FOOTNOTES:
[1] “Recent Results of the Investigation into Local [Rochdale] Erratic Blocks,” by S. S. Platt.
[2] H. Colley March, F.S.A., “The Early Neolithic Floor of East Lancashire,” p. 7.
[3] Engraved, with other flints, in “History of Rochdale,” p. 4.
[4] A complete list, up to date, will be found in Rev. William Harrison’s “Archæological Survey of Lancashire,” which will appear in the next volume of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society.
[5] H. Swainson Cowper, Esq., F.S.A.
[6] Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches., xx. 131.
[7] Engraved in “History of Rochdale,” p. 5. See also Archæologia, xxv. 595.
[8] See Transactions of Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches., xxx. 81.
[9] “Annals,” xii. 31.
[10] Tacitus, “Hist.,” book iii., ch. lix.
[11] Tacitus, “Vita Agricolæ,” cap. xx.
[12] Xiphiline’s abridgment of Dion Cassius. It may be well here to state my general indebtedness to the late W. Thompson Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire”; Liverpool, 1883.
[13] E. Sanderson, “Hist. of England,” p. 19.
[14] “Roman Lancashire,” W. Thompson Watkin; Liverpool, 1883.
[15] There are also traces of two other supposed Roman roads.
[16] Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., iii. 262.
[17] Whitaker’s “History of Manchester,” 1771.
[18] Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., viii. 156.
[19] Whitaker as an authority is good where he is describing things which he saw himself, but otherwise many of his theories border upon romance. (Vol. i., p. 49, 1773 edition.)
[20] The late Mr. Thompson Watkin maintains that the N at end of the first line should be AV.
[21] “Palatine Note–Book,” iii. 67.
[22] For full details of these see Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire.”
[23] Archæological Journal, xxviii., p. 114, and xxx., p. 153.
[24] Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire,” p. 55.
[25] Through the influence of the Rev. J. Shortt, Vicar of Hoghton, whose description of the find is here followed.
[26] Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire,” p. 133.
[27] Mr. Townley. See “Vetusta Monumenta,” iv. 5.
[28] Abram’s “History of Blackburn,” p. 159.
[29] Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., xxv. 161.
[30] Whitaker’s “History of Whalley,” ii. 19.
[31] Baines’ “History of Lancashire” (second edition), ii. 24.
[32] Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., iii. 3.
[33] Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches., iii. 60; also Fishwick’s “History of Kirkham,” Chetham Soc., xcii. 5.
[34] Fishwick’s “History of Poulton–le–Fylde,” Chetham Soc., new series, viii. 4; also civ. 2.
[35] Watkin’s “Roman Lancashire,” p. 203.
[36] “The Palatine Note–book,” iv. 201.
[37] Fishwick’s “History of Rochdale,” p. 7; also Lanc. and Ches. Arch. Soc., p. 73 et seq.
[38] Ibid., p. 12.
[39] Authorities differ as to this locality: one writer places it on the Firth of Forth, another in Worcestershire.
[40] Pp. 36, 39.
[41] Sanderson’s “History of England,” p. 44.
[42] A.D. 923.
[43] After the death of Cnut, in 1035, the kingdom was again divided, and Mercia and Northumbria fell to Harold. Harthacnut was (in 1039), however, King of all England.
[44] Vol. i., p. 12, 2nd edit.
[45] Coucher Book, Duchy Office, No. 78.
[46] Originally a tax paid to the Danes, but afterwards appropriated to the King. It was always a very unpopular tax.
[47] Plan of this in Fishwick’s “History of Rochdale,” p. 66.
[48] “Eccles. Hist.,” lib. iii., cap. 8.
[49] Baines’ “Hist. of Lanc.,” ii. 205, 2nd edit.
[50] The following account of it is compiled from an article in Archæologia, vol. liii., part iii., by H. Swainson Cowper, Esq., F.S.A.
[51] See Lanc. and Ches. Arch. Soc., v. 1 et seq.
[52] See Lanc. and Ches. Arch. Soc., v. 227.
[53] Saxon Chronicle and the Chronicle of Simon of Durham.
[54] Arch. Journal, vi. 74; and “History of Garstang,” Chetham Soc., civ. 5.
[55] Fishwick’s “History of St. Michael’s–on–Wyre,” Chetham Soc., xxv. (new series), p. 2.
[56] In the original document the names are often very different to the ones now in use, but they have all been identified as referring to the localities above given.
[57] “There is a priest there having half a carucate of land in frank amoign.”
[58] Said to be waste.
[59] Other forests are named at Latham, Aughton, Milling, Lydiate, and other places.
[60] The hora was not a coin, but an equivalent for about 1s. 6d. or 1s. 8d.
[61] In South Lancashire it is believed that six carucates made a hide. A carucate was about 100 acres, but was a variable term.
[62] This will serve as a proof that foresta (= a wood or forest) was not necessarily a dense mass of trees, but rather a place where game of every kind abounded.
[63] Their individual holdings are 3 hides and half a carucate, 2 carucates, 1½ carucates, 1 carucate and 2 carucates = 3 hides and 7 carucates. Their united holding is put down as 22 carucates, so that a hide in this case equals 5 carucates.
[64] Bentham (in Yorkshire), Wennington, Tatham, and Tunstall are described as four manors, where there were three churches.
[65] Now Titeup.
[66] Authorities differ on the exact area, but probably the above is not far from the figure.
[67] Fishwick’s “History of St. Michael’s–on–Wyre,” Chetham Soc., xxv. 3 (new series).
[68] Honour of Lancaster granted to him June 30, 1267, and letters patent issued to the tenants of the honour to do their homage and be obedient to him as their lord, February 16, 1268. In 1269 a similar letter was sent to William le Boteler, and in 1270 to Henry de Lacy, Robert de Stockfort, and the Abbot of Furness.
[69] Charters of duchy. See 31st Report of the Deputy–Keeper of the Public Records, p. 6.
[70] Toll for swine feeding in the woods.
[71] A fair in 1255.
[72] Carta de Foresta: Record Office.
[73] Rossendale Forest adjoins this parish.
[74] Plac. de Quo War., Edw. I.: Record Office.
[75] Duchy Chancery Rolls, chap. xxv., A 2ᵇ.
[76] The honour of Lancaster.
[77] See Fishwick’s “History of Kirkham,” Chetham Soc., xcii.
[78] Royal Letters, Henry III., No. 185.
[79] “Letters from Northern Register,” p. 97.
[80] See “Popular History of Cumberland,” p. 231.
[81] The original rolls are in the Record Office. They have been printed by the Chetham Society, vol. cxii.
[82] All the extracts refer to the Lancashire part of the honour, and to the years between 1295 and 1305.
[83] Authorities differ on this point, but all agree that money in the thirteenth century was worth many times its present equivalent coin. At the very least, it requires to be multiplied by ten.
[84] Agisted = allowed to graze in the forest.
[85] In 1338 the Abbot of Whalley charged certain persons armed “with swords and bows and arrows” with having taken away his goods, and, inter alia, 300 pieces of iron, and from the evidence adduced it appears that near Whitworth (in Rochdale parish), which is adjoining Rossendale, the Abbot and others were accustomed to dig up the ironstone and smelt it. (See Fishwick’s “History of Rochdale,” p. 84.)
[86] Merchats = fines paid to the lord for marriage of a daughter. The above sum was the sum returned to the tenant because it was found that the women were not daughters of villeins.
[87] Treasury Receipts, 21a/3 Record Office; also English Hist. Review, 1890.
[88] Lancashire is said to have enjoyed the privilege of a palatinate in the time of Roger de Poictou, but the evidence is not convincing.
[89] So described on his tomb in Westminster Abbey.
[90] Baines’ “History of Lancashire,” i. 45 (second edition).
[91] The records of this court are preserved in the Record Office.
[92] In 1850 the revenue account of the duchy shows a very long list of estates in many counties. One half of the whole yearly income was, however, derived from Salford, the largest rent being £285 for land in Pendleton. The Corporation of Salford still pay in lieu of tolls a fixed rent of £5 a year. In 1850 the payments from the duchy to the Queen amounted to £12,000, which in 1893 had increased to £48,000.
[93] See Baines’ “History of Lancashire,” i. 57 (second edition).
[94] Meyrick’s “Ancient Armour,” i. 137.
[95] Report of Deputy–Keeper of Public Records, xxxiii. 21.
[96] Stubbs’s “Select Charters,” p. 40.
[97] See “The Parliamentary Representation of Lancashire,” by W. J. Pink.
[98] See “History of Rochdale,” p. 33.
[99] Baines’ “History of Lancashire,” ii. 359 (second edition).
[100] Report of Deputy–Keeper of Public Records, xxxii. 354.
[101] See detailed account of the plan of this castle in Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., vol. vi., new series.
[102] Record Office, Roll of Fines, etc., chap. xxv., A 7, No. 14; also Coucher Book of Furness.
[103] Turton Tower, near Bolton, claims to be a very ancient foundation, but as its name never occurs in the ancient charters heretofore discovered, it appears doubtful if it dates back beyond the fifteenth century.
[104] Vol. xxxvii.
[105] To fettle is an old Lancashire word.
[106] Harl. MSS., Cod. 3526. See Harland’s “Ballads and Songs of Lancashire.”
[107] “Cottons” is probably a corruption of “coatings.”
[108] Market stede Lane, Deansgate, Mylne Gate, Wething Greve, Hanging Ditch, Fenell Street, Smythy Door, and St. Mary’s Gate, are all named in the Court Leet Records 1552–54.
[109] From 1522 to 1686, and from 1731 to 1846. The whole have been printed by order of the Corporation, and edited by J. P. Earwaker, Esq., F.S.A.
[110] Act passed in 1570 requiring persons to wear woollen caps, made in England, on Sundays.
[111] Speed’s Plan.
[112] Picton’s “Liverpool Municipal Records.”
[113] Corporation Records.
[114] Beamont’s “Annals of Warrington.”
[115] Fishwick’s “History of Rochdale,” p. 44.
[116] Fishwick’s “Lancashire in the Time of Elizabeth” (Royal Historical Society, vii. 191).
[117] Pleadings (Philip and Mary), Record Office.
[118] State Papers, Dom. Ser., cclxiii.
[119] Chetham Soc., xlix.
[120] Richard Entwysle of Foxholes. (See “History of Rochdale,” p. 408.)
[121] Local coal of very inferior quality appears to also have been used. Such entries occur as “four loodes of cole at Hilton delve, 4s.,” but this was probably only the cost of the carriage, as the coal would belong to the Shuttleworths, and be got in the quarry.
[122] “Bibliotheca Heraldica,” p. 582.
[123] See “History of Rochdale,” p. 352.
[124] The author read a paper on “The Lancashire Demoniacs” before the Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches. (vol. xxxv.), in which this subject is more fully gone into.
[125] This case does not belong to the seventeenth century, but it is inserted here as bearing upon the subject, and only occurred four years before the century began.
[126] “The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the County of Lancaster, with the arraignment and trial of nineteene notorious Witches, etc., etc.; London, 1613.” Reprinted by the Chetham Soc., vol. vi., old series.
[127] See Lanc., and Ches. Ant. Soc., x. 215.
[128] Some of these tracts are now very scarce.
[129] One of these was found near Rochdale a few years ago. (See “History of Rochdale,” p. 535.)
[130] Satirical poem, Hopkinson’s MSS., xxxiv. 85.
[131] “Nicholas Assheton’s Journal,” Chetham Soc., xiv.
[132] Liverpool Municipal Records.
[133] The Chetham Society, vols. ii., xlii., and lxvi., contained full details of the Civil War in Lancashire. From this source many of the following particulars are taken.
[134] In a tract dated July 5, 1642, entitled “The Beginning of the Civil Warres in England, or Terrible News from the North,” Lord Strange is reported to have approached Manchester with a considerable armed force on July 5, and drawing up at a little distance from the town, demanded that the inhabitants should deliver up their magazines. On their refusal to give them up, he marched against the town, outside of which he was met by “ten small companies set in a faire battalion,” and a skirmish took place, which lasted several hours, and resulted in the withdrawal of the Royalist forces with the loss of twenty–seven men. The tract then states “that this is the beginning of the Civill Warre, being the first stroke that hath been struck, and the first bullet that hath been shot.” There is much reason to doubt the correctness of this reported fight, as no mention of it is made by contemporary authorities.
[135] These fortifications consisted of posts and chains, and barricades of mud. They were erected under the superintendence of Lieutenant–Colonel Rosworm, a German engineer, at a cost of £30.
[136] A slightly different version of this is given in “Lancashire’s Valley of Achor.”
[137] Major Edward Robinson, “A Discourse of the Warr in Lancashire,” Chetham Soc., lxii.
[138] “Lancashire’s Valley of Achor.”
[139] “A punctuall relation of the passages in Lancashire this week” (February 14, 1642).
[140] This is Major Robinson’s statement.
[141] Major Robinson says he “discharged that little pece of ordenance they carried with them divers times,” and then walked into the town.
[142] “Lancashire’s Valley of Achor.”
[143] Edward Bridgeman, late M.P.
[144] This castle was afterwards ordered to be dismantled. Its position rendered it difficult to attack, as it stood on an eminence from which the ground sloped rapidly in every direction. It was entered by the large windows on the east side, and the entrance thus gained, the victory was assured.
[145] This castle was first taken by Colonel Ashton, in June, 1643, but Sir John Girlington, having got hold of it, reoccupied it.
[146] For full details of these two sieges see “Civil War Tracts,” Chetham Soc., ii.
[147] Seacome’s “Memoirs of the House of Stanley.”
[148] In Salford Chapel, “for poor distressed Bolton,” the very large sum of £140 was collected (“Vicar’s Chronicle”).
[149] By way of Blackburn and Colne; at the latter place a slight skirmish took place on June 25. At Kirkham, between May and September, 1644, no accounts of the vestry were kept, because “Prince Rupert’s army” had command of the county, and many of the parishioners had fled. In 1642 the soldiers “pulled asunder the organ pipes in the church.”
[150] “A Discourse of the Warr in Lancashire.”
[151] Another authority gives 32,000 (Burghall’s “Civil War in Cheshire”).
[152] Lieut.–General Cromwell’s letter to the Hon. William Lenthall.
[153] Burghall put the killed and wounded at 4,000, and adds that they took 6,000 prisoners!
[154] Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1648–9, p. 219.
[155] For full details of this historic incident see “Stanley Papers,” “Civil Warr in Lancashire” (Chetham Society), Seacome’s “Memoirs,” Hughes’ “Boscobel Tracts,” etc.
[156] State Papers, Dom. Ser., iv. 240.
[157] Heawood’s “Coronation.”
[158] Published by Chetham Society, vol. xii., old series.
[159] “Autobiography of William Stout”; London, 1851.
[160] A few years afterwards he was sent to a school in Westmorland, where he was taught both Latin and Greek.
[161] The place where the meal was bolted = sifted.
[162] The cotton trade had not yet arisen. These goods were coatings, and made of wool.
[163] One solitary book, “A Guide to Heaven from the Word,” is said on doubtful authority to have been printed at Smithy Door, Manchester, in 1664.
[164] Kingston’s “True History of the Several Designs and Conspiracies against his Majesty’s Person and Government, as they were carried on from 1688 to 1697.”
[165] For full details of this “plot” see the late Mr. Beamont’s introduction to “The Jacobite Trials in Manchester, 1694” (Chetham Soc., xxviii.), and also Dr. Abbadie’s “True History of the Late Conspiracy,” etc.; London, 1696.
[166] All well–known Lancashire men, except Sir Rowland Stanley, who lived in Cheshire.
[167] Chetham Soc., xxviii.
[168] See Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., vol. v.
[169] Bright’s “Early English Church History,” p. 111.
[170] Lancashire was subsequently included in the Diocese of Lichfield and Coventry until the establishment of the See of Chester, in 1541, the northern portion being in the Archdeaconry of Richmond, in the Diocese of York.
[171] Lancaster parish is partly in Lonsdale and partly in Amounderness.
[172] Symeon of Durham’s “Life of St. Cuthbert,” Surtees Soc., li. 141.
[173] See Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., vol. ix.
[174] Aldcliffe Hall is on the south of the river. Of Newton all trace is lost. See “Materials for History of the Church of Lancaster,” Chetham Soc., xxvi., new series.
[175] Calendar of Papal Reg., A.D. 1193–1304, and chartulary of the priory.
[176] Calendar of French Rolls; 48th Report of Deputy–Keeper of Records.
[177] Worthings = manure.
[178] “Antiquities of Furness.”
[179] Probably granted for a term of years.
[180] Printed by the Chetham Society (new series, vols. xiii., xiv., xv.).
[181] A compound of “kirk,” the Danish or Scandinavian for church, and the Anglo–Saxon “ham,” a village or a dwelling.
[182] Whitaker’s “History of Whalley.”
[183] Chetham Society, Coucher Book of Whalley.
[184] See Whitaker’s “History of Whalley,” from which this description is taken.
[185] Recently forms have been placed in the church.
[186] For detailed drawing of Stydd Church see “The History of Stydd Chapel and Preceptory,” by George Latham; London, 1853.
[187] Warrington Church Notes.
[188] For details of remains of Burscough, see Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., 1889.
[189] Dom. Gilbert Dolan, O.S.B. (Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., vols. vii., viii., p. 231).
[190] Partly printed by Chetham Society, cvii. and cxiii.
[191] Bridge = a kind of thread.
[192] Communion–cloths.
[193] A glass bottle to hold oil.
[194] Created in 1848, and includes all Lancashire, except parts of West Derby which are in Chester Diocese, and the Furness and Cartmel districts, which were added to Carlisle.
[195] Near the door of the dining–room is a small hole in the flag floor, somewhat like the impress of a human foot, which tradition says marks the place where George Marsh stamped his foot as he protested to the truth of his faith.
[196] State Papers, Dom. Ser., 1547–1565.
[197] State Papers, Dom. Ser., addenda xix., p. 525.
[198] Ibid., p. 161.
[199] Ibid., cxxxviii., p. 18.
[200] See “History of Poulton–le–Fylde” (Fishwick), Chetham Society, viii., new series.
[201] Chetham Society, xcvi., p. 1.
[202] Chester Presentments at York. See also “History of Kirkham” (Fishwick), Chetham Society, xcii. 45.
[203] State Papers, Dom. Ser., Eliz., vol. cclxxix., No. 86.
[204] “A True and Exact Relation of the Death of Two Catholics,” etc.; London, 1737.
[205] See “History of Kirkham,” Chetham Society, xcii., also article in “Bygone Lancashire”; London, 1892.
[206] “Bygone Lancashire”: London, 1892.
[207] Including North Meols, which is omitted in the survey.
[208] The names were those who were considered “fit to be of the classis.”
[209] St. Michael’s–on–Wyre and Lytham are left out.
[210] Written by the Rev. Richard Heyricke. Both these tracts are now very scarce.
[211] “Lancashire: its Puritanism, etc.,” i. 465.
[212] “Lancashire Quaker Literature” (Fishwick), Trans. of Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., 1887.
[213] They so designated the church.
[214] “Notitia Cestriensis,” Chetham Society, xix.
[215] See “Lancashire Nonconformity,” by the Rev. B. Nightingale also Dr. Halley’s “Lancashire Puritanism,” etc.
[216] The original meeting–house was at Castle Hey.
[217] S. Hibbert Ware, M.D. See Chetham Society, v. (old series), from which many of the facts concerning this rebellion are taken.
[218] Works consulted: Patten’s “History of the Rebellion,” Rae’s “History of the Rebellion,” “Lancashire Memorials of 1715” (Chetham Soc., v.), “Manchester Collectanea” (Chetham Soc., lxviii.), “History of Garstang,” etc.
[219] His real name was Hoghton.
[220] A clergyman of the Church of England.
[221] “The Authentic History of the Life and Character of Thomas Cappoch (the rebel Bishop of Carlisle), etc.” London, 1739.
[222] One of Dr. Deacon’s sons died on the road.
[223] “Through England on a Side–saddle,” by Celia Fiennes; London, 1888. The date ascribed to this journey is the time of William and Mary. This, strictly speaking, is in the last decade of the seventeenth century, but it is near enough to the eighteenth century to serve as an illustration.
[224] See article by Mr. W. Harrison in the Lanc. and Ches. Hist. Soc., vol. iv.
[225] These roads were not cart–roads, but intended for horse and foot passengers, and in Lancashire were paved with narrow blocks of millstone grit, which are still in places to be seen, the centre deeply worn by the tread of the horses.
[226] Another, A.D. 1766.
[227] See Mr. Harrison’s List of Turnpike Roads (Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., x.).
[228] This invention is by some attributed to John Wyatt, of Birmingham, but recent research gives the credit to Lewis Paul. (See Espinasse’s “Lancashire Worthies.”)
[229] Some authorities assert that Arkwright’s mill in Nottingham was built prior to Hargreaves’.
[230] He did not, as has been frequently stated, die in poverty. He left property worth £4,000.
[231] See Guest’s “Compendious History”; Baines’s “History of Cotton Manufacture”; Espinasse’s “Lancashire Worthies,” etc.
[232] Quarterly Review, No. 213, p. 64.
[233] Kennedy’s “Brief Memoir of Crompton”; see also French’s “The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton,” and Espinasse’s “Lancashire Worthies.”
[234] Article by Mr. W. E. A. Axon, Lanc. and Ches. Ant. Soc., vol. iv.
[235] See Roby’s “Traditions of Lancashire”; Harland and Wilkinson, “Legends and Traditions of Lancashire,” etc.
[236] A somewhat similar tradition obtains of Wardley Hall, where the skull of Roger Downes, who was slain in London in 1676, was preserved for centuries.
[237] A curious instance of the alteration in the meaning of words. Of course, by “indifferently” is meant alike to all.
[238] See “History of St. Michael’s–on–Wyre,” p. 64.
