CONTENTS

[I.—Introduction]
PAGE

The aim of Social Hygiene—Social Reform—The Rise of SocialReform out of English Industrialism—The Four Stages of SocialReform—(1) The Stage of Sanitation—(2) Factory Legislation—(3)The Extension of the Scope of Education—(4) Puericulture—TheScientific Evolution corresponding to these Stages—SocialReform only Touched the Conditions of Life—Yet Social ReformRemains highly Necessary—The Question of InfantileMortality and the Quality of the Race—The Better Organizationof Life Involved by Social Hygiene—Its Insistence on theQuality rather than on the Conditions of Life—The Control ofReproduction—The Fall of the Birth-rate in Relation to theQuality of the Population—The Rejuvenation of a Society—TheInfluence of Culture and Refinement on a Race—Eugenics—TheRegeneration of the Race—The Problem of Feeble-mindedness—TheMethods of Eugenics—Some of the Problemswhich Face us

1
[II.—The Changing Status of Women]

The Origin of the Woman Movement—Mary Wollstonecraft—GeorgeSand—Robert Owen—William Thompson—John StuartMill—The Modern Growth of Social Cohesion—The Growth ofIndustrialism—Its Influence in Woman's Sphere of Work—TheEducation of Women—Co-education—The Woman Questionand Sexual Selection—Significance of Economic Independence—TheState Regulation of Marriage—The Future of Marriage—Wilhelmvon Humboldt—Social Equality of Women—TheReproduction of the Race as a Function of Society—Womenand the Future of Civilization

49
[III.—The New Aspect of the Woman's Movement]

Eighteenth-Century France—Pioneers of the Woman's Movement—TheGrowth of the Woman's Suffrage Movement—The MilitantActivities of the Suffragettes—Their Services and Disservicesto the Cause—Advantages of Women's Suffrage—SexQuestions in Germany—Bebel—The Woman's Rights Movementin Germany—The Development of Sexual Science in Germany—TheMovement for the Protection of Motherhood—EllenKey—The Question of Illegitimacy—Eugenics—Women as Law-makersin the Home

67
[IV.—The Emancipation of Women in Relationto Romantic Love]

The Absence of Romantic Love in Classic Civilization—Marriage asa Duty—The Rise of Romantic Love in the Roman Empire—TheInfluence of Christianity—The Attitude of Chivalry—TheTroubadours—The Courts of Love—The Influence of the Renaissance—ConventionalChivalry and Modern Civilization—TheWoman Movement—The Modern Woman's Equality ofRights and Responsibilities excludes Chivalry—New Forms ofRomantic Love still remain possible—Love as the Inspirationof Social Hygiene

113
[V.—The Significance of a Falling Birth-rate]

The Fall of the Birth-rate in Europe generally—In England—InGermany—In the United States—In Canada—In Australasia—"Crude"Birth-rate and "Corrected" Birth-rate—The Connectionbetween High Birth-rate and High Death-rate—"NaturalIncrease" measured by Excess of Births over Deaths—TheMeasure of National Well-being—The Example ofRussia—Japan—China—The Necessity of viewing the Questionfrom a wide Standpoint—The Prevalence of Neo-MalthusianMethods—Influence of the Roman Catholic Church—OtherInfluences lowering the Birth-rate—Influence of Postponementof Marriage—Relation of the Birth-rate to Commercial andIndustrial Activity—Illustrated by Russia, Hungary, and Australia—TheRelation of Prosperity to Fertility—The SocialCapillarity Theory—Divergence of the Birth-rate and the Marriage-rate—Marriage-rateand the Movement of Prices—Prosperityand Civilization—Fertility among Savages—The lesserfertility of Urban Populations—Effect of Urbanization on PhysicalDevelopment—Why Prosperity fails permanently to increaseFertility—Prosperity creates Restraints on Fertility—The processof Civilization involves Decreased Fertility—In this Respectit is a Continuation of Zoological Evolution—Large Families asa Stigma of Degeneration—The Decreased Fertility of Civilizationa General Historical Fact—The Ideals of Civilization to-day—TheEast and the West

134
[VI.—Eugenics and Love]

Eugenics and the Decline of the Birth-rate—Quantity and Qualityin the Production of Children—Eugenic Sexual Selection—TheValue of Pedigrees—Their Scientific Significance—The SystematicRecord of Personal Data—The Proposal for Eugenic Certificates—St.Valentine's Day and Sexual Selection—Love andReason—Love Ruled by Natural Law—Eugenic Selection notopposed to Love—No Need for Legal Compulsion—Medicine inRelation to Marriage.

193
[VII.—Religion and the Child]

Religious Education in Relation to Social Hygiene and to Psychology—ThePsychology of the Child—The Contents ofChildren's Minds—The Imagination of Children—How far mayReligion be assimilated by Children?—Unfortunate Results ofEarly Religious Instruction—Puberty the Age for ReligiousEducation—Religion as an Initiation into a Mystery—Initiationamong Savages—The Christian Sacraments—The ModernTendency as regards Religious Instruction—Its Advantages—Childrenand Fairy Tales—The Bible of Childhood—MoralTraining

217
[VIII.—The Problem of Sexual Hygiene]

The New Movement for giving Sexual Instruction to Children—TheNeed of such a Movement—Contradictions involved by theAncient Policy of Silence—Errors of the New Policy—The Needof Teaching the Teacher—The Need of Training the Parents—Andof Scientifically equipping the Physician—Sexual Hygieneand Society—The far-reaching Effects of Sexual Hygiene

244
[IX.—Immorality and the Law]

Social Hygiene and Legal Compulsion—The Binding Force ofCustom among Savages—The Dissolving Influence of Civilization—TheDistinction between Immorality and Criminality—Adulteryas a Crime—The Tests of Criminality—NationalDifferences in laying down the Boundary between Criminaland Immoral Acts—France—Germany—England—The UnitedStates—Police Administration—Police Methods in the UnitedStates—National Differences in the Regulation of the Trade inAlcohol—Prohibition in the United States—Origin of the AmericanMethod of Dealing with Immorality—Russia—HistoricalFluctuations in Methods of Dealing with Immorality and Prostitution—Homosexuality—Holland—TheAge of Consent—MoralLegislation in England—In the United States—The Raines Law—AmericaAttempts to Suppress Prostitution—Their Futility—GermanMethods of Regulating Prostitution—The SoundMethod of Approaching Immorality—Training in SexualHygiene—Education in Personal and Social Responsibility

258
[X.—The War against War]

Why the Problem of War is specially urgent To-day—The BeneficialEffects of War in Barbarous Ages—Civilization rendersthe Ultimate Disappearance of War Inevitable—The Introductionof Law in disputes between Individuals involves the Introductionof Law in disputes between Nations—But there must beForce behind Law—Henry IV's Attempt to Confederate Europe—EveryInternational Tribunal of Arbitration must be able toEnforce its decisions—The Influences making for the Abolitionof Warfare—(1) Growth of International Opinion—(2) InternationalFinancial Development—(3) The Decreasing Pressureof Population—(4) The Natural Exhaustion of the Warlike Spirit—(5)The Spread of Anti-military Doctrines—(6) The Over-growthof Armaments—(7) The Dominance of Social Reform—WarIncompatible with an Advanced Civilization—Nations asTrustees for Humanity—The Impossibility of Disarmament—TheNecessity of Force to ensure Peace—The Federated Stateof the Future—The Decay of War still leaves the Possibilitiesof Daring and Heroism

311
[XI.—The Problem of an International Language]

Early Attempts to construct an International Language—TheUrgent Need of an Auxiliary Language To-day—Volapük—TheClaims of Spanish—Latin—The Claims of English—Its Disadvantages—TheClaims of French—Its Disadvantages—TheModern Growth of National Feeling opposed to Selection of aNatural Language—Advantages of an Artificial Language—Demandsit must Fulfil—Esperanto—Its Threatened Disruption—TheInternational Association for the Adoption of an AuxiliaryInternational Language—The First Step to Take

349
[XII.—Individualism and Socialism]

Social Hygiene in Relation to the Alleged Opposition betweenSocialism and Individualism—The Two Parties in Politics—TheRelation of Conservatism and Radicalism to Socialismand Individualism—The Basis of Socialism—The Basis of Individualism—Theseeming Opposition between Socialism andIndividualism merely a Division of Labour—Both Socialism andIndividualism equally Necessary—Not only Necessary, butIndispensable to each other—The Conflict between the Advocatesof Environment and Heredity—A New Embodimentof the supposed Conflict between Socialism and Individualism—Theplace of Eugenics—Social Hygiene ultimately one withthe Hygiene of the Soul—The Function of Utopias

381
[Index]407

The aim of Social Hygiene—Social Reform—The Rise of Social Reform out of English Industrialism—The Four Stages of Social Reform—(1) The Stage of Sanitation—(2) Factory Legislation—(3) The Extension of the Scope of Education—(4) Puericulture—The Scientific Evolution corresponding to these Stages—Social Reform only Touched the Conditions of Life—Yet Social Reform Remains highly Necessary—The Question of Infantile Mortality and the Quality of the Race—The Better Organization of Life Involved by Social Hygiene—Its Insistence on the Quality rather than on the Conditions of Life—The Control of Reproduction—The Fall of the Birth-rate in Relation to the Quality of the Population—The Rejuvenation of a Society—The Influence of Culture and Refinement on a Race—Eugenics—The Regeneration of the Race—The Problem of Feeble-mindedness—The Methods of Eugenics—Some of the Problems which Face us

The Origin of the Woman Movement—Mary Wollstonecraft—George Sand—Robert Owen—William Thompson—John Stuart Mill—The Modern Growth of Social Cohesion—The Growth of Industrialism—Its Influence in Woman's Sphere of Work—The Education of Women—Co-education—The Woman Question and Sexual Selection—Significance of Economic Independence—The State Regulation of Marriage—The Future of Marriage—Wilhelm von Humboldt—Social Equality of Women—The Reproduction of the Race as a Function of Society—Women and the Future of Civilization

Eighteenth-Century France—Pioneers of the Woman's Movement—The Growth of the Woman's Suffrage Movement—The Militant Activities of the Suffragettes—Their Services and Disservices to the Cause—Advantages of Women's Suffrage—Sex Questions in Germany—Bebel—The Woman's Rights Movement in Germany—The Development of Sexual Science in Germany—The Movement for the Protection of Motherhood—Ellen Key—The Question of Illegitimacy—Eugenics—Women as Law-makers in the Home

The Absence of Romantic Love in Classic Civilization—Marriage as a Duty—The Rise of Romantic Love in the Roman Empire—The Influence of Christianity—The Attitude of Chivalry—The Troubadours—The Courts of Love—The Influence of the Renaissance—Conventional Chivalry and Modern Civilization—The Woman Movement—The Modern Woman's Equality of Rights and Responsibilities excludes Chivalry—New Forms of Romantic Love still remain possible—Love as the Inspiration of Social Hygiene

The Fall of the Birth-rate in Europe generally—In England—In Germany—In the United States—In Canada—In Australasia—"Crude" Birth-rate and "Corrected" Birth-rate—The Connection between High Birth-rate and High Death-rate—"Natural Increase" measured by Excess of Births over Deaths—The Measure of National Well-being—The Example of Russia—Japan—China—The Necessity of viewing the Question from a wide Standpoint—The Prevalence of Neo-Malthusian Methods—Influence of the Roman Catholic Church—Other Influences lowering the Birth-rate—Influence of Postponement of Marriage—Relation of the Birth-rate to Commercial and Industrial Activity—Illustrated by Russia, Hungary, and Australia—The Relation of Prosperity to Fertility—The Social Capillarity Theory—Divergence of the Birth-rate and the Marriage-rate—Marriage-rate and the Movement of Prices—Prosperity and Civilization—Fertility among Savages—The lesser fertility of Urban Populations—Effect of Urbanization on Physical Development—Why Prosperity fails permanently to increase Fertility—Prosperity creates Restraints on Fertility—The process of Civilization involves Decreased Fertility—In this Respect it is a Continuation of Zoological Evolution—Large Families as a Stigma of Degeneration—The Decreased Fertility of Civilization a General Historical Fact—The Ideals of Civilization to-day—The East and the West

Eugenics and the Decline of the Birth-rate—Quantity and Quality in the Production of Children—Eugenic Sexual Selection—The Value of Pedigrees—Their Scientific Significance—The Systematic Record of Personal Data—The Proposal for Eugenic Certificates—St. Valentine's Day and Sexual Selection—Love and Reason—Love Ruled by Natural Law—Eugenic Selection not opposed to Love—No Need for Legal Compulsion—Medicine in Relation to Marriage.

Religious Education in Relation to Social Hygiene and to Psychology—The Psychology of the Child—The Contents of Children's Minds—The Imagination of Children—How far may Religion be assimilated by Children?—Unfortunate Results of Early Religious Instruction—Puberty the Age for Religious Education—Religion as an Initiation into a Mystery—Initiation among Savages—The Christian Sacraments—The Modern Tendency as regards Religious Instruction—Its Advantages—Children and Fairy Tales—The Bible of Childhood—Moral Training

The New Movement for giving Sexual Instruction to Children—The Need of such a Movement—Contradictions involved by the Ancient Policy of Silence—Errors of the New Policy—The Need of Teaching the Teacher—The Need of Training the Parents—And of Scientifically equipping the Physician—Sexual Hygiene and Society—The far-reaching Effects of Sexual Hygiene

Social Hygiene and Legal Compulsion—The Binding Force of Custom among Savages—The Dissolving Influence of Civilization—The Distinction between Immorality and Criminality—Adultery as a Crime—The Tests of Criminality—National Differences in laying down the Boundary between Criminal and Immoral Acts—France—Germany—England—The United States—Police Administration—Police Methods in the United States—National Differences in the Regulation of the Trade in Alcohol—Prohibition in the United States—Origin of the American Method of Dealing with Immorality—Russia—Historical Fluctuations in Methods of Dealing with Immorality and Prostitution—Homosexuality—Holland—The Age of Consent—Moral Legislation in England—In the United States—The Raines Law—America Attempts to Suppress Prostitution—Their Futility—German Methods of Regulating Prostitution—The Sound Method of Approaching Immorality—Training in Sexual Hygiene—Education in Personal and Social Responsibility

Why the Problem of War is specially urgent To-day—The Beneficial Effects of War in Barbarous Ages—Civilization renders the Ultimate Disappearance of War Inevitable—The Introduction of Law in disputes between Individuals involves the Introduction of Law in disputes between Nations—But there must be Force behind Law—Henry IV's Attempt to Confederate Europe—Every International Tribunal of Arbitration must be able to Enforce its decisions—The Influences making for the Abolition of Warfare—(1) Growth of International Opinion—(2) International Financial Development—(3) The Decreasing Pressure of Population—(4) The Natural Exhaustion of the Warlike Spirit—(5) The Spread of Anti-military Doctrines—(6) The Over-growth of Armaments—(7) The Dominance of Social Reform—War Incompatible with an Advanced Civilization—Nations as Trustees for Humanity—The Impossibility of Disarmament—The Necessity of Force to ensure Peace—The Federated State of the Future—The Decay of War still leaves the Possibilities of Daring and Heroism

Early Attempts to construct an International Language—The Urgent Need of an Auxiliary Language To-day—Volapük—The Claims of Spanish—Latin—The Claims of English—Its Disadvantages—The Claims of French—Its Disadvantages—The Modern Growth of National Feeling opposed to Selection of a Natural Language—Advantages of an Artificial Language—Demands it must Fulfil—Esperanto—Its Threatened Disruption—The International Association for the Adoption of an Auxiliary International Language—The First Step to Take

Social Hygiene in Relation to the Alleged Opposition between Socialism and Individualism—The Two Parties in Politics—The Relation of Conservatism and Radicalism to Socialism and Individualism—The Basis of Socialism—The Basis of Individualism—The seeming Opposition between Socialism and Individualism merely a Division of Labour—Both Socialism and Individualism equally Necessary—Not only Necessary, but Indispensable to each other—The Conflict between the Advocates of Environment and Heredity—A New Embodiment of the supposed Conflict between Socialism and Individualism—The place of Eugenics—Social Hygiene ultimately one with the Hygiene of the Soul—The Function of Utopias