APPENDIX

ENGLISH FREQUENCY AND SEQUENCE DATA
(Compiled from the MEAKER Digram Chart)
Order and Frequency of Order and Frequency of Single Letters Leading DIGRAMS
E 1231 L 403 B 162 TH 315 TO 111 SA 75 MA 56
T 959 D 365 G 161 HE 251 NT 110 HI 72 TA 56
A 805 C 320 V 93 AN 172 ED 107 LE 72 CE 55
O 794 U 310 K 52 IN 169 IS 106 SO 71 IC 55
N 719 P 229 Q 20 ER 154 AR 101 AS 67 LL 55
I 718 F 228 X 20 RE 148 OU 96 NO 65 NA 54
S 659 M 225 J 10 ES 145 TE 94 NE 64 RO 54
R 603 W 203 Z 9 ON 145 OF 94 EC 64 OT 53
H 514 Y 188 EA 131 IT 88 IO 63 TT 53
TI 128 HA 84 RT 63 VE 53
AT 124 SE 84 CO 59 NS 51
Group Percentages: ST 121 ET 80 BE 58 UR 49
EN 120 AL 77 DI 57 ME 48
A E I O U 38.58% ND 118 RI 77 LI 57 WH 48
OR 113 NG 75 RA 57 LY 47
L N R S T 33.43%
List of Common REVERSALS:
J K Q X Z 1.11%
ER RE ON NO TE ET ST TS
E T A 0 N 45.08% ES SE IN NI OR RO IS SI
AN NA EN NE TO OT ED DE
E T A O N I S R H 70.02% TI IT AT TA AR RA OF FO
Order of the Leading TRIGRAMS In 10,000 Letters of Semi-Military Text - PARKER HITT
THE ENT FOR NCE OFT
AND ION NDE EDT STH
THA TIO HAS TIS MEN
INITIAL LETTERS OF WORDS:
Order, as found by M. E. OHAVER ... T A O S H I W C B P F D M R, etc.
Order, as found by H. O. YARDLEY .. T O A W B C D S F M R H I Y, etc.
FINAL LETTERS OF WORDS:
Order, as found by M. E. OHAVER ... E S T D N R O Y, etc.
Order, as found by H. O. YARDLEY .. E T D N S R Y, etc.
NOTE: Lists of terminals (letters, digrams, trigrams); of common affixes,
short words, and common pattern-words, can be found in the booklet
"CRYPTOGRAM SOLVING", obtainable from the author, M.E.Ohaver, at
Columbus, Ohio.
X J M M T V O Z B N Q M F B T F S F N J U G P S U I J T B E ?

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF SINGLE-LETTER FREQUENCIES (Per 100)
ENGLISH GERMAN FRENCH ITALIAN SPANISH PORTUGUESE
A 7.81 A 5. A 9.42 A 11.74 A 12.69 A 13.5
B 1.28 B 2.5 B 1.02 B .92 B 1.41 B .5
C 2.93 C 1.5 C 2.64 C 4.50 C 3.93 C 3.5
D 4.11 D 5. D 3.38 D 3.73 D 5.58 D 5.
E 13.05 E 18.5 E 15.87 E 11.79 E 13.15 E 13.
F 2.88 F 1.5 F .95 F .95 F .46 F 1.
G 1.39 G 4. G 1.04 G 1.64 G 1.12 G 1.
H 5.85 H 4. H .77 H 1.54 H 1.24 H 1.
I 6.77 I 8. I 8.41 I 11.28 I 6.25 I 6.
J .23 J ... J .89 J ... J .56 J .5
K .42 K 1. K ... K ... K ... K ...
L 3.60 L 3. L 5.34 L 6.51 L 5.94 L 3.5
M 2.62 M 2.5 M 3.24 M 2.51 M 2.65 M 4.5
N 7.28 N 11.5 N 7.15 N 6.88 N 6.95 N 5.5
O 8.21 O 3.5 O 5.14 O 9.83 O 9.49 O 11.5
P 2.15 P .5 P 2.86 P 3.05 P 2.43 P 3.
Q .14 Q ... Q 1.06 Q .61 Q 1.16 Q 1.5
R 6.64 R 7. R 6.46 R 6.37 R 6.25 R 7.5
S 6.46 S 7. S 7.90 S 4.98 S 7.60 S 7.5
T 9.02 T 5. T 7.26 T 5.62 T 3.91 T 4.5
U 2.77 U 5. U 6.24 U 3.01 U 4.63 U 4.
V 1.00 V 1. V 2.15 V 2.10 V 1.07 V 1.5
W 1.49 W 1.5 W ... W ... W ... W ...
X .30 X ... X .30 X ... X .13 X .2
Y 1.51 Y ... Y .24 Y ... Y 1.06 Y ...
Z .09 Z 1.5 Z .32 Z .49 Z .35 Z .3
Vowel Percentages:
English German French Italian Spanish Portuguese
40% 40% 45% 48% 47% 48%
Percentages for L N R S T:
33% 34% 34% 30% 31% 29%
NOTES: ENGLISH frequencies, which may be compared with those of Mr. Meaker,
(A, 8.05; B, 1.62; C, 3.20; etc.), were taken from M.E.OHAVER.
FRENCH, ITALIAN, and SPANISH frequencies were taken from a count
made by the author. All four counts are based on 10,000 letters
of literary text, and the dropping of the decimal point gives
the actual count. The frequencies given for GERMAN and PORTUGUESE are approximations, reduced from other texts, probably military.

Chart Showing Normal CONTACT PERCENTAGES - Compiled by F. R. CARTER
(Based on a Digram Chart by M.E.OHAVER)

%			%
V.	C.		V.	C.
19	81	P₄ L₄ C₅ D₅ M₅ N₆ S₆ W₇ T₈ R₈ E₁₁H₁₄ A N₂₁T₁₇S₁₂R₁₀L₈ D₅ C₄ M₄	6	94
55	45	Y₄ B₄ N₅ T₅ U₈ D₉ O₉ S₁₀A₁₆E₁₆ B E₃₄L₁₇U₁₁O₉ A₇ Y₅ B₄ R₄	70	30
61	39	U₄ O₅S₈ N₁₃A₁₃I₁₈E₂₀ C H₁₉O₁₉E₁₇A₁₃I₇ T₆ R₄ L₄ K₄	59	41
52	48	R₄ I₅L₆ A₁₀N₂₉E₃₉ D E₁₆I₁₄T₁₄A₁₀O₈ S₆ U₅	54	46
8	92	C₄ B₄ E₅ M₅ V₅ D₅ S₅ L₅ N₆ T₆ R₁₁H₂₄ E R₁₅D₁₀S₉ N₈ A₇ T₆ M₅ E₄ C₄ O₄W₄	21	79
69	31	S₄ N₅ F₅ D₅ A₆ I₇ E₁₂O₄₁ F T₂₂O₂₁E₁₀I₉ A₇ R₅ F₅ U₄	52	48
36	64	O₄ D₄ U₅ R₅ I₉ E₉ A₁₀N₄₈ G E₁₄H₁₄O₁₂R₁₀A₈ T₆ F₅ W₄ I₄ S₄	42	58
7	93	G₄ E₅ W₅ S₇ C₉ T₆₂ H E₅₀A₂₃I₁₂O₇	90	10
13	87	F₄ M₄ W₅ E₆ N₆ L₈ D₈ S₈ R₉ H₁₁T₁₄ I N₂₅T₁₃S₁₀O₈ C₇ R₄ E₄ M₄ A₄ L₄	17	83
28	72	Y₇ W₇ T₇ S₇ N₇ E₇ C₇ B₇ A₁₄M₂₉ J U₃₅O₂₉A₁₂E₁₂M₆ W₆	88	12
53	47	Y₅ U₅ I₅ N₇ A₁₁R₁₃E₁₃O₁₅C₁₈ K E₃₄I₂₁N₁₀A₉ T₇ S₆	68	32
52	48	N₄ P₄ T₆ I₇ B₇ U₇ O₁₀E₁₁L₁₁A₁₇ L E₁₉I₁₅Y₁₂L₁₂O₉ A₈ D₇ U₄	65	35
69	31	S₄ D₄ M₅ R₅ I₁₂A₁₃O₁₆E₂₄ M E₂₆A₁₇O₁₂I₁₁P₅ M₅	71	29
89	11	U₇ E₁₄O₂₂A₂₃I₂₄ N D₁₆T₁₄G₁₂E₁₀A₇ S₇ O₇ I₆ C₅	32	68
21	79	M₄ O₄ D₄ L₄ P₄ H₅ N₆ E₆ C₇ F₇ S₈ I₈ R₉ T₁₁ O N₂₀F₁₄R₁₁U₁₀T₆ M₅ L₅ S₄ W₄ O₄	18	82
47	53	R₄ L₄ T₄ N₄ I₄ P₆ M₆ A₇ O₈ U₁₀E₁₆S₁₇ P O₁₇E₁₆A₁₅R₁₅L₈ U₆ P₆ T₅ I₅ S₄	59	41
20	80	O₁₀N₁₀L₁₀E₁₀D₁₀R₂₀S₃₀ Q U₁₀₀	100	--
70	30	P₅ I₅ U₅ T₇ A₁₃O₁₆E₃₀ R E₂₃O₁₂A₁₁T₁₁I₁₀S₇ Y₄	61	39
48	52	D₄ T₄ O₆ U₆ R₇ N₈ S₉ I₁₁A₁₆E₁₈ S T₁₉E₁₁O₁₀I₉ S₉ A₈ H₆ P₅ U₄	41	59
43	57	U₄ O₅ D₆ T₆ F₇ R₇ E₈ I₁₀N₁₀S₁₃A₁₄ T H₃₉I₁₀O₁₀E₈ A₇ T₆ R₄	38	62
35	65	P₅ F₅ T₅ L₅ B₆ D₈ S₉ O₃₀ U N₁₈S₁₃T₁₃R₁₂L₁₀P₇ B₄ C₄	8	92
88	12	R₆ U₁₀O₁₆A₁₆I₁₆E₃₀ V E₆₅I₁₄O₉ A₈	99	1
48	52	G₄ D₄ Y₅ N₉ S₁₀T₁₁O₁₆E₂₃ W A₂₇H₁₆I₁₆E₁₅O₁₁N₄	80	20
95	5	U₄ N₅ I₁₆E₇₄ X P₂₉T₁₉I₁₄A₁₄U₁₀C₅ K₅ O₅	38	62
24	76	B₄ N₈ A₈ T₁₃E₁₄R₁₅L₂₅ Y A₁₅O₁₂S₁₂T₉ W₇ H₅ I₅ E₅ D₄ M₄ B₄	38	62
88	12	O₁₂N₁₂A₂₅I₅₀ Z E₄₃I₄₃W₁₄	86	14

All figures indicate PERCENTAGES. - Taking any one letter, as A: On the left, it was contacted
14% of the time by H, 11% by E, etc., and 81% of its total contacts on that side were consonants.
On the right, it was contacted 21% of the time by N, and 94% of the time by consonants.

Chart Showing FREQUENCIES of English DIGRAMS - Prepared by O. PHELPS MEAKER
(Actual Count Made on 10,000 Letters of Literary Text).


	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
A	1	8	44	45	131	21	11	84	18			34	56	54	9	21		57	75	56	18	15	32	3	11		805
B	32			18	11	2	2	1	7			7	9	7	18	1		4	13	14	5				11		162
C	39		12	4	64	9	1	2	55			8	1	31	18			14	21	6	17		3	5	10		320
D	15			10	107	1	1	1	16			28	2	118	16			16	6	9	11		4		4		365

E		58	55	39	39	25	32	251	37	2	28	72	48	64	3	40		148	84	94	11	53	30	1	12	5	1231

F	10		1	12	23	14	3	2	27			5		8	94			6	13	5	1		1		3		228
G	18			2	20	1	1		10			1		75	3			6	6	1	12				5		161
H			46	3	15	6	16	5					1	9	3	7		3	30	315	2		48		5		514
I	16	6	15	57	40	21	10	72			8	57	26	37	13	8		77	42	128	5	19	37	4	18	2	718
J		2		1	1	1						1		3				1									10
K	10		8		2				8			3		3	5			11	2								52
L	77	21	16	7	46	10	4	3	39			55		10	17	29		12	6	12	28		4		6	1	403
M	18	1		9	43	3	1	1	32			4	5	7	44			15	14	14	9		1		4		225
N	172			5	120	2	3	2	169		3	1	3	9	145			12	19	8	33		10				719
O	2	11	59	37	46	38	23	46	63	4	3	28	28	65	23	28		54	71	111	2	6	17	1	28		794
P	31		1	7	32	3	1	1	3			2	16	7	29	26		8	24	8	17		2	4	7		229
Q	1			1	14							2							2								20
R	101	6	7	10	154	4	21	8	21			2		5	113	42		18	6	30	49		1		5		603
S	67	5	1	32	145	8	7	3	106		2	12	6	51	37	3		39	41	32	42		3		17		659
T	124		38	39	80	42	13	22	88		1	19	6	110	53	14		63	121	53	45		6	1	21		959
U	12	25	16	8	7	11	8	2		4		8	13	12	96	7	20	6	30	22			1	1	1		310
V	24			4	16	1			14			2		4	13			5	2	4			1		3		93
W	7		1	9	41	4	2	7	1		3	5	2	15	36	1		10	27	16			2		14		203
X					17				1					1							1						20
Y	27	19		6	17	1	1	1			3	47	3	14	4	2		17	4	21	1						188
Z	1								4						2						1					1	9

																											10000

To learn the frequency of any digram, find its first letter at the top, find its second
letter at the side, and observe the figure in the cell at which the column headed by the
first letter crosses the row headed by the second. Frequency for EA, 131; for AE, zero.

SOME FOREIGN LANGUAGE DATA
NOTE: Frequencies of letters, and their order, are fixed quantities
in any language. Group frequencies, however. are fairly constant in every language. (These may be computed from the Comparative
Table for any desired group in the languages given.) Of the material
which follows, portions came from Lange and Soudart, and from Valerio,
but exact sources were not in every case furnished to the author.
G E R M A N
Order of single letters: E N I R S A D T U G H O L B M C F W Z K V P (J Q X Y)
Order of digrams: EN ER CH DE GE EI IE IN NE ND BE EL TE UN ST DI NO UE SE AU RE HE
Order of trigrams: EIN ICH DEN DER TEN CHT SCH CHE DIE UNG GEN UND NEN DES BEN RCH
Order of tetragrams: ICHT KEIT HEIT CHON CHEN CHER URCH EICH DERN AUCH SCHA SCHE
SCHI SCHO SCHU (Furnished by JOSEPH ARTHOLD).
Peculiarities:
C is practically always followed by H (or K), and SC by H.
Word-length is normally greater than in English.
F R E N C H
Order of single letters: E A I S T N R U L O D M P C V Q G B F J H Z X Y (K W)
Order of digrams: ES EN OU DE NT TE ON SE AI IT LE ET ME ER EM OI UN QU
Order of trigrams: ENT QUE ION LES AIT TIO ANS ONT ANT OUR AIS OUS
Peculiarities:
Q followed by U and a second vowel.
Four and five vowels may be found in sequence ("J'ai oui dire.."), but
E seldom touches the other vowels. D and M contact E about 75% of the
time, and L contacts it over 50% of the time. It is unusual to find
more than four consonants in sequence; when five are found in
succession, one is almost surely the final S of a plural word.
Order of doubled letters: S L M R T N P E C F
Order of initials: P A S M C E D T V F R B L G J I Q N O H U Y X Z
Order of finals: E S T R N D A I X Z L C U P F Y
Average word-length: 4.3 letters.
Commonest short words, in order: DE IL LE ET QUE JE LA NE UN LES EN CE SE SON MON
PAS LUI ME AU UNE DES SA QUI EST DU

I T A L I A N
Order of single letters: E A I O N L R T S C D P U M V G H F B Q Z (J X K W Y)
Order of digrams: ER ES ON RE EL EN DE DI TI SI AL AN RA NT TA CO
Order of trigrams: CHE ERE ZIO DEL ECO QUE ARI ATO EDI IDE ESI IDI ERO PAR NTE STA
Peculiarities:
Q followed by U and a second vowel. H largely preceded by C, in CHE,CHI,
or sometimes by G in GHE GHI. Z most often part of ZIO or NZA.
The frequencies of the vowels E A I O often exchange places.
Doubling of consonants is very frequent.
Order of doubled letters: L T S C R G P N B M Z F V I D
Order of initials: S P A C D V T M F I G Q R E B L N O U Z H
Order of finals: O E A I (Others, if used: R L D N)
Average word-length: 4.5 letters.
Commonest short words, in order: LA DI CHE IL NON SI LE UNA LO IN PER UN MI IO PIU
DEL MA SE
S P A N I S H
Order of single letters: E A O S N I R L D U C T M P B H Q G V Y J F Z X (K W)
Order of digrams: ES EN EL DE LA OS AR UE RA RE ER AS ON ST AD AL OR TA CO
Order of trigrams: QUE EST ARA ADO AQU DEL CIO NTE OSA EDE PER IST NEI RES SDE
Peculiarities:
Q followed by U and a second vowel. The only doubles are
LL, RR, CC, EE, NN, OO, in the order given, but the latter three
are very rare. Group frequencies somewhat less stable than
in the other languages.
Order of initials: C P A S M E D T H V R U N I L B O F Q G J Z
Order of finals: O A S E N R D L I Z
Average word-length: 4.4 letters.
Commonest short words, in order: DE LA EL QUE EN NO CON UN SE SU LAS LOS ES ME AL
LO SI MI UNA DEL POR SUS MUY HAY MAS
P O R T U G U E S E
Order of single letters: A E O R S I N D M T U C L P Q V F G H B J Z X (K W Y)
Order of digrams: ES OS DE AS RO EN CO DO RE ER NT SE AD OR AO SA TE AR EM QU UE OD ST
Order of trigrams: QUE ENT NTE DES EST ODE ADO CON STA MEN ADE DOS ARA COM
Much like Spanish. Spanish cion becomes cao; ll becomes lh. Articles drop
the L: os, as, in place of Spanish los, las, etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
By W. D. Witt

An extended bibliography of cryptography would fill many pages and is therefore beyond the scope of this work, but it is hoped that the following short selected list will be found useful. Some of these works are out of print or otherwise unobtainable, but may, in some instances, be found in public libraries or in old bookstores. The Riverbank Publications may be consulted at The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C.

APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHYBy W. D. Witt

BIBLIOGRAPHY
By W. D. Witt