INDEX
Achatinellidæ, 103, 104.
Activities, instinctive and reflex, 203, 205, 208; of familiar animals, 208, 209; differ from instinct, 209, 210.
Adaptation, universal relation to environment, 15;
principle of, 17;
degenerate forms enlarge our conception of, 50;
results of larval short cuts in development, 71; 109, 213.
Africa, fauna of, 103, 164, 165.
Agassiz, a believer in special creation, 98.
Ages, Palæozoic, 92;
Mesozoic or Secondary, 93, 94;
Cenozoic or Tertiary, 93;
Coal or Carboniferous, 94.
Albumen, of egg, 60.
Alligators, a diverging branch of lizard, 45.
Amoeba, 21, 51, 69;
comparative study of, 203, 205, 231, 247, 251, 254, 257, 258, 259, 265,
266.
Amphibia, frogs, salamanders, a lower class, 45, 62; order of evolution of, 63; evolved from fishes, 64; most primitive backboned animals, 92; 94, 157; embryos of, 171; 200.
Anatomy, of mind, 202.
Ant-bears, 42.
Anthropoidea, 160.
Anthropology, 177; methods and results of, 186; types of, 186, 187; comparative, of mind, 211.
Anthropometry, 177.
Ants, communities of, 125;
mental life of, 207, 208;
organizations of, 260, 263, 264.
Apes, 158;
susceptible to training, 210;
line from Amoeba, 231.
Appendix, vermiform, 168.
Apteryx, wingless bird of New Zealand, 44, 200.
Arachnida, 49.
Archæopteryx, a famous "link," 99.
Ares, 300.
Armadillo, 42.
"Arts of life," 226-230;
dwellings of men, utensils, 227;
history of clothing, 228;
arts of pleasure, 228-230.
Atom, carbon, 22;
nitrogen, 23;
hydrogen, oxygen, 24;
chemical, 25.
Atua, 301.
Azores, animals of, 103.
Bacteria, amazing production of, 123; relation of, 127.
Baldwin, 148.
Bandicoot, 42.
Barnacles, really crustacea, 50.
Bats, 41, 94.
"Beagle," 102, 117, 136.
Bear, 38, 39.
Bees, mental life of, 207, 208; nervous system of, 232, 256, 257; organizations of, 260, 261, 262; queen, workers, 262, 263.
Beetles, 67.
Bernier, 183.
Bertillon, 183.
Birds, 44;
have they descended from gill-breathing ancestors? 61;
evolution of, 63;
primitive, 99;
embryos of, 171, 200.
Blastula, 68.
Blumenbach, 183.
Bonnet, 70.
Borneo, 164.
Brachiopods, 95.
Brahma, 299, 304.
Brain, 215, 235-240.
Brontosaurus, 94.
Brown-Séquard, 148.
Buddha, 299.
Buffon, 114, 135.
Butterflies, 67, 206, 207, 259.
Carbohydrate, 23, 24.
Carbon, atom, 22; 25, 27.
Carnivora, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40; order of, 157.
Caterpillar, larva of, 259.
Cats, Manx, Angora, Persian, 37, 39; domesticated, 137; intelligence of, 208, 209.
Cattle, products of human selection, 137; resemblance, 157.
Cebidæ, true monkeys, 160, 161, 162.
Cells, 19, 20, 21; sex, 144; human, composition of, 156; of ectoderm and endoderm, 255, 256, 257, 258.
Celts, 218.
Cercopithecidæ, 160, 162.
Cerebrum, 215.
Cetacea, 40.
Chemical transformation, 17.
Chick, development of, 60, 61.
Chimpanzee, 163, 164, 195.
Chromatin, 143, 144.
Civilization, a product of evolution, 272.
Classes, 32.
Classification, 32.
Clifford, 238.
Coccyx, 168.
Communities, cell, 258; insect, 258, 260-264.
Comparative anatomy, 35, 37, 39; any form will disclose development, 57; amphibia evolved from fishes, 64; Law of Recapitulation, 66; insects arisen from wormlike ancestors, 67; larvæ of insects, 67; higher animals evolved from two-layered saccular ancestors, 68; 70, 71; supplements comparative embryology, 72; appearance of great classes of vertebrates, 94; proves order of evolution, 163.
Composition, chemical, 15.
Compounds, organic, 29.
Conger-eel, 123, 124, 127.
Consanguinity, essential likeness, 54.
Conscience, 287.
Consciousness, human, 234, 235.
Crabs, 48, 49, 66;
hermit, 66.
Crustacea, lobsters, crabs, 48, 49;
barnacles, 49, 50; 82.
Cuvier, 158, 78;
a believer in special creation, 79.
Curve of error, 120.
Cyclones, 85.
Cyclostomes, 156.
Daphnia, 205.
Darwin, Charles, 80, 100, 102, 115, 116, 117;
Origin of Species, 116, 124, 130, 132, 135;
Erasmus, 135, 136, 138, 142, 143.
Deer, 42;
fossil, of North America, 97, 98.
Development, 54;
a natural process, 56.
De Vries, 145, 146;
his mutation theory, 147, 148.
Dinosaurs, 94.
Distribution, geographical, 32.
Dogs, 38, 39; embryo of, 66; varied forms of, 137; pointer, sheep-dog, instincts of, 208; intelligence of, 208, 209.
Dubois, 173.
Ducksbill, or Ornithorhynchus, bottom of mammalian scale, 43.
Ducksworth, 184.
Eagle, 44.
Earthquake, 85.
Echidna, bottom of mammalian scale, 43.
Ectoderm, 255.
Egg, of common fowl, 60;
of frog, 68;
nuclei contains factors of development, 71; 144, 145;
human, 231.
Eimer, 148.
Elements, chemical, 15.
Elephant, 41;
place in zoölogical science, 95; 96, 97;
age of, 124.
Embryo, of frog, 58;
of chick, 60-62, 63, 64, 65;
embryos of carnivora, rodents, hoofed animals alike in earlier
development, 65;
of cat, dog, rat, sheep, rabbit, squirrel, cattle, pig, 65;
of skate, shark, hammerhead, 66;
the human, 168, 170, 171;
of birds, reptiles, amphibia, 171;
human hemispheres of brain like adult cat or dog, 215.
Embryology, 32, 33, 34; of no form fully understood, 57; general principles of, 57-67; embryonic agreement, 65; of insects, 67; weight of facts of, 69; comparative, a distinct division of zoölogy, 70, 71; 76, 94, 100; evidence of, 170; of mind, 202, 214; in early stages of human, no nervous system present, 214; development of, 215.
English sparrow, 123, 127.
Environment, 111, 112;
influences of, 126;
determines mode of life of a race, 213.
Epoch, Glacial, 86;
Silurian and Devonian, rich array of types, 93;
Cenozoic, 96.
Erosion, 89.
Eskimo, picture-writing, 223.
Ethics, 281; biological, 283; natural, 284; evolution of, 285.
Ethnology, 177.
Evolution, the Doctrine of, 1;
is it a science, 3;
the conception of, 8;
organic, 10-12; 31, 32;
evidence of, 54, 95;
of amphibia, 62;
of birds, 63;
of protozoa, 69;
theory of, supported by palæontology, 76;
cosmic, 84;
biological evidence of, 91;
three important elements of, 109;
adaptation, variation and inheritance, 110;
mechanical, 109;
dynamics of, 109;
second element of, 122;
human, 150-196; 174;
physical, of man, falls into two groups, 153;
of human races, 176;
racial, 177, 178;
mental, 197-240;
human faculty as a product of, 212;
mental as real as physical, 214;
of brain, 214-217;
of art of writing, 223;
method of mental, 231;
social, 241;
of societies of insects, 258;
human, biological interpretation of, 267-274;
of higher human life, 278-311;
of ethics, 285;
final conception of, 307-311.
Factors, primary, secondary, 110; three kinds, 111; congenital, 113.
Falls of St. Anthony, 86.
Fishes, lowest among common vertebrates, 46; trunk-fish, cow-fish, puff-fish, mouse-fish, flounder, 46; most primitive backboned animals, 92; 94; 157; embryos of, 171.
Fiske, 139.
Flies, may, 259.
Flounder, a variant of the fish theme, 66.
Fossilization, conditions of, 77-78.
Fossils, 73-105; remains of, 73; groups, 77; 78, 79; order of succession, 91; oldest rocks devoid of, 92; forms, 99.
Fowl, game cock, 138;
pigeons, 138.
Frog, 45;
eggs of, larva, development of, 58, 59, 60, 68.
Galapagos Islands, 102, 103, 104.
Galton, 142, 147; heredity of mental qualities, 232.
Gametes, 252.
Gastrula, 68.
Gemmules, 143.
Genera, 32.
Generation, spontaneous, 78.
Geographical distribution, 32.
Geological agencies, rain, rivers, glaciers, 88; construction, volcanoes, 88.
Geology, data of, 83, 84.
Germ, Bonnet's idea of, 70; cells, 144, 146; plasm, 145, 146.
Gibbon, 163.
Gills, 58, 62.
Gill-slits, bars, clefts, 61, 62, 64; in embryos of lizards, birds, mammals, 69; 171.
Giraffe, 133.
Glaciers, alterations made by, 87.
Goats, 157.
Gorilla, 163, 165, 195.
Grand Cañon of the Colorado, 85, 90.
Gravitation, 155.
Guinea-pigs, Brown-Séquard's, 148.
Gulick, 103.
Haeckel, 63, 71, 184.
Hæmoglobin, 22.
Hapalidæ, 160.
Harvey, 70.
Hawaiian Islands, 103; snails of, 104.
Heredity, 142; a real human process, 175; instinct determined by, 206; Anglo-Saxon, 213; of mental qualities, 232.
Heron, 44.
Hesperornis, 99.
Hippopotamus, 42.
Hominidæ, 160.
Homo sapiens, 183.
Hoofed animals, 95, 96, 97.
Hornets, communities of, larvæ of, 260.
Horse, 41, 42, 65; place of in zoölogical science, 95, 96; development of, 97; perfection of one type of, 136, 157; 167; intelligence of, 209.
House-fly, eggs of, 67.
Human faculty, 212; its three constituents, 212.
Huxley, 6, 26, 30, 63, 184.
Hydra, 50, 51, 52, 53, 68, 69; comparative study of, 204, 205, 206; 254; cells of, 255; 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266.
Hydrogen, 25, 27.
Hyracotherium, 96.
Ichthyornis, 99.
Ichthyosaurus, 94.
Indians, American, pictography of, 223, 224; of Brazil, 227; life of, 272.
Individual development, a résumé of history of species, 63.
Inertia, 155.
Infant, human, activities of, 216.
Ingestive structures, 17.
Inheritance, 110, 131; biological laws of, 142; paternal and maternal basis of, 144; 145; Mendelian phenomena of, 146; Galton's Law of, 147; laws of, in mental phenomena, 203; strength of, in mental traits, 232; physical, provides mechanism of intellect, 233.
Insects, butterflies, beetles, bees, grasshoppers, spiders, scorpions, 49;
66;
eggs of common house-fly, 67; 82;
nervous mechanism of, 205;
communities of, 207, 258-260, 267;
nervous system of, 256, 257.
Instinct, determined by heredity, 206; of higher animals, 208; differs from intelligence in degree, 210.
Intelligence, 203; in mental life of communal insects, 207.
Invertebrates, lower animals devoid of backbone, 47; structural plan, 48; branches of, 49; groups, two layer animals, 50; hydra, sea-anemones, soft-polyps, 50; more complicated, 68; palæontological materials, 82; evolution of lowest members, 92.
Jaguar, 101.
Jastrow, 294.
Java, 173.
Jellyfish, 81.
Jordan, David Starr, 123.
Kangaroo, 42.
Keane, 185.
Lamarck, 115, 133, 135.
Lampreys, 156.
Language, most important single possession of mankind, 218.
Laplace, 29.
Larvæ, of lobster, 66; of insects, 67; of ground wasp, 207; of caterpillar, 259; of wasps, 260.
Lavoisier, 29.
Law of Recapitulation, 66; stated by Von Baer and Haeckel, 71.
Lemurs, 158, 160, 161, 195.
Life, what is it? 27.
Limestone, 89, 90.
Links, 99.
Linnæus, 79, 158, 183.
Lions, 101; environment of, 112.
Lizard, nearest form to remote ancestor, 45.
Lobsters, 66; larvæ of, 66.
Lyell, 80, 107, 135, 136.
MacDougal, 148.
Madagascar, 161.
Mallock, 295.
Malthus, 136.
Mammalia,
lower orders of, 42;
their own mode of growing up, 64;
embryos of, 64; 97;
members of class differ, 157, 158; 200;
order of mentality, 203.
Mammals, 40, 43, 157;
embryo of, 171.
Mammoth, 97.
Marmosets, 161.
Marquesas, 103.
Marsupials, 104.
Mastodon, 97.
Mechanism, organic, 14; living, 110.
Melanesia, 103.
Mendel, Gregor, 145; his law, 146; 147, 148.
Mentality, human, 233.
Metazoa, 254.
Mice, 41, 134; field, 139.
Miller, 293.
Mind,
anatomy of, 202;
human, differs only in degree, 203; 210, 211;
embryology of, 214;
palæontology of, 217;
and matter inseparable, 234-237.
Missing links, 77.
Moeritherium, a significant fossil, 97.
Molecule, protein, 22, 23, 24.
Mollusks, 81, 82; connecting widely separated ages, 95.
Monkeys, 158.
Morgan, Lloyd, 148.
Morphology, 32.
Moths, 67.
Müller, 293.
Mutation theory, 146.
Naegeli, 143, 148.
Natural Selection, doctrine of, 116, 117, 118; the struggle for existence, 124, 125; simply trial and error, 131; Darwin recognized it as incomplete, 142; germ-plasm theory supplements, 145.
Nebula, gaseous, 84.
Nervous systems, 201, 202, 205, 206, 211; of worker-bee, 232.
Niagara, 85, 86, 89.
Ontogeny, recapitulates phylogeny, 63.
Orang-outang, 163, 164.
Orders, 32.
Organic, 15;
systems, 17;
transformation, analogies of, 43,
a real and natural process, 55, 56, 76;
mechanism, alteration of, 55.
Organisms,
living, 14;
analysis of, 16; 17, 18, 19, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32;
characteristic early stages, 55;
are they adapted by circumstances? 109;
environment, 111;
physical heritage of, 113;
variation of, 119;
difference, 121;
universal conflict of, 127;
change, 130;
human, 32, 156, 159, 165-171;
nervous system of, 201;
psychical characteristics of, 202;
many-celled, 257.
Organs, 16, 17, 28;
of human body, 156.
Origin of Species, 136, 149.
Origination of new parts, 109.
Osborn, 148.
Ostrich, 44.
Over production, 122-124, 129.
Owls, horned, of Arizona, 45; 139.
Palæontology, 32, 34, 73, 74, 76; evidence of, not complete, 80, 81; table of facts of, 91; 94; second division of evidence, 95; does it throw light on antiquity of man? 155; of mind, 202, 203, 217.
Paludina, 95.
Partulæ, 103.
Pearson, Karl, 6, 7, 142, 147; heredity of mental qualities, 232.
Penguin, a counterpart of the seal, 44.
Peoples,
fusion of, 178, 179;
Mexicans, 178, 181;
Anglo-Saxon, 179;
American, 179;
Indians, 181, 183, 185, 191, 192;
Patagonian, 180, 192;
Polynesian, 181, 182, 187;
Moor, 181;
Zulu, 181, 183;
Malay, 181, 183, 190;
Mongolian, 181, 186-190;
Papuan, 182;
Negro, African, Ethiopian, 182, 183, 192-195;
Caucasian, 182, 185-189, 195;
Veddahs, 182, 188;
European, 183;
Asiatic, 183;
Laplander, 183, 190;
Scandinavian types,
Norwegians, Swedes, Danes, Germans—north and south—186, 187;
types of, 186-196;
Persians, 186,
eastern, 187;
Afghans, Hindus, 186;
Welsh, French, Swiss, 187;
Russians, 187-190;
Poles, Armenians, 187;
Mediterranean type,
Spaniard, Italian, Greek, Arab, 187;
subordinate group,
Semitic, Arab, Hebrew, 187;
North African, Berber, Hamites, 187;
relatives of the Mediterranean,
Dravidas, Todas, Veddahs, Ainus, 188;
Manchurian, Chukchi, Buryats, Yukaghir, 189;
Finlander, Bulgar, Magyar, Korean, Japanese, Gurkhas, Burmans, Annams,
Cochin Chinese, Tagals, Bisayans, Hovars, 190;
Pueblos, Eskimos, Aztecs, Mayas, Caribs, 191;
Yahgan, Alacaluf, 191;
Papuan, Australian, 193;
Negrito section,
Adamans, Kalangs, Sakais Ætas, Bushmen, Hottentots, Akkas, 194.
Periods,
Triassic, Jurassic, 94;
Eocene, Miocene, 96.
Phenacodus, 96.
Phyla, 32.
Phylogeny, 63.
Pictography, 223-226; of Eskimos, of American Indians, 223, 224; of Asia, 224; of Egypt, 224, 225.
Pig, 42, 157.
Pithecanthropus, 174.
Plesiosaurus, 94.
Polynesia, 103, 104.
Pouched animals, kangaroo, opossums, 42.
Primates, name given by Linnæus, 158; eutheria, 158, 159; order of, 160; anthropoids, 161; arrangement of organs, 201.
Processes, psychological, of higher animals, 208, 209.
Prosimii, 160.
Proteins, 22, 23, 24.
Protoplasm, 22-30; the physical basis of life, 143; 144; human, 156; chemicals that make up, 156.
Protozoa, 52, 53, 68, 70; relations of, 126.
Protozoön, 251.
Psychology, comparative, 198; principle of, 199; descriptive, genetic, 202; terms of, 203; human, 210, 211.
Pseudopodia, 52.
Puma, 101.
Pupa, 259.
Pygmy, 195, 196, 227.
Rabbits, 41, 101;
domesticated, 137;
introduced into Australia, 140.
Races, human,
age of, 178;
divisions of, 183-195;
character of:
status, variations of, 180, 181;
color, a criterion of racial relationship, 181, 184;
hair, character of, as means of classification, 181, 182;
cranium, shape of, as means of identification, nose, jaws, 182.
Racoon, 38.
Rats, 41, 134.
Reason, 203;
in mental life of communal insects, 207.
Religions, 288;
Christian, Hebrew, Buddhistic, Tangaroan, 289, 290;
Mohammedan, 290, 298;
Dervish, Mahdist, 293;
linguistic basis of, 293, 294;
of savagery, 294, 300, 301;
barbarism, civilization, 294;
elements of, 295;
forms of Christianity, 296;
sects,
Judaism, 297, 298;
Brahmanism, Buddhism, 298, 299;
Polytheism, Roman, 300.
Reptiles, variations about a central theme, 45; lizard, typical, 46; 157; embryos of, 171; 200.
Retention of better invention, 109.
Rhinoceros, 41.
Rivers,
Mississippi, 86, 89;
Hoang-ho, Ganges, Thames, 87;
alterations made by, 87.
Rocks, crystalline or plutonic: sedimentary, 85; eruptive, 88; new, 59; of Grand Cañon, 90; testimony of, establishes evolution, 100.
Salamanders, 45, 46.
Salts, of sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, 24.
Samoan Islands, 103.
Sandstone, 90.
Science, what is it? 5, 6; physiological, 14.
Sea anemones, 68.
Sea elephant, 38.
Seals, 38, 39, 40, 209.
Selection,
natural, doctrine of, 116, 117, 118;
struggle for existence, 124, 125;
simply trial and error, 131, 136,
artificial, 136, 137, 138;
laws of, in mental phenomena, 203.
Sequence, physiological, in training animals, 209; 210.
Series,
sedimentary, 84, 90, 92;
crystalline or plutonic, 85;
Azoic or Archæan, age of, 92.
Shale, 89.
Shark,
common, most fundamental form, 46;
embryo of, hammerhead;
embryos of, 66.
Sheep, 157.
Simiidæ, 160, 163.
Skate, embryos of, 66.
Snails, 45; shells of, 95; land snails, 103; Hawaiian and Polynesian, 104.
Society Islands, 103.
Solar system, origin of, 84.
Solomon Islands, 103.
Species, origin of human, 153.
Spencer, Herbert, 8.
Squirrels,
evolved from terrestrial rodents, 14; 41;
flying, true rodents, 41.
Starch, 24.
Stephenson, 10.
Strata, 88, 89;
arranged according to ages, 89; 90;
time of formation, 92.
Struggle for existence, 124;
intra-specific, 125;
three divisions of, 126-129; 139, 174, 175.
Substances, inorganic, 29.
Sugar, 23, 24.
Survival of the fittest, 129.
Systems,
respiratory, excretory, circulatory, 17;
organic, reproductive, 18;
nervous, 256, 257;
blood-vascular, respiratory and excretory, 257;
ethical, 286;
religious, 288.
Tadpole, 58, 59, 60;
larvæ, 64.
Tapeworm, a relative of simple worms, 50; 123.
Tapir, 41;
Moeritherium, 97.
Thorndike, 209;
heredity of mental qualities, 232.
Tidal waves, 85.
Tigers, 101.
Tirawa, 301.
Tissue-cells, 28.
Torga, 183.
Tortoise, soft shelled, of the Mississippi, 45.
Tower, 148.
Transformation, natural, 170.
Tribes, 32.
Tuberculosis, bacillus of, 127.
Turtles, evolution of, 45.
Ungulates, 65.
Uniformitarianism, Lyell's doctrine, 80.
Urea, 29.
Ussher, Archbishop, 178.
Variation, 110; causes of, 111; among individuals, 112, 113; fact of difference, phenomenon of, 114; 115, 118, 119, 121, 129; congenital, 138; human, 174; racial, 177; laws of, in mental phenomena, 203; 232.
Vertebrata, 43.
Vertebrates,
backboned animals, fishes the lowest order of, 46;
principles of relationship, families, tribes, 47; 53-59;
great classes originate together, 64;
more complicated, 68;
skeleton remains of, succeed invertebrates, 92;
testimony of the rocks, 93;
largest, 94;
appearance of great classes of, 94; 95;
classes that make up, 156;
lower, arrangement of organs, 201;
nervous system of, 256, 257.
Volcanoes, 88.
Volvox, 252, 254, 259, 265.
Von Baer, law of recapitulation, 71.
Vorticella, 251, 252, 265.
Wagner, 100.
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 117, 100.
Walruses, 38.
Wasps, ground, 207; organizations, of digger, 260; 261.
Weismann, 71, 72; proved nuclei of egg contains, essential factors, 71, 145, 148.
Weisner, 143.
Whales, 40.
Wilson, 146.
Woehler, 29.
Wolf, Tasmanian, a true marsupial, 42.
Wolff, 70.
Wolves, 140.
Wombat, 42.
Wood-frog, 71.
Woods, heredity of mental qualities, 232.
Worms,
blindworm of England, 45; 48, 50, 53, 81;
nervous mechanism of, 205, 206;
nervous system of, 256, 257.
Zebras, 96, 97, 112.
Zoölogy, 34, 75, 78; geographical distribution, 100.
"Zoönomia," 135.