INDEX

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] X Y [Z]

A Abu Shahrein, [46]. See also [Eridu] Abydos, [95], [96], [102] administration, Egyptian, [99] ff. African character of early Egyptian civilization, [39]; modern A. parallels, [33], [70], [120] agriculture: Egyptian, [100], [105] f., [113] f.; Al Ubaid period, [44]; of Mesopotamian cities, [63] ff.; neolithic, [29] f., [32]; social consequences of introduction, [34] f. Akkad, [82], [87], [88] Akkadian, [83] Alabdeh tribe, [34] allotments of temple land, [65] f. Al Ubaid culture, period, [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [54], [83], [126] Amon-re, texts glorifying, [19] f. Amorites, [88] Amratian culture, [39] amulets, funerary, [123] animal forms, use of, in art, [124] f., [131], [134]-35 Anu, [55], [88] Arabia, Southern, [136] Arabs of marshes of S. Iraq, [43], [45] f., [60] architecture, [45], [55], [56], [127], [128]; monumental appearance of, [49], [126], [127]; Protoliterate, influence of in Egypt, [97], [126] f. See also [bricks], [houses], [recessed buildings], [reed structures], [temples] army service, [69]; usually as labour corps, [108] f., [118] art: Egyptian, [92], [97]; Mesopotamian influence in, [124] f.; Mesopotamian Protoliterate, [59] f.; palaeolithic, [27]; representational, [50] assemblies in Sumerian cities, [77] f. [Assur], [84]

B Babylon, [48], [137] Badarian culture, [39] Baghdad, [53] barter, [73], [117] Bes, [109] blind, employment of, [69] [boats] on Nile, [112] [Brak], temple at, [84], [87], [133], [136] [bricks], [45], [126] Byblos, [36], [119]

C calendar, [62], [86]. See also [seasons] canals, [53], [66] Cappadocia, [133] Carchemish, [36] Chagar Bazar, [36] Cilicia, [36] cities: Egyptian, insignificance of, [97]; Mesopotamian, basis of rulers’ power, [98]; economic organization of, [64] ff; particularism, [88]; political institutions, [77] ff.; ruled by deity, [54], [61]; rural connections of, [61] civilization, genesis of, [2] ff. climate, [26], [51] f., [68], [69] Collingwood, R. G., [15] f. common land, [65] copper, [40] f., [45], [75], [100] corvée, [65], [76 n.] 27, [80], [108], [109] craftsmen, [67], [73], [110], [111] Crocodilopolis, [116] crops, [29], [68], [113]-14 cylinder seals, [58]-59, [60] and [n.], [83], [97], [122] Cyrus the Persian, [89]

D dictatorship, [78] f. Djet, Stele of, [129], [132] drainage, [34], [113] dress, Sumerian, [75] f. dynamics of civilizations, [3], [12], [13]

E Egypt: compared with Mesopotamia, [49]; early conditions, [37] f.; foreign contacts of, [39] f.; formative period, [51]; ideal of society in, [23]-24; Mesopotamian influence in, [122] ff.; time of, [135]-36; predynastic culture phases, [39]; rural life in, [104], [105], [106] f.; sickles, [29]; Spengler’s idea of, [9] f.; Toynbee’s, [18] f., [22]-23; unification of, [90] f. Elam, [67], [74] Elamites, [88] Enki, [47] Enlil, [56], [63], [88] ensi, “governor,” functions, [79]-80; equality of Mesopotamian citizens, [77] [Erech], [54], [55] f., [60], [p 78 n.], [124] [Eridu] (Abu Shahrein), [47], [128] exchequer, Egyptian, [100], [101], [118]

F Fayum, [30], [94] festivals, [62] First Dynasty (Egyptian), [30], [95], [113], [122]-23, [126], [127], [128], [130], [136]-37 First Intermediate period, [39], [111], [119] fish, fishing, [47], [68], [112] floods of Tigris, [53]. See also [Nile flood] “forms” of civilization, [3], [7], [25], [49], [94] Fourth Dynasty, [99] frankincense, [118], [137]

G [Gebel el Arak], knife-handle from, [92], [124], [134] Gerzean period, [40] f., [122], [136], [137] Gizeh, workmen’s barracks at, [108] gods: chthonic, [57]; of waters, [47]; man created to serve, [63]; Pharaoh regarded as a, [54], [129]; rulers of Mesopotamian cities, [54], [57] “gold” reward of merit, [111] Guti, [88]

H Hadendoa tribe, [33] Hassuna, [30], [36] Herodotus, [8], [137] hieroglyphs, [131] history, idea of progress in, [15] f.; theories of, [4] ff.; distinction between prehistory and, [26] f. Hittites, [88] [houses], Mesopotamian, [75] hunting, [38], [112] Hyksos, [18], [19]

I Inanna, temple of, [55] inventions, neolithic, [35] f. Iraq, [30] irrigation, [31] ff., [34], [49]

J Jamdat Nasr, Late Protoliterate, formerly called, [132] Jericho, [36]

K Kassites, [88] Khafajah, [67 n.], [75], [84] king-figure in art, [p 78 n.], [124] kingship, [78], [79], [86] and [n.], [93], [94] f., [98], [120] Kish, [75] knife-handles, [92]. See also [Gebel el Arak] Koptos, [137]

L labour corps, housing of, [108] Lagash, [68], [79], [81] Lahun, workmen’s town at, [109] land of Mesopotamian cities, division and cultivation, [64] f. language: Akkadian, [52], [83]; Egyptian, Hamitic elements in, [39], [40] f.; Sumerian, [51] f. law, [86]; Pharaoh fount of, [99] [Lebanon], timber from, [96], [118] Libya, [28], [97] lugal, “great man,” “king,” [78] f., [79] Lugalzaggesi, [83] luxuries, trade in, [37]

M Maat, [104], [107] Marduk, [63] [Mari], [84] markets, [117] Memphis, [94] “Memphis Theology,” [94] f. Menes, [90], [91], [94], [95] f., [113] merchants, [67], [74] f., [118] Mersin, [36], [126] Mesopotamia; prehistoric, [42] f.; southern, [44], [45] f.; cities of, [Chapter III] passim; compared with Egypt, [50] ff.; formative age of, [51]; influence in Egypt, [121] ff.; invasions of, [89] Methen, career of, [101], [103 n.] Min, statues of, [137] money, absence of, [72], [115] “mountain,” religious significance of, [56] f.

N Naqada, [122] Naramsin, [85], [87] Narmer, [90], [96]; palette of, [91], [92] f., [96], [125] Natufians, [30], [31], [32], [35], [36] Nekhbet, [95] Nesutnefer, [102] f. New Stone Age, inventions, [35] New Year’s festival, [57], [62] nigenna-land, common, [65], [76] [Nile flood], [38], [108], [113] Nineveh, [36] nomarchs, [101], [113] nubanda, [65], [66], [72], [79], [80] Nubia, [97], [102], [118], [126]

O oath by name of king, [86] officials, [69], [99] ff.; ideal, [103]; oppression by, [81], [104], [115] Old Stone Age, [28], [29], [30]. See also [palaeolithic] oligarchy, [77] ornaments, [74]-75 Osiris, [18]

P [palaeolithic] remains, express religious concepts, [27] f. Palestine, wild grains in, [29]; early relations with Egypt, [39], [40], [96] palettes, votive: Hunter’s, [93], [126]-27, [129]; Narmer’s, [90] ff., [96], [125] Panehsi, [107] peasant life, [104] Persia, [42], [43], [68], [84] Pharaoh, position and functions, [24], [54], [91], [93], [98], [119]-20, [129] “planned society” in Sumerian cities, [64], [73] ploughing, [71], [72] pottery: earliest, [35]; in Egypt, [40]; Mesopotamian, [43]; Tell Halaf, [43 n.], [46] prehistory, distinction between history and, [26]; of ancient Near East, [27]-48 private enterprise, property, [74], [76], [115] progress in history, [15] f. Protoliterate period, [52]; age of expansion, [132]; seals of, in Egypt, [122]; temples of, [54]; influence Egyptian technique, [97], [125] ff. pyramids, [108]

Q Qau el Kebir, [110]

R Ras Shamra, [36] rations, [66], [76 n.], [112] raw materials, [100], [118]-19 [recessed buildings], [55], [127] f., [133 n.] Red Sea, [136]-37 [reed structures], [45], [60] rekhyt-birds, [90], [93] religion, palaeolithic, [27] f.; early Mesopotamian, [62]-63 f., [89] rents, in kind or silver, [65]

S Samarra, [42] sangu, [65], [72], [79], [80] Sargon of Akkad, [82] f., [85] ff. Scorpion king, [90], [96]; macehead of, [129] seals, cylinder, [58], [59], [60] and [n.], [122]; stamp, [122] f. [seasons], [113] Semerkhet, [96] Seneb, [111] f. serfdom in Egypt, [108], [109]-10 Seti, [102] ships, [124]. See also [boats] Sialk, [30], [36], [133] sickles, toothed, [30] f.; clay, [46] f. Sinai, [40], [96], [97], [118] slaves, [66], [68], [110] Snefru, [23], [119] socialism, Sumerian theocratic, [73] soldiers, [69] specialization, [69] Spengler, O., views discussed, [4]-12, [17]-18 stock-breeding, [35], [116]-17 Sumer, [48], [84], [97], [136], [137] Sumerians, [51 n.], [57], [69], [88] Susa, [133] Syria, contacts with Egypt, [96], [97], [117], [136]

T Tasian culture, [39] taxes, [100], [104], [112], [114]-15 Tell Asmar (Eshunna), [88] Tell el Amarna, workmen’s village at, [109] Tell Halaf, [36]; pottery, [44 n.], [46] Tell Uqair, [55], [60] [temples]: of Al Ubaid period, [47]-48, [54], [128]; Protoliterate, [54]; their influence in Egypt, [97], [127] ff.; accounts kept by, [71] ff.; civic importance, [57]; earliest writing in, [57], [58]; economic units, [50], [54], [64] ff.; magazines, [67] f. See also [Assur], [Brak], [Erech], [Mari] Tepe Gawra, [46], [128] Thebes, [98], [118] Theocracy, [54] This, [90], [95] Tigris, [43], [45], [53]; and Euphrates, cultural continuum along, [84] toilet sets, copper and gold, [75] tools, [67] towers, [129], [132], [133 n.] See also [ziggurat] Toynbee, A., views discussed, [2], [4], [10], [12]-23 trade, [74], [117], [133] trade routes, defence of, [87] f. Treasurer of Pharaoh, [100], [101], [102] Troy, [84] “Two Lands, The,” 95

U Umma, [79], [82] Uni, [107] Ur, [43], [55], [75]; Third Dynasty of, [88] urban-rural contrast, found in early times, [62] Urukagina, reforms of, [81], [82] Uru-lal-land, [65], [74]

V vizierate in Egypt, [99]

W Wadi Hammamat, [137] weavers, weaving, [35]-36, [111] Wenamon, [119] “White Wall,” Memphis, [94] women as allotment-holders, [66]-67 wood, seals made of, [123]. See also [Lebanon] wool, [68] writing, [49], [50], [58] and [n.], [97], [129], [130]

Z [ziggurat], [55]; significance, [56]

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