Wealth against commonwealth

by Henry Demarest Lloyd

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Annual Report Attorney-General of the United States, 1893.

[2] People of the State of New York vs. The North River Sugar Refining Company. Supreme Court of New York—at Circuit (January 9, 1889). New York Senate Trusts, 1889, p. 278.

[3] Combinations, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 19.

[4] References:

1. Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the Anthracite Coal Difficulties, 1871.

2. Morris Run Coal Company vs. The Barclay Coal Company. Pennsylvania State Reports, Vol. 68, p. 173.

3. Report on the Coal Combination. New York Assembly Committee on Railroads, 1878.

4. Labor Troubles in Anthracite Regions, 1887-1888. House of Representatives, 50th Congress, Second Session. Report No. 4147.

5. New York Senate Investigation of the Coal Combination, 1892.

6. Alleged Coal Combination. House of Representatives, 52d Congress, 2d Session. Report No. 2278. January 18, 1893.

7. Coxe Brothers & Co. vs. The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, before the Interstate Commerce Commission. Report and Opinion of the Commission.

8. John C. Haddock vs. Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 1890.

9. Hocking Valley Investigation. General Assembly of Ohio, 1885.

10. Trusts or Pools. Investigation by Legislature of Ohio, 1889.

11. Alleged Combinations in Manufactures, Trade, etc. Dominion House of Commons, 1888.

[5] Richardson vs. Buhl et al. Michigan State Reports, vol. lxxvii., p. 632.

[6] Page ii.

[7] Page xxii.

[8] Coal Combination, Congress, 1893. Testimony of John C. Haddock, pp. 242-261.

[9] Same, p. iv.

[10] Report, p. xlv.

[11] Coal Combination, Congress, 1893, pp. iii., iv., vi.

[12] Same, p. i.

[13] Same. p. v.

[14] Report, pp. xiv., xv., xlix.

[15] Combinations, Canadian Parliament, 1888, pp. 5, 6, 7.

[16] Report, p. lxx.

[17] Investigation by the Senate of Pennsylvania into the Anthracite Coal Difficulties, 1871.

[18] Report, pp. lxx., and following.

[19] Same, p. lxxvi.

[20] Same, p. lxxvii.

[21] Report, pp. ix., xciv., and following.

[22] Same, p. xlv.

[23] Same, p. xiii.

[24] Coxe case before Interstate Commerce Commission, Coal Combination, Congress, 1893, p. 183.

[25] Same, p. v.

[26] Whiskey Trust Investigation. Committee on the Judiciary Report, March 1, 1893. 52d Congress, 2d Session, House of Representatives, Report No. 2601, p. 16 and following.

[27] Same testimony, p. 28.

[28] Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, p. 62.

[29] Whiskey Trust Investigation, Congress, 1893, pp. 14, 15.

[30] Report of the Investigating Committee appointed by the Legislature of Minnesota of 1891, to determine whether wheat was taken without inspection from a public elevator in Duluth. April 7, 1892, p. 11.

[31] Trusts, New York Senate, 1891, pp. 9, 11.

[32] Meat Products, United States Senate, 51st Congress, 1st Session, Report No. 829, 1890, p. 2.

[33] New York Assembly, "Hepburn Report," 1879, p. 70.

[34] Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 3.

[35] Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, pp. 1, 2.

[36] Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, p. 6.

[37] Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890, Testimony, pp. 464, 465.

[38] Meat Products, United States Senate, 1890.

[39] Trusts, New York Senate, 1888. Combinations, Canadian Parliament, 1888.

[40] F.H. Storer, American Journal of Science, vol. xxx., 1860.

[41] Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 159.

[42] Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 160.

[43] Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3549 and following.

[44] Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 93.

[45] Same, p. 93.

[46] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 214.

[47] Titusville Morning Herald, March 20, 1872.

[48] Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873, p. 418.

[49] Testimony of Simon Bernheimer, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3548.

[50] Testimony, Freight Discriminations, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 184-5.

[51] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 304.

[52] Testimony, Pennsylvania Tax Case, 1883, p. 486.

[53] This contract is printed in full in Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 418-51, and Trust Report, Congress, 1888, pp. 357-61.

[54] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 353.

[55] Art. 2, sec. 3.

[56] Art. 2, sec. 4.

[57] Art. 2, sec. 5.

[58] Art. 2, Sec. 4.

[59] The same.

[60] Art. 2, Sec. 8.

[61] Art. 2, Sec. 5.

[62] Art. 3.

[63] Art. 4.

[64] Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, pp. 418-51.

[65] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1566.

[66] Testimony, Erie Investigation, New York Assembly, 1873, p. 300.

[67] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 42.

[68] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, p. 418.

[69] Report of the Executive Committee of the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872, p. 23.

[70] Testimony, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 237.

[71] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2525.

[72] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2527.

[73] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2525-35.

[74] See ch. xxxii. for "the state of the business" "unproductive of profit."

[75] Standard Oil Company vs. W.C. Scofield et al. Court of Common Pleas, Cuyahoga County, O. Affidavit of the President of the Standard Oil Company.

[76] 11 Harris.

[77] Debates of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania, 1873, v. 3, pp. 522-3.

[78] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2766.

[79] Report of Executive Committee of the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.

[80] See ch. xxxiii.

[81] Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.

[82] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 290.

[83] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.

[84] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 289.

[85] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad Company et al., 1879, p. 707.

[86] Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.

[87] Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil Company vs. W.C. Scofield et al., Cleveland, 1880.

[88] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 385.

[89] Exhibit A, Answer of Defendants, Case of Standard Oil Company vs. W.C. Scofield et al., Cleveland, 1880, Section 7.

[90] Affidavits of the defendants.

[91] Affidavits of the defendants.

[92] Affidavits of the defendants.

[93] Same.

[94] Same.

[95] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 547.

[96] Petition for Relief and Injunction, Standard Oil Company vs. W.C. Scofield et al., etc.

[97] Affidavits of the defendants.

[98] Combinations, etc., S.C.T. Dodd, p. 25.

[99] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 422.

[100] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 772.

[101] Affidavit of Levi T. Scofield.

[102] Exhibit A, etc., Section 12.

[103] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 388, 421.

[104] Scofield et al. vs. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company, 43 Ohio State Report, p. 571.

[105] See ch. xxvii.

[106] See ch. xxvii.

[107] See Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 800.

[108] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, Testimony, p. 472.

[109] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1879, Testimony, p. 490.

[110] Report Executive Committee Petroleum Producers' Union, 1872.

[111] See ch. xxxi.

[112] Glasgow Herald, June 16, 1892.

[113] Affidavit, Oct. 18, 1880, Case of Standard Oil Company vs. W.C. Scofield et al., Cleveland, 1880.

[114] Affidavit, Nov. 17, 1880.

[115] Affidavit, Nov. 30, 1880.

[116] Affidavit, May 1, 1880.

[117] See chapter "Not to Exceed Half."

[118] Affidavit, May 1, 1880.

[119] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad Company et al., Testimony, p. 751.

[120] Exhibit A, Affidavit, October 18, 1880.

[121] See ch. xxvii.

[122] See ch. xviii. and following.

[123] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.

[124] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1693.

[125] Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.

[126] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.

[127] Rutter Circular, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 363.

[128] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1596.

[129] Same, Report, p. 43.

[130] Same, Testimony, p. 3429.

[131] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2792-95.

[132] Same, p. 2795.

[133] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.

[134] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 670.

[135] Testimony of A.J. Cassatt, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, pp. 666, 669, 671.

[136] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.

[137] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879, p. 665.

[138] Appeal to the Executive of Pennsylvania, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.

[139] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 735.

[140] Same, p. 672.

[141] Same, p. 460.

[142] See ch. vi.

[143] Standard Oil Company vs. W.C. Scofield et al. Affidavit of the treasurer of the Standard.

[144] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 771-72.

[145] For the full report of these remarkable interviews with the President and Third Vice-President of the Pennsylvania Railroad see Testimony, Investigation Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 47 et seq., 60 et seq.; Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, pp. 160 et seq., 204 et seq., 237 et seq.

[146] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 225-26.

[147] Testimony, Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 49, 59; Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 710, 3548-56; Exhibits, same, p. 176; Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 247.

[148] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, p. 712.

[149] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 720.

[150] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 445.

[151] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, pp. 725-26.

[152] Exhibits, pp. 453-514.

[153] Testimony, pp. 174-207.

[154] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 11.

[155] Same, p. 352.

[156] Same, p. 510.

[157] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 420.

[158] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 374.

[159] Testimony, Discriminations in Freight Rates, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 181-85.

[160] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 800.

[161] Exhibits, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 238-45.

[162] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, pp. 479-514.

[163] This was always denied by the New York Central. "I never heard of the American Transfer Company," Vanderbilt told the New York Legislature. "I don't know that we ever paid the American Transfer Company a dollar. If we did, I have no knowledge of it." New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1577.

[164] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., p. 702. Same, Exhibits Nos. 45-47, pp. 732-33.

[165] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 691.

[166] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 3666-69.

[167] Same, p. 3959.

[168] Same, p. 2664.

[169] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, pp. 656-57.

[170] Art. 1, sec. 4.

[171] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 40-44.

[172] Speech of Simon Sterne, counsel of the New York Chamber of Commerce, before New York Assembly "Hepburn" Committee, 1879, p. 3964.

[173] Testimony, same, p. 2772.

[174] See ch. xi.

[175] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.

[176] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, pp. 302, 314.

[177] Testimony, same, Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37; Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 19, 29.

[178] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, etc., 1879, Pipe Line Appendix, pp. 36-37; Investigation, Pennsylvania Secretary of Internal Affairs, 1878, pp. 19, 29, 32, 42.

[179] A History, etc. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 690, 697, 705, 706.

[180] Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., pp. 298-99.

[181] Same, p. 300.

[182] Testimony of B.B. Campbell, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., p. 300.

[183] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 78-79.

[184] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 295.

[185] Same, p. 212.

[186] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 45.

[187] Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce, Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.

[188] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, before Interstate Commerce Commission, pp. 299-300.

[189] Same, pp. 521, 539.

[190] Same, p. 534.

[191] Franklin B. Gowen, before House Committee of Commerce, Washington, Jan. 27, 1880.

[192] Report, p. 45.

[193] Franklin B. Gowen, before Pennsylvania House of Representatives Committee on Railroads, Feb. 13, 1883.

[194] See ch. xiii.

[195] See ch. xxvi.

[196] Testimony of General Freight Agent of Pennsylvania Railroad (Logan, Emery, and Weaver vs. Pennsylvania Railroad), McKean County Court of Common Pleas, 1889.

[197] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases before the Interstate Commerce Commission, Deposition, pp. 531-34.

[198] Samuel Van Syckel vs. Acme Oil Company, Supreme Court of New York, Buffalo, May, 1888, before Judge Childs; Deposition of David McKelvey.

[199] Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases; Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. v., pp. 4, 5.

[200] Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 572.

[201] Same, pp. 389-99.

[202] Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 658.

[203] Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 925.

[204] Combinations, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 28.

[205] New York Independent, March 17, 1893.

[206] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Nos. 153, 154, 163, Interstate Commerce Commission; Deposition of General Freight Agent Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 531, 534.

[207] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 389.

[208] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 27.

[209] Same, p. 28.

[210] Same, p. 27.

[211] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 17.

[212] Answer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 365.

[213] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 256.

[214] Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Petition and Complaint.

[215] Same, Testimony, p. 367.

[216] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 372.

[217] Same, pp. 380, 382.

[218] Same, p. 256.

[219] National Oil Company, Limited, to Interstate Commerce Commission, March 30, 1893.

[220] Combinations: Their Uses and Abuses, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 26.

[221] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3688.

[222] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 71.

[223] Same, p. 426.

[224] Same, p. 425.

[225] The Railways and the Republic, by J.F. Hudson, p. 83.

[226] See pp. 69-70.

[227] Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Nos. 153, 154, 163. Petition and Complaint, p. 4.

[228] Interstate Commerce Commission, "In the Matter of Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil," 1888. Letter of G.B. Roberts.

[229] See ch. v.

[230] See ch. viii.

[231] See below, and ch. xvii.

[232] See ch. xxxiii.

[233] Rice, Robinson & Witherop case, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1890.

[234] In the matter of Relative Tank and Barrel Rates on Oil. Letter of President Roberts, Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.

[235] Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.

[236] Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Exhibits, pp. 6, 7, 10.

[237] Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.

[238] Interstate Commerce Commission reports, vol. ii., p. 365.

[239] Same.

[240] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 462.

[241] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 542, 543.

[242] Same, p. 542.

[243] Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Petition and Complaint.

[244] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 44, 110, 393, 396.

[245] Same, p. 401.

[246] Same, p. 335.

[247] See p. 145.

[248] See ch. xv.

[249] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 283-84.

[250] Same, p. 283.

[251] Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol v., p. 415.

[252] See chs. xv., xvi., xvii.

[253] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 268-336.

[254] Same, p. 476.

[255] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 163, 461, 537.

[256] Same, p. 267.

[257] Same, p. 296.

[258] Same, Testimony of General Freight Manager of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, pp. 161-62.

[259] Same, Testimony of General Freight Agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, pp. 523, 537.

[260] Testimony of General Freight Agent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in Nicolai and Brady vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., before Interstate Commerce Commission, Jan. 28, 1888.

[261] The new rates prohibited the traffic. Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 97, 110, 139, 141, 146-48, 383-84, 393, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402.

[262] Decision in Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.

[263] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 283.

[264] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.

[265] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 36.

[266] Same, p. 270.

[267] Same, p. 221.

[268] See ch. viii.

[269] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, Mr. Confer, June 17, 1891, p. 12.

[270] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 237-38.

[271] Same, Report and Opinion of the Commission.

[272] Same.

[273] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 127-28.

[274] Report of Senate Select Committee, Interstate Commerce, 49th Congress, 1st Session, 1886, p. 214.

[275] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, p. 252.

[276] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 20, 45, 75, 128-29, 175-77.

[277] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 304-5.

[278] Same, p. 486.

[279] Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.

[280] Testimony, Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases, pp. 188, 193, 446, 466, 467.

[281] See chs. xvi, and xvii.

[282] Rice cases, Nos. 184, 185, 194. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol v., p. 193.

[283] Same.

[284] George Rice vs. The St. Louis Southwestern Railway Co. et al., and same vs. Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. et al. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. v., p. 660.

[285] See chap. ix.

[286] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 695.

[287] Same, p. 69.

[288] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 449.

[289] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 7, 19, 27, 28.

[290] See ch. xviii.

[291] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 64.

[292] New York Tribune, June 29, 1889.

[293] United States Department of the Interior. "Petroleum," by Joseph D. Weeks, p. 300. Annual Oil Supplement to Oil City Derrick, 1893 and 1894.

[294] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 68.

[295] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 387.

[296] Same, p. 405.

[297] Same, p. 449.

[298] Annual Oil Supplement to Oil City Derrick, Jan. 2, 1893.

[299] Trusts, Congress, 1888. p. 52.

[300] Same, p. 67.

[301] Same, p. 29.

[302] Same, p. 65.

[303] See ch. xi.

[304] See ch. xxiii.

[305] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3482.

[306] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 330.

[307] Testimony of P.M. Shannon, J.W. Lee, T.B. Westgate, in the case of J.J. Carter vs. Producers and Refiners' Oil Co., Ld., Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pa., May, 1894.

[308] See ch. viii.

[309] Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, ex rel. Bolard and Dale vs. National Transit Co., Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Pa., December, 1893.

[310] See ch. xxxi.

[311] Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, p. 527.

[312] Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883. Testimony of Auditor-General Schell, p. 11 et seq., pp. 394-95, and of Corporation Clerk, same, p. 58 et seq.

[313] Same, pp. 60, 61, 62.

[314] Same, pp. 374, 383.

[315] Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 68, 69, 70, 381.

[316] Proceedings of Joint Committee Pennsylvania Legislature on Standard Oil Company and its Taxes, 1883, pp. 53, 70, 81-85.

[317] Appeal of Standard Oil Company to the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, June 20, 1881.

[318] Trusts, Congress, 1886, p. 707.

[319] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 143, 196, 476.

[320] Same, pp. 316-17.

[321] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 229, 478.

[322] Same, pp. 478-79.

[323] Same, pp. 228-29.

[324] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 163, 185.

[325] Same, p. 631.

[326] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 267-70, 762-63.

[327] Same, pp. 310, 789.

[328] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 640-43, 830.

[329] Same, p. 231.

[330] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 229-30, 284-95.

[331] Same, p. 498.

[332] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 343.

[333] Same, p. 500.

[334] Same, pp. 339-41.

[335] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 502-6.

[336] Same, pp. 297, 310, 315, 327.

[337] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., pp. 467, 521.

[338] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 661.

[339] Same, F.B. Gowen, p. 650.

[340] Proceedings of the Joint Committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, etc., p. 713.

[341] Hudson's Railways and Republic, p. 465.

[342] "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 93.

[343] Samuel Van Syckel vs. Acme Oil Company. Tried in the Supreme Court at Buffalo, N.Y., May 14, 1888.

[344] The Early and Later History of Petroleum, by J.G. Henry, 1873, p. 186.

[345] "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, Special Agent, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 9.

[346] Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, p. 566.

[347] Trusts, Congress, 1888, Testimony of Joshua Merrill, pp. 567-69.

[348] Same, p. 568.

[349] Same, p. 568.

[350] Same, p. 570.

[351] Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel vs. Acme Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.

[352] Testimony, same.

[353] Testimony, same.

[354] Supreme Court of New York: Samuel Van Syckel vs. Acme Oil Company. Tried at Buffalo, New York, May 14, 1888.

[355] Testimony, same.

[356] See ch. xxi.

[357] Samuel Van Syckel died in Buffalo, March 3, 1894, aged 83.

[358] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 573.

[359] Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 28.

[360] Testimony, same, pp. 5, 41, 42, 124, 141, 162, 166, 170.

[361] Testimony, same, p. 129.

[362] Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 12, 34, 172.

[363] See ch. xviii.

[364] Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 129.

[365] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 579.

[366] Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 33, 40-42.

[367] Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 49, 51, 56.

[368] Same, pp. 159, 163.

[369] Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 169.

[370] Same, pp. 249-50.

[371] Same, p. 250.

[372] Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, p. 260.

[373] Same, p. 116.

[374] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 574.

[375] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 577-78.

[376] See ch. viii.

[377] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578. Hardy and another vs. Cleveland and Marietta Railroad et al., Circuit Court, Ohio, E.D., 1887. Federal Reporter, vol. xxxi., pp. 689-93.

[378] 49th Congress, 1st Session, Report of the Senate Select Committee on Interstate Commerce, p. 199.

[379] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 534, 535.

[380] Same, pp. 730-38.

[381] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 743.

[382] Same, p. 729.

[383] Same, p. 732.

[384] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 416-20.

[385] Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 442-43.

[386] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 524-30.

[387] Same, p. 620.

[388] Same, pp. 534-36.

[389] Same, p. 533.

[390] Same, p. 536.

[391] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 729.

[392] Same, p. 534.

[393] Same, p. 730.

[394] Same, p. 733.

[395] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 735.

[396] Same, p. 535.

[397] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 578.

[398] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 579-80.

[399] Same, p. 584.

[400] Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, p. 147.

[401] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 682-83.

[402] Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 57.

[403] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 529-32.

[404] Supreme Court of Ohio: the State, ex rel., vs. The Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway Company. The State, ex rel., vs. The Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railway Company, 47 Ohio State Reports, p. 130.

[405] Testimony, Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 384.

[406] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 397, 398, 615-17.

[407] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.

[408] Same, pp. 586, 676. Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 391-92.

[409] Same, pp. 676-77.

[410] Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 119.

[411] Trusts, Congress, 1880, p. 520.

[412] Trusts, Congress, 1880, pp. 410-11.

[413] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 599.

[414] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 688-89.

[415] See ch. xi.

[416] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 607.

[417] Same, p. 678.

[418] Combinations, by S.C.T. Dodd, p. 29.

[419] "Petroleum and Its Products," by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 92.

[420] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 614.

[421] See ch. xxiv.

[422] Testimony, Rice cases, Interstate Commerce Commission, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 144.

[423] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 587, 675, 680. Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 487-88. For similar preferences to the palace cattle-car companies, see report on "Meat Products," United States Senate, 1890, p. 18.

[424] Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 477.

[425] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675, 679-87.

[426] Same, p. 682.

[427] Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 47.

[428] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 675.

[429] Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, pp. 108-9.

[430] Same, p. 120.

[431] See ch. xi.

[432] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.

[433] Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 480.

[434] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 674.

[435] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 531-33.

[436] Same, pp. 646-47.

[437] Same, pp. 668-85.

[438] Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, p. 65.

[439] Same, p. 131.

[440] Same, pp. 128-29, 143-47, 239.

[441] Same, p. 109. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675-76.

[442] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 688.

[443] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 689.

[444] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 598-99. Testimony, Rice cases, Nos. 51-60, 1887, p. 28.

[445] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 622.

[446] See p. 205.

[447] See p. 206.

[448] Brundred, et al. vs. Rice, decided November 1, 1892, 49 Ohio State Reports.

[449] See p. 219.

[450] For the decisions in these Rice cases see Interstate Commerce Commission Report, vol. i., p. 503; same, p. 722; vol. ii., p. 389; vol. iii., p. 186; vol. iv., p. 228; vol. v., p. 193, and same, p. 660.

[451] The State of Ohio ex rel. David K. Watson, Attorney-General, vs. The Standard Oil Company, N.E. Reporter, vol. xxx., p. 279; 49 Ohio State Reports, p. 317.

[452] Rice vs. Standard Oil Trust. New York Court of Appeals—Case on Appeal, 1888.

[453] Testimony, Trusts, New York, 1888, pp. 385-87.

[454] People of the State of New York vs. Everest et al. Court of Oyer and Terminer, Erie County, February, 1886, court stenographer's report. This item is omitted in the transcript of evidence furnished by the oil trust to the Committee of Congress investigating trusts in 1888. See Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 801.

[455] See p. 52.

[456] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814, 882, 883.

[457] Same, p. 815.

[458] Court Stenographer's Report, p. 1135.

[459] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.

[460] Same, p. 816.

[461] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 817, 872-74.

[462] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 818, 873.

[463] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 820.

[464] See p. 64.

[465] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 854.

[466] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 826.

[467] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 821-22.

[468] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 824-25.

[469] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 825-26.

[470] See ch. xxxi.

[471] History, etc., Petroleum Producers' Unions. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 690-716.

[472] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 942.

[473] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 814-15.

[474] Same, p. 834.

[475] Same, p. 847.

[476] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 842.

[477] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 821.

[478] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 842-43.

[479] Same, pp. 843-44.

[480] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 823.

[481] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 844.

[482] Same, p. 825.

[483] Same, p. 845.

[484] Same, p. 844.

[485] Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2049. The last statement is omitted in the transcript furnished by the trust for the Congress Trust Report of 1888.

[486] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 911.

[487] Court Stenographer's Report, pp. 454-55.

[488] Court Stenographer's Report, p. 2164.

[489] Testimony, Rice cases, before Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, Nos. 51-60, p. 367. Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 571, 577, 578, 579, 658. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 295.

[490] Testimony, Alleged Discriminations in Railroad Freights, Ohio House of Representatives, 1879, pp. 36-39.

[491] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 410.

[492] Court Stenographer's Report.

[493] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 871.

[494] Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 456, 571.

[495] Court Stenographer's Report, p. 892.

[496] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 869.

[497] Same, p. 825.

[498] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 902.

[499] Same, pp. 905-41.

[500] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 939.

[501] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 932-33, 937.

[502] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 816.

[503] See chs. xxii. to xxvi.

[504] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.

[505] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 424.

[506] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 849.

[507] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 847.

[508] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 429, 894.

[509] Same, p. 894.

[510] Testimony, Stenographic Report, p. 895. This passage also is omitted in the transcript furnished the committee of Congress by the counsel of the trust.

[511] See p. 214.

[512] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 533; see also p. 734.

[513] See ch. xxv.

[514] Report of Citizens' Committee on City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 5.

[515] City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 5.

[516] Chs. xiv and xxi.

[517] State, ex rel., vs. City of Toledo, 48th Ohio State Reports, p. 112.

[518] Federal Court Reporter, vol. xxxix., pp. 651-54.

[519] Report of the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Company, January 7, 1889.

[520] Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, pp. 36-37.

[521] City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 3.

[522] See ch. xxix.

[523] See ch. xx.

[524] October 19, 1889.

[525] City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, pp. 6-7.

[526] Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 9.

[527] City of Toledo and Its Natural Gas Bonds, p. 3.

[528] Toledo Natural Gas Trustees' Report, 1890, p. 7.

[529] Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 8.

[530] "Constitutional History as Seen in the Development of American Law." Lecture by D.H. Chamberlain. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

[531] Report of the Toledo Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, pp. 8-9.

[532] Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 659.

[533] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 428.

[534] See p. 99.

[535] See p. 206.

[536] Annual Report of Natural Gas Trustees, 1890, p. 9.

[537] Toledo Blade, February 7 and 27, 1889.

[538] New York Sun of March 31, 1891.

[539] New York Tribune, April 23, 1889.

[540] From Life of William Lloyd Garrison, Told by His Children, vol. iii., ch. i., p. 12.

[541] Petition of the Isaac Harter Company vs. the Northwestern Ohio Natural Gas Company, Court of Common Pleas, Seneca County, Ohio, June 16, 1890.

[542] Annual Report of the Toledo Natural Gas Trustees, 1891, p. 6.

[543] See p. 250 and ch. xxxi.

[544] See p. 154.

[545] See p. 250.

[546] See p. 21.

[547] Annual Report of the Natural Gas Trustees of Toledo, 1891, p. 4.

[548] Report to Stockholders, Northwestern Natural Gas Company, January 7, 1889.

[549] Report to Stockholders, Toledo Natural Gas Company, January, 1889.

[550] See ch. xxxii.

[551] See p. 113.

[552] See chs. ix. and xxxi.

[553] See ch. xxx.

[554] Railroad Transportation, by Arthur T. Hadley. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1886.

[555] Speech of Simon Sterne, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 98-118.

[556] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2723-24 and p. 3900.

[557] New York Herald, January 19, 1884.

[558] Appeal to the Executive of Pennsylvania by the Petroleum Producers' Union, 1878. Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.

[559] New York Herald, January 19, 1884.

[560] See ch. vii.

[561] Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 1.

[562] Testimony, Appendix to the Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, 67th General Assembly, 1886, vol. lxxxii., p. 499.

[563] Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 60.

[564] Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 77, 78.

[565] Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 58.

[566] Same, pp. 37, 40, 66; Miscellaneous Document No. 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 32, 46, 214, and passim.

[567] Report No. 1490, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 50.

[568] Miscellaneous Document 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, p. 18.

[569] Miscellaneous Document 106, United States Senate, 49th Congress, 1886, pp. 81-82.

[570] The Payne Bribery Case and the United States Senate, by Albert H. Walker.

[571] Minority Report of Senators Hoar and Frye, 49th Congress, 1st Session, Senate, No. 1490, p. 34.

[572] Same, pp. 38, 39.

[573] Hudson's Railways and the Republic, p. 467.

[574] Congressional Globe, September 12, 1888, pp. 8520-8604.

[575] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 395.

[576] Speech of John M. Forbes, Boston, April 30, 1889.

[577] Congress Record, 51st Congress, 2d Session, p. 3651.

[578] Mr. John M. Forbes, in Fossils, Free Ships, and Reform.

[579] See p. 307.

[580] See p. 386.

[581] See chs. xviii.-xxi.

[582] Senate Report No. 485, 53d Congress, 2d Session, June 21, 1894.

[583] Supplemental Report of Senator W.V. Allen, of the Senate Special Committee (ordered May 17, 1894) to Investigate Alleged Attempts at Bribery by the Sugar Trust.

[584] United States vs. E.C. Knight & Co., et al. United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, March 26, 1894, 60 Federal Reporter, p. 34.

[585] Letter of President Cleveland to Hon. W.L. Wilson, Chairman House Committee of Ways and Means, July 2, 1894, read to the House of Representatives July 18, 1894.

[586] New York Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin, Sept. 21, 1893.

[587] II. Coke, 84.

[588] See ch. viii.

[589] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, Exhibits, pp. 614-19.

[590] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3678.

[591] Same, p. 3683.

[592] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 3684.

[593] See ch. xiv., "I Want to Make Oil."

[594] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, pp. 3683-94.

[595] Titusville and Oil City Independents' cases. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. v., p. 415.

[596] Testimony, New York Assembly, 1879, p. 3678.

[597] See pp. 216, 320.

[598] See p. 188.

[599] Second Annual Report, Fire Marshal of Boston, May, 1888, p. 9.

[600] See p. 84.

[601] See ch. xi.

[602] Journal of the Senate of Minnesota, March, 1891, p. 716.

[603] Omaha Daily Bee, November 24, 27; December 5, 13, 21, 1891.

[604] See p. 291.

[605] Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 670.

[606] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 389.

[607] Same, p. 317.

[608] See p. 62.

[609] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, pp. 369-85, 435, 534-35.

[610] Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company vs. Everest et al. Supreme Court Erie Co., N.Y., 1886.

[611] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 846-47.

[612] Testimony in the case of George Rice vs. Trustees of the Standard Oil Trust, New York Court of Appeals, 1888.

[613] Testimony, Independent Refiners' Associations vs. Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad Company et al., p. 401.

[614] Testimony, George Rice vs. Louisville and Nashville Railroad et al., cases 51-60, p. 425.

[615] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 609-10.

[616] Same, p. 732.

[617] Same, p. 735.

[618] See chs. xii. and xxxi.

[619] See ch. xxii.

[620] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 734, 745.

[621] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 372.

[622] Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 12.

[623] See ch. xi.

[624] President E. Benjamin Andrews, of Brown University, "Trusts According to Official Investigation," Quarterly Journal of Economics, January, 1889, p. 146.

[625] See ch. xiv.

[626] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2623-40.

[627] Same, Report, p. 44.

[628] Testimony, same, pp. 2615, 2696.

[629] George Rice vs. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad et al. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 228.

[630] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 528-29.

[631] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 386, 425.

[632] See pp. 56-57.

[633] Before the Pennsylvania Legislature, Harrisburg, February 19, 1891. Harrisburg Daily Patriot, February 25, 1891.

[634] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 422.

[635] Scotsman, October 7, 1892.

[636] Pall Mall Gazette, January 27, 1892.

[637] Standard, Shoe Lane, January 26, 1892.

[638] See p. 408.

[639] Combinations, by S.C.T. Dodd, 1888, p. 31.

[640] Die Monopolisirung des Petroleum Handels und der Petroleum Industrie, by E.F. Scemann. L. Simeon, Berlin.

[641] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 792.

[642] Harrisburg Patriot, February 25, 1891.

[643] Translation from the Berlin Vossische Zeitung, June 12, 1891. Report of Consul-General Edwards, of Berlin.

[644] See p. 106.

[645] See ch. xii.

[646] See chs. xi. and xxx.

[647] Testimony of J.J. Carter in the case of J.J. Carter vs. Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited. Court of Common Pleas, Crawford County, Pa., May Term, 1894.

[648] See pp. 111, 366.

[649] Affidavit of the President of the Standard Oil Company of New York before the Attorney-General, May, 1894.

[650] State of Ohio ex rel. David K. Watson, Attorney-General, vs. Standard Oil Company of Ohio. 49 Ohio State Reports, p. 317.

[651] Rice vs. Trustees of the Standard Oil Trust. Supreme Court, Special Term, Part I. Andrews, Judge. Reported in the New York Law Journal, April 26, 1894.

[652] Testimony, Rice vs. Louisville and Nashville Railroad et al., before Interstate Commerce Committee, p. 366.

[653] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 577.

[654] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 18, 38, 65, 89, 111.

[655] W.H. Vanderbilt, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 1597, 1669. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 218.

[656] Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 9.

[657] Same, pp. 9, 10.

[658] Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, p. 679.

[659] Report, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 9, 10.

[660] Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. i., p. 722.

[661] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 398, 407, 411, 412, 415, 419-43, 594.

[662] Same, p. 571.

[663] Before the Attorney-General of New York. In the matter of the application of the Central Labor Union and others to the Attorney-General to have him apply to the Supreme Court for leave to begin action against the Standard Oil Company of New York to vacate the charter thereof. Affidavit, president Standard Oil Company, May, 1894.

[664] New York Mail and Express, November 12, 1890.

[665] Dr. J.P. Hale, of Charleston, West Virginia, in the volume prepared by Prof. M.L. Maury, and issued by the State Centennial Board, on the resources of the State. Quoted by S.F. Peckham, United States Census, 1885, p. 6.

[666] Petroleum and Its Products, by S.F. Peckham, U.S. Census, 1885, p. 7.

[667] S. Dana Hayes, quoted in Henry's Early and Later History of Petroleum, p. 186.

[668] Testimony, Joshua Merrill, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 570.

[669] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 386, 425.

[670] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 82.

[671] See p. 165.

[672] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 258.

[673] See chs. xi. and xvii.

[674] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44. Testimony, same, pp. 2623, 2645. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 223-26, 542, 543, 548.

[675] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 43. Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 213.

[676] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 712. Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 302.

[677] See p. 405.

[678] See pp. 61, 153.

[679] See p. 420.

[680] See pp. 49, 217.

[681] See p. 306.

[682] See p. 108.

[683] See pp. 111, 291, 446.

[684] See p. 291.

[685] See p. 162.

[686] See pp. 118-27.

[687] See pp. 97, 224.

[688] See pp. 106, 164.

[689] See pp. 107, 154.

[690] See pp. 62, 79.

[691] See pp. 42, 72, 188.

[692] See p. 251.

[693] See p. 216.

[694] See pp. 216, 413.

[695] See pp. 189, 228, 437.

[696] See pp. 102, 140.

[697] See pp. 182-98.

[698] See p. 298.

[699] See pp. 149, 447.

[700] Railways and the Republic, by J.F. Hudson, p. 77.

[701] Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, pp. 637-42.

[702] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 298.

[703] Same, p. 784.

[704] Same, p. 295.

[705] Same, pp. 295, 778-80.

[706] Investigation of Relations of Standard Oil Company to the State, 1883, p. 473.

[707] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2665.

[708] Same, p. 2667.

[709] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 296, 322, 787, 788.

[710] Same, p. 365.

[711] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2603.

[712] Same, pp. 2604-14.

[713] Testimony, Corners, New York Senate, 1883, pp. 929, 931, 932.

[714] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 417.

[715] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 1636.

[716] Testimony, Rice cases, 51-60, Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887, pp. 366, 368.

[717] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 455, 577.

[718] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, pp. 576-89.

[719] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 391, 392.

[720] Same, p. 294.

[721] Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 658.

[722] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 580.

[723] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 266, 287, 314, 365, 387, 395, 526, 537, 565, 627, 768, 790, 799.

[724] House of Representatives, 50th Congress, 2d Session. Report No. 4165, Part II., Appendix C, p. 33.

[725] Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 174-210, 801-951.

[726] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 195.

[727] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 206.

[728] Same, p. 208.

[729] Testimony in Buffalo Explosion case, printed in Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 894.

[730] Deposition of Albert N. Reynolds, Buffalo Lubricating Oil Company, Limited, vs. Everest & Everest. Supreme Court, New York, Erie County, City of Buffalo, August 29, 1884.

[731] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2668.

[732] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 215, 223, 226.

[733] Interstate Commerce Law, sec. 10.

[734] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 40-41.

[735] New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 44.

[736] See p. 202.

[737] Rice vs. Louisville and Nashville Railroad et al. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. i., p. 722. Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 675-84.

[738] Scofield vs. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. ii., p. 90.

[739] Rice, Robinson and Witherop vs. Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad et al. Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, vol. iv., p. 131.

[740] Same.

[741] Testimony, Trusts, New York Senate, 1888, p. 597.

[742] South Improvement Company, p. 45; American Transfer Company, p. 99; Rutter Circular, p. 85; Contract with Pennsylvania Railroad in 1877, p. 89; Contract with New York Central and Lake Shore and Michigan Central Railroads, 1875 and 1876; New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, Exhibits, p. 175; Contract with the Erie road, same, p. 573; Contract in the "Agreement for an Adventure" case, p. 62.

[743] See pp. 69, 130, 146, 149, 151, 208, 219, 224, 239.

[744] Wm. C. Bissel vs. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad Company et al.

[745] Testimony, United States Pacific Railway Commission Report, 1887, p. 3301.

[746] Same, p. 3581.

[747] Same, pp. 1132-33.

[748] Sec pp. 49, 200, 218.

[749] See p. 48.

[750] Titusville World, July 12, 1894.

[751] Standard Oil Company vs. Southern Pacific Railroad and Whittier, Fuller & Co., 48 Federal Reporter, p. 109.

[752] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, p. 2753.

[753] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 333, 534.

[754] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 2656-57.

[755] See pp. 145, 319, 320.

[756] Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 354.

[757] Debates, Constitutional Convention to amend the Constitution of Pennsylvania, 1872, vol. viii., pp. 261, 262.

[758] See p. 69.

[759] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 1314-15.

[760] Testimony, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, p. 529.

[761] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, pp. 367-68.

[762] Same, p. 396.

[763] Report of the United States Senate Committee on Meat Products, 51st Congress, 1st Session, 1890, No. 829, p. 18.

[764] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 397, 781, 825, 924, 1383. United States Senate Report on Meat Products, p. 23.

[765] Testimony, New York Assembly "Hepburn" Report, 1879, pp. 808-9.

[766] Same, speech of Simon Sterne, p. 3996.

[767] See pp. 13, 19.

[768] Franklin B. Gowen, before the United States Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, March, 1888.

[769] Testimony, Trusts, Congress, 1888, p. 215.

[770] See page 4.

[INDEX]

Abusive language, use of, [319], [485].
Acme Oil Company, Samuel Van Syckel vs., [187].
Adams, H.C., quoted on municipal monopolies, [322].
Adulteration of liquors, [27].
Advice of counsel, [249].
Alcohol in industry and politics, [20].
Allen, W.V., supplemental report on sugar-trust bribery, [404].
American, early, refiners of petroleum, [39].
American Transfer Company receives from 20 to 35 cents per barrel on all oil shipped by competitors, [99];
the South Improvement Company reappears in, [100];
false map of, before New York Legislature, [101].
Andrews, E. Benjamin, on prices under monopoly, [428];
on oil-trust prices, [430] n.
Anonymous circulars, in war against Toledo, [327].
Artificial liquors, [27].
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad et al., William C. Bissell vs., [479].
Atlantic and Great Western Railroad and South Improvement Company, [48], [50];
war of 1877, [88].
Attorney-General, of Pennsylvania, management of tax-case against Standard Oil Company by, [170]-81;
of United States, on monopoly, [37];
report for 1893, [3], [6];
cases against the sugar trust, [404].
Austria, refineries of, consolidated, [439].
Bad oil, [405]-19.
Baltimore and Ohio, and railroad war of 1877, [88];
closes Baltimore to independent shippers, [102];
withdraws rates, [221];
freight agent escapes from Congress, [222].
Baltimore closed to independent shippers by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, [102];
sale of refineries at, [421].
Bank of England's income compared with an American millionaire's, [459].
Bankers indemnified for withdrawing bids on Toledo bonds, [336].
Bankruptcy of oil refineries in 1873, [60];
1879-92, [455]-70.
Baptist, the National, quoted, [341].
Barrel shipments better for railroads than tanks, [138], [231];
destroyed by railroads, [138].
Barrett, Judge, defines monopoly, [3];
on sugar trust, [3], [4].
Batoum refuses Rothschild permission to lay pipe line, [443].
Baxter, Judge, decision on rebates paid oil combination, [207].
Bee, Omaha Daily, investigates oil inspection of Nebraska, [414].
Beef, combination of packers of, [33], [36];
price of, under combination, [35].
Belgium, [437].
Bernheimer, Simon, testimony as to abundance of capital for early refiners, [41].
"Big Four" combination, [35].
Binney, E.W., quoted, [40].
Biscuit Association, [30].
Bissell, William C., vs. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad et al., [479].
Black-mail, when competition is, [215].
Blind-billing, [229];
shippers benefited by, deny, [231].
Blount, Representative, on subsidies and bribery, [394].
Bolard & Dale vs. National Transit Company, [165].
Bonds not to refine, [79], [80].
Books, natural-gas companies will not show, [363];
oil trust keeps none, [469].
Boston, South Improvement Company rates to, [47];
fire marshal on bad oil, [411];
prices of oil reduced from 20 to 8 by competition, [422].
Boycott, of butchers by packers' combination, [35];
how working-men were punished for, [287].
Boyle, P.C., Ohio vs., [324].
Bread Union in London, [30].
Bremen, Congress of Chambers of Commerce, [406].
Bribery of jurors, [286];
of Congress by Pacific Mail Steamship Company, [394].
British government lowers test on oil, [436].
Brooklyn, consolidation of street-railways, [5.]
Brundred et al. vs. Rice, [239].
Buffalo, explosion in Matthews' refinery, [250];
pipe line to, destroyed, [291];
prices reduced by competition, [421].
Buhl, Richardson vs., [10].
Bulletin, New York Daily Commercial, on oil-trust prices, [430] n.;
on sugar trust, [32], [449].
Burdick bill, Pennsylvania Legislature, [126].
Burial Case, National Association, [37].
Business, politics of, [403];
"this belongs to us," [432];
golden rule of, [495];
runs into monopoly, [512].
Butchers, independent, refused cars by Erie Railroad, [35];
National Protective Association, [34].
Butterworth, Benjamin, represents Ohio before the United States Senate in the Payne matter, [376].
Buyer, the only, refuses to buy, [106];
only one, in Ohio, [107].
Call, San Francisco, on commercial treaty with China, [449].
Campaign contributions from trusts, [403].
Campbell, B.B., averts outbreak at Parker, [106].
Canada oil interests attacked by American combination, [12];
retail coal-dealers' associations, [15];
Grocers' Guild, [30];
Parliamentary debate on American oil prices, [424];
Parliament reduces tariff in 1894, [435];
finance minister favors American oil trust, [435].
Canadian Copper Company, litigation among stockholders, [403].
Canal, independent shippers escape by, [96];
tank-boats for, [96];
railroad war against, [97].
Cancer, hospital for, endowed, [181].
Capital, of combinations, [4];
easy for early refiners to get, [41];
of oil combination, [457].
Carlyle, Thomas, on literary freedom in America, [529].
Cars, refusal of, by railroads to independent shippers, [12], [91], [94], [106].
Carter, J.J., vs. Producers' and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited, [164], [446].
Cassatt, A.J., testimony concerning railroad war of 1877, [88];
on lower rates to Standard Oil Company, [94], [472];
on refusal of cars and rates, [94];
on cheapness of oil, [428].
Cattle combination, [5], [33];
traffic, railroad preferences in, [33];
decline in prices of, [34];
shippers discriminated against by the railroads, [36].
Cattle Range Association, International, [34].
Census, United States, on petroleum, [39];
sugar trust refuses to answer questions, [404].
Charity decreases under monopoly, [502].
Cheapness of oil, [420];
under the trusts, [431] n.;
how produced, [464]-65;
analysis of, [500].
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, charges for oil and cattle compared, [481].
Chicago, number of dry-goods stores in, in 1894, [488];
Union Stock Yards, secrecy as to ownership of its stock, [487].
China, commercial treaty with, [449].
Church and wealth, [294].
Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific Railway, Ohio vs., [220];
"mistakes," [234].
Cincinnati, Washington and Baltimore Railway, Ohio vs., [220].
Circulars, anonymous, in war against Toledo, [327].
Clamorer for dividends, [101].
Clarion County, Pennsylvania, indictment of members of Standard Oil Company, [170], [258];
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania interferes, [180].
Clark, Horace F., on South Improvement Company contract, [50].
Cleveland, disadvantages of, for the oil business, [53], [464];
starting-point of the founders of the oil combination, [44];
South Improvement Company rates to, [46];
pipe line to, [65];
pioneer refiner, [73];
crude oil carried to, free for oil combination, [85].
Cleveland and Marietta Railroad, Handy vs., [206]-8.
Cleveland, President, on sugar tariff, [404].
Clinton, De Witt, on petroleum, [38].
Coal, combination, capital of, [4];
in Nova Scotia, [5], [11], [461];
State, national, and judicial investigations, [9];
bituminous lands bought by railroads, [11];
anthracite monopolized by railroads, [11], [14];
freights on, higher in 1893 than in 1879, [13];
independent producers crushed by railroad discriminations, [13];
miners oppressed by coal companies, [16], [17];
price of, advanced by combination, [14], [431] n.;
extortion of anthracite monopoly, [14];
combination between American and Canadian dealers, [15];
retail associations of dealers, [15];
dealers terrorized, [15];
miners, freedom under competition, [16];
miners' strike in Pennsylvania in 1871, [16];
policemen in Pennsylvania, [18].
Coffin combination, [37].
Coke, Lord, on monopolies, [405].
Collusion between oil trust and railroads, [143], [482]-4.
Colorado, oil war in, [427];
prevented by railroads from shipping its oil to Pacific States, [427], [481].
Columbus, Miss., war on merchants of, [300];
Ohio, gas shut off, [365].
Combinations, capital of, [4].
Communipaw, monopoly of terminals at, [142].
Competition, impossible in the meat and cattle business, [36];
oil combination likes, [87];
when it is black-mail, [215];
cuts price, [281], [294];
power for evil, [422].
Congress, investigation of South Improvement Company suppressed, [45];
bribing by Pacific Mail Steamship Company, [394].
Conspiracy, adoption of, [277].
Constitutional amendments concerning trusts, [451];
convention of New York, 1894, [451].
Contract to restrict refining, [62];
to shut down oil flow, [153];
between dealers and the oil combination, [425].
Corners, [4].
Cotton-seed oil, rates on, [232].
Court records gone in Cleveland, [83];
mutilated transcript for Congress, [244], [267];
records mutilated in California, [484].
Coxe Brothers & Company vs. the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, [19].
Cracker-bakers' meeting, [30].
Dayton, experience with natural-gas company, [364].
Deaths from bad oil, in Michigan, [416];
in Great Britain from explosiveness of American oil, [410].
Delay, before Interstate Commerce Commission, [147], [149], [150];
in legal procedure in New York, [285];
of Pennsylvania Supreme Court in acting on appeal of independents, [447].
Democratic party and sugar trust, [404].
Detectives and coal-dealers, [15];
railroads as, [48];
in Wall Street, [334].
Detroit Times, on reduction of oil test, [416];
Tribune, on reduction of oil test, [416].
Dewar, Thomas S., letter of United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue to, [26].
Discrimination in favor of oil combination, "wanton and oppressive," [207];
of 333 per cent., [217];
called "a vast discrepancy," [219];
Supreme Court of Ohio on, [219];
against Rice, Interstate Commerce Commission on, [227];
charges of, sustained by Interstate Commerce Commission, [235];
by natural-gas company in rates for gas, [365];
no, by German railroads, [438];
inures to the benefit of one powerful combination, [478].
(See Freight Rates, Railroads, Rebates.)
Dismantling of petroleum refineries, [42], [72];
Joshua Merrill's refinery, [188].
Disorder, public, in oil regions, [43], [54];
in Pennsylvania, 1878, [105], [106];
in Pennsylvania and Ohio, [456].
Dividends of oil trust, [246];
of sugar trust, [32], [33], [404].
Dodd, S.C.T., on "parent of trust system," [8];
in Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of 1872, [55];
on pipe lines, [117];
on pipe-line rates, [125];
on bonuses to railroad officials, [486].
Drake, E.L., strikes oil, [40];
pensioned, [462].
Dressed-beef men, railroad rates to, [36].
Dynamite, and the whiskey trust, [21];
in the "shut-down" of 1887, [154];
threats of, against Toledo City pipe line, [357];
oil that is as dangerous as, [416].
Electricity, [9].
Elevators, combination of Northwestern railroads with, [5], [31];
State erection and operation of, recommended by Minnesota Legislature, [31].
Embargo on sales of oil, 1872, [56].
Emery, Jr., Hon. Lewis, testifies as to "immediate shipment," [104].
Eminent domain, use of, by railroads, [97].
Empire Transportation Company, [87].
Engineers, Society of American Marine, protest against foreign engineers, [399].
England oil trade meets to protest against poor American oil, [405].
Equality, railroad idea of, [86].
Erie Canal used by independent shippers, [96].
Erie Railroad, refuses cars to independent butchers, [35];
New York Legislature investigates, [43];
and South Improvement Company, [48], [50];
refuses rates to competitor of South Improvement Company, [52];
railroad war of 1877, [88];
its oil-cars owned by oil combination, [92];
payments to American Transfer Company, [99];
contract with Standard Oil Company, [102];
renews broken promises of equal rates, [119];
invites independent refiners to rebuild, [119];
refuses to ship independent oil to seaboard, [140];
sends armed force against independent pipe line, [161];
gives land to oil trust's pipe lines, [162];
destroys line by force, [291].
"Evening" pool of cattle-shippers, [33].
Everest et al., People of the State of N.Y. vs., [244].
Examiner, The, quoted, [341], [345].
Expert testifies about pipe-line pool, [86];
false maps of American Transfer Company, [101].
Explosions, in distillery, [21];
during "shut-down," [154];
in Buffalo refinery, [250];
Louisville, [252];
Rochester, [252].
Explosiveness of petroleum gases, [282];
of American oil compared with Scotch and Russian, [410].
Extradition treaty between Russia and America, [448].
False accounts, [64].
Fellows et al. vs. Toledo et al., [314].
Field code of New York, [285].
Fires from bad oil, in Great Britain, [410];
in Boston, [411];
in Iowa, [413];
in Michigan, [416];
in San Francisco, [416];
at Oil City and Titusville, June 5, 1892, [417];
in Bradford refinery, [447].
Fish, [32].
Flour, dearer, wanted, [30].
Forbes, John M., speech on free ships, [393].
Foster, Charles, as Secretary of the Treasury favors retention of foreign captains, [398];
issues license to foreign engineers, [399];
his part in the war on Toledo, [400].
Fostoria, Ohio, Sunday raid on the flour-mill, [348].
Foucon, Felix, in Revue des Deux Mondes, [39].
France, manufactures coal-oil in 1845, [38];
government of, lowers oil tariff, [440];
oil refiners of, make terms with American oil trust, [441].
Free breakfast-table, [32].
Freight rates on coal, [13];
discriminations investigated by Ohio Legislature, [44];
8 cents a barrel less than nothing on oil, [88];
rates advanced by pipe and rail, [122];
rates increased at instance of oil combination, [132];
rate 88 cents to oil combination, $1.68 to competitors, [210];
increased 333 per cent. to one shipper, [217].
(See Rebates, Discriminations.)
Freight-handlers strike, [296].
Fruit, [32].
Frye, William P., on subsidy to International line, [391], [395].
Furnaces, [9].
Gas, [9];
natural, [9], [305].
Geologist, State, of Ohio, takes sides in Toledo contest, [329].
Germany changes oil tariff, [437];
the German-American Oil Company, [437];
decline in prices, [438];
independents in, [439].
Gladden, Rev. Washington, on oil trust, [344].
Good society, [527].
Gospel Cars, [237].
Government and monopoly, [311].
Governors, steam-boiler, [9].
Gowen, Franklin B., on war against Tidewater, [108], [110];
admits surrender of Tidewater Pipe Line, [112];
severs connection with Tidewater, [114];
speech before Pennsylvania Legislature, 1883, [115];
on Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, [181];
on yearly loss of railroad revenue by rebates, [491].
Grand Trunk saves independent oil refiners, [136].
Granger movement, [371].
Great Britain, Railway Commission of 1873, [369];
government lowers test of oil, [408].
Griffin, C.P., representative of Toledo in State Legislature, [333].
Grocers' Guild, Canadian Parliament on, [30].
Haddock, John C., testimony of, [13].
Hadley, A.T., on British railroads, [370].

Hale, J.P., quoted, [462].
Hamilton, Alexander, on power over subsistence, [529].
Hancock, Erie stops independent pipe line, [162].
Handy vs. Cleveland and Marietta Railroad, [206].
Harter, the Isaac Harter Company vs. the Northwestern Ohio Natural-gas Company, [349].
Hatch, Edward, quoted, [255], [281].
Haul, long and short, [221], [222], [223].
Heaters, hot-water and steam, [9].
Herald, Boston, on relations of oil combination and State inspectors, [411].
Hermann, Von, on Paris Exhibition of 1839, [39].
Highway, ownership of, is ownership of all, [12].
Hoar, George F., on oil trust in the President's Cabinet, [401].
Holland, [437].
Hopkins, Representative, moves for investigation of railroads by Congress, [372].
Human nature, [526].
Illinois Central Railroad, "mistakes," [234].
Immediate shipment, [104].
Improvement companies of Pennsylvania, [55].
Income of members of oil trust, [459].
Independent, the New York, quoted, [348].
Independents, rates withdrawn from, by Pennsylvania Railroad, [90];
Pennsylvania Railroad refuses cars to, [91];
Pennsylvania Railroad increases rates to, [91];
crushed by oil combination's use of railroad terminals, [102];
promised equal rates again, [119];
invited to rebuild by the railroads, [119];
attacked by Pennsylvania Railroad after being invited to rebuild, [120];
survive attack by railroad and oil-trust pool, [128];
appeal to Interstate Commission, 1888, [128];
discrimination against, [130];
freight rates to, increased at suggestion of oil combination, [132];
forced to close their works, [135];
saved by Grand Trunk Railroad, [136];
lose trade of New England, 1888, [136];
forced to sell oil to combination, [140];
prevented by railroads from using tank-cars, [140];
exactions suffered by, at the seaboard, [141];
appeal to Interstate Commerce Commission against delay, [148];
lose five years' business, [149];
get tank-cars and terminals, [151];
project pipe line to the seaboard in 1887, [152];
in 1892, [160];
pipe line stopped by Erie cannon at Hancock, [162];
survival of, delays Russian-American division of world's oil market, [445];
delay of Pennsylvania Supreme Court in acting on appeal of, [447];
in Germany, [439].
Indianapolis People's Trust, [320].
Individuality, [527]
Industry, new law of, [12].
Inspection, State, used to end competition, [215], [216].
Inspectors, State, also in employ of those they inspect, [216], [411];
of oils in New York represent oil combination in Bremen congress, [406];
in Iowa, charged with allowing sellers to brand oil, [412];
sued in Iowa for damages for passing bad oil, [413];
in Minnesota, investigated by State Senate, [413];
in Illinois, [415];
in Nebraska, [414]-16.
International steamship line subsidized, [389]-400.
Interstate Commerce Commission, on coal rates, [13];
Pennsylvania independent coal-mine operators appeal to, [19];
decision on coal rates disregarded by the Pennsylvania railroads, [19];
on pool of oil combination with Tidewater Pipe Line, [113];
refuses to require production of secret contract between railroad and pipe line, [124];
bullied by counsel of Pennsylvania Railroad, [124];
orders reduction of freight rate on barrels in South, [130];
decision misapplied by Pennsylvania Railroad, [131];
interview with Pennsylvania Railroad officials, [132];
correspondence with president of Pennsylvania railroad, [132];
orders discrimination stopped, [139];
on monopoly of terminal facilities, [142];
chairman on collusive relations of oil trust and railroads, [143];
witnesses refuse to appear before, [145];
refrains from decision in case of Pennsylvania Railroad, [146];
decision in Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, 1890, [147];
delays for two years decision against Pennsylvania Railroad, [147];
grants Pennsylvania Railroad rehearings for two years, [148];
railroads disobey orders of, [149];
decision against Pennsylvania Railroad, 1892, [149];
brings independents no help, [149];
proceedings before, by railroads as only preliminary to litigation in the courts, [150];
cannot decide after three years' hearings, [150];
grants Pennsylvania Railroad further delay, [150];
George Rice lets cases before, go by default, [151];
theatre for litigation and delay, [160];
calls discrimination "a vast discrepancy," [219];
decides refusal to give rates "illegal," [224];
on discriminations against Rice, [227];
on "astonishingly low" rates, [232];
on "mistakes" of railroads, [234];
sustains charges of discrimination, [235];
on control of industry by the oil combination, [433];
on immense power of oil combination, [458];
describes preferences given to the oil combination, [478].
Interstate Commerce law, only conviction under, [19];
disobeyed by railroad managers, [218];
opposed by Senator Payne, [388];
Senator Cullom on railroads' excuses for violating, [498].
Investigation, of South Improvement Company by Congress, in 1872, not continued, [60];
of railroad discriminations by Congress, suspended, 1876, [71];
testimony stolen, [373].
Investors' Review, of London, on English government jobbery, [450].
Iowa, Governor of, refuses to investigate charges of violation of inspection law, [412].
Iron, railroads buying iron lands, [12];
interests of members of oil combination, [461].
Italy, [440].
Jackson, Judge H.E., sustains Toledo, [315].
Joy, Professor, on explosiveness of naphtha, [253].
Judge, Federal, quashes indictment against secretary of whiskey trust, [22];
of Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, charged with violating the law, [181];
fixes damages in Van Syckel's case at 6 cents, [195];
excludes evidence against oil trust members, [268];
rules out evidence concerning oil trust, [273];
orders acquittal of members of oil trust, [278];
how made, [296];
decides anti-trust law not applicable to sugar trust, [404].
Jurors bribed to petition for mercy, [286].
Justice, delay of, [149].
Kanawha salt-wells, [462].
Karns, General S.D., suggests pipe-lines, [41].
Keystone refinery, [291];
causes Oil City disaster, [418].
King's horses and king's men, [198].
Knight, E.C., et al., United States vs., [404].
Laissez-faire, true, [497].
Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad and South Improvement Company, [48], [50];
contract with the oil combination, [69];
Scofield et al. vs., [70];
railroad war of 1877, [88];
contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, [89];
gives its oil traffic to competing pipe line, [127].
Lamennais quoted, [507].
Lands, ownership changes, of coal, [11];
of oil, [434].
Laugh, the, [257]-71.
Law, Anti-trust, [3], [6], [404];
Pennsylvania Free Pipe-Line, worthless, [57];
delays of, [285];
of oil inspection, how changed in Nebraska, [415].
(See Interstate Commerce).
Lawson, J.D., Leading Cases Simplified, [181].
Lawsuits, threats of, [278], [289];
to cripple competition, [290].
Lawyers, officers of the court, [114];
relations of, to law-breakers, [249];
pamphlet against Toledo issued by, [354].
Leases, oil and gas, rights claimed under, [306].
Leather, [5].
Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, Coxe Brothers & Co., vs., [19];
railroad war of 1877, [88].
Little, John, represents Ohio before the United States Senate in the Payne matter, [376].
Locomotives, [9].
Louisville and Nashville Railroad turns another screw, [213];
"mistakes" of, [234].
Mail, New York, on income of members of oil trust, [459].
Mails, slower under subsidy, [397].
Maine, Sir Henry Sumner, on trade, [507];
on contract and status, [533].
Marcy, W.L., in Buffalo explosion case, [259].
Marietta, freight rates raised against refiners at, [200].
Market, for oil, becomes erratic, [42];
manipulation by oil trust, [104], [164], [420], [439];
only one buyer, [104].
Matches, [9];
combination, Supreme Court of Michigan on, [10].
Mather, People vs., [277].
Matthews, C.B., experiences of, [243]-98.
Matthews, Hon. Stanley, [67];
on the rebates of the oil combination, [69].
Maxim gun, English War Office opposition to, silenced, [450].
McClellan, Gen. G.B., on South Improvement Company contract, [50].
Meat combination, [5];
at Chicago, [33].
Medicine, adulterated liquors for, [27].
Merrill, Joshua, [39];
testimony before Congress, [188];
appeals to Railroad Commission of Massachusetts, [189];
pioneer in oil, [463].
Michigan State Board of Health on fires and deaths from bad oil, [416].
Mileage paid to preferred shippers, [233].
Millers' national conventions, [30].
Millionaires, abolition of, [312], [524].
Minnesota Legislature recommends State elevators, [31];
Senate investigation of oil inspectors, [413].
"Mistakes," by railroads not corrected, [138];
always in favor of preferred shippers, [223], [234].
Monopoly, defined by Federal courts, [3];
Judge Barrett defines, [3];
difference of definitions, [3], [6];
defined by United States Attorney-General, [37];
of Standard Oil Company, Supreme Court of Ohio on, [70];
ignorance of the public is the real capital of, [117];
must control all, [298];
and government, [311];
Lord Coke on, [405];
E. Benjamin Andrews on price manipulation, [428];
State, advocated by national economists in Germany, [438];
of oil in Germany, [438];
Ohio Supreme Court and New York Supreme Court pronounce Standard Oil Trust a, [453];
and industry, [518];
and liberty, [519].
Monotony, [527].
Monthly reports required by the oil combination, [62];
from producers in "shut-down," [155];
of competitors' shipments, [212].
Morris, "Billy," inventor of the "slips," [463].
Municipal enterprise better and cheaper than private, [360].
Mutilation of court records, [83], [244], [267], [484].
National Transit Company, [87];
controls pipe-line business, [113], [114];
owned by oil combination, [113];
president of the oil combination denies connection with, [114];
Bolard & Dale vs., [165];
secrecy as to ownership of its stock, [487].
Natural-gas company owned by Standard Oil Trust, [337].
Navy, Secretary of, urges subsidy, [389];
and nickel appropriation, [402];
relations to subsidy, [402].
Netherlands, East India colonies, [441].
Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, rules against retaining foreign captains, [398].
New England, trade in, lost by independent refiners, [136].
Newport News and Mississippi Valley Railroad, "mistakes," [234].
Newspapers controlled by oil combination, [160].
(See Press.)
New York Central Railroad, and South Improvement Company, [48], [49];
refuses rates to competitors of South Improvement Company, [52];
war of 1877, [88];
contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, [89];
oil cars of, owned by oil combination, [92];
payments to American Transfer Company, [99].
New York, People of, vs. North River Sugar Refining Company, [3];
refiners do not dare to build large refineries, [107];
People of, vs. Everest et al., [244];
legal procedure, [285];
Railway Commission of 1857, [370];
in danger from refineries and tanks, [419];
Senate committee on oil trust and prices, [429];
Constitution of 1846 on railroads, [370];
Constitutional Convention of 1894, [451];
"Hepburn" legislative investigation on rebates, [476].
New York and New England Railroad, oil trustee president of, [189].
New Zealand Fire Insurance Company sues for losses by bad oil, [416].
Nickel appropriation, [402].
North River Sugar Refining Company, People of New York vs.,[ 3].
Northwestern Natural-gas Company, the Isaac Harter Company vs., [349].
Notice, freights raised without, [136], [200].
"Not yet," president of the oil trust, [454].
Nova Scotia coal-mines, consolidation of, by American syndicate, [5], [12], [461].
Ohio, oil-field, oil combination the only buyer of oil in, [107];
Supreme Court of, on discriminations, [219];
State of, vs. Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Texas Pacific Railway, [220];
State of, vs. Cincinnati, Washington, and Baltimore Railway, [220];
vs. Standard Oil Company, [239], [453];
senatorial election of 1884, [373];
Legislature demands investigation of the election of Senator Payne, [374];
Legislature defeats free pipe-line bill, [385];
State of, vs. City of Toledo, [314];
State of, vs. P.C. Boyle, [324];
distress among oil producers in 1892, [456];
Legislative report of 1879 on relations of railroads and oil combination, [477].
Ohio Oil Company vs. Toledo, Findlay and Springfield Railway, [306].
Oil, Canada, [12];
Canada producers attacked by American combination, [12].
Oil City fire, June 5, 1892, [417].
Oil combination, parent of trust system, [8];
founders of, [44];
and South Improvement Company the same, [49];
president of, explains its origin, [53];
contracts with competitors to limit production, [61], [65];
requires monthly reports, [62];
insists on secrecy, [63], [65], [79];
use of spies by, [65], [298], [334];
contract in restraint of trade, [66];
profits of restraint of trade, [66], [67];
restricts its capacity one-half, [68];
rebates from the railroads, [69], [474]-87;
scarcity the object of, [72];
control of transportation, [76];
buys out its widow competitor, [78];
puts her under bonds not to refine, [79];
binds competitors not to refine, [79], [80];
secret of success, testimony of president, [80];
value of the "works" of, [82];
issues $90,000,000 of stock on $6,000,000 of works, [82];
buys oil plant of Pennsylvania Railroad, [88];
owns oil cars of New York Central and Erie railroads, [92];
member of, denies, then admits, rebates, [95];
receipts from American Transfer Company, [100], [101];
owns United Pipe Lines, [101];
owns American Transfer Company, [101];
controls railroads' oil terminal facilities, [102];
uses railroad terminals to crush opposition, [102];
forces producers to sell below the market, [104];
will not pipe or buy oil, [106], [164];
shuts back Ohio oil wells, [107];
restricts production in Ohio, [107];
the only buyer of oil in Ohio oil-fields, [107];
and railroads fight the Tidewater Pipe Line, [108];
cuts prices of pipeage, [109];
speculates on its "advance knowledge" of cut in freight rates, [110];
enters into pool with Tidewater Pipe Line, [112];
owns National Transit Company, [113];
had no pipe line to seaboard, [116];
builds pipe line to seaboard, [116];
builds pipe lines from rebates given it by railroads, [116], [118];
and railroads advance rates, [118];
secret contract of 1885 with Pennsylvania Railroad, [120];
guarantees Pennsylvania Railroad 26 per cent. of the oil traffic, [121];
and Pennsylvania Railroad advance rates, [122];
pool with Pennsylvania Railroad, [123];
advances pipe-line rates, [125], [126];
Interstate Commerce Commission, on discrimination in favor of, [130];
gets New England business of independents, [137];
controls seaboard terminals of railroads, [142];
keeps Oil City and Titusville refineries closed, [143];
prompts railroad litigation before Interstate Commerce Commission, [144];
makes contract with producers to shut down wells, [153];
compels subordinate companies to make monthly reports, [155];
opposes piping of refined oil, [165];
owns $40,000,000 in 1883 in Pennsylvania, [166];
Pennsylvania tax case, [166];
Clarion County indictment, [170];
member of, admits rebates, [188];
president New York and New England Railroad is member of, [189];
prevents trial of Van Syckel's process of refining, [191];
member of, forecloses mortgage on Solar refinery, [193];
"another way of getting rid" of competitors, [200];
makes money by closing its refineries, [201];
how its earnings are pooled, [201];
its freight rates lowered while competitors' rates are raised, [202];
gets rebate of 25 cents out of 35 cents in freight, paid by competitor, [206];
not popular in the South, [209];
competes with grocers, [214], [300];
relations to State inspectors, [216], [413];
denies receipt of discriminating rates, [219];
Supreme Court of Ohio oil monopoly of, [220];
denies blind-billing, [231];
denies receipt of mileage, [234];

denies discriminations, [235];
pleasant relations with competitors, [243];
dividends of, [246];
political power of, [260], [372]-404;
and press, in Pennsylvania, [160];
in Buffalo, [298];
in Toledo, [317], [327];
defeated in suits on patents, [290];
brings suits to embarrass competitors, [290];
buys from the court suits against itself, [293];
refuses to meet competitive prices, [299];
abandons suit against Toledo in United States Supreme Court, [331];
detectives of, in Wall Street, [334];
evangelical and explosive, [358];
natural-gas companies, profits of, at Toledo, [362];
spends money in elections, [386];
members of, interested in subsidy legislation, [390];
acts with both political parties, [403];
defence before Bremen congress, [406];
its success explained by the president, [407];
has State inspectors in its pay, [411];
restricts production, [420];
buys Baltimore refineries, [421];
binds dealers not to buy of its competitors, [425];
oil made scarce by, [68], [420]-29;
price of oil under, [67], [420]-29, [431] n.;
drives out schooners, [433];
controls 90 per cent. of industry, [433];
pushing into every part of the world, [434];
owns no oil lands in 1880, [434];
large buyer of oil lands, [434];
favored by Canadian government, [435];
in Germany, [437];
sells refined oil in Europe cheaper than crude, [439];
in France, [440];
denial of negotiations with Russian oil-men, [442];
admits negotiations with Russian oil-men, [442];
reasons for war upon independents, [455];
and Extradition Treaty with Russia, [448];
prosperous during panic, [455];
growth of capitalization of, [457];
produces "infinitesimal amount" of oil, [463];
not an inventor, producer, pioneer, or capitalist, [464];
produces poverty, [464]-65;
principals of, not practical oil-men, [466], [467];
members of, deny rebates, [476];
secrecy as to ownership of certain shares, [487].
Oil, regions, early prosperity of, [42], [43];
public disorder in, [43];
producers refuse to sell to members of South Improvement Company, [56];
running on the ground, [91], [105], [106], [164];
European congress on poor quality of American, [406];
test of, lowered in Great Britain, [408];
financial distress in 1879-92, [455]-56.
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, report on bribery of Congress by, [394].
Pacific Railway officials admit rebates, [480].
Packers' Combination at Chicago investigated by Congress, [33].
Paint, to conceal numbers of tank-cars, [235].
Pall Mall Gazette on prices of refined and crude oil, [439].
Panics in oil, [43].
Parker district, on verge of civil war, [106].
Pastor, visit from the, [294].
Payne, Henry B., objects to investigation of railroads, [70], [372];
election of, to the Senate of the United States, [374];
candidate for President, [387];
votes against Interstate Commerce Commission bill, [388];
solicits Democratic votes in the Senate for confirmation of Republican nominee, [400].
Peckham, S.F., United States Census report on petroleum, [39], [41];
on railroads and tank-cars, [228].
Pennsylvania, Constitution of 1873 disobeyed by the railroads, [18];
Legislature nullifies Constitution in interest of railroads, [18];
uprising of 1872, [54];
Constitutional Convention, 1873, [54];
Commonwealth of, vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., 1879, [94];
Secretary of Internal Affairs hung in effigy, [105];
Attorney-General brings tax suit against Standard Oil Company, [169];
Legislature investigates Standard Oil Company tax case, [176];
Supreme Court of, delays hearing on appeal of independents, [447];
Constitution on railroads, [451];
Secretary of Internal Affairs on relations of railroads and oil combination, [477].
Pennsylvania Railroad and South Improvement Company, [48];
and Improvement Company charters, [55];
put under bond not to refine, [79];
keeps faith "some months," [84];
reaches out for control of oil trade, [87];
carries oil at eight cents a barrel less than nothing, [88];
sells its refineries and pipe lines, [88];
contracts to give a tenth of all oil freights to oil combination, [89];
pledges not to compete with oil combination, [89];
withdraws rates from independent refiners, [90];
officials threaten independent pipe lines, [91];
officials recommend "fix-up" with the oil combination to independent shippers, [90], [91];
increases rates, refuses cars, to independent shippers, [91];
refuses to haul cars owned by independent shippers, [92];
refuses a business of ten thousand barrels of oil a day, [93];
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania vs., 1879, [94];
pays American Transfer Company three months' back pay, [99];
refuses to furnish cars to oil producers, [106];
officials testify to war on Tidewater Pipe Line, [109];
discriminations against refineries using the Tidewater, [110];
Titusville and Oil City Independent Refiners' Associations vs., [118], [165];
renews broken promises of equal rates, [119];
makes war on refiners it invited to rebuild, [120];
secret contract of 1885, with oil combination, [120];
guaranteed 26 per cent. of seaboard oil traffic by oil combination, [121];
refuses to produce contract with oil combination, [121];
and oil combination advance rail and pipe rates, [122];
oil rates of, extortionate, [123];
counsel of, bullies Interstate Commerce Commission, [124];
perverts decision of Interstate Commerce Commission, [131];
increases rates to barrel shippers, [131];
ignores directions of Interstate Commerce Commission, [133]-34;
refuses to haul tank-cars for independents, [140];
Interstate Commerce Commission delays for two years to enforce law against, [147];
gets another rehearing from Interstate Commerce Commission, [150];
said to run Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, [181];
divides the coal business of Pennsylvania among three dealers, [490].
Perth Amboy, independent shipments from, [135].
Peru, [441].
Petroleum, combination in, [38]-493;
De Witt Clinton's suggestion, [38];
early manufacture of, [38], [44];
Reichenbach's prediction, [38];
in exhibitions of 1839 and 1851, [39];
early American refiners, [39];
early American manufacturers ready for new supply of oil, [40];
price of, in 1862, [40].
Petroleum Producers' Union, report of General Council of, on attempts to lessen production of oil, [153].
Phantom Party, in McKean County, [105].
Philadelphia, Sharpless vs., [315].
Phillips, Wendell, on Pennsylvania Railroad, [147].
Piano-makers' combination, [5].
Pilots, Brotherhood of Steamboat, protest against foreign engineers, [399].
Pioneer refiner of Cleveland, [73].
Pipe lines, origin of, [41];
first laid by Van Syckel, [41];
Pennsylvania Free Pipe Line law worthless, [57];
to Cleveland, [65];
number of, in 1874, [84];
Eighty per cent. of, died in 1874-5, [84];
pool of 1874, [86];
frozen out, [87];
bankrupt, bought up by oil trust, [87];
Equitable Pipe Line proposed, [91];
independent, threatened by Pennsylvania Railroad, [91];
United Pipe Lines, owned by the oil combination, [101];
industry closed to the people, 1877, [104];
refuse to carry oil unless sold to oil combination, [104];
of oil combination refuse to pipe, [106];
Tidewater, first to seaboard, [107];
rates cut by oil combination in war with Tidewater, [109];
to seaboard not built first by the oil combination, [116];
competitors of the railway, [116];
New York Sun on, [117];
pool with railroads, [121];
cost of service, [122];
rates of, advanced by oil combination, [125], [126];
profits of, [126];
rates higher under the oil combination, [125], [126];
independent, to seaboard projected in 1887, [152];
in 1892, [160];
oil combination lays, upon railroad right of way, [162];
refuse to take oil, 1893, [164];
independent, transport refined oil, [165];
built by George Rice, [208];
independent, destroyed by Erie Railroad by force, [291];
Toledo builds better than private company, [360];
bill for free, defeated by the Ohio Legislature, [385];
independent, and Russian-American monopoly, [445];
independent, consolidate in 1894, [446];
independent, cut, [447].
(See Tidewater Pipe Line).
Policemen, coal and iron, [18].
Politics of business, [403].
Pool, steamship, [395];
for sale of oil, [420].
Poor's Railroad Manual, railroad interests of members of oil combination, [460].
Pork, combination of packers of, [36].
Postal subsidy law, passed, [389]-400;
payment under, [396];
Postmaster-General makes subsidy contracts, [390];
his relations to those who receive postal subsidies, [403].
Poverty, abolition of, [526].
Premium on oil advanced, [144].
President of the oil combination denies contracts with railroads, [51];
on "ways of making money you know nothing of," [52];
the "only party that would buy," [52];
offers 50 cents on the dollar, [52];
explains its origin, [53];
testifies about Southern Improvement Company, [59];
member of South Improvement Company, [60];
denies contracts to restrict competition, [61];
testifies to "very small profit," [67];
argues for restriction of production, [68];
denies that it gets cheaper freights, [70];
testifies as to secret of success, [80];
testifies that it likes competition, [87];
knew about freight rates, [96];
cannot recall discriminating freight rates, [96];
frequents office of Erie Railroad, [102];
denies pool with the Tidewater Pipe Line, [113];
sole attorney of the trust, [114];
denies any connection with National Transit Company, [114];
denies the "shut-down" of 1887, [158];
described by Van Syckel, [184];
interview about rebates on Rice's business, [207];
on pleasant relations with competitors, [243];
testifies the oil trust is not a manufacturing company, [272];
testifies to reports by subordinate companies, [274];
does not know about monthly reports by subordinate companies, [274];
explains its success, [407];
on its cheapness, [420];
in the commission business, [432];
on its ownership of oil lands, [434];
its properties "not yet" sufficiently numerous, [454];
testifies to shares in the trust owned by trustees individually, [458];
"does not know," [467]-68;
made attorney of the trust, [470].
President of the Standard Oil Company denies ownership of company by Standard Oil Trust, [458].
Press, and oil combination, [160], [298], [317], [327];
use of, to make subsidy popular, [392];
Philadelphia, on Russian Extradition Treaty, [448].
Price of oil advances under restraint of trade, [66], [67];
under oil combination, [67], [420], [431] n.;
manipulated by oil combination, [104];
in Ohio, [107];
in New York and Europe, [164];
higher for crude than for refined oil, [164];
manipulation of, [210];
lowered by competition, [281], [294];
advances after Baltimore consolidation, [421];
regulated by committee, [421];
in New York, fixed by oil combination, [423];
in Texas, independent of competition, [423];
evidence gathered by Congress, [423]-24;
put higher after "wars" than before, [424];
fixation of, [425];
E. Benjamin Andrews on, [430] n.;
New York Daily Commercial Bulletin on, [430] n.;
under trusts, [431] n.;
decline in Germany, [438];
refined oil lower than crude, [439];
under monopoly, [502].
Private enterprise and public, [311].
Producers of oil, and South Improvement Company, [54];
organization in Pennsylvania, [56];
embargo broken, [57];
Union, report, 1872, [60];
forced to sell oil to trust, [104];
forced to sell below market price, [105];
lose their land, [434].
Producers and Refiners' Oil Company, Limited, Carter vs., [164], [446].
Production restricted, [72];
in Ohio, [107];
at Oil City and Titusville, [143];
by shut-down of 1887, [153], [157];
cheapness of, [217], [429], [445].
Profits of natural-gas company, at Toledo, [362].
Property, "is monopoly," [37];
of the combinations, [513].
Prosperity, early, in oil regions, [42], [43].
Public powers and property, private use of, [523].
Publication of railroad tariff, how evaded, [230].
Punishment nominal, [292].
Quality, deterioration of, under monopoly, [405]-19;
of oil in Germany, [438].
Quinby, District Attorney, [247]-98.
Railroads, northwestern, combination with elevators, [5];
buying bituminous coal lands, [11];
buying iron and timber lands, [12];
refuse cars to independent coal shippers, [12];
crushing independent coal producers, [13];
monopolize anthracite coal, [11], [14];
raise freights to prevent settlement of coal strike, 1871, [16];
forbidden in Pennsylvania to own or operate coal-mines, [18];
disregard Interstate Commerce Commission's decision on coal rates, [19];
and elevators combined in Minnesota, [31];
northwestern, coerce grain buyers, [31];
northwestern, fix the price of wheat, [31];
give discriminating rates to dressed-beef men, [36];
contract with South Improvement Company, [45];
contract to overcome competition for preferred shippers, [48];
as detectives, [48];
advance freight rates on oil 100 per cent., [50];
grant special privileges to railroad directors, [54];
lobbying at Harrisburg, [55];
rebates to oil combination, [69];
facilities controlled by oil combination, [76];
carry crude oil to Cleveland for preferred shippers without charge, [85];
force Cleveland refiners into unnatural equality, [85];
how they equalize persons and places, [86];
make war on Pennsylvania Railroad for oil combination, [87];
of New York received $40,000,000 of public cash, [97];
tribute paid by, to American Transfer Company, [99];
pay American Transfer Company on oil not handled by it, [100];
officials members of American Transfer Company, [100];
oil terminal facilities transferred to oil combination, [101];
fight Tidewater Pipe Line for the oil combination, [108];
lose $10,000,000 in war against Tidewater Pipe Line, [109];
will not tell how low rates were made against Tidewater Pipe Line, [109];
give use of their lands to pipe lines of oil combination, [116];
give oil combination money to build pipe lines, [116], [118];
pool with pipe lines of the oil trust, [118];
officials drive business from railroads to competing pipe line, [119], [134];
broken pledges of, to independent refiners, [119];
pool with pipe lines, [121];
make war on barrel-shippers, [129], [132];
carry tank-cars free, [131];
increase freight rate on barrels, [131], [132];
increase freight rates at instance of the oil combination, [132];
raise freights without legal notice, [136], [218];
vary rates according to destination beyond their lines, [137];
mistakes not corrected, [138];
destroy barrel shipments, [138];
promises of reparation unfulfilled, [139];
make rates that prohibit traffic, [139];
surrender terminals to oil combination, [140], [142];
relations with oil trust collusive, [143];
litigation before Interstate Commerce Commission prompted by oil combination, [144];
disobey Interstate Commerce Commission's decision, [149], [218];
oppose new independent pipe line to seaboard, [160];
give use of lands to pipe lines of the oil trust, [162];
officials wasting stockholders' money in hopeless litigation, [163];
force Joshua Merrill out of business, [189];
consult with oil combination about raising rates against independents, [200];
make rates that prohibit traffic at Marietta, [201], [203];
refuse rates to Marietta refiners, [202];
officials refuse to testify in Ohio in 1879, [202];
increase rates 333 per cent. to one shipper, [217];
deny discrimination, [218];
make their favorites "sole people," [219];
consult with preferred shippers as to freight rates to competitors, [219];
refuse to answer letters of shippers, [220], [227];
charge more for the shorter hauls, [221], [222], [223];
"mistakes" for favored shippers, [223], [234];
officials refuse to testify before Congress, [224];
"illegal" refusal to give rates, [224], [227];
refuse to answer questions about tank-car rates, [228];
make charges regardless of quantity for preferred shippers, [229];
haul tank-cars free for preferred shippers, [229];
evasions of the law regarding publication of tariffs, [230];
misstate tank-car rates to shippers, [230];
make rates to preferred shippers "astonishingly low," [232];
refuse to give rates, [233];
pay preferred shippers mileage, [233];
conceal mileage from independent shippers, [233];

give Standard Oil Company 25 cents out of 35 cents freight paid by George Rice, [206];
allegiance to the company, [203];
construction aided by Toledo, [313];
Commission of 1873, in Great Britain, [369];
regulation, Duke of Wellington on, [369];
and Constitution of New York of 1846, [370];
British, A.T. Hadley on, [370];
New York Commission of 1857, [370];
procure abolition of New York Railway Commission of 1857, [371];
State commissions to regulate, [371];
officials refuse to answer questions of Congress, [373];
prevent shipment of Colorado oil to Pacific states, [427];
no discrimination on German, [438];
Pennsylvania Constitution on, [451];
lose the oil business worth $30,000,000 a year, [456];
ownership of members of oil trust in, [460], [461];
rates to oil combination secret, [474];
preferences to oil combination described by the Interstate Commerce Commission, [478];
officials admit rebates, [480];
shut off shipments of Colorado and Wyoming oil, [481];
collusive litigation between Southern Pacific Railroad and oil combination, [483];
officials charged with receiving a bonus for giving rebates, [486];
officials owners of stock in Chicago Union Stockyards, [487];
tax the poor for the rich, [489];
give $50,000,000 to $100,000,000 rebates out of $800,000,000 freights yearly, [491];
excuses for violating Interstate Commerce law, [498];
accidents to employés, [499];
rights of employés, [506].
Ramsdell, Homer, on South Improvement Company contract, [50].
Reading Railroad and railroad war of 1877, [88].
Rebates, to South Improvement Company, [46];
equal to 21 per cent. a year on capital, [69];
Ohio Supreme Court decision on, [69];
to the oil combination, [69], [474]-87;
denied by president of the oil combination, [96];
to Standard Oil Company, [96], [206];
to American Transfer Company, [100];
from railroads build pipe lines for oil combination, [116], [118];
to oil combination admitted, [188];
unknown to outside shippers, [475];
giving or receiving, a penitentiary offence, [475];
denied by members of the oil trust, [476];
to oil combination, summary of evidence of, [479];
admitted by officials of the Pacific railways, [480];
to A.T. Stewart & Co., [489];
given by Pennsylvania Railroad to three coal-dealers, [490];
refusal of givers and takers to testify in Chicago, [490];
$50,000,000 to $100,000,000 a year, [491].
Refineries, petroleum, dismantling of, [42];
oil, put under contract to limit production, [61], [65];
shut down and pulled down, [71].
Refiners, compelled to sell to South Improvement Company, [51];
put under bonds not to refine, [79];
New York, do not dare to build large refineries, [107].
Refuse oil delivered to competitors, [291].
Reichenbach on petroleum, [38].
Reports by subordinate companies of oil trust, [274].
Republican party and sugar trust, [404].
Restriction, of competing refineries by oil combination, [61];
of its capacity to one-half by the oil combination, [68];
of production, by oil combination, [421];
in Scotland, [435].
Rice, George, [199]-242;
lets Interstate Commerce Commission cases go by default, [151];
vs. Brundred et al., [239];
cases before Interstate Commerce Commission, [239] n.;
vs. Standard Oil Trust, [241];
vs. trustees of Standard Oil Trust, [453].
Rice, Robinson, and Witherop case, 1890, before Interstate Commerce Commission, [147].
Richardson vs. Buhl et al., [10].
River, interference with shipments by, [224];
shipments stopped by oil combination, [433];
trade in Germany appropriated by oil trust, [437].
Rochester, explosion in Vacuum refinery, [250], [252].
Rosebery, Lord, comments of Investors' Review, [450].
Rothschilds, position in Russian oil industry, [443].
Ruffner Brothers, [462].
Russia, American oil combination in, [442];
every producer allowed to enter international trust, [444];
Minister of Finance organizes combination with American oil trust, [444];
why government of, favored American oil combination, [448];
treaty with, [448].
Rutter circular, [85].
Salt, [32].
Sanford case, Pennsylvania Supreme Court, [54].
Scandinavia, [437].
Scarcity, the object of oil combination, [72];
Oil City and Titusville refineries kept closed, [142].
Schenck, U.P., libel against the, [225].
Scofield, Representative, resolution for investigation of South Improvement Company, [56];
W.C., Standard Oil Company vs., [61], [89];
decision, [66];
et al. vs. Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway Company, [70].
Scotch refiners in 1850, [39];
pool of, [72];
make superior article, [408];
precluded from discussing poor quality of American oil, [409];
pool with Americans broken in 1892, [427];
pool with American combination, [435];
compelled to reduce production, [435];
shrinkage of capital, [436].
Scott, Thomas, on South Improvement Company contract, [50].
Screw, turn another, [213].
Seaboard, Tidewater, first pipe line to, [107].
Seamen, American, not employed by American subsidized steamers, [400].
Secrecy, insisted on by oil combination, [63], [65], [79];
in the increase of freights, [218], [474];
as to ownership of oil-trust stock, [487].
Secretary, of oil combination, testifies before Ohio Legislature, [51];
testifies to "scarcely any profits," [67];
testifies to purchase of oil plant of Pennsylvania Railroad, [89];
not a practical oil-man, [465];
refused to give Congress names of owners of certain shares in its pipe lines, [487].
Seemann, E.F., Die Monopolisirung des Petroleum Handels und der Petroleum Industrie, [438].
Selligue, [38], [462].
Senate, United States, the Payne scandal, [374]-88.
Sharpless vs. Philadelphia, [315].
Shrouds, combination, [37].
"Shut-down," of 1887, [72], [153];
advances prices of kerosene, [158].
Silliman, Professor Benjamin, analyzes petroleum, [39];
on oil not monopolized, [40].
Slave-trade, [525].
Smith, Adam, [494].
Socrates, the great are the bad, [506].
South Improvement Company, investigated by Congress, [43], [45];
investigation suppressed, [45];
contract of railroads with, [45];
rebates, [46];
and oil combination, same, [49];
to have complete monopoly, [49];
compels refiners to sell to it, [51];
contracts not cancelled, [57];
charter repealed, [57];
arrangement still exists "in reality," [58];
President of Standard Oil Company on, [59];
plan of, reproduced, [85];
reappears in American Transfer Company, [100];
espionage in operation in 1880, [213];
charged to be now in operation in California, [479].
South, oil combination not popular in the, [209].
Southern Pacific Railroad Company and Whittier, Fuller & Co., Standard Oil Company vs., [484].
Speculation, in sugar-trust stock, [32], [403];
in oil, [42];
by oil combination, on advance knowledge of freight reduction, [110];
follows "shut-down" of 1887, [157].
Spies, [65];
watch shipments, [212];
pay of, [298];
in war on Toledo, [334].
Standard Oil Company, interview with president of, concerning South Improvement Company, [59];
president of, testifies about Southern Improvement Company, [59];
vs. W.C. Scofield et al., [61], [89];
decision, [65];
contract with Lake Shore road decided to be "unlawful," [70];
Supreme Court of Ohio on its monopoly, [70];
and war of rates, 1877, [88];
contracts for rebate of one-tenth of all oil freights, [89];
lower rates by Pennsylvania Railroad to, [90], [94];
freight rate of 38 cents to, [95];
Erie contract with, [102];
independents forced to sell to, [141];
tax investigation, by Pennsylvania Legislature, [166];
members of, indicted in Clarion County, Pennsylvania, [170];
saved from trial by Supreme Court, [180];
members of, object to taking witness-stand, [171];
People of Ohio vs., [239];
sued by Toledo for $1,000,000 damages, [367];
spends money in elections, [386];
Senator Payne on the, [386];
pays State inspectors, [414];
owned by Standard Oil Trust, [458];
its president denies ownership by Standard Oil Trust, [458];
application to Attorney-General of New York for forfeiture of charter of, [458];
vs. Southern Pacific Railroad and Whittier, Fuller Co., [484].
Standard Oil Trust, purchase of works of widow competitor by three trustees of, [80];
dissolution of, [240];
Rice vs., [241];
and the Buffalo explosion, [253]-98;
not a manufacturing company, [272];
members of, ordered acquitted by the judge, [272]-84;
trustees personally own majority of each company in, [273], [458];
controls every movement of subordinate companies, [274];
how it pools the control and profits of subordinate companies, [275];
owns natural-gas companies, [337];
counsel of, is president of the New York Constitutional Convention, [452];
declared void by Supreme Court of New York, [453];
People of Ohio vs., [453];
Rice vs. Trustees of, [453];
Supreme Court of Ohio pronounces it a monopoly, and void, [453];
New York Legislature on formidable money power of, [457];
dividends, [457];
capital of, worth $148,000,000 in 1888, [457];
Interstate Commerce Commission on immense power of, [458];
keeps no books, [469];
operations not business, [470];
makes president its attorney, [470];
executes large contracts through attorneys, [470];
asks Congress to hear additional defence, [471];
discrepancy between the facts and its evidence, [471];
claims same rebates were granted to other shippers, [472];
its offer to prove to Congress that C.B. Matthews testified falsely, [472];
its employment of detectives admitted by latter, [472];
its threats of litigation against competitors, [473];
member of, denies rebates, [478].
Steamship, discrimination in favor of meat combination, [37];
pool, [395].
Sterne, Simon, on oil terminals of Erie Railroad, [102];
on railroads taxing poor for the rich, [489].
Stewart, A.T., & Co., rebate to, [489].
St. Louis, forty reductions in oil prices in three years, [427].
Stock watering in natural-gas companies at Toledo, [363].
Stock Yards, Chicago, Union, [34].
Storage, ordinances for, used to overcome competition, [215].
Storer, F.H., on Selligue, [38].
Stoves, [9];
Manufacturers, National Association, [10].
Street-railways, Brooklyn, consolidation, [5].
Strike of New York freight-handlers, 1882, [296].
Subsidy, urged by Secretary of the Navy, [389];
voted by Congressmen of both parties, [389];
postal, [389]-400;
press used to popularize, [392];
policy of limitations, [393];
got by bribery, [394];
advocated by United States Commissioner of Navigation, [401].
Sugar trust, Judge Barrett's decision, [3], [4];
investigation by New York Legislature, [32], [33];
capital and dividends, [32], [33], [404];
contributes to Republican and Democratic parties, [403];
president testifies about campaign contributions, [403];
securities and profits, [404];
and government, [404];
and anti-trust law, [404];
president admits it has increased price, [431] n.;
and tariff bill of 1894, [449].
Sumatra, [441].
Sun, New York, on income of members of oil trust, [459].
Suppression, of congressional investigation, 1872, [45], [60];
1876, [71];
evidence in Cleveland, [83].
Supreme Court of Ohio, decision on rebates, [69];
of Pennsylvania, interferes to save members of Standard Oil Company from trial, [180];
said to be run by Pennsylvania Railroad, [181];
of New York, on Standard Oil Trust, [453].
Survival of the unfittest, [14].
Tank-boats for canal, [96].
Tank-cars, origin of, [41];
carried free by railroads, [131];
less profitable to railroads than barrels, [138];
free carriage of 62 gallons in each, [139];
worse than powder, [139];
prohibitory discrimination against competitors', [189];
independent shippers cannot get rates, [228];
of preferred shippers, hauled free by railroads, [229];
numbers painted out, [235].
Tank-steamers, German, refused oil, [437].
Tariff, changes in Germany, [437];
lowered in France, [440];
and sugar trust, [404], [449];
and trusts, John De Witt Warner on, [449].
Taxes, oil combination refuses to pay, in Pennsylvania, [166].
Terminal facilities, of railroads, controlled by oil combination, [102];
surrendered by railroads to oil combination, [140], [142].
Testimony, in Cleveland case disappears, [83];
mutilated transcript for Congress of Buffalo explosion case, [244], [267], [298];
taken in Congressional investigation of 1876 stolen, [373].
Thurman, Allen G., on the election of Senator Payne, [376].
Tidewater Pipe Line, organized, [107];
rate of 10 cents per barrel made by railroads against, [108];
plugged, [111];
surrenders to the oil combination, [112].
Timber lands, railroads buying, [12].
Titusville fire, June 5, 1892, [417].
Titusville and Oil City Independent Refiners' Associations vs. Pennsylvania Railroad et al., [118]-65.
Toledo, Findlay and Springfield Railway vs. Ohio Oil Company, [306].
Toledo, war upon, [305]-68;
undertakes municipal supply of natural gas, [307];
municipal aid to railroads, [313];
People of Ohio vs., [314];
Fellows et al. vs., [314];
part of the oil combination in the war against, admitted, [339];
city natural-gas line, financial results, [359]-68;
public enterprise builds better pipe line than private, [360];
gas shut off, [366];
brings suit against Standard Oil Company and others for $1,000,000 damages, [367].
Treasurer, of oil combination, denies purchase of oil plant of Pennsylvania Railroad, [89].
Treasury, Secretary of United States, business associate of oil combination, [400];
orders it paid drawbacks, [401];
Commissioner of Navigation, advocates subsidies, [401].
Truesdale, George, testimony of, [246].
Trust, anti, law, [3], [7], [404];
oil combination, parent of system of, [8];
in politics, [403];
all contribute to campaign expenses, [403];
prices, [429];
prices of, superior to panic, [431] n.;
and tariff, [449].
Turpentine, rates on, [232].
Undertakers combination, [37].
United Pipe Lines, buy bankrupt pipe lines, [87];
owned by oil combination, [101], [125].
United States, vs. E.C. Knight & Co. et al., [404];
marshal libels river steamers, [225].
United States Pipe Line forced to abandon Hancock route, [163];
makes success of piping refined oil, [165];
opposition to extension beyond Wilkes-barre, [445].
Uprising in the oil regions, 1872, [55].
Vanderbilt, Commodore Cornelius, wealth of, at [44], [460];
William H., on South Improvement Company contract, [51];
surprised by ready cash of oil combination, [88];
never heard of American Transfer Company, [99] n.
Van Syckel, Samuel, lays first pipe line, [41], [185];
history and inventions of, [182]-98;
vs. Acme Oil Company, [187];
gets United States patents for new process of refining, [193];
given 6 cents damages by the judge, [195];
dies in poverty, [462].
Wagons cheaper than railroads, [211].
Warner, A.J., on bill to regulate river shipments, [225].
Warner, John De Witt, on trusts and tariff, [449].
Washington, Constitution concerning trusts, [451].
Wealth, concentrated, greatest sovereign, [134];
of the combinations, certain features of, [513].
Webster, Daniel, on extemporaneous acquisition, [462].
Weehawken oil docks, [140].
Well-drillers' Union and the "shut-down" of 1887, [154].
Wellington, Duke of, on State and railroads, [369].
Whalebacks, [460].
Whiskey, ring of 1874, [20];
trust, secretary of, arrested, [21].
Widow, competitor of oil combination, [75];
forced to sell, [77].
Wilkes-barre railroads oppose independent pipe-line crossing, [161].
Wilson, William L., on sugar trust, [32];
President Cleveland to, [404].
Witnesses, before United States Senate Committee investigating Chicago meat combination intimidated, [34];
before committee of Congress refuse to testify, [60];
refuse to appear before Interstate Commerce Commission, [145];
railroad officials refuse to testify in Ohio, [202];
railroad, refuse to testify before Congress, [224];

coached, [279].
Woman refiner, [73].
Working-men, thrown out of work, [54], [68], [135], [154], [159], [455];
punished for boycott, [287];
of Toledo support city natural-gas pipe line, [308];
in Toledo subscribe for city gas bonds, [340];
reduction of wages in Scotland, [436];
decline of wages in oil regions, [456].
World, New York, on Russian Extradition Treaty, [448].
Wright, Henry C., discussion on slavery, [346].
Wyoming oil, railroads prevent shipments of, [481].
Young, T. Graham, on British oil test, [409].

THE END

[By the Same Author]

A STRIKE OF MILLIONAIRES AGAINST MINERS

OR, THE

Story of Spring Valley

AN OPEN LETTER TO THE MILLIONAIRES

Notices by the Press

The Springfield (Mass.) Republican (editorial).

Those who keep note of passing events will not have forgotten the lock-out of coal miners at Spring Valley, Illinois, in the early months of 1889, and the sufferings of the families of the workmen in consequence.

This sad story of corporate inhumanity has been effectively told by Henry D. Lloyd in a book entitled A Strike of Millionaires against Miners. It merits no less a volume than this. It is not an isolated case—an industrial phenomenon springing from conditions rarely repeated—but one of many similar cases, a part only of the whole story of coal mining in the United States. More than this, it is an aggravated illustration of the soullessness of the corporation in general, through the agency of which the bulk of the producing powers of the nation is working.

Behind this legal fiction men hide and do deeds of grasping cruelty that disgrace manhood, and are fast bringing the industrial organism into contempt. In the case of Spring Valley, the directors and stockholders of the Chicago and North-Western Railroad and the Spring Valley Coal Company—controlled by the same men—are as responsible for the sufferings and death from starvation of miners in Spring Valley in 1889 as if they had all been personally present and assisted in the business of bringing men from a distance to work in their mines on assurance of steady employment, and then of locking them out without warning, to starve them into submission to lower wages, for the sake of higher profits on their stock. This is the conclusion of Mr. Lloyd, and we see no escape from it.

If the corporation is to be considered an impersonality without moral responsibility, it will either have to go, or the industrial system which makes it an essential part will have to go. All the power of government, or wealth, or vested interests cannot maintain that system which, resting as our present system must on the charitable instincts of men, offers a way of escape from the responsibilities imposed thereby to the most powerful factors of the society. Against that system "the pulses of men will beat until they beat it down." What must be the condition of that society which allows the wealthy capitalists who starved these thousands of miners not only to go unpunished, but to move in the very highest circles of business power and social influence? And one of them in particular is to-day figuring upon representing the Democratic party of Pennsylvania in the United States Senate.

The New York Commercial Advertiser (editorial).

It is to be remembered that Mr. Lloyd's book does not profess to be a dispassionate review of the situation. It is an indictment. The corporation's side should be given a fair hearing. But it must be heard soon. Mr. Lloyd's charges are too important, his formulation of them too worthy of respect to be treated with silent contempt. To ignore them is to confess their truth. Should such a reply be made, the readers of this column will be informed of it. A Strike of Millionaires against Miners describes the poverty, the suffering, the utter misery among the miners in Spring Valley, Illinois, during the past year. In the simplicity and restraint of his style, and in the massing of his facts, Mr. Lloyd shows genuine literary power. There is no attempt at rhetoric in his narrative. He depends upon statements of facts, many of them incontrovertible, to rouse the hot indignation of his readers. If the story is true, and it bears every appearance of truth, the Spring Valley mine owners have been guilty of damnable treachery and cruelty to their fellow-men.

Chicago Herald (editorial).

The Herald commends to the attention of its readers the open letter in another column, from Henry D. Lloyd, addressed to various millionaires of New York, Chicago, and St. Paul. It contains what the Herald believes to be the truth as to the Spring Valley scandal, and while in most respects it is a plain statement of facts, it is nevertheless one of the most powerful appeals for justice, and one of the most eloquent denunciations of wrong, which has come under the public eye in many a day.

Mr. Lloyd's high character, his superb attainments, and his well-known philanthropy give force to the arraignment it might not otherwise possess. His letter is a history of a crime—a crime resulting, no doubt, from an infamous conspiracy—and the story leads naturally and inevitably to the conclusion which Mr. Lloyd avows, that there must be conspiracy laws for millionaires as well as for working-men.

Civilization must be bottomed on justice, or it cannot endure. A society which permits such inhuman outrages as that at Spring Valley is either asleep or in an advanced stage of decay. The money god cannot crush out the lives of human beings with impunity. Let its devotees look well to the ground on which they stand. The wise and humane will be warned in time. The foolish and insatiate must be left to the stern judgment of their fellow-men, who must some day pass upon their act.

The Labor World, London, England.

What does Mr. Andrew Carnegie, who chants vulgar pæans to "Triumphant Democracy" say to such a book as this of Mr. Lloyd? This story of the robbery and betrayal of thousands of working miners in Illinois by a great millionaire corporation is one of the worst things we have read for a long time, and is a terribly scathing satire on American "democracy."

Let us hear no more trash about "free" America as compared with down-trodden Europe. Both continents are down-trodden by the rich men who own the raw material out of which wealth is created by human labor. When the land of the United States is all absorbed by private persons, as it will be in twenty years' time, there will not be a pin to choose between America and Europe, so far as wage-workers are concerned. Wages may be higher in America, but the increased cost of living there will nearly equalize the condition of the two continents; while for swindling, lying, and merciless oppression many American capitalists leave their European brethren far behind. Mr. Lloyd's book, which is the first of a new "Bad Wealth Series," ought to open men's eyes to the fact that true freedom is impossible when a few men have a right to appropriate to themselves the raw material of the globe.

Chicago Daily Inter-Ocean.

Mr. Lloyd's reputation as a writer on economic questions is sustained in the manner of handling the usually dry statistical matter which tells the story of strikes and lock-outs. He makes the story interesting and often graphic, while he gives the facts and figures relating to the intricacy of contracts in a way to be easily understood by the ordinary reader. The book is a valuable compilation of the facts gathered relating to this shameless abuse of corporative power in Spring Valley.

The New Ideal.

Mr. Lloyd has been until recently on the editorial staff of the Chicago Tribune, and is now devoting his time to first-hand investigations into labor troubles. This book gives an account of a lock-out in one of the mining districts of Illinois, and is the more forcible and eloquent an arraignment of the "millionaires," as the statements are throughout verifiable. As Mr. Lloyd in effect says, professors of political economy do not come near enough to realities to discover such details as he portrays, and the working-men do not know how to bring them before public opinion. Hence the necessity of a mediator, who shall thoroughly investigate the facts and at the same time give them to the public, not in statistical reports, but in a form that compels its attention. Mr. Lloyd is a practised writer; no one can read this narrative without being profoundly moved, and for the directors and stockholders of the Spring Valley Coal Company (and, besides, of the Chicago and North-Western Railway, an aider and abettor of the nefarious business) the effect must be to set their blood on fire—so far as they are blessed (or unblessed) with any moral sensitiveness. Every thoughtful citizen—whether man or woman—should read this book, and have fully brought home to him or her the problems it suggests. It belongs to the literature both of fact and of power.

The Religio-Philosophical Journal.

Mr. Lloyd admits that Spring Valley and its miseries and wrongs were, at the beginning, but the conception and achievement of one or two of the leading owners of railroad and other companies who did the planning, secured the approval of the Board of Directors, and the active influence of the railroads through whom, by special freights, the business of competitors was stolen, coal land was bought, and the scheme was invented by which fortunes were to be made from working-men's necessities and the misuse of the powers of the common carrier. But none of the directors, none of the stockholders, who received the profits of the scheme, protested against it; on the contrary, all accepted unprotestingly their "share of the guilt and gilt." Mr. Lloyd gives a mass of facts and figures which prove, on the part of corporations employing men at Spring Valley, an amount of greed and heartlessness which seems incredible in an enlightened country.

Mr. Lloyd is a literary artist as well as a man of deep feeling, and he combines felicity of diction with fervor and eloquence of expression, and writes with effectiveness and power. The book should be read by all who are interested in the labor question—the practical issue of the hour.

Chicago Times.

It is a pitiful story, a heart-breaking story, and Mr. Lloyd tells it with a great deal of force and earnestness.

The Dawn.

Can it be possible in these happier days among men who share the Christian civilization of the very eve of the twentieth century, that there can exist any analogy to this relentless war of savagery, this cruel and cowardly subjugation of a competitor, not in honest, open combat, but by taking advantage of a position to deny him food, shelter, and the very necessaries of life? For an answer, such as would bring indignant emotion to every heart not indurated by avarice of gold, and shame to every cheek not rendered incapable of blushing by hardened selfishness, we refer to the terrible facts, so calmly told with the severity of simple truth by Mr. Lloyd.

Starved Rock and Spring Valley are not isolated instances. The malady is constitutional, not local. "The whole head is sick and the whole heart faint," may be said of our modern system of business.

The Nationalist.

In this age of strikes it is not always the workers who strike, as is indicated by the title of Mr. Lloyd's book. That brilliant and great-hearted journalist and publicist several months ago, in the shape of an open letter of several columns, printed in the Chicago Herald, told the story of the criminal and cold-blooded conspiracy of a group of enormously rich men against a body of honest and industrious workingmen. That letter he has made the basis of the present volume, which deserves a wide circulation among patriotic citizens of the United States. The strong and truthful words here uttered ought to ring throughout the land and arouse the people to a realizing sense of the greatest danger that has ever threatened our republic—the danger of its conversion into the worst of despotisms, that of rule by an irresponsible plutocracy.

The Burlington Hawkeye.

Mr. Lloyd proves every charge he makes, the testimony he brings forward being so presented as to leave no question as to its absolute correctness. In all the dark record of tyranny, cruelty, and brutality made by the coal barons of this country there is not a blacker chapter than that which tells of their crimes against the miners of Spring Valley in the year 1889. This is not the verdict of the "labor crank" alone; the people of Chicago and the whole of northern Illinois, in the press and pulpit and on the platform, have denounced the outrage, and the cooler judgment of to-day, when the lock-out is about worn out and the majority of the old miners are scattered all over the country, is in accord with the denunciation made by Mr. Lloyd.

The Rock Islander, Rock Island, Ill.

A Strike of Millionaires against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley. The above is the title of a beautifully printed volume of 264 pages, by Henry D. Lloyd. Its prelude is the story of the starved Indians of Starved Rock, and it proceeds to parallel that by the starvation of labor by the millionaires. The story of Spring Valley is given in detail, with official proof of its truthfulness, and is graphically told by Mr. Lloyd. Its exposure of the oppressors of labor is terrific. It shows who they are; who has done this thing; how the town was boomed; how it was doomed; how the ghost of Starved Rock walks abroad; and how people are bought and enslaved in this boasted free country. It gives Governor Fifer a deserved slap for not going in person to the scene of starvation, and it roasts his military toady of the rich (Adjutant-General Vance) who was sent there by the governor to investigate, and whose report is proven to be a tissue of sneers at the poor, and falsehoods in regard to them and their situation. He quotes freely and approvingly from the report of Judge Gould and Mr. Wines, proving all that was claimed for the suffering there. He shows (page 66) that the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Company generously acknowledged the necessity for help by hiring a physician for its miners at Braceville, and sending supplies of necessaries for sick women and children to be given out by its agent there. He shows up the campaign of slander against Spring Valley, which was carried on through capitalistic newspapers and corporation tools; says the Spring Valley case is only a preliminary skirmish of capital against labor, and, after showing the first fruits, asks what the last will be. He closes with a chapter giving part of the moral. An appendix is added, showing what the millionaires said of themselves, and the replies by the miners and the press. Everybody should read this most remarkable and ably prepared story of the crime of capital upon labor.

Seed-Time (London), the organ of the New Fellowship.

Perhaps the most striking of all the American object-lessons on the tendencies of capitalism has been given us by Mr. Henry D. Lloyd, of Chicago, who has recently published a book entitled, A Strike of Millionaires against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley. A more complete exposure of the tyranny and cruelty of capitalism has never before been made. Its great importance for us, however, lies in the fact that all the tyranny and wrong he witnessed and describes are but the natural outcomes of the principles of commercialism when those principles are carried to their logical conclusion, and capitalism has unchecked sway. Such terrible scenes do not occur everywhere, simply because capitalism is held in check by other social forces, and has not everywhere attained that full and unfettered development which discloses the evils which in its more undeveloped stage lie concealed.

The Twentieth Century.

It is a mind-agitating and heart-rending tale, and unless I am much mistaken the publication of it will create an epoch in economic thinking and social regeneration. What is the remedy for such crimes as Mr. Lloyd has exposed? The remedy will be found if open-minded persons will read such books as Mr. Lloyd's, and keep themselves informed as to what is being done to reduce a people to servitude. This single book ought to produce such a revulsion of feeling against the monstrous millionaires who perpetrated this awful crime that they would be looked upon by all decent people with abhorrence.

If you will read Mr. Lloyd's book I think you will agree with me that if before long, as many persons believe, this county is to be deluged in the blood of revolution, the catastrophe will be brought on by condoning such crimes as that at Spring Valley; it will be brought on because you and I read such stories as this, and, knowing they are true, straightway forget all about them; it will be brought on because editors and preachers, and others who have the public ear, keep silent through negligence or fear of the rich who misrule the land. If people will not think, if they will not care, you may depend upon it that the price of their indifference will be slavery or war.

From a letter to the Twentieth Century.

Your article, and the extracts from Mr. Lloyd's book in your issue of June 12, portraying the outrageous injustice inflicted on the Spring Valley coal miners by the railway and coal-mining barons, was read before our club by Judge Frank T. Reid, of this city, a member of the club, at its regular weekly meeting, Monday, June 23. A resolution was unanimously passed and sent to the General Executive Board of the Nationalist clubs at Boston, requesting it to get up a memorial to the Government Bureau of Labor, petitioning that body to institute a special inquiry into the outrages; that this be done with a view of publishing these crimes to the whole country, under the proper authority, and also with the view of memorializing Congress for the government to work either all or part of the coal-mining industry on the same principle that it works the postal service, the government printing-office at Washington, and other industries, as the present method of running the coal mines by corporations has resulted, and will continue to result, in rioting and bloodshed, and imperils the very existence of society. We would suggest that copies of the memorial be sent to all the Nationalist clubs for signatures, and also to the Federated trades, Knights of Labor, and other organized bodies and to individuals. Might we also suggest that you kindly communicate with the Executive Board of Boston, and with our worthy and earnest brothers, Messrs. Bellamy, Bliss, and others?

Yours fraternally,
J.L. Johnson,
Secretary Nationalist Club.

Tacoma, Wash. #/

The Open Court.

The story of Spring Valley will make every American citizen of healthy morals uncomfortable and ashamed.... A story which must be read, and the lesson of it heeded, or worse things come.

The St. Louis Republic.

A stirring account of the great mining strike, lock-out, and consequent misery at Spring Valley, Illinois, in 1888-89, the main features of which are still familiar to the reading public. Mr. Lloyd lays the blame where it belongs, and shows how the whole transaction worked to the profit of the plutocrats at the expense of their dupes—the enterprising thousands who believed in the promises made in booming the location. The booming of the town was followed by the dooming, and, as the Republic and many other papers showed at the time, the action of the mine operators all through was "a cruel abuse of intellectual strength to use it to force weakness and ignorance into such a condition of helplessness." The author gives facts and figures, and his account of the matter is borne out by the news columns of the times. It is a sad story, and its truthfulness is a shameful comment upon the tendencies of our day.

The Pittsburg Labor Tribune.

A Strike of Millionaires against Miners, or the Story of Spring Valley, is a handsome edition of the important matter written by Henry D. Lloyd when the notable strike was on at the mines located at Spring Valley, Illinois. Our miner readers especially will read with satisfaction the vim and ability with which Mr. Lloyd handles the literary end of that eventful period, and will be pleased to know that he has issued the matter in consecutive form.

The Democrat (London).

Bad as the social and industrial condition of Great Britain is, that of the United States threatens to become as bad or even worse unless the power of landlordism there is subjected to popular control. A striking instance of the rapid growth of monopoly and its ruinous effect on industry, as well as its atrocious tyranny over labor, is recorded in a striking little book by Mr. Henry D. Lloyd, of Chicago, called A Strike of Millionaires against Miners.

Rights of Labor (Chicago).

This narrative of the rapacity and greed of our coal barons we most earnestly commend to all our readers as a plain, clear statement of facts, admirably put; it deserves the widest circulation.

New York Herald.

This is one of the saddest, most enraging stories ever put on paper; of course the corporations protested, as corporations always do in such cases, that they were not to blame, but the awful facts cannot be denied or explained away. The Herald expressed its mind editorially at the time. Now that the whole case is presented, the Herald's readers can see how easily a scheming gang of heartless scoundrels can quickly reduce thousands of families to a condition worse than old-fashioned African slavery.

Tacoma (Washington) Globe.

Among the many books recently published on the labor question and the relations between the rich and the poor, none has excited a deeper interest than A Strike of Millionaires against Miners. Before the atrocities perpetrated in Spring Valley by the coal mining company, composed of some of the wealthiest men in the United States, the wrongs inflicted on the peasants in Ireland fade into insignificance. This book should have a wide reading, that all may know whither the nation is drifting.

Boston Herald.

The story of the labor disturbances at Spring Valley, Illinois, caused by a shut-down of the mines in 1888, is told by H.D. Lloyd in a thrilling presentation. In perusing the whole history, from the first alluring advertisements of the mining companies to the editorial comments in Chicago papers after the lock-out took place, a dweller in happier laboring regions will hardly believe that so much injustice could have been done in free America.

The Worker (Brisbane, Queensland).

A simple but complete account of a terrible injustice.

The Christian Union.

Six or eight years ago there appeared in the North American Review an article entitled "The Lords of Industry," by Henry D. Lloyd, which set forth with such power the nature and extent of the combinations to diminish production and increase prices that its author may be said to have initiated the anti-trust agitation of the last few years. Since that time he has gone on in the work thus begun, putting heart and soul into it. The Strike of Millionaires against Miners carries perhaps less weight with our intellects than Mr. Lloyd's earlier work, but it appeals so strongly to our hearts that we are carried with him through the volume, and share with him his indignation over the wrongs he describes.

---

Concord, New Hampshire, October 22, 1892.

---

Dear Mr. Lloyd,—I am reading the Study you so kindly sent me. I have read most of it, including the "Word to Coal Miners," and what a "study!" What a lesson! What an apocalypse! Through it, "the voice of our brothers' blood cries to us from the ground," literally, and in tones scarcely ever heard before by human or heavenly ear!

Would that you could peal out all the seven thunders of Patmos. I wish your work might outsell in number Uncle Tom's Cabin, and Robert Elsmere combined, till its note filled the earth as the waters the seas. Print the whole of this hasty testimony over my name, if it will be of service to the working man and woman.

Faithfully and fraternally yours, for every good thought, word, and work,

Parker Pillsbury.

A BOOK FOR THE TIMES

THE RAILWAYS AND THE REPUBLIC.

By James F. Hudson. 8vo, Cloth, $2 00.

The author studies carefully the evils of the system, inquires into the power of legislation to cure them, and describes the remedies which will preserve the usefulness of the railways, and at the same time protect legitimate investors.—N.Y. Evening Post.

It is seldom the public is given a work at once so timely, so brave, and so able.... Mr. Hudson writes with the most exhaustive knowledge of his subject, and with an unusual ability in setting forth his ideas so that they are easily and clearly understood. There is hardly a more vigorous chapter in modern literature than that in which he discusses the rise and growth of the Standard Company.... The book is everywhere marked by unusual ability, accuracy, and fearlessness, which make it one of the most important contributions of the day to a subject which of necessity engages more and more attention every day. The political principles of the writer are thoroughly sound and practical.—Boston Courier.

The subject is of such vital importance that no man or woman in the country should be ignorant about it.—N.Y. Times.

Mr. Hudson writes in the interests of the people, calmly and without passion, as one who thoroughly understands his subject, and in harmony with many others who have dealt with the same problems.—Critic, N.Y.

Published by HARPER & BROTHERS, New York

For sale by all booksellers, or will be sent by the publishers, postage pre-paid, to any part of the United States, Canada, or Mexico, on receipt of price.