Path. u. Therap.,” 1884, xiv.

[1042] Kaposi, “Path. u. Therap. d. Hautkrankh.,” 1899.

[1043] Saalfeld, Lesser’s “Encyclop. d. Haut- u. Geschlechtskrankh.,” 1900.

[1044] Jessner, “Kompend. d. Hautkrankh.,” 1906, 3rd ed.

[1045] Weyl and Geber, v. Ziemssen’s “Handb. d. spez. Path. u. Therap.,” 1884, xiv.

[1046] Weyl and Geber, v. Ziemssen’s “Handb. d. spez. Path. u. Therap.,” 1884, xiv.

[1047] de Amicis, quoted by Lewandowsky.

[1048] Majochi, Centralbl. f. Bakt., xxv.

[1049] Dubreuilh, La Prat. Derm., Paris, 1901.

[1050] Mibelli, quoted by Lewandowsky.

[1051] Ivers, ibid.

[1052] Hünsche, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1900, xlv.

[1053] Mulder, Weekbl. v. het Nederl. Tijdschr. v. Geneesk., 1889.

[1054] Lewandowsky, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1907, xx.

[1055] Gruby, quoted by Lewandowsky.

[1056] Remak, ibid.

[1057] Neumann, ibid.

[1058] Zürn, ibid.

[1059] Babes, ibid.

[1060] Lewandowsky, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1907, xx.

[1061] Hünsche, Münch. med. Wochenschr., 1900, xlv.

[1062] [A case of infection through a dirty station privy in Switzerland came to my knowledge in 1899, and numbers of pediculi were found there.—F. V. T.]

[1063] Duguet, Annal. de Derm., II Sér., i.

[1064] Oppenheim, “Handb. d. Hautkrankh.,” v. Mraček, 1907.

[1065] Geber, see Seifert, Lesser’s “Encyclop.,” p. 387.

[1066] Oppenheim, loc. cit.

[1067] Thomer, see Seifert, Lesser’s “Encyclop.,” p. 387.

[1068] Vide genus Cimex, p. 534.

[1069] Nuttall, see Sack “Handb.,” v. Mraček, p. 290.

[1070] Rosenbach, Therap. Monatsh., 1903.

[1071] Leipzig. med. Monatsh., 1907, vi.

[1072] Chemist and Druggist, August 25, 1906.

[1073] Scheube, “Die Krankh. d. warmer Länder,” 1896.

[1074] Berger, Therap. Monatsh., April, 1907.

[1075] [Chrysomyia macellaria, p. 587.—F. V. T.]

[1076] [C. macellaria, Fabricius, the screw-worm fly, is found in tropical America and the West Indies. The genus is restricted to America. The species from India is a Pycnosoma.—F. V. T.]

[1077] Riley, American Naturalist, 1883, xvii.

[1078] Lahory, Edin. Med. Journ., 1856.

[1079] v. Frantzius, Virchow’s Archiv, 1868, xliii.

[1080] Lutz, see Joseph, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[1081] Conil, Annal. de Science nat. zool., 1878.

[1082] [This fly belongs to the genus Cordylobia, and is peculiar to Africa. C. anthropophaga, or the tumbri fly, is, when a larva, a subcutaneous parasite of man and animals.—F. V. T.]

[1083] Delasiauve, Gerhardt’s “Handb. d. Kinderkrankh.,” 1878, iii.

[1084] Weber, Mexique Rec. d. Mém. de Méd. milit., 1867.

[1085] Mankiewicz, Virchow’s Archiv, 1868, xliv.

[1086] Kirschmann, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1881.

[1087] Prima, “Thèse de Paris,” 1881.

[1088] Britton, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1883.

[1089] Richardson, Medical Monthly, 1883.

[1090] Schmidt, Texas Med. Journ., 1887.

[1091] Wolinz, Wratsch, 1884.

[1092] Adler, Med. Record, 1885.

[1093] Curran, Med. Press and Circ., 1887.

[1094] Pierre, “Thèse de Paris,” 1888.

[1095] Douglas, Kansas City Med. Index, 1890.

[1096] Summa, St. Louis, 1889.

[1097] Kimball, New York Med. Journ., 1893.

[1098] Carrière, Gaz. hebd. de Méd. et de Chir., 1898, xciv.

[1099] Chiodi, La Argent. Med., March 1, 1905.

[1100] Lesbini, ibid.

[1101] Quintano, “Cronic oftalm. de Cadiz,” 1878.

[1102] Cesare, Arch. ital. di Otol., April, 1903.

[1103] Calamida, Giorn. d. R. Accad. de Med. di Torino, September, 1903.

[1104] De Saulle, Gaz. des Hôp., Paris, 1857.

[1105] Delasiauve, Gaz. hebd. de Méd., Paris, 1885.

[1106] MacGregor, Arch. gén. de Med., No. 1,031.

[1107] Bordenave, “Deuxième Mém. présenté à l’Acad. de Chir.,” v, p. 387.

[1108] [And the other species, of course, must be included here.—F. V. T.]

[1109] [Concerning Europe and India, macellaria does not occur.—F. V. T.]

[1110] Brokaw, see Seifert, in Heymann’s “Handb.,” p. 595.

[1111] Prima, “Thèse de Paris,” 1881.

[1112] Maillard, “Thèse de Montpellier,” 1870.

[1113] Salzmann, see Tiedemann, Mannheim, 1844.

[1114] Honold, ibid.

[1115] Henkel, ibid.

[1116] Mankiewicz, Virchow’s Archiv, 1868, xliv.

[1117] Goldstein, New York Med. Journ., 1892.

[1118] Kimball, ibid., 1893.

[1119] Behrends, see Tiedemann.

[1120] Boerhave, ibid.

[1121] Kilgour, ibid.

[1122] Delasiauve, loc. cit.

[1123] Moore, Chicago Med. Times, 1893.

[1124] Roura, Gaz. di San. milit., 1884.

[1125] Cerna, New York Med. Journ., 1893.

[1126] Schmidt, Texas Courier, 1884.

[1127] Pascal, Arch. d. Méd. milit., 1895.

[1128] Joseph, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[1129] Pierre, “Thèse de Paris,” 1888.

[1130] Scheppegrell, New York Med. Journ., 1898.

[1131] Cesare, loc. cit.

[1132] Calamida, loc. cit.

[1133] Bresgen, Eulenburg’s “Real. Encyclopädie,” third edition.

[1134] Roorda-Smit, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1906.

[1135] Jourdran, Arch. de Méd. nav., 1895.

[1136] Goldstein, New York Med. Journ., 1892.

[1137] Osborn, Daniel’s Med. Journ., 1891.

[1138] Durham, Chicago Med. Times, 1893.

[1139] Jennings, Kansas City Med. Index, 1890.

[1140] Kimball, New York Med. Journ., 1893.

[1141] Mackenzie, “Diseases of the Nose and Throat.”

[1142] Oatmann, Med. Mirror, February, 1894.

[1143] Zarniko, “Lehrb. d. Krankh. d. Nase.”

[1144] Antony, Bull. Soc. méd. des Hôp. de Paris, 1903.

[1145] Folkes, New York Med. Record, 1907.

[1146] Grayson, St. Louis Med. and Surg. Journ., 1891.

[1147] Goldstein, New York Med. Journ., 1892.

[1148] Wolinz, Wratsch, 1884.

[1149] Morgagni, see Tiedemann.

[1150] Cheval, Journ. de Méd. et de Chir., 1893.

[1151] [This is the larva of a moth.—F. V. T.]

[1152] Bond, Int. Zentralbl. f. Laryng., 1896.

[1153] Dumesnil, see Friedreich, “Die Krankh. d. Nase,” 1858.

[1154] Seifert, see Heymann’s “Handb.”

[1155] Bertrand, Soc. méd. de Bologne, 1839.

[1156] Bergmann, Korrespondenzbl. d. deutsch. Ges. f. Psych., Neuwied, 1859.

[1157] Vesescu, Riv. stiintelor med., February, 1906.

[1158] Köhler, Monatsschr. f. Ohrenheilk., 1885.

[1159] Quintano, see Seifert, loc. cit.

[1160] Lesbini, La Argent. Med., 1905.

[1161] Henneberg, Berl. med. Ges., February 18, 1903.

[1162] Kayser, Klin. Monatsbl. f. Augenheilk., 1905.

[1163] Schultz-Zeyden, Berl. klin. Wochenschr., 1906.

[1164] Henneberg, Berl. med. Ges., February 18, 1903.

[1165] Westenhöffer, Verein f. innere Med., Berlin, May 7, 1906.

[1166] Munk, Wien. med. Presse, xxi.

[1167] Vesescu, loc. cit.

[1168] Roorda-Smit, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1906.

[1169] Lesbini, loc. cit.

[1170] Hector, Lancet, 1902.

[1171] Wohlfahrt, “De vermibus per nares excretis,” Norimbergae, 1770.

[1172] Portschinsky, “Norae Soc. entomolog. Rossicae,” 1875.

[1173] Joseph, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[1174] Gerstäcker, “Sitzungsberichte d. Ges. f. naturf. Freunde in Berlin,” 1875.

[1175] Löw, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1883, xxxi.

[1176] Cloquet, see Schultz-Zehden, loc. cit.

[1177] Freund, Ges. f. innere Med. in Wien, December 5, 1901; and Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1910, li.

[1178] Balzer and Schimpff, Annal. de Derm. et de Syph., 1902.

[1179] Brandt, Wratsch, 1888.

[1180] Lelean, Brit. Med. Journ., 1904.

[1181] [Numerous instances of attacks by Auchmeromyia are known and referred to under that genus, pp. 593–4. The species referred to here is not depressa, Walker.—F. V. T.]

[1182] Goudot, Annal. d. Sci. nat., 1845.

[1183] Poilroux, Journ de Méd., Chir., etc., 1809.

[1184] [Hypoderma linearis is frequently confused with H. bovis.—F. V. T.]

[1185] Kirschmann, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1881.

[1186] Löw, Wien. med. Wochenschr., 1882.

[1187] Joseph, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885.

[1188] Razoux, Journ. de Méd., Chir., etc., 1758.

[1189] v. Frantzius, Virchow’s Archiv, 1868, xliii.

[1190] [The Oestrides appear to lay their ova on the hair of animals. They do not puncture the skin.—F. V. T.]

[1191] Wilms, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1897.

[1192] Adams, Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1904.

[1193] Ed. and Et. Sergent, Annal. de l’Inst. Pasteur, 1907.

[1194] Strauch, Journ. of Cut. Dis., 1906.

[1195] Schlesinger and Weichselbaum, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1902, i.

[1196] Wirsing, Zeitschr. f. klin. Med., 1906, lx.

[1197] Pottiez, Bull. de l’Acad. royale de Méd. de Belgique, xv.

[1198] Krause, Deutsch. med. Wochenschr., 1886, xvii.

[1199] Pasquale, Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1891.

[1200] Peiper, “Fliegenlarv. als gelegentl. Parasiten d. Menschen,” Berlin, 1900.

[1201] Csokor, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1901, p. 129.

[1202] Salzmann, Württemberg. med. Korrespondenzbl. 1883, liii.

[1203] [This is presumably Homalomyia (Fannia) scalaris.—F. V. T.]

[1204] [This fly, common in houses, is known as Homalomyia canicularis, and the next belongs to the same genus.—F. V. T.]

[1205] [This fly belongs to the genus Calliphora, not Musca.—F. V. T.]

[1206] Joseph, Deutsch. med. Zeitg., 1885 and 1887.

[1207] Staniek, see Schlesinger and Weichselbaum, p. 47.

[1208] Peiper, “Fliegenlarv. als gelegentl. Parasiten d. Menschen,” Berlin, 1900.

[1209] R. J. Lee, Journ. Clin. Soc. Lond., November 27, 1874.

[1210] Dickinson, Fox and Duckworth, ibid., 1875.

[1211] Crocker, “Diseases of the Skin,” 1893; “Atlas of the Diseases of the Skin.”

[1212] v. Neumann and Rille, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1895; Dermatologenkongr., Graz, 1895.

[1213] v. Samson-Himmelstjerna, Wratsch, 1895; Arch. f. Derm. u. Syph., 1897.

[1214] Sokoloff, Wratsch, 1896.

[1215] Rawnitzky, Derm. Zeitschr., v, p. 704.

[1216] Cholodowsky, Wratsch, 1896.

[1217] Stelwagon, Journ. Cut. Dis., xxii, 8.

[1218] Ehrmann, Wien. derm. Ges., November 17, 1897.

[1219] v. Harlingen, Amer. Journ. of Med. Sci., 1902.

[1220] Lenglet and Delaunay, Annal. de Derm. et de Syph., 1904.

[1221] Kengsep, Derm. Centralbl., 1906, vii.

[1222] Hamburger, Journ. of Cut. Dis., 1904.

[1223] v. Harlingen, loc. cit.

[1224] Bruno, v. Rille and Riecke, “Handb. d. Hautkrankh. v. Mraček.”

[1225] Ehrmann, loc. cit.

[1226] Brodier and Fouquet, Bull. de la Soc. franç. d. Derm., 1904.

[1227] Rawnitzky, loc. cit.

[1228] Morris, Brit. Journ. Derm., 1896.

[1229] Schmid, Verein der Aerzte in Steiermark, February 12, 1900.

[1230] Shelmire, Journ. Cut. Dis., 1905.

[1231] Kumberg, St. Petersb. med. Wochenschr., 1898.

[1232] Boas, Monatsh. f. prakt. Derm., 1907, xliv.

[1233] Kaposi, Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1898.

[1234] Topsent, Arch. de Par., 1901.

[1235] [This is extremely unlikely, as the bots of Hypoderma only live for nine or ten months at the most!—F. V. T.]

[1236] Quortrup and Boas, Hospitalstid., 1907.

[1237] Rille and Riecke, “Handb. d. Hautkrankh.,” v. Mraček, 1907, iv.

[1238] Shelmire, loc. cit.

[1239] Stelwagon, loc. cit.

[1240] Crocker, loc. cit.

[1241] v. Harlingen, loc. cit.

[1242] Moorhead, Texas Med. News, 1906.

[1243] Hutchins, Journ. Cut. Dis., 1906.

[1244] Lenglet and Delaunay, loc. cit.

[1245] v. Harlingen, loc. cit.

[1246] Kensep, loc. cit.

[1247] Meade and Freeman, Brit. Journ. Derm., October, 1906.

[1248] Journ. of Parasitol., i, p. 159.

[1249] Amer. Journ. Trop. Dis. and Prevent. Med., ii, p. 680.

[1250] Ibid., p. 627; New York Med. Journ., May 1, 1915, ci, p. 886.

[1251] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 571.

[1252] Ind. Med. Gaz., l, p. 5.

[1253] Zool. Anzeiger, xliv, pp. 203, 206; and ibid., xxxix, p. 678.

[1254] Zool. Anzeiger, xliv, p. 210.

[1255] Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., lv, p. 241.

[1256] Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, ii, p. 67.

[1257] Arch. f. Protistenk., xxxv, p. 197.

[1258] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxv, p. 527.

[1259] C. R. Acad. Sci., clx, p. 543.

[1260] Proc. Camb. Philosoph. Soc., xviii, p. 137; and Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., ix, p. 335.

[1261] Parasitology, viii, p. 128.

[1262] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., ix, p. 335.

[1263] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., vii, p. 577.

[1264] Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. and Hyg., vii, p. 259.

[1265] Ibid., viii, p. 201.

[1266] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., ix, p. 391.

[1267] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., ix, p. 402.

[1268] Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., vii, pt. 1, p. 47.

[1269] Journ. Infect. Dis., xvii, p. 95.

[1270] Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., viii, p. 241.

[1271] Ibid., p. 229.

[1272] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1910, p. 694.

[1273] “Amœbiasis and the Dysenteries,” p. 8.

[1274] Journ. Med. Research, xxv, p. 263; and Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., viii, p. 56.

[1275] Journ. Exper. Med., xviii, p. 252.

[1276] See Sleeping Sickness Bulletin (1909), i, No. 8, p. 287.

[1277] C. R. Soc. Biol., lxi, p. 550.

[1278] C. R. Acad. Sci., cxlvi, p. 842.

[1279] Annals Trop. Med. and Parasitol., vi, p. 331.

[1280] “The Microtomist’s Vade Mecum” (7th edition, 1913). London: J. and A. Churchill.

[1281] “Précis de Microscopie” (1913). Paris: Masson et Cie.

[1282] Proc. Roy. Soc., B, lxxxii, p. 411.

[1283] “Physiological Histology,” 1902, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Return to [transcriber’s notes]

Spelling inconsistencies:
Ankylostoma/Ancylostoma/Anchylostoma
anthelminthic/anthelmintic
Endamœba/Entamœba
proglottids/proglottides
Bilharziasis/Bilharziosis

Spelling corrections:
Ater → After
breath → breadth
Schizotrvpanum → Schizotrypanum
cyle → cycle
vertebrate → vertebrates
the tickis in completely known → the tick is incompletely known
epthelial → epithelial
Protion → Portion
ooks → looks
succeded → succeeded
imes → times
Furthur → Further tell → tells
o → of
ow → now
fo → of
cytologica → cytological
sucessfu → successful
Agchylostoma → Ancylostoma
Ancylostomalarve → Ancylostomalarven
lombr. → lumbr.
hyatid → hydatid
Szerlicky → Szerlecky
genita → genital
cystercerci → cysticerci
diagnoiss → diagnosis
cysticerus → cysticercus
s → is
n → In
protanrdic → protandric
Cuticule → Cuticle
cel → cell
fron → front
brought → bought
inmature → immature
ater → later
Acarides → Ascarides
artifically → artificially
cauity → cavity
an daccording → and according
he → the
synonomy → synonymy
follow → follows
Ecchinococcus → Echinococcus
Brachyera → Brachycera
NaHO → NaOH