INDEX.

Bagehot, Walter, arrest of civilization, [480]-481;
why barbarians waste away, [497]-498.
Bastiat, cause of interest, [176]-186.
Bisset, Andrew, knight’s service, [381]n.
Buckle, assumes current doctrine of wages, [18];
on Malthus, [92]-93, [100];
interest and profits, [158];
relation between rent, wages and interest, [170].
Cairnes, J. E., high wages and interest in new countries, [20]-22.
California, economic principles exemplified in, [19]-20, [61]-63, [78], [144]-146, [174], [255]-256, [271]-275, [290]-291, [344], [383]-385, [392], [398], [434]-435.
Capital, current doctrine of its relation to wages, [17]-18;
idle in industrial depressions, [21];
theory that wages are drawn from, [20]-23;
deductions from this theory, [24]-25;
varying definitions of, [32]-34;
difficulties besetting use of term, [36]-37;
exclusions of term, [37]-38;
distinguished from wealth, [41]-47, [71]-72;
used in two senses, [56]-57;
definitions of Smith, Ricardo, McCulloch, and Mill compared, [41]-45;
wages not drawn from, [23]-29, [49]-69;
does not limit industry, [26]-29, [57]-58, [80]-86;
does not maintain laborers, [70]-78;
modes in which it aids labor, [79], [186]-188, [195]-196;
real functions of, [79]-87;
may limit form and productiveness of industry, [80]-82;
apparent want of generally due to some other want, [82]-85;
limited by requirements of production, [85]-86;
poverty not due to scarcity of, [85]-86;
not necessary to production, [163]-164;
a form of labor, [164], [198], [203];
its essence, [179];
spurious, [189]-194;
not fixed in quantity, [195];
if the only active factor in production, [201]-202;
its profits as affected by wages, [308]-309;
wastes when not used, [311];
invested upon possessory titles, [385].
Carey, Henry C., on capital, [34];
rent, [225].
China, cause of poverty and famine, [121]-122;
civilization, [480]-481.
Civilization, what, [475]-476;
prevailing belief as to progress of, [476]-479;
arrest of, [479]-486;
differences in, [487]-502;
its law, [503]-523;
retrogression, [482]-486, [536]-537;
to endure must be based on justice, [543]-546;
character of European, [518], [526].
Civilization, modern, its riddle, [10];
has not improved condition of the lowest class, [281]-284;
development of, [372]-382;
superiority, [519]-520;
may decline, [524]-528;
indications of retrogression, [537]-540;
its possibilities, [452]-469, [549].
Communities, industrial, extent of, [197].
Confucius, descendants of, [111]-112.
Consumption, supported by contemporaneous production, [72]-75;
demand for determines production, [75]-76;
only relative term, [133];
increase of shows increasing production, [149].
Co-operation, not a remedy for poverty, [314]-317;
but will follow from the extirpation of poverty, [452]-469.
Debts, public, not capital, [189]-190;
origin and abolition, [381]-382, [453].
Demand, not fixed, [243], [245]-247. (See Supply and Demand.)
Deutsch, Emanuel, human nature, [495].
Development, concentration the order of, [325].
Development Philosophy, relations to Malthusianism, [100]-101;
insufficiency of, [473]-486.
Discount, high rates of, not interest, [21]n.
Distribution, terms of exclusive, [37], [38], [162];
laws of, [153]-222;
their necessary relation, [160]-164;
as currently taught, [160]-161;
contrasted with true laws, [218];
equality of, [450]-451.
Education no remedy for poverty, [305]-306.
Exchange, functions of, [27]-29, [76]-77;
a part of production, [47];
brings increase, [182]-183, [186]-187;
extends with progress of civilization, [197];
promotes civilization, [508]-509.
Exchanges, credit in, [276]-277;
effect of wages on international, [309]-310.
Fawcett, Prof., Indian expenditures, [120]n;
value of land in England, [287].
Fawcett, Mrs., laborers maintained by capital, [70];
land tax, [421].
Feudal system, recognition of common rights to land, [372]-375, [381];
infeudation, [396]-397.
Fortunes, great, [193]-194, [386]-387, [451].
Franklin, Benjamin, his economy, [303].
Government, improvements in increase production, [227], [252];
will not relieve poverty, [298]-301;
simplification and change of character, [452]-469;
tendency to republicanism, [526]-527;
transition to despotism, [301], [527]-528.
Guizot, Europe after fall of Roman Empire, [372]-373;
the question that arises from a review of civilization, [553].
Hyndman, H. M., Indian famine, [119]-120.
Improvements in the arts, effect upon distribution, [242]-252;
in habits of industry and thrift, will not relieve poverty, [301]-308;
upon land, their value separable from land values, [341]-342, [422]-423.
India, cause of poverty and famine, [114]-121;
civilization, [480], [481], [497].
Industrial depressions, extent and significance, [5]-6, [537]-538;
conflicting opinions as to cause, [10]-11;
their cause and course, [261]-279;
connection with railroad building, [272]-274;
passing away, [279].
Industry, not limited by capital, [26], [56]-57;
may be limited in form and productiveness by capital, [80]-86.
Interest, confusion of term with profits, [156]-163;
proper signification, [161]-162;
variations in, [174];
cause of, [174]-188;
justice of, [187];
profits mistaken for, [189]-194;
law of, [195]-203;
normal point of, [198]-199;
formulation of law, [202].
Interest and wages, evident connection, [19]-21;
relation, [171]-172, [199]-203, [218];
why higher in new countries, [221].
Inventions, labor-saving, failure to relieve poverty, [3]-5;
advantage of goes primarily to labor, [179], [195]-196;
except when not diffused, [251];
effect of, [242]-252;
brought forth by freedom, [521]-523.
Ireland, cause of poverty and famine, [123]-128;
effect of introduction of potato, [303]-304.
Labor, purpose of, [27]-29, [244]-245, [396];
meaning of term, [37]-38;
produces wages, [27]-29, [49]-69;
precedes wages, [55]-58;
employs capital, [163], [195];
eliminated from production, [201]-202;
productiveness varies with natural powers, [205];
no fixed barriers between occupations, [210]-211;
value of reduced by value of land, [221]-222;
supply and demand, [268]-269;
land necessary to, [270], [292]-294;
cause of want of employment, [271]-272;
family, [304];
combination, [308]-314;
only rightful basis of property, [332]-335;
efficiency increases with wages, [441]-442;
not in itself repugnant, [465].
Labor and Capital, different forms of same thing, [163]-164, [198], [203];
whence idea of their conflict arises, [189], [194];
harmony of interests, [198]-203.
Laborers, not maintained by capital, [70]-78;
where land is monopolized, have no interest in increase of productive power, [281];
made more dependent by civilization, [281]-284;
organizations of, [308]-314;
condition not improved by division of land, [321]-325;
their enslavement the ultimate result of private property in land, [345]-355.
Land, meaning of term, [37];
value of is not wealth, [39], [165]-166;
diminishing productiveness cited in support Malthusian theory, [97];
how far true, [133]-134, [228]-241;
maintenance of prices, [274]-275;
estimated value of in England, [287];
effects of monopolization in England, [288]-289;
relation of man to, [292]-294;
division of will not relieve poverty, [319]-325;
tendency to concentration in ownership, [319]-321;
necessity for abolishing private ownership, [326]-327;
injustice of private property in, [331]-392;
absurdity of legal titles to, [340], [342]-344;
aristocracy and serfdom spring from ownership of, [294], [348]-355, [514]-515;
purchase by government, [357]-358;
development of private ownership, [366]-382;
commons, [375]-376;
tenures in the United States, [383]-392;
private ownership inconsistent with best use, [395]-400;
how may be made common property, [401]-427;
effects of this, [452]-469;
increase of productiveness from better distribution of population, [449]n.
Land owners, power of, [167], [292]-294, [345]-355;
ease of their combination, [312]-313;
their claims to compensation, [356]-365;
will not be injured by confiscation of rent, [445]-469.
Latimer, Hugh, increase of rent in Sixteenth Century, [288]-289.
Laveleye, M. de, on small land holdings, [324]-325;
primitive land tenures, [369];
Teutonic equality, [372].
Lawyers, confusions in their terminology, [335]-336;
their inculcation of the sacredness of property, [366];
influence on land tenures, [370]n.
Life, quantity of human, [109]-110;
limits to, [129]-134;
reproductive power gives increase to capital, [181];
balance of, [196]-197;
meaning of, [561].
Macaulay, English rule in India, [116];
future of United States, [534].
Machinery. (See Inventions.)
McCulloch, on wages fund, [22]-23n;
definition of capital, [33]-34;
compared, [42]-44;
principle of increase, [101];
Irish poverty and distress, [125]-126;
rent, [232];
tax on rent, [420], [422]-425.
Malthus, purpose of Essay on Population, [98];
its absurdities, [104]-105, [137];
his other works treated with contempt, [105]-106n;
fall of wages in Sixteenth Century, [288];
cause of his popularity, [98]-100, [336]-337n.
Malthusian Theory, stated, examined and disproved, [91]-150;
as stated by Malthus, [93]-94;
as stated by Mill, [94]-95, [140]-141;
in its strongest form, [95];
its triumph and the causes, [95]-96;
harmonizes with ideas of working classes, [98];
defends inequality and discourages reform, [98]-99, [140]-141, [336]-337n;
its extension in development philosophy, [101];
now generally accepted, [101]-102;
its illegitimate inferences, [103]-139;
facts which disprove it, [140]-150;
its support from doctrine of rent, [97], [132]-133, [228]-229;
effects predicated of increase of population result from improvements in the arts, [242]-252;
the ultimate defense of property in land, [336]-337n.
Man more than an animal, [129]-131, [134]-136, [307], [464], [473]-475, [492]-493;
his power to avail himself of the reproductive forces of nature, [131]-132;
primary right and power, [332]-333;
desire for approbation, [456]-458;
selfishness not the master motive, [460]-461;
his infinite desires, [134]-136, [243], [245]-247, [464]-465, [503];
how improves, [475];
idea of national or race life, [485]-486;
cause of differences and progress, [487]-502;
hereditary transmission, [492]-502;
social in his nature, [506].
Mill, John Stuart, definition of capital, [34], [71]-72;
industry limited by capital, [56]-57n, [70]-71;
Malthusian doctrine, [94]-95, [111];
effect of unrestricted increase of population, [140]-141;
confusion as to profits and interest, [158];
law of rent, [168];
wages, [213];
government resumption of increase of land values, [358]-360;
influence of Malthusianism, [360]-361;
tax on rent, [420]-421.
Money, when capital, [45];
in hands of consumer, [46]n;
confounded with wealth, [60]-61;
lack of commodities spoken of as lack of, [266].
Monopolies, profits of, [191]-194;
cause of certain, [408]-409.
More, Sir Thomas, ejectments of cottagers, [289].
Nature, its reproductive power, [180]-182;
utilization of its variations, [182]-183, [185]-187;
equation between reproduction and destruction, [196]-197;
impartiality of, [333]-334.
Nicholson, N. A., on capital, [35].
Nightingale, Florence, causes of famine in India, [118]-119, [119]n, [120]n.
Perry, Arthur Latham, on capital, [34];
rent, [225].
Political Economy, its failure, its nature and its methods, [10]-13;
doctrines based upon the theory that wages are drawn from capital, [24]-25;
importance of definitions, [30]-36;
its terms, abstract terms, [47];
confusion of standard treatises, [56]-57, [158]-161, [218];
the erroneous standpoint which its investigators have adopted, [162]-163;
its fundamental principle, [12], [204], [217], [560];
writers on, stumbling over law of wages, [215]-216;
compared with astronomy, [219]-220;
deals with general tendencies, [278]-279;
admissions in standard works as to property in land, [356]-358;
principles not pushed to logical conclusions, [421];
the Physiocrats, [421]-422;
unison with moral truth, [230], [484];
its hopefulness, [557];
effect on religious ideas, [555]-556.
Population and Subsistence, [91]-150. (See Malthusian Theory.)
Population, inferences as to increase, [103]-104;
of world, no evidence of increase in, [107]-110;
present, [113]n;
increase of descendants not increase of, [112];
only limited by space, [133]-134;
real law of increase, [137]-139;
effect of increase upon production and distribution, [228]-241;
increase of increases wealth, [140]-150;
puts land to intenser uses, [320];
increase in United States, [390].
Poverty, its connection with material progress, [6]-10;
failure to explain this, [10]-11;
where deepest, [222];
why it accompanies progress, [280]-294;
remedy for, [326]-328;
springs from injustice, [338]-339, [541]-542;
its effects, [354], [456]-464.
Price, not measured by the necessity of the buyer, [185];
equation of equalizes reward of labor, [204].
Production, same principles obvious in complex as in simple forms, [26]-29;
factors of, [37], [162], [203], [270], [292]-294;
includes exchange, [47];
the immediate result of labor, [64]-67;
directed by demand for consumption, [75];
functions of capital in, [79]-87, [162]-164;
simple modes of sometimes most efficient, [84]-85;
only relative term, [133];
increased shown by increased consumption, [149];
meaning of the term, [155];
utilizes reproductive forces, [179]-182;
time an element in, [180]-185;
the modes of, [186];
recourse to lower points does not involve diminution of, [229]-232;
tendency to large scale, [320]-321, [325], [531]-532;
susceptible of enormous increase, [431]-434, [466], [547].
Profits, meaning of the term and confusions in its use, [158]-162, [189]-194.
Progress, human, current theory of considered, [473]-486;
in what it consists, [487]-502;
its law, [503]-523, [541]-549;
retrogression, [524]-540.
Progress, material, connection with poverty, [7]-11, [222];
in what it consists, [227];
effects upon distribution of wealth, [228]-241;
effect of expectation raised by, [253]-258;
how it results in industrial depressions, [261]-279;
why it produces poverty, [280]-294.
Property, basis of, [331]-334, [340]-342;
erroneous categories of, [335];
derivation of distinction between real and personal, [377];
private in land not necessary to use of land, [395]-400;
idea of transferred to land, [514]-515.
Protection, its fallacies have their root in belief as to wages, [19];
effect on agriculturists, [447]-449;
abolition by England, effect of, [252];
how protective taxes fall, [447]-448.
Quesnay, his doctrine, [422]-423, [431].
Rent, bearing upon Malthusian theory, [96]-98, [132]-134, [228]-241, [242]-252;
meaning of the term, [165];
arises from monopoly, [166];
law of, [168]-170;
its corollaries, [171], [217]-218;
effect of their recognition, [171]-172;
as related to interest, [201]-203;
as related to wages, [204]-216;
advance of explains why wages and interest do not advance, [221]-222;
increased by increase of population, [228]-241;
increased by improvements, [242]-252;
by speculation, [253]-258;
speculative advance in the cause of industrial depressions, [261]-279;
advance in explains the persistence of poverty, [280]-294;
increase of not prevented by tenant right, [322];
or by division of land, [324]-325;
serf, generally fixed, [353];
confiscation of future increase, [357]-359;
a continuous robbery, [362]-363;
feudal rents, [372]-375;
their abolition, [378]-381;
their present value, [381]-382;
rent now taken by the State, [397]-400;
State appropriation of, [401]-427, [514]-515;
taxes on, [406]-419;
effects of thus appropriating, [431]-486.
Reade, Winwood, Martyrdom of Man, [478]n, [479]n.
Religion, necessary to socialism, [318];
promotive of civilization, [509], [519]-520;
Hebrew, effects on race, [495]-496;
retrogression in, [536]-537;
change going on, [540];
animosities created by, [507]n;
consensus of, [560]-561.
Ricardo, definition of capital, [33];
inference as to population, [71];
enunciation of law of rent, [168];
narrow view of, [168]-169, [225];
tax on rent, [420].
Royce, Samuel, Deterioration and Race Education, [538]n.
Slaveholders of the South, their view of abolition, [351]-353.
Slavery, chattel, comparatively trivial effects of, [347];
modifying influences, [353]-354;
not truly abolished in United States, [355], [392];
never aided progress, [522]-523.
Smith, Adam, definition of capital, [32]-33, [36]-42, [44], [45]-46;
recognizes truth as to source of wages and then abandons it, [50];
influence of Malthusian theory upon, [92];
profits, [157];
how economists have followed him, [159];
differences of wages in different occupations, [207]-208, [209]-210;
his failure to appreciate the laws of distribution, [215];
taxation, [416]-419.
Socialism, its ends and means, [317]-319;
practical realization of its ideal, [431]-469.
Social organization and life, possible changes, [452]-69.
Spencer, Herbert, compensation of land owners, [357]-358, [362];
public ownership of land, [402];
evolution, [478], [485];
human progress, [478]-479;
social differences, [502].
Strikes, [310]-314.
Subsistence, population and, [91]-150;
increases with population, [129]-133;
cannot be exhausted, [133]-134;
included in wealth, [142], [244];
demand for not fixed, [245]-246. (See Malthusian Theory.)
Supply and demand, of labor, [208]-209;
relative terms, [266]-267;
as affected by wages, [308]-310.
Swift, Dean, his Modest Proposal, [126].
Taxation, eliminated in considering distribution, [155];
reduction of will not relieve poverty, [297]-301;
considered, [406]-427;
canons of, [406];
effect upon production, [406]-412;
ease and cheapness in collection, [412]-414;
certainty, [414]-416;
equality of, [416]-419;
opinions on, [420]-423;
objections to tax on rent, [422]-427;
cause of manifold taxation, [425]-427;
how taxation falls on agriculturists, [447]-450;
effects of confiscating rent by taxation, [431]-469.
Tennant, Rev. Wm., cause of famine in India, [115]-116.
Thornton, Wm., on wage fund, [18]n;
on capital, [35].
Values, equation of, [196]-197.
Wages, current doctrine, [17];
it coincides with vulgar opinion, [18];
but is inconsistent with facts, [19]-22;
genesis of current theory, [22];
difference between it and that herein advanced, [23]-25;
not drawn from capital but produced by labor, [23], [25]-29, [49]-69;
meaning of the term, [31]-32;
always subsequent to labor, [56]-58;
fallacy of the assumption that they are drawn from capital, [56]-57;
for services, [59]n;
connection between current doctrine and Malthusian theory, [92]-95, [96]-97;
confusion of terms produced by current theory, [159];
rate of, [204];
law of, [204]-216;
formulated, [213];
in different occupations, [207]-212;
as quantity and as proportion, [216];
not increased by material progress, [303]-304;
minimum fixed by standard of comfort, [303];
effect of increase or decrease on employers, [308]-309;
equilibrium of, [310]-311;
not increased by division of land, [323]-325;
why they tend to wages of slavery, [346];
efficiency of labor increases with, [442].
Wages and Interest, high or low together, [19]-22;
current explanation, [19];
Cairne’s explanation, [20]-22;
true explanation, [170]-172, [199]-203, [221];
formulated, [218].
Wages of Superintendence, [159];
used to include profits of monopoly, [191].
Walker, Amasa, capital, [35].
Walker, Prof. F. A., wages, [18]n;
capital, [35].
Wayland, Professor, definition of capital, [34].
Wealth, increase of not generally shared, [8]-9;
meaning of term, [38]-40;
interchangeability of, [47]-48, [142], [181]-182, [244]-247;
confounded with money, [60]-61;
increases with population, [141]-150;
accumulated, [147]-149;
laws of distribution, [153]-216;
formulated, [218];
nature of, [147]-149, [180], [205];
political effects of unequal distribution, [300], [527]-535;
effects of just distribution, [438]-444, [450]-451, [452]-469.