The Deaf / Their Position in Society and the Provision for Their Education in the United States

by Harry Best

INDEX

• Accidents as a cause of deafness, 17.
• Admission into schools, [157], [166-168], [262-267].
  • See [Fees]; [Restrictions].
• Adult deaf in schools, [267n].
  • See [Evening schools]; [Homes].
• Adventitious deafness, [16-40];
  • ages of occurrence of, [18];
  • action for the prevention of, [21-26];
  • as an increasing or decreasing phenomenon, [27-40];
  • causes of, [17-21];
  • conclusions respecting, [59], [60], [309].
• Age of occurrence of deafness, [7-10], [12], [17], [18].
• Agricola, Rudolph, [121].
• Aid to the deaf, see [Homes for the deaf]; [Legislation]; [Private organizations].
  • —— for schools, see [Clothing and transportation]; [Private benefactions].
• Aims of first schools, [147-154].
• Alabama, education in, [172], [176n], [182], [184], [209], [297].
• Alms-houses, deaf in, [79].
• Alms-seekers, deaf as, [83-85], [316].
• Alphabet for deaf, see [Manual alphabet].
• American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, [109], [113], [114].
• American possessions, education in, [240].
• American School, [132n], [134-139], [141n], [156n], [181], [299], [306].
  • See [Connecticut].
• Amman, John, [124].
• Ancient treatment of deaf, [63], [119].
• "Annals of the Deaf, American", [115].
• Appropriations for schools, state, [136], [161], [163], [295], [321].
  • See [Day schools]; [Semi-public schools].
• Arizona, education in, [185], [209], [300].
• Arkansas, education in, [183], [210].
• Associations of the deaf, see [Societies].
• "Asylums", use of term, [104], [148], [251n], [256n].
• Attendance in schools, [165], [268-276].
  • See [Age limits].
• Auricular instruction, [283], [285-287].
• Austine Institution, [306].
  • See [Vermont].

• Baker, Henry, [123].
• Baptist Church, work of, see [Church work].
• Bartlett, David E., [156n].
• Bede, Venerable, [121].
• Bell, A. G., [5n], [108].
• Benefactions, see [Private benefactions]; [Endowment funds].
• Blind associated with deaf, [99n].
  • See [Dual schools].
• Boarding institutions, [168], [169], [187].
• Bolling, William, [131].
• Bonet, Juan, [122].
• Bonifaccio, Giovanni, [121].
• Braidwood, John, [131], [132].
• Braidwood, Thomas, [127].
• Bulwer, John, [122].

• California, education in, [176], [183], [191], [192], [193], [202], [204], [210], [305].
• Camerarius, Rudolph, [125].
• Carion, Ramirez de, [123].
• Cardano, Girolamo, [121].
• Castro, Pietro de, [121].
• Catholic Church, work of, see [Church work]; [Denominational schools].
• Causes of deafness, see [Adventitious deafness]; [Congenital deafness].
• Census of deaf, how taken, [5n], [14].
• Charges to pupils, see [Fees]; [Restrictions].
• Charities, boards of, [182], [183].
  • See [Charity]; [States, provision in].
• Charity in connection with schools, [104], [147], [248-261], [322];
  • conclusions respecting, [260];
  • in best sense, [249];
  • in legal sense, [252n];
  • opposition to connection, [256];
  • popular conceptions of charity, [250];
  • regard by states, [248];
  • views of boards of charities, [254];
  • views of deaf, [259];
  • views of instructors, [259].
• Church work for deaf, [96], [110-113].
  • See [Private benefactions].
• Cities, aid of to schools, [161-163], [301].
  • See [Day schools]; [States, provision in].
• Clarke School, [281], [306].
  • See [Massachusetts].
• Classes of pupils, see [Gradations].
• Classical allusions to the deaf, [119].
• Clerc, Laurent, [135].
• Clothing and transportation provided for pupils, [255], [264], [265], [296], [307].
• Clubs of deaf, see [Societies].
• Cogswell, Alice, [134].
• College for the deaf, see [Gallaudet College].
• Colorado, education in, [176], [184], [211], [297], [305].
• Colonies for the deaf, [89n].
• Combined method of instruction, [283], [285-287].
• Communication, methods of among deaf, [11], [12], [277-287].
• Compulsory education, [272-276], [320].
• Conference of Principals, [113], [114].
• Congenital deafness, [41-60];
  • as an increasing or decreasing phenomenon, [57];
  • conclusions respecting, [60-62], [310];
  • consanguineous marriages affecting, [42];
  • deaf parents affecting, [46];
  • deaf relatives affecting, [45];
  • possible action for the prevention of, [52].
• Congregational Church, work of, see [Church work].
• Congress, action of, see [National government].
• Connecticut, education in, [136], [138], [171], [173], [183], [211], [305].
  • See [American School].
• Consanguineous marriages, [42], [54], [60].
  • See [Congenital deafness].
• Constitutional provisions, [64], [169], [242-247], [321].
• Control, boards of, [183].
• Convention of American Instructors of the Deaf, [113], [114].
• Corporations, see [Semi-public schools].
• Cost of education, [293-298], [322];
  • for maintenance, [295];
  • for new buildings, [294];
  • in day schools, [192];
  • per pupil, [298];
  • to states sending outside, [297].
  • See [Property, value of]; [Semi-public schools].
• County aid to schools, [162], [265], [296];
  • officers, work of, [166], [275n].
• Courses of study, [287].
• Court decisions relating to deaf, [65], [71].
  • See [Law, attitude of].
• Crimes, responsibility of deaf for, [65], [72].

• Dactylology, see [Manual alphabet].
• Dalgarno, George, [123].
• Day schools, [168], [187-201], [318];
  • arguments against, [197];
  • arguments for, [194];
  • co-operation with institutions, [189], [190];
  • co-ordination with public schools, [190], [193];
  • design of, [188];
  • equipment of, [193], [196];
  • evening schools as part of, [200], [201];
  • institutions as, [187];
  • laws for, [192];
  • number, [187], [191];
  • pupils in, [193];
  • support, [192], [193].
  • See [Methods of instruction]; [States, provision in].
• "Deaf", meaning of term, [3].
• "Deaf-and-dumb", see ["Deaf"].
• Deaf-blind, [5n], [178-179], [307].
• "Deaf-mute", [9n], [286n].
  • See ["Deaf"].
• "Deaf-mutism", [101n].
• Deafness in different states, [5].
• "Defective" class, the deaf as a, [100].
• Delaware, education in, [141], [171], [185], [212].
• Denominational and private schools, [168], [202-205], [319].
  • See [Methods of instruction]; [States, provision in].
• Dependent class, the deaf as a, [103].
  • See [Economic condition].
• Deschamps, [126].
• Difficulties of early schools, [144], [145], [164], [165].
• Diseases, effect of, see [Adventitious deafness].
• District of Columbia, education in, [171], [172n], [182], [185n], [212], [213], [296], [305].
  • See [Gallaudet College].
• Dual schools, [173], [176], [177], [293n], [294n], [295n].
• Dues, see [Fees].
• "Dumbness", see ["Deaf"].

• Ear, diseases of, see [Adventitious Deafness].
• Early attempts at instruction, [129-133].
  • —— workers, character of, [155], [156].
• Economic condition of deaf, [75-90], [314], [316];
  • conclusions respecting, [90];
  • deafness, effect of, [75], [80], [83];
  • occupations of deaf, [76], [77];
  • unions, members of, [82n];
  • views of deaf, [81];
  • wage-earners, extent as, [76-78], [81], [82].
  • See [Alms-houses]; [Dependent class]; [Homes]; [Industrial training].
• Education, associations for, [113], [114];
  • boards of, [184], [185], [248], [258];
  • See [States, provision in].
  • ——, condition of deaf before, [146], [148-154], [312].
• Employment of deaf, see [Economic condition].
• Endowment funds, [172], [174], [295].
  • See [Private benefactions].
• England, early education in, [121-123], [127].
• Épée, abbé de l', [126], [127].
• Ephpheta School, [306].
  • See [Illinois].
• Eugenics, see [Congenital deafness].
• Europe, first schools in, [119-128];
  • recognition in of work in America, [170n].
• Evening schools for adults, [200], [201].
• Exhibits of deaf pupils, [136], [142], [158], [159], [160].

• Farming as an industry, [83n], [90n], [291], [292].
  • See [Economic condition].
• Fay, Barnabas M., [156n].
• Feeble-minded deaf, [179], [180].
• Fees for pupils, [143], [157].
  • See [Admission into schools]; [Denominational schools]; [Restrictions].
  • —— in semi-public schools, membership, [156], [173], [181], [304].
• Fiction, deaf in, [100n].
• Finger-spelling, see [Manual alphabet]; [Sign language].
• First schools, [131], [134-144].
• Florida, education in, [176], [183], [184], [213].
• France, early education in, [125-127].
• Fraternal organizations of deaf, [95], [96].

• Gallaudet College, [168], [206-208], [265n], [319].
  • See [District of Columbia].
• Gallaudet, Edward Miner, [207n].
• Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, [134-136], [138n], [156n].
• Georgia, education in, [138], [143], [182], [191], [193], [204n], [214].
• Germany, early education in, [121], [124], [125].
• Gifts, see [Private benefactions].
• Government of institutions, [180-185].
  • See [States, provision in].
• Gradations of pupils, [287-289].
• Graduates of schools, [80], [288], [289].
• Green, Francis, [130].
• Guardians for deaf, [67], [68].

• "Hard of hearing", [3n];
  • schools for, [202n].
• Harrower, John, [129].
• Hearing in school children, defective, [24].
• Hebrew work for deaf, see [Church work].
• Heinicke, Samuel, [125].
• Heredity, see [Congenital deafness].
• Holder, William, [123].
• Holland, early education in, [124].
• Homes for deaf, [85-89], [314];
  • extent of, [87], [88];
  • purpose, [86];
  • support, [89].
  • —— for children, [254n], [296n].
  • See [Denominational and private schools]; [Boarding institutions].
• Horace Mann School, [188], [282].
  • See [Massachusetts].
• Hubbell, Horatio N., [156n].
• Hutton, Abraham B., [156n].

• Idaho, education in, [176], [183], [184], [214].
• Ideas of early schools, [144-147].
• Illinois, education in, [144], [183], [191], [192], [193], [202], [204], [214], [215], [305].
• Immigration in respect to deaf, [66].
• Impostors simulating deafness, [82-84], [316].
• Increase of deafness, see [Adventitious deafness]; [Congenital deafness].
• Indiana, education in, [142], [157], [183], [184], [216].
• Indigent pupils, see [Admission into schools]; [Clothing and transportation]; [Fees]; [Restrictions].
• Industrial training, [80], [169], [193], [199], [205], [290-292], [319].
• Institutions, general arrangements of, [171-186];
  • government, [180-185];
  • arguments against, [194];
  • arguments for, [197].
  • See [Boarding institutions]; [Methods of instruction]; [States, provision in].
• Instructors, associations of, [113], [114];
  • number of, [288];
  • training schools for, [289n].
• Insurance companies and the deaf, [104];
  • among the deaf, [95], [96].
• Interpreters for deaf, [65], [74], [112n].
• Iowa, education in, [144], [183], [216].
• Italy, early education in, [121], [124].

• Jacobs, John A., [156n].

• Kansas, education in, [184], [217].
• Kendall School, see [Gallaudet College]; [District of Columbia].
• Kentucky, education in, [141], [142], [157], [164n], [184], [217], [297], [299].
• Kerger, [125].
• Kerr, William D., [156n].
• Kilpatrick, John, [132].
• Kindergarten departments, see [Denominational and private schools]; [Gradations of pupils].

• Labor bureaus for deaf, [71], [81n].
• Ladies' societies, [88n], [161n], [173n].
• Land given for schools, [137], [141], [162], [299-302].
  • See [States, provision in].
• Language, difficulty of for deaf, [198], [201], [287].
• Law, general attitude of toward deaf, [63-74];
  • trend of, [73];
  • need of changed regard, [314].
  • See [Legal exceptions]; [Legislation].
• Le Couteulx St. Mary's Institution, [306].
  • See [New York].
• Legal exceptions, views of deaf respecting, [74n].
• Legislation in aid of deaf, [68-71];
  • discriminatory, [66];
  • in protection, [67], [68].
• Legislatures, appeals to, [159], [160].
  • See [Appropriations]; [Law, attitude of]; [States, provision in].
• Lip-reading, [10], [284].
  • See [Speech].
• Location of schools, [163], [301].
• Louisiana, education in, [172n], [183], [184], [191], [193], [202], [218].
• Lutheran Church, work of, see [Church work]; [Denominational schools].

• McIntyre, Thomas, [156n].
• Maine, education in, [138], [183], [218].
• Mann, Horace, [281].
• Manual alphabet, [11], [12], [277], [278].
  • See [Sign language].
• Manual alphabet method, [285-287].
• Manual method, [285-287].
• Maryland, education in, [141], [172], [173], [176n], [183], [202-205], [219].
• Marriages of deaf, advisability of, [46], [54-56];
  • laws to prohibit, [56n];
  • partners in, [55];
  • possibilities of deaf offspring, [46-52].
  • See [Congenital deafness].
• Massachusetts, education in, [130], [138], [171], [173], [184], [191], [193n], [219], [305].
  • See [Clarke School]; [Horace Mann School]; [New England Industrial School]; [Sarah Fuller Home].
• Medical bodies and prevention of deafness, [25], [26].
  • See [Adventitious deafness].
• Mendicancy, see [Alms-seekers].
• Methodist Church, work of, see [Church work].
• Methods of instruction, [193], [205], [277-287].
• Michigan, education in, [183], [191], [192], [202], [221], [301].
• Middle ages, education in, [120].
• Minnesota, education in, [183], [184], [191], [193], [222].
• Mississippi, education in, [182], [223].
• Missions, see [Church work for deaf]; [Legislation in aid of deaf].
• Missouri, education in, [142n], [144], [183], [191], [193], [202], [223].
• Montana, education in, [176], [182], [183], [184], [224], [300].
• Montans, Peter, [124].
• "Mute", see ["Deaf"].

• National college, see [Gallaudet College].
• National Educational Association, [114].
• National government, granting land for schools, [137], [141], [162], [299], [300];
  • creating Gallaudet College, [206-208].
  • See [District of Columbia].
• Nebraska, education in, [183], [224].
• Negroes, education of, [172], [176n], [185n], [268n].
• Nelson Philip, [129].
• Nevada, education in, [171], [185], [224].
• New England School, [306].
  • See [Massachusetts].
• New England states, interest in American School, [136], [137], [138].
• New Hampshire, education in, [138], [171], [185], [225].
• New Jersey, education in, [140], [141], [184], [191], [192], [225].
• New Mexico, education in, [182], [185n], [225].
• New York, education in, [131], [139], [140], [148n], [171], [173], [183], [184], [191-193], [204], [226-229], [305].
  • See [Le Couteulx St. Mary's Institution]; [New York Institution]; [New York Institution for Improved Instruction]; [St. Joseph's Institution].
• New York Institution, [131], [132n], [139], [140], [161n], [187n], [280n], [306].
  • See [New York].
• New York Institution for Improved Instruction, [281], [306].
  • See [New York].
• North Carolina, education in, [143], [172], [176n], [183], [184], [229].
• North Dakota, education in, [183], [230], [297], [300].

• Occupations of deaf, see [Economic condition].
• Œcolampadius, [124].
• Offspring, deaf, see [Marriages of deaf].
• Ohio, education in, [142], [143n], [157n], [183], [191], [192], [202], [205], [230].
• Oklahoma education in, [172], [176], [183], [184], [185n], [231].
• Opinions of deaf, see [Charity]; [Economic condition]; [Legal exceptions].
• Oral method, [187n], [193], [205], [279-287], [296n].
• Oregon, education in, [183], [185n], [191], [232].

• Papers of deaf, [97], [116];
  • of schools, [116], [292].
  • See [Publications for deaf].
• Parents, deaf, and offspring, see [Marriages of deaf].
• Parents' associations, [109].
• Partially deaf, [3n].
• Pasch, [125].
• Pay pupils, see [Fees].
• Peet, Harvey P., [156n].
• Pereire, [126].
• Pennsylvania, education in, [140], [141], [171], [173], [183], [202-204], [233], [234], [305].
  • See [Pennsylvania Institution]; [Western Pennsylvania Institution].
• Pennsylvania Institution, [140], [141], [181], [187n], [306].
  • See [Pennsylvania].
• Politics in schools, [185n], [322].
• Ponce de Leon, Pedro, [122].
• Popular conceptions of deaf, [99-106], [313], [314].
• Prevention of deafness, see [Adventitious deafness]; [Congenital deafness].
• Principals, Conference of, [113], [114].
• Private benefactions, [135], [136], [140], [142], [158], [160], [161], [163], [173-176], [179], [181], [281], [295], [296], [301], [303-308], [321].
  • See [Denominational and private schools]; [Homes]; [Private organizations]; [States, provision in].
• Private organizations for deaf, [107-116].
  • See [Denominational schools]; [Semi-public schools].
• Private schools, see [Denominational and private schools].
• Property, value of, [293].
• Protestant Episcopal Church, work of, see [Church work].
• Public appropriations, see [Appropriations].
• Public schools, deaf in, see [Day schools].
• Publications for deaf, [115], [307n].
  • See [Papers]; [Volta Bureau].
• Pupils, at beginning, [165];
  • number of, [288];
  • proportion in attendance, [268-270].
  • See [Clothing]; [Fees]; [Gradations]; [Restrictions].

• Quasi-public schools, see [Semi-public schools].

• Rae, Luzerne, [156n].
• Raphel, Georges, [125].
• Relatives, deaf, see [Congenital deafness].
• Relief for needy deaf, [69], [95], [112].
• Religious work, see [Church work]; [Denominational schools].
• Restrictions, [157], [166], [262], [263], [318].
  • See [Fees]; [Age limits].
• Rhode Island, education in, [138], [184], [234].

• St. Francis de Sales, [124].
• St. Joseph's Institution, [306].
  • See [New York].
• Sarah Fuller Home, [306].
  • See [Denominational and private schools]; [Massachusetts].
• Schott, Gaspard, [125].
• Seixas, David, [140].
• Self-supporting, the deaf as, see [Economic condition].
• "Semi-deaf", [9n], [286n].
• "Semi-mute", [9n], [286n].
• Semi-public schools, [156], [172-176], [180], [181], [295n], [297], [303].
• Sensational accounts of deaf, [105n].
• Settlements, social, work of, [107n].
• Sibscota, George, [123].
• Sicard, [127].
• Sign language, [11], [12], [92], [187n], [277-279].
  • See [Manual alphabet].
• Societies for deaf, see [Private organizations].
• Social organization of deaf, [91-98].
• Societies of the deaf, [92-96];
  • desirability, [93];
  • purposes, [94-96].
• Solidarity of deaf, [78n], [94], [95].
• South Carolina, education in, [138], [144], [176], [182], [184], [235].
• South Dakota, education in, [183], [204n], [235], [300].
• Spain, early education in, [122], [123].
• Speech, [8-12], [279-284];
  • ability of deaf in, [8], [9], [284];
  • growth of teaching of, [282-284];
  • relation to sense of hearing, [3], [4].
  • See [Oral method].
• Stanford, John, [131], [139].
• State, action of, see [Law, attitude of].
• States, provision in, [209-241];
  • lands given by, [301];
  • without schools, procedure in, [169], [171], [185], [297].
  • See [Appropriations]; [Charity]; [Constitutional provisions]; [Government of institutions].
• Stone, Collins, [156n].
• Strange class, deaf as a, [99].
• Subsidies, see [Appropriations]; [Semi-public schools].
• Support of schools, see [Cost].

• Tax, exemptions of deaf from, [65], [69].
• Taxation for schools, special, [163], [172], [297].
• Teachers, see [Instructors].
• Tennessee, education in, [143], [182], [183], [184], [236].
• Terms, see [Admission into schools].
• Terzi, Lana, [124].
• Texas, education in, [172], [176n], [182], [236].
• Thornton, William, [133n].
• Totally deaf, see ["Deaf"].
• Trades, see [Industrial training]; [Economic condition].
• Transportation, see [Clothing].
• Trustees of schools, [163], [169], [180-184], [185n].
  • See [Homes]; [Denominational schools]; [States, provision in].
• Turner, William W., [156n].

• Unhappy class, deaf as, [102].
• United States, number of deaf in, [5].
  • See [American possessions].
• Utah, education in, [176], [182], [185n], [236], [300].

• Vagrants, see [Impostors].
• Value of property, see [Property].
• Van Helmont, Jan Baptista, [124].
• Van Nostrand, Jacob, [156n].
• Vanin, [126].
• Vermont, education in, [138], [173], [176], [237].
• Virginia, education in, [131-133], [142], [172], [176], [183], [184], [237].
• Volta Bureau, [108], [109], [115].
• "Volta Review", [109], [115].

• Wages paid to deaf, see [Economic condition].
• Walker, Newton P., [156n].
• Wallis, John, [123].
• Washington, education in, [183], [185n], [191], [192], [238].
• Weld, Louis, [156n].
• West Virginia, education in, [172n], [176], [183], [185n], [238].
• Western Pennsylvania Institution, [187n], [188n], [306].
  • See [Pennsylvania].
• Wills of deaf, [65], [72], [73].
• Wisconsin, education in, [144], [183], [188n], [191], [192], [202], [239].
• Witness, the deaf as, [72].
• Writing as means of communication, [11], [12], [285], [286].
• Wyoming, education in, [171], [185], [240].

• Young Men's Christian Association, work of, [107n].

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