CONTENTS.

A. D.PAGE
Influence of the church on modern civilization[17]
Effect of celibacy in moulding its destiny[19]
[I].—ASCETICISM.
Character of early Judaism[21]
Oriental and Hellenic influences[23]
Growth of asceticism[25]
Pauline Christianity[26]
Admission that celibacy is of post-apostolic origin[28]
[II].—THE ANTE-NICENE CHURCH.
Early ascetic tendencies[31]
Exaggerated in the heresies[33]
Influence of Buddhism[34]
Objection to second marriages[36]
c. 150“Digami” rejected from the ministry[37]
Application of the Levitical rule[38]
Growth of asceticism—self-mutilation[40]
Vows of virginity and their results[41]
c. 280Influence of Manichæism[43]
Condemnation of marriage[45]
305First injunction of celibacy, by the Council of Elvira[50]
314Disregarded elsewhere[51]
[III].—THE COUNCIL OF NICÆA.
Growing centralization of the church[52]
325The first general council[53]
It prohibits the residence of suspected women[53]
The story of Paphnutius[56]
325-350Married priests not as yet interfered with[58]
[IV].—LEGISLATION.
348-400Enforcement of voluntary vows[59]
Prohibition of female ministry[60]
362Reaction—the Council of Gangra[61]
384Celibacy adopted by the Latin church[64]
385Decretal of Siricius[65]
[V].—ENFORCEMENT OF CELIBACY.
Resistance to enforced asceticism[67]
390Jovinian[69]
404Vigilantius[70]
390-419The church of Africa yields[73]
401Compromise of the Cis-Alpine church[75]
Popular assistance in enforcing celibacy[77]
Effect of enforced celibacy on clerical morals[78]
General demoralization of society[81]
[VI].—THE EASTERN CHURCH.
Divergence between the East and the West[83]
381Compulsory celibacy unknown in the East[84]
400Council of Constantinople—Antony of Ephesus—Synesius[85]
430First enforcement of celibacy in Thessaly[86]
Celibacy not obligatory[86]
528-548Legislation of Justinian[86]
680The Quinisext in Trullo—Discipline unchanged[88]
900Final legislation of Leo the Philosopher[90]
The Nestorians—clerical marriage permitted[91]
The Abyssinian church[92]
[VII].—MONACHISM.
Buddhist model of monachism[94]
Apostolic order of widows[96]
Devotees in the primitive church—no vows irrevocable[97]
250-285Paul the Thebæan and St. Antony[97]
350-400Increase of monachism[98]
Early systems—vows not irrevocable[101]
Greater strictness required of female devotees[103]
c. 400Marriages of nuns still valid[104]
450-458Conflicting legislation[105]
Strictness of the Eastern church—Political necessity of controlling monachism[106]
390-456Monks confined to their convents[108]
532-545Justinian renders monastic vows irrevocable[108]
Disorders of Western monachism[109]
528St. Benedict of Nursia—vows not irrevocable under his rule[111]
590-604Gregory I. enforces the inviolability of vows[113]
Continued irregularities of monachism[115]
[VIII].—THE BARBARIANS.
The Church and the Barbarians[117]
The Merovingian bishops[118]
The Spanish Arians[120]
589-711Neglect of discipline in Spain[121]
557-580State of discipline in Italy[122]
Dilapidation of ecclesiastical property[123]
590-604Reforms of Gregory the Great[123]
[IX].—THE CARLOVINGIANS.
Demoralization of the VII. and VIII. centuries[126]
Reorganizing efforts of the Carlovingians[128]
742-755Labors of St. Boniface[131]
Resistance of the married clergy[132]
755Pepin-le-Bref undertakes the reform[134]
Sacerdotal celibacy reëstablished[135]
Reforms of Charlemagne and Louis-le-Débonnaire—Their inefficiency[135]
840-912Increasing demoralization under the later Carlovingians[139]
874Legal procedures prescribed by Hincmar[140]
893Sacerdotal marriage resumed[142]
[X].—THE TENTH CENTURY.
Barbarism of the tenth century—Debasement of the papacy[144]
Tendency to hereditary benefices—Dilapidation of church property[145]
938Leo VII. vainly prohibits sacerdotal marriage[148]
952It is defended by St. Ulric of Augsburg[153]
925-967Unsuccessfully resisted by Ratherius of Verona and Atto of Vercelli[150]
Opposing influences among prelates[152]
Relaxation of the canons[154]
942-1054Three Archbishops of Rouen[155]
Indifference of Silvester II.[157]
Celibacy practically obsolete[158]
[XI].—SAXON ENGLAND.
Corruption of the ancient British church[159]
Asceticism of the Irish and Scottish churches[160]
597Celibacy introduced among the Saxons by St. Augustin[161]
Disorders in the Saxon nunneries[163]
747, 787Councils of Clovesho and Chelsea[164]
Neglect of discipline in the ninth and tenth centuries[165]
964St. Dunstan undertakes a reformation[166]
964-974Energy of Edgar the Pacific[168]
975Reaction after the death of Edgar[170]
1006Failure of Dunstan’s reforms[171]
1009Council of Enham—Sacerdotal polygamy[172]
1032Legislation of Cnut[173]
Sacerdotal marriage established[175]
[XII].—PETER DAMIANI.
1022Council of Pavia—Efforts to restore discipline[178]
1031Council of Bourges[179]
Clerical marriage and profligacy[180]
Revival of asceticism—San Giovanni Gualberto[183]
1046Henry III. undertakes the reformation of the church—Clement II.[184]
St. Peter Damiani[185]
1049Leo IX.[187]
Damiani’s Liber Gomorrhianus[188]
Reformatory efforts of Leo—Councils of Rheims and Mainz[188]
1051-1053Attempts to reform the Italian clergy[189]
Failure of the Reformation[190]
1058The Papacy independent—Damiani and Hildebrand[192]
1059Appeal to the laity for assistance[194]
1059Council of Melfi—Deposition of Bishop of Trani[197]
1060Damiani endeavors to reform the prelates[198]
The persecuted clergy organize resistance[199]
1061Schismatic election of Cadalus[200]
He is supported by the married clergy[201]
1063Renewed efforts of Alexander II. and Damiani[202]
Their failure[204]
[XIII].—MILAN.
Milan the centre of Manichæism[207]
1045Election of an archbishop—four disappointed competitors[209]
Marriage universal among Milanese clergy[210]
Landolfo and Arialdo excite the people[211]
1056Popular tumults—Plunder of the clergy[212]
1058The Synod of Fontaneto defends the married priests[212]
A furious civil war results[213]
1059Damiani obtains the submission of the clergy[213]
1061Milan embraces the party of Cadalus[215]
Death of Landolfo—Erlembaldo takes his place[215]
1062His success[216]
1066Excommunication of Archbishop Guido—Martyrdom of Arialdo[216]
1067Compromise and temporary truce[217]
1069Guido forced to resign—War between Gotefridoand Azzo for the succession[218]
1075Death of Erlembaldo—Tedaldo archbishop in spite of Gregory VII.[219]
Influence of celibacy on the struggle[220]
1093-1095Triumph of sacerdotalism[221]
Similar trouble throughout Tuscany[222]
[XIV].—HILDEBRAND.
1073Election of Gregory VII.—His character[223]
Necessity of celibacy to his scheme of theocratic supremacy[225]
1074Synod of Rome—Repetition of previous canons[227]
Attempts to enforce them throughout Europe—Resistance of the clergy[228]
Three bishops—Otho of Constance—Altmann of Passau—Siegfrid of Mainz[229]
1074Gregory appeals to the laity[232]
Resultant persecution of the clergy[234]
1077Violent resistance of the married clergy[236]
Political complications[237]
1085Papalists and Imperialists both condemn sacerdotal marriage[239]
[XV].—CENTRAL EUROPE.
Depression of the Catholic party—Sacerdotal marriage connived at[241]
1089Urban II. renews the persecution[242]
1094Contumacy of the German priesthood[243]
1105Deposition of Henry IV.—Germany restored to Catholic unity[244]
1118-1175Sacerdotal marriage nevertheless common[245]
1092-1257First introduction of celibacy in Hungary[248]
1197-1279Introduction of celibacy in Poland[251]
1213-1248Disregard of the canons in Sweden[252]
1117-1266Their enforcement in Denmark[253]
1219-1271Their neglect in Friesland[254]
[XVI].—FRANCE.
1056-1064Efforts to introduce sacerdotal celibacy[255]
1074-1078Contumacy of the clergy[256]
1080William the Conqueror intervenes—First allusion to licenses to sin[257]
Successful resistance of the Norman and Breton clergy[258]
1076-1094Troubles in Flanders[259]
Confusion caused by the attempted reform[262]
1095Council of Clermont—Its canons disregarded[263]
Condition of the monastic establishments[264]
Hereditary transmission of benefices[265]
Miracles invoked in aid of the reform[266]
1119Calixtus II. commences a new reform[267]
Resistance of the Norman priesthood[268]
Abelard and Heloise—Standard of morals erected by the church[269]
1212Continuance of clerical marriage[270]
[XVII].—NORMAN ENGLAND.
1066Canons not enforced by William I.[271]
1076First effort made by the Council of Winchester[272]
1102St. Anselm undertakes the reform—Council of London[273]
Resistance of the priests—Failure of the movement[275]
1104Henry I. uses the reform as a financial expedient[276]
1108He enforces outward obedience[277]
1126Stubborn contumacy of the priesthood[279]
1129Henry again speculates on clerical immorality[280]
1138-1171Disorders of the English church[281]
Consorts of priests no longer termed wives[283]
1208King John discovers their financial value[283]
Venality of the ecclesiastical officials[284]
“Focariæ” still universal[285]
1215Indignation of the clergy at the reforms of Innocent III.[286]
1237Cardinal Otto and the Council of London[288]
Popular poems concerning the reform[289]
1250-1268Gradual extinction of clerical marriage in England[290]
Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln[292]
Fruitless legislation against concubinage[293]
12th-15th C.Sacerdotal marriage in Wales[293]
[XVIII].—IRELAND AND SCOTLAND.
Degradation of the Irish church prior to the twelfth century[295]
1130-1149Reforms of St. Malachi—Influence of Rome[296]
Monastic character of the reformed church[297]
1186-1320Condition of the church in the English Pale[298]
Degeneration of the Scottish Culdees[299]
1124-1153David I. reforms the church and reestablishes celibacy[300]
1225-1268Immorality of the Scottish clergy[301]
[XIX].—SPAIN.
11th Cent.Independent barbarism of the Spanish church—Marriage universal[302]
1068-1080Encroachments of Rome—sacerdotal marriage condemned[303]
1101-1129Reforms of Diego Gelmirez—Marriage not interfered with[305]
1260Legislation of Alfonso the Wise—Concubinage universal[308]
1323Concubinage organized as a safeguard by the laity[310]
Corruption throughout the middle ages[311]
[XX].—GENERAL LEGISLATION.
1123Marriage now first dissolved by Holy Orders[313]
1130The innovation not as yet enforced[314]
1139Sacerdotal marriage formally declared void by the Second Council of Lateran[315]
1148Confirmed by the Council of Rheims—Denied by Gratian[316]
1150The new doctrine receives no obedience[318]
1158-1181Alexander III. insists upon it[319]
But excepts immoral ecclesiastics[320]
Conflict of rules and exceptions[322]
1206-1255Case of Bossaert d’Avesnes[323]
Alexander III. proposes to restore clerical marriage[325]
1187-1198Efforts of the popes to enforce the canons[326]
1215Fourth Council of Lateran—Triumph of Sacerdotalism[327]
[XXI].—RESULTS.
Recognition of the obligation of celibacy[330]
Increase of immorality[331]
13th-15th C.Fruitless attempts to restrain corruption[333]
1231Recognition of children of ecclesiastics[335]
1225-1416Efforts to restrict hereditary transmission[338]
1317Recognition of concubinage[339]
Successful resistance to reform[340]
12th-15th C.Morals of the papal court[341]
Influence on society of sacerdotal celibacy[346]
Influence of monachism[357]
[XXII].—THE MILITARY ORDERS.
1120Knights of St. John vowed to celibacy[362]
1128Knights of the Temple vowed to celibacy[362]
1175Knights of St. James of the Sword allowed to marry[363]
1441Marriage permitted to the Order of Calatrava[364]
1496And to the Orders of Avis and Jesus Christ[365]
1167Order of St. Michael allowed to marry once[365]
Reforms attempted in the Order of St. John[366]
The Teutonic Knights[366]
[XXIII].—THE HERESIES.
Asceticism of mediæval Manichæism[367]
Difficulty of combating it[369]
1146Antisacerdotalism—The Petrobrusians and Henricians[370]
1148Éon de l’Étoile[371]
c. 1160The Waldenses[372]
1294Antisacerdotalism of the Franciscans—The Fraticelli[375]
1341John of Pirna[378]
1377Wickliffe[378]
1394The Lollards denounce clerical celibacy[381]
1415-1438The Hussites—They maintain ascetic celibacy[382]
1411-1414Brethren of the Cross—Men of Intelligence[385]
1488-1498Savonarola[386]
[XXIV].—THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
Demoralization of the sacerdotal body[388]
1418Futile efforts of the Council of Constance[390]
1422Efforts of Martin V.[392]
Undiminished corruption and symptoms of revolt[393]
1435The Council of Bâle attempts a reform[395]
Impotence of the Basilian canons—Venality of the papal court[396]
1484-1500Condition of the church in Italy, France, England, Spain, Germany, and Hungary[398]
1496Relaxation of monastic discipline[402]
1476John of Nicklaushausen[405]
Sacerdotal marriage advocated as a remedy[405]
1479John of Oberwesel[407]
1485Heresy of Jean Laillier[408]
[XXV].—THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY.
Irreverential spirit of the sixteenth century[410]
1510Complaints of the Germans against the church[411]
Immobility of the church[412]
Popular movement—Luther and Erasmus[413]
1518Official opposition to the abuses of the church[416]
1517-1520Luther neglects the question of celibacy—his gradual progress[417]
1521First examples of sacerdotal marriage[419]
Approved by Carlostadt—Disapproved by Luther[419]
1522Zwingli demands sacerdotal marriage—Luther adopts it[421]
1524Efforts of the church to repress the movement[423]
Popular approbation—Protection in high quarters[424]
1523-1524Emancipation of nuns and monks[425]
1525Marriage of Luther[425]
Causes of popular acquiescence in the change[427]
Extreme immorality of the clergy[427]
Admitted by the Catholics to justify heresy[430]
1522-1526Erasmus advocates clerical marriage[432]
Assistance from ambition of temporal princes[434]
1530Efforts at reunion—Confession of Augsburg[435]
Failure of reconciliation—League of Schmalkalden[438]
The Anabaptists[438]
1532-1541Partial toleration—Difficulties concerning the Abbey lands[439]
1548The Interim—Sacerdotal marriage tolerated[441]
1552The Reformation established by the Transaction of Passau[443]
[XXVI].—THE ANGLICAN CHURCH.
Conservative tendencies of England[444]
1500-1523John Colet and Sir Thomas More[445]
1524Difficulties of the situation—Wolsey undertakes the destruction of monachism[447]
1528General suppression of the smaller houses[448]
1532Henry VIII.’s quarrel with Rome[449]
1535General visitation of monasteries, and suppression of most of them[451]
Popular opinions—The Beggars’ Petition[453]
1536Popular discontent—The Pilgrimage of Grace[455]
1537-1546Final suppression of the religious houses[456]
Fate of their inmates[460]
1535-1541Irish monastic establishments destroyed[461]
Henry still insists on celibacy[461]
Efforts to procure its relaxation[463]
1537Uncertainty of the subject in the public mind[465]
1539Henry’s firmness—Act of the Six Articles[466]
Persecution of the married clergy[469]
1540Modification of the Six Articles[471]
1547Accession of Edward VI.—Repeal of the Six Articles[472]
1548-1549Full liberty of marriage accorded to the clergy[473]
Armed opposition of the people[474]
1552Adoption of the Forty-two Articles[475]
Difficulty of removing popular convictions[476]
1553Accession of Queen Mary—Legislation of Edward repealed[477]
1554The married clergy separated and deprived[478]
Suffering of the clergy in consequence[480]
England reconciled to Rome—Church lands not recalled[482]
1555Cardinal Pole’s Legatine Constitutions[483]
1557More stringent legislation required—Revival of the old troubles[485]
1558Accession of Queen Elizabeth[486]
1559Delay in authorizing marriage—Uncertainty of the married clergy[487]
Elizabeth yields, but imposes degrading restrictions on clerical marriage[488]
1563The Thirty-nine Articles—Increased emphasis of permission to marry[490]
Elizabeth maintains her prejudices[491]
Disrepute of sacerdotal marriage—Evil effects on the Anglican clergy[494]
[XXVII].—CALVINISM.
1559-1640The Huguenot Churches[498]
The Reformation in Scotland[501]
Corruption of the Scottish church in the sixteenth century[501]
1542-1559Efforts at internal reform—their fruitlessness[504]
Marriage assumed as a matter of course by the Protestants[506]
Temporal motives assisting the Reformation[507]
Poverty of the Scottish church establishment[508]
Influence of celibacy on the struggle[509]
1560No formal recognition of clerical marriage thought necessary[512]
[XXVIII].—THE COUNCIL OF TRENT.
1524-1536Efforts at internal reform[514]
Universal demand for a general council—Convoked at Mantua in 1536[519]
1542-1547Assembles at Trent—it labors to separate, not to reunite the churches[520]
1551-1552Reassembles at Trent—is again broken up[521]
1562Again assembles for the last time[522]
1536Paul III. essays an internal reform without result[522]
1548Charles V. tries to reform the German church[524]
1548-1551Local reformatory synods—their failure[525]
1560Clerical marriage demanded as a last resort[529]
Clerical corruption urged as the reason[530]
1563The French court joins in the demand[533]
1560The question prejudged[533]
1563The council makes celibacy a point of faith[536]
Attempts a reformation[538]
1563-1564The German princes continue their efforts[539]
Essays of Cassander and Wicelius[542]
1564Maximilian II. renews the attempt[543]
His requests peremptorily rejected[544]
[XXIX].—THE POST-TRIDENTINE CHURCH.
Reception of the Council of Trent except in France[546]
1566-1572Pius V. endeavors to effect a reform[547]
1568-1570Labors of St. Charles Borromeo at Milan[550]
1565-1597Reforms vainly attempted by Italian councils[552]
1569-1668Condition of the church in Central Europe[553]
Marriage still practised until 1628[556]
Clerical immorality still a justification of heresy[556]
1560-1624Condition of the church in France[558]
The residence of women conceded[561]
The church in the Spanish Colonies[562]
Abuse of the confessional[566]
Abuse of the power of absolution[575]
Influence of the casuistic spirit[578]
[XXX].—THE CHURCH AND THE REVOLUTION.
Sacerdotal marriage obsolete—Grandier, Du Pin, Bossuet[581]
1758-1800The eighteenth century—Controversy reopened[582]
1783Joseph II. proposes to permit sacerdotal marriage[583]
1760-1787Clerical immorality undiminished[585]
1789The French Revolution[588]
1789-1790Confiscation of church property—Suppression of monachism[589]
1791Celibacy deprived of legal protection—Marriage of priests[590]
1793Marriage becomes a test of good citizenship[592]
Persecution of the unmarried clergy[592]
Resistance of the great body of the clergy[594]
1795-1797Married clergy repudiated by their bishops[595]
1801Celibacy restored by the Concordat[595]
1801-1807Clerical marriage continues—Napoleon decides against it[597]
[XXXI].—THE CHURCH OF TO-DAY.
1815-1883Vacillating policy in France as to clerical marriage[599]
1821-1866Various movements in favor of clerical marriage[601]
Immobility of the church[603]
1878The Old Catholics adopt clerical marriage[604]
Civil marriage laws opposed by the church[605]
Celibacy not likely to be disturbed[607]
1820-1867Suppression of monastic orders[608]
Vigor and improvement of modern monachism[611]
Its influence in the field of education[616]
1880Suppression of unauthorized orders in France[621]
Influence of celibacy on clerical morality[624]
Its influence on the social organization[638]
[NOTE.]
On Celibacy as a matter of faith under the Council of Trent[640]
[INDEX.]