NOTES TO CHAPTER IX.
A rapid decline of learning began in the sixth century, of which Gregory of Tours is both a witness and an example. It is, therefore, properly one of the dark ages, more so by much than the eleventh, which concludes them; since very few were left in the church who possessed any acquaintance with classical authors, or who wrote with any command of the Latin language. Their studies, whenever they studied at all, were almost exclusively theological; and this must be understood as to the subsequent centuries. By theological is meant the vulgate Scriptures and some of the Latin fathers; not, however, by reasoning upon them, or doing much more than introducing them as authority in their own words. In the seventh century, and still more at the beginning of the eighth, very little even of this remained in France, where we find hardly a name deserving of remembrance in a literary sense; but Isidore, and our own Bede, do honour to Spain and Britain.
It may certainly be said for France and Germany, notwithstanding a partial interruption in the latter part of the ninth and beginning of the tenth century, that they were gradually progressive from the time of Charlemagne. But then this progress was so very slow, and the men in front of it so little capable of bearing comparison with those of later times, considering their writings positively and without indulgence, that it is by no means unjust to call the centuries dark which elapsed between Charlemagne and the manifest revival of literary pursuits towards the end of the eleventh century. Alcuin, for example, has left us a good deal of poetry. This is superior to what we find in some other writers of the obscure period, and indicates both a correct ear and a familiarity with the Latin poets, especially Ovid. Still his verses are not as good as those which schoolboys of fourteen now produce, either in poetical power or in accuracy of language and metre. The errors indeed are innumerable. Aldhelm, an earlier Anglo-Saxon poet, with more imaginative spirit, is further removed from classical poetry. Lupus, abbot of Ferrières, early in the ninth century, in some of his epistles writes tolerable Latin, though this is far from being always the case; he is smitten with a love of classical literature, quotes several poets and prose writers, and is almost as curious about little points of philology as an Italian scholar of the fifteenth century. He was continually borrowing books in order to transcribe them—a proof, however, of their scarcity and of the low condition of general learning, which is the chief point we have to regard.[a] But his more celebrated correspondent, Eginhard, went beyond him. Both his Annals and the Life of Charlemagne are very well written, in a classical spirit, unlike the church Latin; though a few words and phrases may not be of the best age, I should place Eginhard above Alcuin and Lupus, or, as far as I know, any other of the Caroline period.
The tenth century has in all times borne the worst name. Baronius calls it, in one page, plumbeum, obscurum, infelix (Annales, A.D. 900). And Cave, who dubs all his centuries by some epithet, assigns ferreum to the tenth. Nevertheless, there was considerably less ignorance in France and Germany during the latter part of this age than before the reign of Charlemagne, or even in it; more glimmerings of acquaintance with the Latin classics appear; and the schools, cathedral and conventual, had acquired a more regular and uninterrupted scheme of instruction. The degraded condition of papal Rome has led many to treat this century rather worse than it deserves; and indeed Italy was sunk very low in ignorance. As to the eleventh century, the upward progress was extremely perceptible. It is commonly reckoned among the dark ages till near its close; but these phrases are of course used comparatively, and because the difference between that and the twelfth was more sensible than we find in any two that are consecutive since the sixth.
The state of literature in England was by no means parallel to what we find on the continent. Our best age was precisely the worst in France; it was the age of the Heptarchy—that of Theodore, Bede, Aldhelm, Cædmon, and Alcuin; to whom, if Ireland will permit us, we may desire to add Scotus, who came a little afterwards, but whose residence in this island at any time appears an unauthenticated tale. But we know how Alfred speaks of the ignorance of the clergy in his own age. Nor was this much better afterwards. Even the eleventh century, especially before the Conquest, is a very blank period in the literary annals of England. No one can have a conception how wretchedly scanty is the list of literary names from Alfred to the Conquest, who does not look to Mr. Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons, or to Mr. Wright's Biographia Literaria.
There could be no general truth respecting the past, as it appeared to me, more notorious, or more incapable of being denied with any plausibility, than the characteristic ignorance of Europe during those centuries which we commonly style the Dark Ages. A powerful stream, however, of what, as to the majority at least, I must call prejudice, has been directed of late years in an opposite direction. The mediæval period, in manners, in arts, in literature, and especially in religion, has been regarded with unwonted partiality; and this favourable temper has been extended to those ages which had lain most frequently under the ban of historical and literary censure.
A considerable impression has been made on the predisposed by the Letters on the Dark Ages, which we owe to Dr. Maitland. Nor is this by any means surprising; both because the predisposed are soon convinced, and because the Letters are written with great ability, accurate learning, a spirited and lively pen, and consequently with a success in skirmishing warfare which many readily mistake for the gain of a pitched battle. Dr. Maitland is endowed with another quality, far more rare in historical controversy, especially of the ecclesiastical kind: I believe him to be of scrupulous integrity, minutely exact in all that he asserts; and indeed the wrath and asperity, which sometimes appear rather more than enough, are only called out by what he conceives to be wilful or slovenly misrepresentation. Had I, therefore, the leisure and means of following Dr. Maitland through his quotations, I should probably abstain from doing so from the reliance I should place on his testimony, both in regard to his power of discerning truth and his desire to express it. But I have no call for any examination, could I institute it; since the result of my own reflections is that every thing which Dr. M. asserts as matter of fact—I do not say suggests in all his language—may be perfectly true, without affecting the great proposition that the dark ages, those from the sixth to the eleventh, were ages of ignorance. Nor does he, as far as I collect, attempt to deny this evident truth; it is merely his object to prove that they were less ignorant, less dark, and in all points of view less worthy of condemnation than many suppose. I do not gainsay this position; being aware, as I have observed both in this and in another work, that the mere ignorance of these ages, striking as it is in comparison with earlier and later times, has been sometimes exaggerated; and that Europeans, and especially Christians, could not fall back into the absolute barbarism of the Esquimaux. But what a man of profound and accurate learning puts forward with limitations, sometimes expressed, and always present to his own mind, a heady and shallow retailer takes up, and exaggerates in conformity with his own prejudices.
The Letters on the Dark Ages relate principally to the theological attainments of the clergy during that period, which the author assumes, rather singularly, to extend from A.D. 800 to 1200; thus excluding midnight from his definition of darkness, and replacing it by the break of day. And in many respects, especially as to the knowledge of the vulgate Scriptures possessed by the better-informed clergy, he obtains no very difficult victory over those who have imbibed extravagant notions, both as to the ignorance of the Sacred Writings in those times and the desire to keep them away from the people. This latter prejudice is obviously derived from a confusion of the subsequent period, the centuries preceding the Reformation, with those which we have immediately before us. But as the word dark is commonly used, either in reference to the body of the laity or to the general extent of liberal studies in the church, and as it involves a comparison with prior or subsequent ages, it cannot be improper in such a sense, even if the manuscripts of the Bible should have been as common in monasteries as Dr. Maitland supposes; and yet his proofs seem much too doubtful to sustain that hypothesis.
There is a tendency to set aside the verdict of the most approved writers, which gives too much of a polemical character, too much of the tone of an advocate who fights every point, rather than of a calm arbitrator, to the Letters on the Dark Ages. For it is not Henry, or Jortin, or Robertson, who are our usual testimonies, but their immediate masters, Muratori, and Fleury, and Tiraboschi, and Brucker and the Benedictine authors of the Literary History of France, and many others in France, Italy, and Germany. The latest who has gone over this rather barren ground, and not inferior to any in well-applied learning, in candour or good sense, is M. Ampère, in his Histoire Littéraire de la France avant le douzième siècle (3 vols. Paris, 1840). No one will accuse this intelligent writer of unduly depreciating the ages which he thus brings before us; and by the perusal of his volumes, to which Heeren and Eichhorn may be added for Germany, we may obtain a clear and correct outline, which, considering the shortness of life compared with the importance of exact knowledge on such a subject, will suffice for the great majority of readers. I by no means, however, would exclude the Letters on the Dark Ages, as a spirited pleading for those who have often been condemned unheard.
I shall conclude by remarking that one is a little tempted to inquire why so much anxiety is felt by the advocates of the mediæval church to rescue her from the charge of ignorance. For this ignorance she was not, generally speaking, to be blamed. It was no crime of the clergy that the Huns burned their churches, or the Normans pillaged their monasteries. It was not by their means that the Saracens shut up the supply of papyrus, and that sheep-skins bore a great price. Europe was altogether decayed in intellectual character, partly in consequence of the barbarian incursions, partly of other sinister influences acting long before. We certainly owe to the church every spark of learning which then glimmered, and which she preserved through that darkness to re-kindle the light of a happier age—Σπέρμα πυρὸς σώζουσα. Meantime, what better apology than this ignorance can be made by Protestants, and I presume Dr. Maitland is not among those who abjure the name, for the corruption, the superstition, the tendency to usurpation, which they at least must impute to the church of the dark ages? Not that in these respects it was worse than in a less obscure period; for the reverse is true; but the fabric of popery was raised upon its foundations before the eleventh century, though not displayed in its full proportions till afterwards. And there was so much of lying legend, so much of fraud in the acquisition of property, that ecclesiastical historians have not been loth to acknowledge the general ignorance as a sort of excuse. [1848.]
The account of domestic architecture given in the text is very superficial; but the subject still remains, comparatively with other portions of mediæval antiquity, but imperfectly treated. The best sketch that has hitherto been given is in an article with this title in the Glossary of Ancient Architecture (which should be read in an edition not earlier than that of 1845), from the pen of Mr. Twopeny, whose attention has long been directed to the subject. "There is ample evidence yet remaining of the domestic architecture in this country during the twelfth century. The ordinary manor-houses, and even houses of greater consideration, appear to have been generally built in the form of a parallelogram, two stories high,[] the lower story vaulted, with no internal communication between the two, the upper story approached by a flight of steps on the outside; and in that story was sometimes the only fireplace in the whole building. It is more than probable that this was the usual style of houses in the preceding century." Instances of houses partly remaining are then given. We may add to those mentioned by Mr. Twopeny one, perhaps older than any, and better preserved than some, in his list. At Southampton is a Norman house, perhaps built in the first part of the twelfth century. It is nearly a square, the outer walls tolerably perfect; the principal rooms appear to have been on the first (or upper) floor; it has in this also a fireplace and chimney, and four windows placed so as to indicate a division into two apartments; but there are no lights below, nor any appearance of an interior staircase. The sides are about forty feet in length. Another house of the same age is near to it, but much worse preserved.[c]
The parallelogram house, seldom containing more than four rooms, with no access frequently to the upper which the family occupied, except on the outside, was gradually replaced by one on a different type:—the entrance was on the ground, the staircase within; a kitchen and other offices, originally detached, were usually connected with the hall by a passage running through the house; one or more apartments on the lower floor extended beyond the hall; there was seldom or never a third floor over the entire house, but detached turrets for sleeping-rooms rose at some of the angles. This was the typical form which lasted, as we know, to the age of Elizabeth, or even later. The superior houses of this class were sometimes quadrangular, that is, including a court-yard, but seldom, perhaps, with more than one side allotted to the main dwelling; offices, stables, or mere walls filled the other three.
Many dwellings erected in the fourteenth century may be found in England; but neither of that nor the next age are there more than a very few, which are still, in their chief rooms, inhabited by gentry. But houses, which by their marks of decoration, or by external proof, are ascertained to have been formerly occupied by good families, though now in the occupation of small farmers, and built apparently from the reign of the second to that of the fourth Edward, are common in many counties. They generally bear the name of court, hall, or grange; sometimes only the surname of some ancient occupant, and very frequently have been the residence of the lord of the manor.
The most striking circumstance in the oldest houses is not so much their precautions for defence in the outside staircase, and when that was disused, the better safeguard against robbery in the moat which frequently environed the walls, the strong gateway, the small window broken by mullions, which are no more than we should expect in the times, as the paucity of apartments, so that both sexes, and that even in high rank, must have occupied the same room. The progress of a regard to decency in domestic architecture has been gradual, and in some respects has been increasing up to our own age. But the mediæval period shows little of it; though in the advance of wealth, a greater division of apartments distinguishes the houses of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries from those of an earlier period.
The French houses of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were probably much of the same arrangement as the English; the middle and lower classes had but one hall and one chamber; those superior to them had the solarium or upper floor, as with us. See Archæological Journal (vol. i. p. 212), where proofs are adduced from the fabliaux of Barbasan. [1848.]
The Abbé de Sade, in those copious memoirs of the life of Petrarch, which illustrate in an agreeable though rather prolix manner the civil and literary history of Provence and Italy in the fourteenth century, endeavoured to establish his own descent from Laura, as the wife of Hughes de Sade, and born in the family de Noves. This hypothesis has since been received with general acquiescence by literary men; and Tiraboschi in particular, whose talent lay in these petty biographical researches, and who had a prejudice against every thing that came from France, seems to consider it as decisively proved. But it has been called in question in a modern publication by the late Lord Woodhouselee. (Essay on the Life and Character of Petrarch, 1810.) I shall not offer any opinion as to the identity of Petrarch's mistress with Laura de Sade; but the main position of Lord W.'s essay, that Laura was an unmarried woman, and the object of an honourable attachment in her lover, seems irreconcileable with the evidence that his writings supply. 1. There is no passage in Petrarch, whether of poetry or prose, that alludes to the virgin character of Laura, or gives her the usual appellations of unmarried women, puella in Latin, or donzella in Italian; even in the Trionfo della Castità, where so obvious an opportunity occurred. Yet this was naturally to be expected from so ethereal an imagination as that of Petrarch, always inclined to invest her with the halo of celestial purity. We know how Milton took hold of the mystical notions of virginity; notions more congenial to the religion of Petrarch than his own:
|
Quod tibi perpetuus pudor, et sine labe juventas Pura fuit, quod nulla tori libata voluptas, En etiam tibi virginei servantur honores. Epitaphium Damonis. |
2. The coldness of Laura towards so passionate and deserving a lover, if no insurmountable obstacle intervened during his twenty years of devotion, would be at least a mark that his attachment was misplaced, and show him in rather a ridiculous light. It is not surprising, that persons believing Laura to be unmarried, as seems to have been the case with the Italian commentators, should have thought his passion affected, and little more than poetical. But upon the contrary supposition, a thread runs through the whole of his poetry, and gives it consistency. A love on the one side, instantaneously conceived, and retained by the susceptibility of a tender heart and ardent fancy; nourished by slight encouragement, and seldom presuming to hope for more; a mixture of prudence and coquetry on the other, kept within bounds either by virtue or by the want of mutual attachment, yet not dissatisfied with fame more brilliant and flattery more refined than had ever before been the lot of woman—these are surely pretty natural circumstances, and such as do not render the story less intelligible. Unquestionably such a passion is not innocent. But Lord Woodhouselee, who is so much scandalized at it, knew little, one would think, of the fourteenth century. His standard is taken not from Avignon, but from Edinburgh, a much better place, no doubt, and where the moral barometer stands at a very different altitude. In one passage (p. 188) he carries his strictness to an excess of prudery. From all we know of the age of Petrarch, the only matter of astonishment is the persevering virtue of Laura. The troubadours boast of much better success with Provençal ladies. 3. But the following passage from Petrarch's dialogues with St. Augustin, the work, as is well known, where he most unbosoms himself, will leave no doubt, I think, that his passion could not have been gratified consistently with honour. At mulier ista celebris, quam tibi certissimam ducem fingis, ad superos cur non hæsitantem trepidumque direxerit, et quod cæcis fieri solet, manu apprehensum non tenuit, quò et gradiendum foret admonuit? Petr. Fecit hoc illa quantum potuit. Quid enim aliud egit, cum nullis mota precibus, nullis victa blanditiis, muliebrem tenuit decorem, et adversus suam semel et meam ætatem, adversus multa et varia quæ flectere adamantium spiritum debuissent, inexpugnabilis et firma permansit? Profectò animus iste fœmineus quid virum decuit admonebat, præstabatque ne in sectando pudicitiæ studio, ut verbis utar Senecæ, aut exemplum aut convitium deesset; postremò cum lorifragum ac præcipitem videret, deserere maluit potius quàm sequi. August. Turpe igitur aliquid interdum voluisti, quod supra negaveras. At iste vulgatus amantium, vel, ut dicam verius, amantium furor est, ut omnibus meritò dici possit: volo nolo, nolo volo. Vobis ipsis quid velitis, aut nolitis, ignotum est. Pet. Invitus in laqueum offendi. Si quid tamen olim aliter forte voluissem, amor ætasque coëgerunt; nunc quid velim et cupiam scio, firmavique jam tandem animum labentem; contra autem illa propositi tenax et semper una permansit, quare constantiam fœmineam quò magis intelligo, magis admiror: idque sibi consilium fuisse, si unquam debuit, gaudeo nunc et gratias ago. Aug. Semel fallenti, non facile rursus fides habenda est: tu prius mores atque habitum, vitamque mutavisti, quàm animum mutâsse persuadeas; mitigatur forte si tuus leniturque ignis, extinctus non est. Tu verò qui tantum dilectioni tribuis, non animadvertis, illam absolvendo, quantum te ipse condemnas; illam fateri libet fuisse sanctissimam dum te insanum scelestumque fateare.—De Contemptu Mundi, Dialog. 3, p. 367, edit. 1581.
The progress of our language in proceedings of the legislature is so well described in the preface to the authentic edition of Statutes of the Realm, published by the Record Commission, that I shall transcribe the passage, which I copy from Mr. Cooper's useful account of the Public Records (vol. i. p. 189):—
The earliest instance recorded of the use of the English language in any parliamentary proceeding is in 36 Edw. III. The style of the roll of that year is in French as usual, but it is expressly stated that the causes of summoning the parliament were declared en Englois; and the like circumstance is noted in 37 and 38 Edw. III.[d] In the 5th year of Richard II., the chancellor is stated to have made un bone collacion en Engleys (introductory, as was then sometimes the usage, to the commencement of business), though he made use of the common French form for opening the parliament. A petition from the 'Folk of the Mercerye of London,' in the 10th year of the same reign, is in English; and it appears also that in the 17th year the Earl of Arundel asked pardon of the Duke of Lancaster by the award of the King and Lords, in their presence in parliament, in a form of English words. The cession and renunciation of the crown by Richard II. is stated to have been read before the estates of the realm and the people in Westminster Hall, first in Latin and afterwards in English, but it is entered on the parliament roll only in Latin. And the challenge of the crown by Henry IV., with his thanks after the allowance of his title, in the same assembly, are recorded in English, which is termed his maternal tongue. So also is the speech of Lord William Thyrning, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, to the late King Richard, announcing to him the sentence of his deposition, and the yielding up, on the part of the people, of their fealty and allegiance. In the 6th year of the reign of Henry IV. an English answer is given to a petition of the Commons, touching a proposed resumption of certain grants of the crown to the intent the king might live of his own. The English language afterwards appears occasionally, through the reigns of Henry IV. and Henry V. In the first and second and subsequent years of Henry VI., the petitions or bills, and in many cases the answers also, on which the statutes were afterwards framed, are found frequently in English; but the statutes are entered on the roll in French or Latin. From the 23rd year of Henry VI. these petitions or bills are almost universally in English, as is also sometimes the form of the royal assent; but the statutes continued to be enrolled in French or Latin. Sometimes Latin and French are used in the same statute,[e] as in 8 Hen. VI., 27 Hen. VI., and 39 Hen. VI. The last statute wholly in Latin on record is 33 Hen. VI. c. 2. The statutes of Edward IV. are entirely in French. The statutes of Richard III. are in many manuscripts in French in a complete statute form; and they were so printed in his reign and that of his successor. In the earlier English editions a translation was inserted in the same form; but in several editions, since 1618, they have been printed in English, in a different form, agreeing, so far as relates to the acts printed, with the inrolment in Chancery at the Chapel of the Rolls. The petitions and bills in parliament, during these two reigns, are all in English. The statutes of Henry VII. have always, it is believed, been published in English; but there are manuscripts containing the statutes of the first two parliaments, in his first and third year, in French. From the fourth year to the end of his reign, and from thence to the present time, they are universally in English.
FOOTNOTES:
[a] The writings of Lupus Servatus, abbot of Ferrières, were published by Baluze; and a good account of them will be found in Ampère's Hist. Litt. (vol. iii. p. 237), as well as in older works. He is a much better writer than Gregory of Tours, but quite as much inferior to Sidonius Apollinaris. I have observed in Lupus quotations from Horace, Virgil, Martial, Cicero, Aulus Gellius, and Trogus Pompeius (meaning probably Justin).
[] This is rather equivocal, but it is certainly not meant that there were ever two floors above that on the ground. In the review of the "Chronicles of the Mayors and Sheriffs," published in the Archæological Journal (vol. iv. p. 273), we read—"The houses in London, of whatever material, seem never to have exceeded one story in height." (p. 282.) But, soon afterwards—"The ground floor of the London houses at this period was aptly enough called a cellar, the upper story a solar." It thus appears that the reviewer does not mean the same thing as Mr. Twopeny by the word story, which the former confines to the floor above that on the ground, while the latter includes both. The use of language, as we know, supports, in some measure, either meaning; but perhaps it is more correct, and more common, to call the first story that which is reached by a staircase from the ground-floor. The solar, or sleeping-room, raised above the cellar, was often of wood.
[c] See a full description in the Archæological Journal, vol. iv. p. 11. Those who visit Southampton may seek this house near a gate in the west wall. We may add to the contribution of Mr. Twopeny one published in the Proceedings of the Archæological Institute, by Mr. Hudson Turner, Nov. 1847. This is chiefly founded on documents, as that of Mr. Twopeny is on existing remains. These give more light where they can be found; but the number is very small. Upon the whole, it may be here observed, that we are frequently misled by works of fiction as to the domestic condition of our forefathers. The house of Cedric the Saxon in Ivanhoe, with its distinct and numerous apartments, is very unlike any that remain or can be traced. This is by no means to be censured in the romancer, whose aim is to delight by images more splendid than truth; but, especially when presented by one who possessed in some respects a considerable knowledge of antiquity, and was rather fond of displaying it, there is some danger lest the reader should believe that he has a faithful picture before him.
[d] References are given to the Rolls of Parliament throughout this extract.
[e] All the acts passed in the same session are legally one statute; the difference of language was in separate chapters or acts.
INDEX.
* * * The Roman Numerals refer to the Volumes—the Arabic Figures to the Pages of each Volume.
Abbassides, encouragement of science and art by the, ii. 121;
progress of their dynasty, 122;
its decadence, 123.
Abdalrahman proclaimed khalif of Cordova, ii. 122.
Abelard (Peter), enthusiasm excited by the teachings of, iii. [420];
his erratic career, [421].
Acre, consequences to commerce by the capture of, iii. [329];
vices of its inhabitants, ib. [note] m.
Adorni and Fregosi factions, disruption of Genoa by the, i. 496.
Adolphus of Nassau elected emperor of Germany, ii. 82.
Adrian II. (pope), attempts to overawe Charles the Bald, ii. 173.
Adrian IV. (the only English pope), insolence of, towards Frederic Barbarossa, ii. 195;
his system of mandats, 212.
Adventurers (military). See [Military Systems].
Æneas Sylvius (afterwards Pius II.), instance of the political foresight of, i. 504;
he abets the war against the Turks, ii. 137;
specimen of his oratory, 138 note;
his singular suggestion to Mahomet II., ib. note;
he plays into the hands of the pope, 253;
he obtains the repeal of the Pragmatic Sanction, 255;
his sketch of Vienna, iii. [345] [note] u.
Agriculture, cause of the low state of, iii. [312], [359] and [note] m;
superior cultivation of church lands, [360];
exemplary labours of the Benedictines, ib. [note] n;
agricultural colonies, [361] and [notes] p and q;
early enclosures and clearances, [362];
exportation of corn, how limited, [364];
usual prices of land, ib.;
high state of Italian agriculture, ib.;
effects of pestilence, [365];
excellence of the Italian gardens, ib.;
neglect of horticulture in England, [366].
Alaric, tolerance of, towards his catholic subjects, i. 3 note f;
defeated by Clovis, 4;
laws compiled by his order, iii. [414].
Albert I. of Germany, ii. 82;
his rule in Switzerland, 108;
his expulsion and assassination, 109;
the French crown offered to him, 231.
Albert II. succeeds Sigismund as emperor of Germany, ii. 88.
Albigensian heresy, spread of the, i. 28;
massacre of the Albigeois, ib., 29 notes;
See [Religious Sects].
Albizi, ascendency in Florence regained by the, i. 496;
Cosmo de' Medici banished at their instigation, 499;
their overthrow, ib.;
exclusion of their family from the magistracy, 499.
Alcuin teaches Charlemagne, iii. [419];
he discourages secular learning, [420];
character of his poetry, [474].
Alexander II. (pope), election of, ii. 184;
he deposes the English prelates, 305 note h.
Alexander III. (pope), supports Thomas à Becket, ii. 195;
adopts the system of mandats, 212.
Alexander V. elected pope, ii. 243;
his successor, ib.
Alexander III. king of Scotland, opposition to papal domination by, ii. 217.
Alexius Comnenus attacks the Turks, ii. 128;
he recovers the Greek territories, ib. and note.
Alfonso I. of Aragon bequeaths his kingdom to the Knights Templars, ii. 8.
Alfonso III. of Aragon compelled to apologise to his people, ii. 45.
Alfonso V. of Aragon (the Magnanimous), i. 490;
adopted by Joanna II. of Naples, ib.;
she revokes the adoption, 491;
his accession, ib.;
his imprisonment by the Genoese, 492;
his alliance with Milan, ib., 493;
his virtues and patronage of the arts, 493;
his literary medicine, 494 note;
his love of Naples, ii. 42.
Alfonso V. and VI. of Castile, towns incorporated by, ii. 6.
Alfonso VII. of Castile, unwise division of his dominions by, ii. 9.
Alfonso X. of Castile, scientific acquirements and governmental deficiencies of, ii. 12;
law promulgated by him, 37;
his election as emperor of Germany, 76;
tithes established in his reign, 146 note a;
clerical encroachments favoured by him, 220 note r;
he exempts the clergy from civil jurisdiction, 226.
Alfonso XI. of Castile assassinates his cousin, ii. 14;
his disregard of law, 36.
Alfred the Great, rescue of the Anglo-Saxon monarchy by, ii. 271;
his alleged division of the kingdom into counties, &c., 280;
ascription of trial by jury to him, 285;
his high claim to veneration, 289;
extent of his acquaintance with Latin, iii. [286];
his declaration of the ignorance of the clergy, [288];
his zeal for learning, ib. [note] n.
Aliens held liable for each other's debts, iii. [336].
Almamùn and Almansor, khalifs of Bagdad, patronage of letters by, ii. 121.
Alodial tenure, characteristics of, i. 147, 148 and notes;
converted into feudal tenure, 163;
except in certain localities, 164 and note;
causes of the conversion, 317, 318;
alodial proprietors evidently freemen, 324.
Alvaro de Luna. See [Luna].
Amadeus (duke of Savoy), elected pope, ii. 248.
Amalfi, early commercial eminence of, iii. [328] and [note];
its decline, ib.;
alleged invention of the mariner's compass there, [332] and [note];
discovery of the Pandects, [415].
Amurath I., progresses of the Turkish arms under, ii. 132.
Amurath II., rout of the Hungarians by, ii. 105;
reunion of the Ottoman monarchy under him, 135;
he perfects the institution of the Janizaries, 137.
Anastasius confers the dignity of consulship on Clovis, i. 107;
elucidatory observations thereon, 107-111.
Andalusia, conquest of, by Ferdinand III., ii. 9.
Andrew of Hungary married to Joanna of Naples, i. 486;
his murder imputed to Joanna, ib.
Anglo-Normans. See [England].
Anglo-Saxons, divisions of England under the, ii. 270;
their Danish assailants, 271;
Alfred and his successors, 272, 273;
descent of the crown, 273;
influence of provincial governors, 274;
thanes and ceorls, 275;
condition of the ceorls, ib.;
privileges annexed to their possession of land, 276;
position of the socage tenants, 277;
condition of the British natives, ib.;
absence of British roots in the English language, 278 and note g;
constitution of the Witenagemot, 279, 374-379;
administration of justice, and divisions of the land for the purpose, 280;
hundreds and their probable origin, 280, 281, 379-381;
the tything-man and alderman, 282, and 283 note u;
the county court and its jurisdiction, 282;
contemporary report of a suit adjudicated in the reign of Canute, 283, 284 and note y;
trial by jury and its antecedents, 285-288;
introduction of the law of frank-pledge, 289, 290;
turbulence of the Anglo-Saxons, 290;
progress of the system of frank-pledges, 291;
responsibilities and uses of the tythings, 292, 293 and notes;
probable existence of feudal tenures before the Conquest, 293-301, 408-410;
observations on the change of the heptarchy into a monarchy, 352-356;
consolidation of the monarchy, 356-358;
condition, of the eorls and ceorls further elucidated, 358-371;
proportion of British natives under the Anglo-Saxon rule, 371-374;
judicial functions of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 381;
analogy between the French and Anglo-Saxon monarchies, 383;
peculiar jurisdiction of the king's court, 384-386.
Anjou (Louis, duke of), seizure of Charles V.'s treasures by, i. 65, 66;
his claim as regent, 68 and note;
his attempt on the crown of Naples, and death, 69.
See Charles of Anjou.
Anselm (archbishop), cause of his quarrel with William II. and Henry I., ii. 194;
Descartes's argument on the Deity anticipated by him, iii. [428].
Appanages, effect of the system of, i. 88.
Aquinas (Thomas), metaphysical eminence of, iii. [427];
comparative obsoleteness of his writings, [428] [note] i.
Aquitaine, extent of the dominions so called, i. 116;
character of its people 116, 117;
effect of the wars of the Merovingian kings, 282.
Arabia and the Arabs. See [Mohammed].
Aragon, bequest of to the Templars by Alfonso I., and reversal thereof, ii. 8;
rise of the kingdom in political importance, 39;
struggle for the succession to its crown, 39-41;
points of interest in its form of government, 43;
privileges of its nobles and people, 43, 44;
its natural defects and political advantages, 45;
statistics of its wealth, population, &c., ib. note r;
grant of the "privilege of union," 46;
supersession thereof, 48;
the office of justiciary, ib.;
instances of that officer's integrity and courage, 49;
and of the submission of kings to his decrees, 53, 54;
duration and responsibilities of the office, 54;
the Cortes of Aragon, 56;
social condition of the kingdom, 58;
its union with Castile, ib.;
its burgesses, iii. [331] [note] u.
Archers (English), invincibility of the, at Crecy and Poitiers, i. 54.
See [Military Systems].
Architecture, as illustrative of domestic progress, iii. [346];
early castles in England, ib.;
improvements thereon, [347];
early houses, [348];
revival of the use of bricks, [349];
arrangement of ordinary mansion-houses, [350];
dwellings in France and Italy, [350], [351];
introduction of chimneys and glass windows, [351-353] and [notes];
house furniture and domestic conveniences, [353], [354] and [notes];
farm-houses and cottages, [355];
ecclesiastical architecture, its grandeur and varieties, [355-359] and [notes];
domestic architecture of the 12th and 14th centuries, [479-482].
Arian sovereigns, tolerance of the, i. 3 and note f.
Aribert declared king of Aquitaine, i. 115.
Aristocracy. See [Nobility].
Aristotle, writings of, how first known in Europe, iii. [426] and [note] f;
ignorance of his translators, [429] and [note] k;
character of the Aristotelian philosophy, [430];
its influence on religion, ib. [notes].
Armagnac (count of), opposes the duke of Burgundy, i. 71;
massacre of himself and partizans, 72;
assassination of a later count of Armagnac, 89.
Armagnacs, rise of the faction of the, i. 71;
tactics of the dauphin towards them, 72;
their league with Henry IV. of England, 74;
their defeat by the Swiss, ii. 112.
Armorial bearings, general introduction of, i. 190;
instances of their earliest use, 191 note.
Armorican republic, questionable existence of the, i. 2;
hypothesis of Dubos relative thereto, ib. note;
further elucidation thereof, 103;
supposed extent of its territories, 103, 104.
Armour. See [Military Systems].
Artois. See [Robert of Artois].
Arundel (bishop and archbishop), remonstrates with Richard II., iii. [67];
deprived of, and reinvested with, the great seal, [73];
his subsequent deprivation and banishment, [77].
Arundel (earl of, temp. Richard II.), favoured by the parliament, iii. [65];
his conduct as a lord appellant, [72];
his breach with the duke of Lancaster, [74];
refuses to aid in legitimating Lancaster's children, [75];
his decapitation, [77].
Aschaffenburg, concordats of, ii. 253.
Athens (duke of). See [Brienne].
Augustin (St.), specimen of the verses of, iii. [282] [note] o.
Aulic council, powers and jurisdiction of the, ii. 99.
Auspicius (bishop of Toul), character of the poetry of, iii. [282];
specimen thereof, ib. [note] p.
Austrasia, characteristics of the people of, i. 118.
Auxiliary verb active, probable cause of the, iii. [280].
Averroes, error relative to, iii. [422] [note] o;
his eminence as a philosopher, [426] [note] f;
tendency of his commentaries, [430].
Avignon, removal of the papal court to, ii. 233;
rapacity of its popes, 237, 238;
its abandonment by the popes, 240.
Azincourt (battle of), i. 74 and note.
Bacon (Roger), a true philosopher, iii. [429] [note] k;
his acquaintance with mathematics, [432];
parallel between him and Lord Bacon, ib. [note] s;
his knowledge of Greek, [464].
Bagdad, celebrity of the early khalifs of, ii. 121;
character of its later khalifs, 122;
frequency of their assassination, 123;
defection of its provinces, 124.
Bajazet, military successes of, ii. 132;
defeated and captured by the Tartars, 134.
Baltic trade. See [Trade].
Banks and bankers of Italy, iii. [340], [341].
Barbiano (Alberic di), military eminence of, i. 474;
his pupils, 481.
Barcelona, feudal submission to France of the counts of, i. 10, note;
its early commercial eminence, iii. [331];
its code of maritime laws, [333] and [note];
and of marine insurance, [339] [note] c;
its bank of deposit, [340].
Bardas, revival of Greek literature by, iii. [468] [note] z.
Bardi, Florentine bankers, English customs farmed by the, iii. [340] [note] d.
Barons (in France), occasional assemblages of the, i. 219;
consequences of their non-attendance at the royal council, 222;
they become subject to the monarch, 223;
their privileges curtailed by Philip IV., 226.
See Nobility.
Barristers' fees in the 15th century, iii. [371].
Basle, council of. See [Council].
Beaumanoir, definition of the three conditions of men by, i. 197, 200.
Bedford (duke of), regent for Henry VI., i. 76;
his character, 77;
his successes in France, ib.;
overthrow of his forces by Joan of Arc, 79.
Belgrade, siege and relief of, ii. 106.
Benedict XI. reconciles Philip the Fair to the holy see, ii. 232;
he rescinds the bulls of Boniface VIII., 233.
Benedict XII., purport of his letter to Edward III., i. 51 note;
his rapacity, ii. 237.
Benedict XIII. elected pope by the Avignon cardinals, ii. 242;
deposed by the council of Pisa, 243;
Spain supports him, ib.
Benedictines, exemplary agricultural labours of the, iii. [360] [note] n.
Benefices, grants of land so called, i. 159;
conditions annexed to them, ib.;
their extent, 160 and note;
their character under Charlemagne and Louis the Debonair, 313;
views of various writers concerning their nature, 313-315;
character of hereditary benefices, 320;
their regenerative effects upon the French people, ib.
Benevolences, by whom first levied in England, iii. [200].
Berenger I. and II. See [Italy].
Bermudo III. (king of Leon), killed in battle, ii. 4.
Bernard (grandson of Charlemagne), deprived of sight by judicial sentence, i. 14.
Berry (duke of), appointed guardian of Charles VI., i. 65;
his character, 69.
Bianchi. See [Superstitions].
Bianchi and Neri, factions of, i. 402;
iii. [445].
Bigod (Roger, earl of Norfolk), patriotism of, iii. [2].
Bills. See [Parliament].
Birth, privileges of. See [Nobility].
Bishops. See [Church], [Clergy].
Blanchard (Alain), unjustifiable execution of, i. 84.
Blanche of Castile, acts as regent during the minority of Louis IX., i. 30;
quells the rebellion of the barons, ib.;
instance of her undue influence over Louis, 32.
Boccaccio, occasion of the Decamerone of, i. 57;
appointed to lecture on Dante, iii. [448].
Boccanegra (Simon), first doge of Genoa, story of the election of, i. 451.
Bocland, nature of, ii. 294, 408.
Bohemia, nature of its connection with Germany, ii. 100;
its polity, 101;
the Hussite controversy and its results, 102, 103.
Bohun (Humphrey, earl of Hereford), patriotism of, iii. [2].
Bolingbroke (earl of Derby and duke of Hereford), made lord appellant, iii. [72];
he sides with the king, [74];
his quarrel with the duke of Norfolk, [79];
advantage taken of it by Richard II., [80] and [note] z;
his accession to the throne, [81].
See [Henry IV].
Bolognese law-schools, iii. [415].
Boniface (St.). See [Winfrid].
Boniface VIII. suspected of fraud towards Celestine V., ii. 228;
his extravagant pretensions, ib. and note;
disregard of his bulls by Edward I., 229;
his disputes with Philip the Fair, 230-232;
success of Philip's stratagem against him, 232;
his death, ib.;
rescindment of his bulls, 233;
Ockham's dialogue against him, 236 note n;
rejection of his supremacy by the English barons, 239.
Boniface IX., elected pope, ii. 242;
his traffic in benefices, 245, 246;
his rapacity in England checked, 250, 251.
Books and booksellers. See [Learning].
Boroughs. See [Municipal Institutions], [Parliament], [Towns].
Braccio di Montone, rivalry of, with Sforza, i. 481.
Brienne (Walter de, duke of Athens), invested with extreme powers in Florence, i. 427;
his tyranny and excesses, 428;
his overthrow, 429.
Britany, origin of the people of, i. 98 and note;
grant of the duchy to Montfort, 99;
its annexation to the crown, 100;
alleged existence of a king of Britany, 103;
right of its dukes to coin money, 206.
Brunehaut, queen of Austrasia, i. 5;
her character and conduct, 6 note;
her mayor, Protadius, 114;
her scheme of government, 117;
she falls into the hands of Clotaire II., and is sentenced to death, 119;
cause of her overthrow, note 157, 293, 309;
pope Gregory I.'s adulation towards her, ii. 162 note q.
Buchan (earl of), made constable of France, i. 78.
Burdett (Thomas), cause of the execution of, iii. [199] and [note] o.
Burgesses. See [Parliament].
Burgesses of the palisades, origin of the, ii. 92.
Burgundians, Roman provinces occupied by the, i. 1;
their tolerance, 3 note f;
their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146;
elucidatory observations thereon, 275-278.
Burgundy (Eudes, duke of), undertakes the protection of his niece Jane, i. 45;
he betrays her cause, 46.
Burgundy (duke of), named guardian of Charles VI., i. 65;
loses his ascendency over the king, 69;
regains it, ib.;
his death, 70.
Burgundy (John, duke of, "Sans-peur"), assassinates the duke of Orleans, i. 70;
his supposed provocation, ib. note;
obtains pardon for the crime, 71;
consequence of his reconciliation with the court, 71, 72;
is assassinated, 73 and note;
his defeat at Nicopolis, ii. 133 note.
Burgundy (Philip, duke of), allies himself with Henry V., i. 76;
his French predilections, 82;
and treaty with Charles VII., ib. 90 note r, 91 note s;
splendour of his court, 91;
jealousy of his subjects concerning taxation, 93 note x.
Burgundy (Charles, duke of), character and ambitious designs of, i. 91 and note, 92;
his contumacious subjects, 92;
his rash enterprises and failures, 93;
is defeated and killed, 94;
adventures of his diamond, ib. note.
Burgundy (Mary, duchess of), defends her rights against Louis XI., i. 94 and notes;
marries Maximilian of Austria, 95;
her death, 96.
Caballeros of Spain, privileges enjoyed by the, ii. 8.
Calais, abject condition of the citizens of, i. 58 note k;
terms of instruments signed there, 60.
Calixtins, tenets of the, ii. 103.
Calixtus II. (pope), compromise effected by, ii. 188;
he abolishes feudal services by bishops, 189.
Calverley (Sir Hugh), characteristic anecdote of, i. 65.
Cambridge university, first mention of, iii. [424] [note] y.
Canon law, promulgation of the, ii. 203;
its study made imperative, 204.
Capet (Hugh), usurpation of the French throne by, i. 18;
antiquity of his family, ib. note r;
state of France at his accession, 22;
opposition to, and ultimate recognition of his authority, 23 and note g;
period of his assumption of regal power, 128;
degree of authority exercised by his immediate descendants, 24, 136;
his sources of revenue, 208.
Capitularies, what they were, i. 215;
their latest date, 218 and note.
Caraccioli, favourite of Joanna II. of Naples, i. 489;
his assassination, 491 note.
Carloman, inheritance of the children of, usurped by Charlemagne, i. 9 note y.
Carlovingian dynasty, extinction of the, i. 17.
Carrara (Francesco da), Verona seized by, i. 464;
killed in prison, 465.
Carroccio, the, i. 467 and note d.
Castile and Leon united into one kingdom, ii. 4;
their subsequent re-division and reunion, 9;
composition and character of the cortes of Castile [see [Cortes]];
the council and its functions, 33, 34;
administration of justice, 35;
violations of law by the kings, 36;
confederacies of the nobility, 37;
similarity of its polity to that of England, 38;
establishment of tithes in Castile, 146 note a.
Castle, graphic description of a, i. 322.
Castruccio Castrucani, success of, i. 410.
Catalonia, character of the people of, ii. 57;
severity of the state of villenage there, ib. note c.
Catharists, religious tenets held by the, iii. [384].
Catholics, treatment of the, by their Gothic conquerors, i. 3 note f.
Cava (count Julian's daughter), legend of the seduction of, ii. 62.
Celestine V., fraud of Boniface VIII. towards, ii. 228.
Champ de Mars. See [Field of March].
Charlemagne, reunion of the Frankish empire under, i. 9 and note y;
his victories in Italy and Spain, 9, 10;
obstinate resistance and ultimate submission of the Saxons to his rule, 10;
his Sclavonian conquests, 11;
extent of his dominions, ib.;
his coronation as emperor, ib. and note c;
its consequences, 12;
his intellectual acquirements and domestic improvements, ib. and note e;
his vices, cruelties, religious edicts, 13;
his sons and successors, 14;
his control over the clergy, 16;
degeneracy of his descendants, 17;
state of the people under his rule, 18;
his dread of the Normans, 21;
his alleged election by the Romans as emperor discussed, 122-124;
question of succession involved in his elevation to the imperial title, 124-126;
his wise provisions relative to fugitive serfs, 198 note q;
his revenue, how raised, 208;
peculiarities of his legislative assemblies, 215, 216;
French ignorance of his character in the 14th century, 228;
his capitulary relative to tithes, ii. 145, 146 and note z;
his authority over the popes, 182;
state of his education, iii., [286] and [note] f;
his library, [292] [note];
his encouragement of ordeals, [295];
his agricultural colonies, [361];
public schools in France due to him, [419];
becomes a disciple of Alcuin, ib.
Charles the Bad. See [Charles of Navarre].
Charles the Bald, share of empire allotted to, i. 16, and note on p. 17;
ravages of the Normans during his reign, 21;
his imbecile government and its consequences, 135;
his slavish submission to the church, ii. 156, 157;
he disobeys pope Adrian II., 173, 174.
Charles the Fat, accession and deposition of, i. 17;
position of Germany at his death, ii. 66;
arrogance of pope John VIII. towards him, 174.
Charles the Simple, policy of, towards the Normans, i. 22.
Charles IV. (the Fair) ascends the throne pursuant to the Salic law, i. 48;
conduct of Edward III. of England after his death, ib.
Charles V. (the Wise) submits to the peace of Bretigni, i. 59;
his summons to Edward the Black Prince, 63;
his treaty with Henry of Castile, ib. note t;
his successes against the English, 64;
his premature death and character, 65;
seizure of his treasures by the duke of Anjou, 65, 66;
expenses of his household, 68 note z;
his conflicts with the States-General, 230, 231;
he imposes taxes without their consent, 232.
Charles VI., accession of, i. 65;
state of France during his reign, 66;
defeats the citizens of Ghent, 67;
misapplication of taxes during his minority, 68 and note z;
his seizure with insanity, 69;
disgraceful conduct of his queen, ib. and note;
his death, 76;
his submission to the remonstrances of the States-General, 232.
Charles VII., state of France at the accession of, i. 77;
his impoverished exchequer, 78;
his Scotch auxiliaries, ib.;
his character, and choice of favourites, 79;
change wrought in his fortunes by Joan of Arc, 79, 80;
his connection with Agnes Sorel, 80 note z;
restores Richemont to power, 80;
is reconciled with the duke of Burgundy, 82;
reconquers the provinces ceded to the English crown, 83;
his cruelty to English captives, 84;
consolidation of his power, 85;
insurrection of Guienne against taxation, 86 and note;
his conduct relative to the States-General, 234;
he levies taxes of his own will, 235;
he enacts the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255.
Charles VIII., accession of, i. 98;
contest for the regency during his minority, ib. 236;
marries Anne of Britany, 100;
consolidation of the French monarchy under his sway, 100, 101 and notes;
proceedings of the States-General during his minority, 236, 237.
Charles of Anjou (I. of Naples), seizure of the crown of Naples by, i. 406;
he puts Conradin, the heir, to death, 407;
he defeats the Ghibelins and governs Tuscany, ib. and note;
revolt of his subjects, 410.
Charles II. of Naples, war of the Sicilians against, i. 485;
his death, ib.
Charles of Durazzo (III. of Naples), implicated in the murder of Andrew, i. 486 note q;
puts queen Joanna to death, 487;
his assassination, 488.
Charles IV. of Germany, singular character of, ii. 85;
his Golden Bull, 86 and note e;
he alienates the imperial domains, 94;
advancement of Bohemia under his rule, 102.
Charles Martel, conquest of the Saracens by, i. 7;
site and importance of the battle, ib. note q;
its object, 12;
his spoliation of the church, ii. 146.
Charles of Navarre (the Bad), tumults in France excited by, i. 56;
his crimes, 57;
allies himself with Edward III., ib.
Chartered towns. See [Municipal Institutions], [Towns].
Chaucer (Geoffrey), testimony borne by his writings, iii. [160] [note];
character of his works, [456], [457].
Chaucer (Sir Thomas), rebuked by Henry IV., iii. [95].
Childebert (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4 and note i;
his proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 note.
Childeric III., deposition of, i. 8.
Children, crusade undertaken by, iii. [296] [note] z.
Chilperic, guilty conduct of Fredegonde, the queen of, i. 5, 119;
oppressive taxes levied by him, 306;
tumult which ensued, ib.;
what followed after his death, ib.;
his attempts at poetry, iii. [283];
his attack on the sanctuary, [303].
Chimneys. See [Architecture].
Chivalry, as a school of moral discipline, ii. 390;
remoteness of its origin, 391;
individual honour its keystone, 392;
types of chivalry, 392 and note s;
its original connection with feudal service, 394;
effect of the crusades, 395;
its connection with religion, 395, 396;
enthusiasm inspired by gallantry, 396-398;
licentiousness incident to chivalry, 399;
virtues inculcated by it, 400;
practice of courtesy, liberality, and justice, 401-403;
obligations of chivalry to the East, 403;
its attendant evils, 404;
education preparatory to knighthood, 405;
chivalric festivals, 406;
tournaments and their dangers, 407;
privileges of knighthood, 408;
who were admissible thereto, ib. and note;
military service: knights and bachelors, 409, 410 and notes;
causes of the decline of chivalry, 411;
influences by which it was superseded, 412 and note d.
Christianity, impetus given to the formation of civic institutions by, i. 121;
its beneficial effect upon the Normans, 136.
Church, wealth of the, under the empire, ii. 140;
its position after the irruption of the barbarians, 141;
source of its legitimate wealth, 142;
its religious extortions, 143;
privileges attached to its property, 144;
institution of tithes, 144-146 and notes;
liability of church property to spoliation, 146;
origin of precariæ, 147 note d;
extent of the church's landed possessions, 148 and note i;
its participation in the administration of justice, 149;
limitations interposed by Justinian, 150, 151;
its political influence, 152;
source thereof, 153;
its subjection to the state, ib.;
Charlemagne's edicts relative to its affairs, 154, 155, and notes;
its assumption of authority over the French kings, 156, 157;
obsequiousness of England to its pretensions, 158;
investiture of its bishops with their temporalities, 181;
their simoniacal practices, ib. and note q;
canons and chapters, 191;
liberties of the Gallican church, 256;
high church principles always dangerous, 257 note x;
privileges of sanctuary, iii. [302], [303].
See [Clergy], [Monasteries], [Papal Power].
Clan service not based on feudality, i. 187.
Clarence (duke of), put to death by Edward IV., iii. [199].
Clarendon, constitutions of, ii. 221;
their influence on Thomas à Becket's quarrel with Henry II., 223.
Cistertian monk, blasphemous saying attributed to a, i. 29 note t.
Cities. See [Municipal Institutions] and [Towns].
Civil Law. See [Laws].
Clement IV., effect of a bull promulgated by, ii. 215;
opposition of the Scotch king to his edict, 217.
Clement V. ratifies Robert's claim to the crown of Naples, i. 485;
his maxim relative to benefices, ii. 215;
he removes the papal court to Avignon, 233;
his contests with the emperor Louis, 234;
England remonstrates with him, 238, 239 notes;
his outrageous edict against Venice, 260.
Clement VI. acquits Joanna of Naples of murder, i. 487;
his licentiousness, ii. 238.
Clement VII., circumstances relative to his election as pope, ii. 240;
division of the papacy thereupon, 242;
proceedings after his death, 242, 243.
Clergy, ascendency of the (temp. Charles the Bald), i. 135;
their privileges under the feudal system, 195, 196;
fighting prelates, 195 note f;
their participation in legislative proceedings, 213, 215;
privileges of their tenants, 319;
bishops in Lombardy and their temporalities, 364, 366 and note x;
share of the citizens in their election, 366 and note y;
a robber archbishop, ii. 95;
immense territorial possessions of the clergy, 148 and notes;
their acquisition of political power, 152, 153;
their neglect of the rule of celibacy, 176, 177;
sufferings of the married clergy, 177 and note d;
lax morality of the English clergy, 178, 179 notes;
practice of simony, 179;
consent of the laity required in the election of bishops, ib.;
interference of the sovereigns therein, 180 and note n;
character of the clergy of Milan, 187 note g;
taxation of the clergy by the kings, 216;
tribute levied on them by the popes, 216, 217;
their disaffection towards Rome, 218;
their exemption from temporal jurisdiction, 219-221;
extortions of Edward I., 229;
effects of Wicliff's principles, 252;
priests executed for coining, ib. note e;
spiritual peers in the English parliament, iii. [4], [5];
their qualifications, [122];
clergy summoned to send representatives, [131];
cause of their being summoned, [132];
result of their segregating themselves from the commons, [133];
instances of their parliamentary existence, [135-138];
right of bishops to be tried by the peers, [204-207];
mediæval clergy not supporters of despotism, [258];
their ignorance of letters, [287-289];
their monastic vices, [303];
why a bishop made a Danish nobleman drunk, [306] [note] u.
See [Church], [Monasteries], [Papal Power], [Superstition].
Clisson (constable de), immense wealth amassed by, i. 69.
Clodomir (son of Clovis), dominions allotted to, i. 4;
proposed alternative relative to his children, 311 note.
Clotaire, portion of dominions allotted to, i. 4;
union of the whole under him, 5;
re-division amongst his sons, ib.;
criminality of his character, 119.
Clotaire II., reunion of the French dominions under, i. 5;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117.
Clotilda converts her husband to Christianity, i. 3;
her sons, 4.
Clovis invades Gaul and defeats Syagrius, i. 2;
accepts the title of consul, ib. and note d;
defeats the Alemanni, 3;
his conversion to Christianity, ib.;
defeats Alaric, 4;
his last exploits and sanguinary policy, ib. and note g;
division of his dominions amongst his sons, 4, 5 and notes;
the last of his race, 8;
his alleged subjection to the emperors discussed, Note III. 106-111;
his limited authority: story of the vase of Soissons, 155;
theory built on the story, 301, 302;
crimes of himself and his grandson, iii. [306] and [note] u.
Clovis II., accession of, i. 120.
Cobham, lord (temp. Richard II.). banished, iii. [77].
Coining, extensive practice of, amongst the French nobles, i. 205;
debased money issued by them, 206;
systematic adulteration of coin by the kings, 210, 228, 231;
measures adopted for remedying these frauds, 211 note h;
grant of taxes made conditional on restoration of the coin, 230;
priests executed for coining, ii. 252 note e;
an abbot hanged for the same offence, iii. [205];
clipping of coins by the Jews, [369] [note] t.
Cologne, antiquity of the municipal institutions of, i. 350.
Coloni, characteristics and privileges of the, i. 325.
Combat. See [Trial].
Comines (Philip de), characteristic note on taxation by, i. 236.
Commodianus, literary remains of, iii. [281];
specimen thereof, ib. note n.
Comnenus. See [Alexius].
Conrad (duke of Franconia), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67.
Conrad II. (the Salic), important edict of, relative to feuds, i. 166, 167 and notes;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68;
his ancestry, ib. note f.
Conrad III. joins in the second crusade i. 38;
elected emperor of Germany, ii. 72.
Conrad IV., accession of, i. 392;
his struggles for dominion in Italy, and death, ib.;
his difficulties in Germany, ii. 76.
Conradin (son of Conrad IV.) attempts to regain his inheritance, i. 407;
put to death by Charles of Anjou, ib.
Constance, council of. See [Council].
Constance, treaty of, i, 376.
Constantine V. dethroned by his mother, i. 122.
Constantinople, advantageous position of, ii. 125;
its resistance to the Moslem assaults, 126;
its capture by the Latins, 128;
its magnificence and populousness, 129, 130;
Vandalism of its conquerors, 130;
its recapture by the Greeks, 131;
besieged by Bajazet, 132, and by Amurath, 135;
attacked by Mahomet II., 136;
its fall, 136, 137;
unrealised schemes for its recovery, 137, 138.
Constitution of England. See [English Constitution].
Cordova taken from the Moors, ii. 9;
its extent and wealth, ib. note m.
Corn. See [Agriculture], [Trade].
Cortes of Castile, original composition of the, ii. 20;
dwindling down of their numbers, 21;
their remonstrance against corruption, 22;
spiritual and temporal nobility, 22, 23 and notes;
control of the Cortes over the taxes, 24, 25;
their resolute defence of their right, 26;
their control over expenditure, 27;
its active exercise, 28;
their forms of procedure, 29;
their legislative rights, and attempted limitations thereon by the kings, 29-32;
their right to a voice in the disposal of the crown, 33, 34;
position of the clergy therein, iii. [106] [note].
Corvinus (Matthias) elected king of Hungary, ii. 106;
his patronage of literature, 107 and note d.
Council of Basle, enmity of the, towards the papal court, ii. 247;
reforms effected by it, 248 and note;
its indiscretions, ib. and 250 note.
Council of Constance condemns John Huss and Jerome of Prague to be burned, ii. 102;
deposes John XXIII., 243;
preponderance of Italian interests therein, 244;
French opposition to the English deputies, ib. note;
tactics of the cardinals, 246;
national divisions in the council, ib.;
its breach of faith relative to Huss and Jerome canvassed, 250 and note.
Council of Frankfort convoked by Saint Boniface, ii. 165;
its importance in papal history, ib.
Council of Lyons, i. 391, ii. 75.
Council of Pavia, ii. 247.
Council of Pisa, proceedings at the, ii. 243.
Cours plénières, character of the, i. 220.
Courtney (archbishop), despoiled of his temporalities, iii. [66].
Crecy, battle of, i. 55.
Crescentius put to death by Otho III., i. 359 and note.
Crusades, origin of the, i. 33;
energetic appeals of Peter the Hermit, 34;
inducements offered to those who joined in them, 35;
crimes and miseries attendant on them, 36;
results of the first crusade, 37;
second crusade, 38;
its failure, ib. and notes;
origin of the third crusade, 40;
its famous commanders and inconclusive results, ib.;
crusades of St. Louis and their miserable ending, 41 and note;
cause of the cessation of crusades, iii. [305];
their demoralizing influence, [307].
Cyprian's views relative to church government, ii. 159 note h;
further observations thereon, 267, 268.
Dagobert I., insignificance of the successors of, i. 6;
nature of the authority exercised by him, 117;
progress of the arts in his reign, 119.
Dagobert II., name of, how restored to history, i. 112.
Damascus, degeneracy of the khalifs of, ii. 120, 121.
Danes, England first infested by the, i. 21.
Dante Alighieri expelled from Florence, i. 402;
his birth, iii. [445];
style of his Vita Nuova, ib. [note];
characteristics of his great poem, [446-448];
enthusiasm which attended its publication, [448].
Dauphiné annexed to the French crown, i. 100;
its origin, 101, note k.
Defiance, institution of the right of, ii. 95;
its abolition, 96.
De la Mare (Peter), opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. [56];
conduct of the citizens on his imprisonment, [57];
elected speaker of the commons, [58].
Della Bella (Giano), improves the Florentine constitution, i. 424;
driven into exile, 425.
Derby (earl of). See [Bolingbroke].
Diet. See [Council].
Diet of Worms, important changes effected by the, ii. 94;
abolishes the right of defiance, 96;
establishes the imperial chamber, 97-99.
Domesday Book, origin of the term, iii. [362] [note] r.
Domestic life in the middle ages, iii. [341-345];
income and style of living, [370].
Douglas (earl of) aids Charles VII., i. 78.
Duelling, introduction of the practice of, iii. [294] and [note] u.
Du Guesclin (Bertrand), proceeds to Castile, i. 58;
his character 64;
he serves against Peter the Cruel, ii. 15;
is taken prisoner, ib.
Dunstan and Odo, and their treatment of Edwy and Elgiva, ii. 158;
elucidatory remarks relative thereto, 264-267.
Earl, origin of the title of, ii. 274 note p.
Ebroin, exercise of supreme power by, i. 6, 115, 120.
Eccelin da Romano, tyrannic exercise of power by, i. 389;
pretexts to which his infamous cruelty gave birth, ib. note f;
his fall, 406.
Ecclesiastical jurisdiction. See [Church], [Clergy], [Papal Power].
Edessa, extent of the principality of, i. 37 and note f.
Edward the Confessor, popularity of the laws of, ii. 324, 351.
Edward I. offends Philip IV. of France, i. 43 and note;
his brother Edmund outwitted by Philip, 44;
he curbs the power of the clergy, ii. 224;
his tyranny towards them, 228;
his reign a constitutional epoch, iii. [1];
his despotic tendencies, [2];
he confirms the charters, [3] and [note] c.
Edward II. marries Isabel of France, i. 45;
he yields to the pope, ii. 239.
Edward III. lays claim to the French throne, i. 48;
its injustice shown, ib. and note 49;
his policy prior to resorting to arms, 49;
his chances of success, 51;
attempt of the pope to dissuade him from the attempt, ib. note;
principal features in his character, 52;
extent of his resources, 53, 54, and notes;
excellence of his armies, 55 and note;
his acquisition after the battles of Crecy and Poitiers, 56;
his alliance with Charles the Bad, 57;
conditions of the peace of Bretigni, 59;
his stipulation relative to Aquitaine, 61 and note p;
his reverses and their causes, 62, 63 and notes;
his opposition to the pope, ii. 239;
progress of parliament under him, iii. [42];
his attempts at encroachment, [44-47];
ascendency of Lancaster and Alice Perrers over him, [55];
ordinance against Alice, [56];
repeal thereof, [57];
revival of the prosecution against her, [58] and [note] g;
his debts to Italian bankers, [340].
Edward the Black Prince, character of, i. 52;
his victory at Poitiers, 55;
created prince of Aquitaine, 61;
his impolitic conduct in Guienne, 63;
summoned before the peers of France, ib. and note t;
machinations relative to his heir, iii. [55] and [note] a;
his jealousy of the duke of Lancaster, [56];
his death, 57.
Edward IV. accepts a pension from Louis XI., i. 89;
his military force, ib. note p;
Louis's reasons for declining a visit from him, 90;
his accession to the throne, iii. [198];
his inexcusable barbarities, [199];
popularity of his government, ib.;
his system of benevolences, [200].
Edwy and Elgiva. See [Dunstan].
England, first infested by the Danes, i. 21;
its resources under Edward III., 53, 54;
causes of the success of its armies, 55, 77;
high payment to its men-at-arms, 77 note t;
discomfiture of its troops by Joan of Arc, 79;
impolicy touching its relations with France, 82;
deprived of its French possessions by Charles VII., 83;
its obsequiousness to the hierarchy, ii. 158;
its opposition to ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 222-225;
its protest against the exactions of the church, 238, 239 and notes;
its share in the council of Constance, 244 and note;
enactment of the statute of præmunire, 251;
effect of Wicliff's principles, 252;
progress of the country under the Anglo-Saxons [see [Anglo-Saxons]];
its state at the period of the Norman conquest, 302, 303;
fruitless resistance of its people to Norman rule, 304 and notes;
expulsion of its prelates and maltreatment of its nobles, 305 and note;
attempted suppression of its language, 306 and note;
wholesale spoliation of property, 308;
abject condition of English occupiers, 309, 310;
vastness of the Norman estates explained, 310;
conquered England compared with conquered Gaul, 311;
forest devastations and forest laws, 311, 312 and notes;
depopulation of the towns, 312;
establishment of feudal customs, 314;
preservation of the public peace, 315;
difference between feudalism in England and in France, 316, 317;
hatred by the English of the Normans, 318;
oppressions and exactions of the Norman government, 318, 320;
nature of the taxes then levied, 321, 322;
laws and charters of the Norman kings, 323, 324;
banishment of Longchamp by the barons, 325;
establishment of Magna Charta, 326;
difficulty of overrating its value, 327;
outline of its provisions, 321, 328;
confirmation thereof by Henry III., 329;
constitutional struggles between him and his barons, 331, 334;
limitations on the royal prerogative, 334, 335 and notes;
institution of the various courts of law, 336-338;
origin of the common law, 339-341;
character and defects of the English law, 341-343;
hereditary right of the crown established, 343-346;
legal position of the gentry, 346-348;
causes of civil equality, 348-351;
character of its government, iii. [147];
prerogatives of its kings, [147-150];
mitigation of the forest laws, [150] and [note] p;
jurisdiction of its constable and marshal, [151], [152] and [notes];
spirit of independence exhibited in mediæval ballads, [265-267];
its customs farmed by Italian bankers, [339], [340] [note] d.
English constitution, character of the, iii. [152];
Sir John Fortescue's doctrine, [153-155];
Hume's erroneous views regarding it, [155], [158];
causes tending to its formation, [159];
effect of the loss of Normandy, [160];
real source of English freedom, [162];
principle involved in the relationship between lords and their vassals, ib.;
right of distress on the king's property, [163];
feudal sources of constitutional liberty, [164];
influence of the nobility, [165];
salutary provisions of Edward I., [169];
nature and gradual extinction of villenage, [171-183];
instances of regencies and principles whereon they are founded, [184-190];
doctrine of prerogative, [257-260].
See [Anglo-Saxons], [England], [Feudal System], [Parliament].
Erigena. See [Scotus] (John).
Ethelwolf, grant of, relative to tithes, ii. 146 note a, 263.
Eudes elected king by the Franks, i. 127;
his qualifications for the dignity, ib.
Eudes (duke of Burgundy). See [Burgundy].
Eudon signally defeats the Saracens, i. 116;
receives aid from Charles Martel, ib.
Eugenius IV. (cardinal Julian) advises Uladislaus to break faith with Amurath, ii. 105;
its fatal consequences, 106;
other instances of his perfidy, 210 note e;
his contests with the councils, 247;
his deposition by the council of Basle, 247 and note q.
Euric, harsh treatment of his catholic subjects by, i. 3 note f.
False Decretals. See [Isidore].
Famines in the middle ages, frequency and extreme severity of, i. 328.
Felix V. (pope), election and supersession of, ii. 248.
Ferdinand confirmed in his succession to the crown of Naples, i. 494;
attempt of John of Calabria to oust him, ib.;
his odious rule, 503 and note.
Ferdinand I. of Aragon, independence of the Catalans towards, ii. 57.
Ferdinand II. of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile, ii. 18;
they succeed to the Castilian throne, ib.;
Ferdinand invested with the crown of Aragon, 42;
arrangement of the united governments, 58, 59;
conquest of Granada, 59, 60.
Ferdinand III. of Castile, capture of Cordova by, ii. 9.
Ferdinand IV. of Castile, prevalence of civil dissensions in the reign of, ii. 12, 13;
his gross violation of justice and remarkable death, 36.
Feudal system, rise of the, i. 145;
nature of alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and notes;
distinction of laws, 151;
origin of nobility, 157-159, 189;
fiscal lands or benefices, their nature, condition, and, extent, 159, 160;
introduction of subinfeudation, 161;
origin of feudal tenures, 163;
custom of personal commendation, 164;
its character, ib., 165;
edict of Conrad II., 166, 167, and notes;
principle of a feudal relation, 167;
rights and duties of vassals, ib.;
ceremonies of homage, fealty, and investiture, 169;
obligations of the vassal to his lord, 170;
military service, its conditions and extent, 171 and notes;
feudal incidents: origin of reliefs, 172, 173;
of fines on alienation, 174;
the custom of frérage in France, 176;
escheats and forfeitures, 177;
objects for which aids were levied, ib.;
limitations thereof by Magna Charta, 178;
institution of wardships, ib.;
their vexatious character in later times, 179;
extortionate and oppressive practices relative to marriages, 179, 180;
introduction of improper feuds, 181;
fiefs of office, their nature and variety, 181, 182 and notes;
feudal law-books, 182;
the Milanese collection, 183;
difference between that and the French and English systems, 183, 184;
the feudal system not of Roman origin, 185, 186;
localities over which it extended, 187, 188;
privileges of nobility, 191-194;
difference between a French roturier and an English commoner, 191 note p;
condition of the clergy, 195, 196;
of the classes below the gentry, 196;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plénières, 220, 248;
legislative and judicial assemblies [see [Legislation], [States-General], [Justice]];
decline of the feudal system, 249;
its causes: increase of the domains of the crown, 253, 254;
rise of the chartered towns, 255-261 [see [Towns]];
commutation of military service, 261 [see [Military Systems]];
decay of feudal principles, 268;
influence of feudalism upon the institutions of England and France, 269;
civil freedom promoted by it, 270;
its tendency to exalt warlike habits, 271;
its value as an element of discipline, ib.;
and as producing sentiments of loyalty, 272;
the mundium, 318 note;
essentials of the feudal system, 319;
its principles aristocratic and exclusive, 321;
Guizot's description of a feudal castle, 322;
laxity of feudal tenures in Italy, 365;
question of their existence in England prior to the Conquest, ii. 293-301;
feudalism under the Normans, 314;
innovation introduced by William I., 315;
difference between the feudal policy of England and France, 316, 318;
tenure of folcland and bocland, 406-410;
abuses of feudal rights, iii. [150].
Feuds, nature of, and derivation of the word, i. 316.
Fiefs. See [Benefices], [Feudal System].
Field of March (or Champ de Mars), origin of the assemblies so termed, i. 212, 213;
their character, 213, 214;
not attended by the Roman inhabitants of Gaul, 282;
how often held, 308.
Field Sports. See [Sports].
Fines, extent and singularity of, under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 320.
Fire-arms. See [Military Systems].
Fiscal lands. See [Benefices].
Flanders, fraudulent conduct of Philip IV. towards the count of, i. 44;
successful resistance of its people, ib.;
large capture of gilt spurs by them, ib. note a;
their commerce with England, 54;
their rebellion against count Louis, 66, 67 and notes;
their insubordination, 92;
their resistance to taxation, 93 and note;
their woollen manufacture, iii. [318], [319];
their settlement in England, [320] [note] h;
its policy relative thereto, [321] and [note] o.
See [Trade].
Florence, curtailment of the power of, by Frederic Barbarossa, i. 420;
exclusion of the Ghibelins from offices of trust, ib.;
Dante's simile relative to its unsettled state, ib.;
corporations of the citizens, 421;
its magistracy, ib.;
curious mode of election, 422;
the consiglio di popolo, 423;
defiance of law by the nobility, 424;
Giano della Bella reduces them to obedience, 424, 425;
rise of the plebeian aristocracy, 426;
Walter de Brienne invested with extraordinary powers, 427;
his tyranny and excesses, 428;
his overthrow, 429;
singular ordinances relative to the nobles, 430;
machinations of the Guelfs and persecutions of the Ghibelins, 431-433 and note c;
prostration of the Guelfs, 434;
insurrection of the Ciompi and elevation of Lando, 435;
his judicious administration, 436;
restoration of the Guelfs, 437;
comparative security of the Florentines, 438;
their territorial acquisitions, revenue, population, &c., 439, 440 and notes;
Pisa bought by them, 443;
further disquietudes in their government, 496;
rise of the Medici [see [Medici]];
first Florentine voyage to Alexandria, 499 and note;
Florentine bankers and their transactions, iii. [340] and [notes].
Folcland, nature of, ii. 406.
Foreigners invested with power in Italian states, i. 397, 416, 421, 427, 449.
Forest laws of the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 312;
mitigation of their severity, iii. [150];
punishments inflicted, [311].
Fortescue (Sir John), on the English constitution, iii. [154].
France, policy observed in the territorial division of, i. 4 note i;
insignificance of its early monarchs, 6 and note m;
loss of the English possessions in, 27;
increase of the French domains, 42-45;
its state at the commencement of hostilities by Edward III., 51;
its condition after the battle of Poitiers, 56;
assembly of the States-General, ib.;
desolation of the kingdom by famine, 57 and note;
ravaged by banditti, 58;
the Jacquerie insurrection, ib. and note k;
state of the country under Charles V. and VI., 65, 66;
under Charles VII., 77, 84;
consolidation of its dominions, 100;
its historians, 101 note m;
its deplorable state under Charles the Bald, 135;
its provincial government under the Merovingian kings, 152;
succession to its monarchy, 154 and 217 note;
its progress from weakness to strength, 204;
revenue of its kings, how raised, 208;
its coinage, 210, 211;
taxation, 211, 212;
its constitution never a free one, 229 note b;
designs of its kings upon Naples, 503 et seq.
Franconia, rise of the House of, ii. 68;
its extinction, 71.
Frankfort, council of. See [Council].
Franks, territories occupied by the, i. 2 and note c;
their probable origin, Note II. 104, 105;
their position under Pepin, 117, 118;
their promise to Pepin, 127, 154;
character of their church dignitaries, 150 note q;
increase of the power of their kings, 155;
serfdom and villenage amongst them, 198-200;
extent to which they participated in legislation, 213 and note;
origin of the Ripuarian Franks and Salian Franks, 279;
their numbers during the reign of Clovis, 291, 292;
presumed infrequency of marriages between them and the Romans, 296;
extent of power possessed by their kings, 301-309.
Fredegonde, queen. See [Chilperic].
Frederic I. (Frederic Barbarossa), third crusade undertaken by, i. 40;
title conferred by him on the archbishop of Lyons, 45;
commencement of his career in Italy, 371;
he besieges Milan, 372;
subjugation and second rise of its citizens, ib.;
destruction of their city, 373;
league of Lombardy against him, 374;
his defeat and flight, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
his policy relative to Sicily, 378;
his response to Roman oratory, 415 and note;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 73;
Henry the Lion's ingratitude towards him, 74 and note y;
he institutes the law of defiance, 95;
his forced submission to pope Adrian IV., 195;
his limitation on the acquisition of property by the clergy, 227;
his intellectual acquirements, iii. [286] [note] d;
his patronage of learning, [422].
Frederic II., position of, at his accession, i. 385;
cause of his excommunication by Gregory IX., 386;
rancour of papal writers against him, ib. note c;
result of his crusade, 387;
his wars with the Lombards, ib.;
his successes and defeats, 390;
animosity of the popes towards him, 390, 391;
sentence of the council of Lyons against him, 391;
his accession to the German throne, ii. 75;
his deposition, 76;
he restrains the right of defiance, 96;
his imperial tribunal, 97;
his poetry, iii. [442].
Frederic III. of Germany, character of the reign of, ii. 88 and note;
his significant motto, 89 note i;
objects of his diets, 96, 97;
he betrays the empire to the pope, 253.
Freemasonry, and its connection with architecture, iii. [359] [note] k.
Freemen, existence of, prior to the tenth century, i. 323;
alodial proprietors evidently of this class, 324;
other freemen, 325;
consequence of their marriage with serfs, 333.
Fregosi and Adorni factions, i. 496.
Froissart, value of the Chronicles of, i. 67 note x.
Fulk's saucy reproof of Louis IV., iii. [286] [note] e.
Gandia (duke of), claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;
his death and failure of his son, ib. note e.
Gaul invaded by Clovis, i. 2;
condition of its Roman natives, 149;
privileges of the "conviva regis," 150 note r, 281 and note e;
retention of their own laws by the Romans, 282;
their cities, 286;
their subjection to taxation, 287;
their accession to high offices, 293;
their right to adopt the laws of the Franks, 293, 294;
presumed infrequency of marriage between the two races, 296.
Genoa, early history of, i. 444;
her wars with Pisa and Venice, ib.;
victory of her fleet over Pisani, 445;
insolence of her admiral towards the Venetian ambassadors, 446;
her subsequent reverses, 447;
surrender of her forces to Venice, 448;
decline of her power, 449;
her government and its various changes, ib.;
dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelins, 450;
her first doge, 451;
frequent revolutions of her citizens, ib.;
the Adorni and Fregosi factions, 496;
commercial dealings of the Genoese, iii. [329];
their position in Constantinople, [330];
their manufactures, [331];
their money transactions, [337], [340];
state security taken by their bankers, [341].
Germany conquered by Charlemagne, i. 9, 10;
held by Louis his grandson, 16;
passes away from his family, 17;
its Hungarian assailants, 19;
its first apostles, 121;
political state of ancient Germany, 145;
mode in which kings were chosen, ib.;
lands in conquered provinces, how-divided, 146;
customs respecting alodial and salic lands, 147-149 and notes;
superior position of its rulers as compared with those of France, 204;
causes of the reversal of this state of things, ib.;
degree of reliance due to Tacitus's accounts of German institutions, 273-275;
character of its governments, 302;
limited power of its kings, 302-304;
its position at the death of Charles the Fat, ii. 66;
election of its emperors, in whom vested, 77-80;
partitions of territory amongst its princes, 83, 84;
importance of its free cities, 90;
privileges conferred on them, ib.;
their warfare with the nobles, 91;
the sanctuary of the palisades, 92;
league of the cities, ib.;
polity of the principalities, 93;
extent of the imperial domains, ib.;
their gradual alienation by the emperors, ib.;
the diet of Worms and its results, 94-98;
limits of the German empire at various periods, 100;
absence of towns, iii. [312];
pre-eminence of its robber chiefs, [314].
See [Diet], [Justice].
Ghent, populousness and impregnability of, i. 92, 93;
policy of its people relative to taxation, 93 note;
its trading eminence, iii. [319];
its houses and population, [320] [note] f.
Ghibelins, origin of the word, ii. 73.
See [Guelfs].
Giovanni di Vicenza, singular success of the exhortations of, i. 403;
result of his attempts at sovereignty, 404.
Gloucester, duke of (temp. Richard II.), speaks for the parliament, iii. [67], [68] [note] c;
made lord appellant, [72];
reinstated in the council, [73];
his animosity towards the duke of Lancaster, [74], [75];
his seizure by the king, [76];
his murder and posthumous attainder, ib.
Godfrey of Boulogne, eastern domains assigned to, i. 38;
his reasons for refusing the title of king, ib. note g;
his feats of strength, ib. note h.
Granada, fertility and importance of, ii. 60;
its unavailing resistance to Ferdinand, ib.
Gratian, character of the Decretum compiled by, ii. 203.
Greek church, marriage of priests permitted by the, ii. 176.
Greek empire, degeneracy of the, ii. 120;
its theological dissensions, ib.;
revival of its power, 124;
tactics of its emperors, 125 and note n;
exploits of celebrated usurpers, 126;
results of the first crusade, 127;
expeditions of Alexius Comnenus, 128;
sacking of the capital, 128-130;
partition of the empire, 130;
its declining state, 132;
lukewarmness of the western Christians, 135;
fall of the empire, 136;
the last of the Cæsars, ib.;
Greek anti-exportation anecdote, iii. [315] [note] a.
See [Constantinople].
Gregory I., character of, ii. 161;
he establishes the appellant jurisdiction, 162, note r.
Gregory II., design of, for placing Rome under Charles Martel's protection, i. 122.
Gregory IV. and V., submission of, to imperial authority, ii. 182.
Gregory VII., projection of the crusades by, i. 34;
his obligations to the countess Matilda, 380;
his ascendency over the clergy, ii. 183, 184;
elected pope, 184;
his differences with, and excommunication of, Henry IV. of Germany, 184, 185 and note;
rigorous humiliation imposed by him on Henry, 186;
his exile and death, 187;
his declaration against investitures, 189;
his illimitable ambition and arrogance, 192;
his despotism towards ecclesiastics, 193;
his arrogance eclipsed by Innocent III., 228.
Gregory IX., excommunications of Frederic II. by, i. 387, 391;
his further designs against Frederic, ib.;
Decretals published by his order, ii. 203;
his encroachments on the English church, 212;
his pretext for levying contributions, 216;
immense sum extorted by him from England, 217.
Gregory X., tax levied on the church by, ii. 218.
Gregory XI. reinstates the papal court at Rome, ii. 240.
Gregory XII. elected and deposed, ii. 242.
Grimoald, usurpation of supreme power by, i. 6.
Grostete (Robert, bishop of Lincoln), notices of, ii. 217 note f;
iii. [429] [note] k, [464].
Guarnieri (duke), systematic levy of contributions by, i. 471;
success of his operations, ib.
Guelfs and Ghibelins, origin of the rival factions of, i. 382;
their German antecedents, 383 and note;
characteristics of the two parties, 384;
irrationality of the distinctions, 406;
temporary union of the factions, ib.;
expulsion of the Ghibelins from Florence, 407;
revival of their party, 410;
origin of the name Guelfs, ii. 73;
See [Florence], [Genoa].
Gui de Lusignan, cause of his flight from France, i. 36.
Guienne, seized by Philip IV., i. 43;
restored to England, 44;
insurrection of its people against Charles VII., 86 and note;
suspicious death of Charles duke of, 89 and note.
Guiscard (Robert), territorial conquests of, i. 363;
he takes Leo IX. prisoner, ib.;
his English opponents at Constantinople, ii. 307.
Guiscard (Roger), conquers Sicily, i. 363;
declared king by Innocent II., 364;
he shelters Gregory VII., ii. 187;
he subjugates Amalfi, iii. [328];
he introduces silk manufactures at Palermo, [331].
Gunpowder. See [Military Systems].
Hair, length of, a mark of nobility, i. 310;
Childebert's proposal relative to Clodomir's children, 311 note.
Hanse towns, confederacy of the, iii. [325].
Haroun Alraschid, magnificence of the rule of, ii. 121;
African principalities in his reign, 122.
Hastings, lord (temp. Edward IV.), receives bribes from Louis XI., i. 90;
his reason for refusing to give receipts for the same, ib. note q.
Hawkwood (Sir John), military renown acquired by, i. 472;
gratitude of the Florentines towards him, ib.;
his skill as a general, 473.
Haxey (Thomas), surrendered by the commons to the vengeance of Richard II., iii. [76], [102];
important principles involved in his case, [76] [notes].
Henry II. of Castile rebels against Peter the Cruel, ii. 14;
his defeat and subsequent victory, 15;
his vow to preserve justice, 36.
Henry III. of Castile marries John of Gaunt's daughter, ii. 15.
Henry IV. of Castile, despicable character of, ii. 17;
deposed by a conspiracy of nobles, ib.;
futile efforts of his daughter to succeed him, 18;
contests after his death, ib.;
his reproof by the Cortes of Ocana, 33.
Henry I. of England, extortions on the church by, ii. 216.
Henry II. marries the repudiated wife of Louis VII., i. 25;
opposes the tyranny of the church of Rome, ii. 222;
cause of his dispute with Thomas à Becket, 223.
Henry III. allows Italian priests in English benefices, ii. 213;
abets papal taxation on the clergy, 217;
his submissiveness, 226;
provisions contained in his charter, 327, 328;
worthlessness of his character, 329;
his perjuries, 330;
his pecuniary difficulties and extortions, 331;
his expensive foreign projects, 332;
demands of the pope and resolute conduct of the barons, 333;
his quarrel with, the earl of Pembroke, iii. [164].
Henry IV., policy and views of, towards France, i. 65, 74;
circumstances attending his succession, iii. [81];
invalidity of his hereditary title, [82];
his tactics towards the parliament, [83];
aid granted to him in 1400, [85];
policy of the commons towards him, [86], [87];
limitations imposed on him, [93], [94];
he comes to terms with them, [94].
See [Bolingbroke].
Henry V., his exorbitant demands on proposing to marry Catherine of France, i. 74 and note n;
invasion of France by, ib. and note o;
his negotiations with the duke of Burgundy, 75;
his marriage and death, 76;
life subsidies granted to him, iii. [87];
improbability of his alleged dissoluteness, [96];
his claims on popular affection, ib.;
his clemency to the earl of March, [194].
Henry VI., parliamentary policy during the minority of, iii. [97], [98];
unpopularity of his marriage, [98];
his conduct on Suffolk's impeachment, [99];
state of the kingdom during his minority, [183];
his imbecility, ib.;
solemnities observed in nominating a regency during his infancy, [186-190];
provisions in consequence of his mental infirmities, [190-194].
Henry VII., conduct of, towards the memory of his predecessors, iii. [200] and [note] q.
Henry I. of France, alleged large army levied by, i. 24 note h;
extent of authority exercised by him, 137.
Henry I. the Fowler, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 67;
his scheme for improving his territories, ib. note d.
Henry II. of Bavaria, elected emperor of Germany, ii. 68.
Henry III. of Germany, imperial influence extended by, ii. 68;
instances of his exercise of absolute power, 69, 95;
his judicious nomination of popes, 183.
Henry IV. of Germany, primary cause of the misfortunes of, ii. 69;
conspiracy against him during his infancy, 70 note k;
his abduction by Hanno, ib.;
his excommunication and its consequences, ib. and note n;
his remains insulted by Rome, 71;
zeal of the cities in his cause, 90;
his contests with Gregory VII., 184, 185;
his humiliation by Gregory, 186;
the tables turned, 187;
animosity of Gregory's successors towards him, 187, 188.
Henry V. of Germany, accession and death of, ii. 71;
privilege granted by him to the cities, 90;
his compromise with the popes, 188.
Henry VI. of Germany, repudiates arrangements between his predecessor and the popes, i. 381;
production of his alleged will, ib.;
his ambitious project, ii. 74;
his death, 75.
Henry VII. of Germany, acquires Bohemia for his son, ii. 85;
his opposition to the papal power, 234.
Henry the Proud, ancestry and possessions of, ii. 72;
consequences of his disobedience to the emperor's summons, 72, 73.
Henry the lion restored to his birthright, ii. 73;
fatal results of his ingratitude, 74.
Hereditary succession, how far observed among the Franks, i. 154 note f, 299;
disregarded by the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 273;
establishment of the principle in England, 343-346;
elucidatory note upon the subject, 425-428.
Hereford (earl and duke of). See [Bohun], [Bolingbroke].
Hereward, brave resistance of, to William the Conqueror, ii. 304 note f.
Hilary deposed by Leo the Great, ii. 161 note p.
Hildebrand. See [Gregory VII].
Honorius III., establishment of mendicant orders by, ii. 206;
refusal of his requests by France and England, 213.
Hugh the Great of France, procures the election of Louis IV., i. 128.
Hugh Capet. See [Capet].
Hungarians, ravages in Europe by the, i. 20;
their ferocity towards the clergy, ib. note z;
their conversion to Christianity, ii. 104;
their wars with the Turks, 105-107.
Hungary, kings and chiefs of. See [Andrew], [Corvinus], [Hunniades], [Ladislaus], [Louis of Hungary], [Sigismund], [Uladislaus].
Hungerford (Sir Thomas), elected speaker, iii. [58].
Hunniades (John), heroic career of, ii. 105, 106;
his death, 106.
Huss (John), burned to death, ii. 102;
characteristics of his schism and his followers, iii. [389] and [note] m, [390].
Innocent III., persecution of the Albigeois by, i. 28;
his ambitious policy, 379;
his significant production of the will of Henry VI. of Germany, 381;
position of the Italian cities towards him, ib.;
use made by him of his guardianship of Frederic II., 385;
increase of temporal authority under him, 416;
his accession to the papal chair, ii. 195;
extravagance of his pretensions, 196;
his scheme of universal arbitration, 197;
his decrees and interdicts, 199;
his interference with the German emperors, 200;
his claim, to nominate bishops, 212;
cause of his anger with the chapter of Poitiers, 213;
he levies taxes on the clergy, 216;
his pretext for exercising jurisdiction, 220;
he exempts the clergy from criminal process, 221;
his arrogance eclipsed by Boniface VIII., 228.
Innocent IV., outrageous proceedings of, against Frederic II., i. 391;
his conduct towards Frederic's successors, 392;
he quarters Italian priests on England, ii. 213;
height of papal tyranny during his pontificate, 217;
his disposal of the crown of Portugal, 231 note g;
anecdote of him, 238 note r.
Innocent VI. elected pope, ii. 242.
Interdicts, ii. 172, 260 note g, and 261.
See [Papal Power].
Ireland a mediæval slave depôt, iii. [316] and [note] d.
Irene, dethronement of Constantine V. by, i. 122;
Leo III.'s project of marriage between her and Charlemagne, ib.
Isabel of Bavaria (queen of Charles VI.), infamous conduct of, towards her husband, i. 69;
her hatred of Armagnac, and its consequences, 72;
joins in the treaty with Henry V., 76.
Isabel of France, marries Edward II. of England, i. 45.
Isabella of Castile. See [Ferdinand II].
Isidore, publication of the False Decretals of, ii. 166;
their character and object, 166, 167 and notes;
authority accorded to them by Gratian, 203.
Italy, occupied by the Ostrogoths, i. 1;
its subjection by the Lombards, 8;
conquests of Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;
its king Bernard, 14;
its state at the end of the ninth century, 355;
authorities referred to for its history, ib. note;
its monarchs Berenger I. and II., 357 and note c;
assumption of power by Otho the Great, ib.;
execution of Crescentius by Otho III., 359;
election and subsequent troubles of Ardoin, ib.;
condition of its people under Henry II., 360;
cause of its subjection to German princes, ib.;
accession of Conrad II., and consolidation of Germanic influences, 360, 361;
its Greek provinces, 361, 362;
incursions and successes of the Normans, 362-364;
progress of the Lombard cities [see [Lombards]];
accession of Frederic Barbarossa, 370 [see [Frederic I].];
cause of the decadence of Italy, 377, 378;
its domestic manners, iii. [342], [344].
Jacquerie, insurrection of the, i. 58, and note k.
James II. of Aragon, renounces the Sicilian crown, i 485;
invested with the Sardinian crown, ii. 231 note g.
Jane of Navarre, treaty entered into on behalf of, i. 45;
betrayal of her cause by the duke of Burgundy, 47;
she recovers Navarre, ib. note g.
Janizaries, institution of the, ii. 137.
Jerome of Prague, burned to death, ii. 102.
Jerusalem, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 38;
its conquest by Saladin, 40;
restored to the Christians by the Saracens, 41;
oppressive system of marriages there, under the feudal system, 180;
title of the kings of Naples to sovereignty over it, 386 note d.
Jews, wealth amassed and persecutions endured by the, i. 209;
their early celebrity as usurers, ib. note b;
their final expulsion from France, 210 and note d;
ordinances against them, 222;
exorbitant rates paid by them in England, ii. 320;
their massacre by the Pastoureaux, iii. [297];
their liability to maltreatment, [305];
barbarous customs regarding them, ib. [note];
the Jew-drowning story, [306] [note] u;
their early money dealings, [338];
toleration vouchsafed to them, ib.;
decline of their trade, [339];
their addiction to coin-clipping, [369] [note] t.
Joan of Arc, character, successes, and fate of, i. 79, 80;
her betrayer, 84 note f;
her name and birthplace, 143;
great merit of Southey's poem, ib.
Joanna of Naples, married to Andrew of Hungary, i 486;
her husband's murder imputed to her, ib. and note q;
she dies by violence, 487.
Joanna II. of Naples, and her favourites, i, 489;
her vacillation relative to her successors, 490;
puts Caraccioli to death, 491 note.
John I. of Castile, accession of, ii. 15;
his merited defeat by the Portuguese, 16.
John II. of Castile, wise government by the guardians of, during his infancy, ii. 15, 16;
he disgraces and destroys his favourite Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17;
his death, 17;
its results, 58.
John (king of England), cited before Philip Augustus, i. 26;
results of his contumacy, 27;
singular fines levied by him, ii. 320;
his rapacity, 326 and note q;
Magna Charta, 326, 329;
curious instance of the unpopularity of his name, iii. [65] [note] t.
John I. of France, birth and death of, i. 46 and note e.
John II. of France, character of, i. 53;
taken prisoner at Poitiers, 58;
bestows his daughter on Charles of Navarre, 57;
submits to the peace of Bretigni, 59;
his response to the citizens of Rochelle, 63.
John of Procida, designs of, on Sicily, i. 483;
result of his intrigues, 484.
John VIII. (pope), insolence of, towards Charles the Fat, ii. 174;
asserts a right to nominate the emperor, ib.
John XXII. (pope), claims supremacy over the empire, ii. 235;
his dispute with Louis of Bavaria, ib.;
he persecutes the Franciscans, 237;
his immense treasures, 238;
his imposts on the clergy, 238 note x.
John XXIII. (pope), convokes and is deposed by the council of Constance, ii. 243.
Joinville (the chronicler), refuses to accompany St. Louis in his last crusade, i. 42 note.
Judith of Bavaria, marries Louis the Debonair, i. 16.
Julian's betrayal of Spain to the Moors: credibility of the legend, ii. 62-65.
Jury. See [Trial by Jury].
Justice, administration of, under Charlemagne, i. 238;
various kinds of feudal jurisdiction, 239;
judicial privileges assigned to the owners of fiefs, 240;
cruel custom in Aragon, 241 note q;
trial by combat, 242, 243 and notes;
the Establishments of St. Louis, 244;
limitations on trial by combat, 245, 246, 247 note p;
royal tribunals and their jurisdiction, 246;
the court of peers, 247;
the parliament of Paris and its lawyers, 248;
jurisdiction of the court of the palace, 336, 337;
its constitution, 337;
imperial chamber of the empire, ii. 97;
its functions and jurisdiction, 98;
the six circles and the Aulic council, 99;
character of the king's court, in England, 336, 420-425;
importance of the office of chief justiciary, 336 note r;
functions of the court of exchequer, 336 and note s, 425;
institution of justices of assize, 337;
establishment of the court of common pleas, 338;
origin of the common law, 339;
difference between the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman systems of jurisprudence, 339, 340;
complicated character of English laws, 341;
necessity for a reformation of the statute-book, 342 and note;
jurisdiction of the king's council, iii. [138-147], [249-257];
safeguard for the independence of judges, [152] [note] t;
rarity of instances of illegal condemnation, [156-158];
origin and jurisdiction of the court of chancery, [241-249].
King's council (England), Jurisdiction of the, iii. [138];
its composition, ib.;
its encroachments, [140];
limitations on its power, [141];
remonstrances of the commons, ib.;
its legislative status, [143];
its frequent junction with the lords' house, [144-146] and [notes];
views of Sir F. Palgrave on the subject, [249-257].
Knighthood. See [Chivalry].
Knights Templars, institution of the order of, i. 40;
their large possessions and rapacity, ib. and note s;
question of their guilt or innocence, 138, 139;
Count Purgstall's charges against them, 139-142;
Raynouard's attempted refutation, 142;
their estates and remarkable influence in Spain, ii. 8.
Koran, characteristics of the, ii. 114-117.
Labourers, amount of wages paid to, iii. [372], [373];
degree of comfort thereby indicated, [373], [374] and [notes].
Ladislaus of Naples, accession of, i. 488;
energy displayed by him, 489;
his death, ib.
Ladislaus of Hungary, defeat of the partisans of, ii. 105;
his accession to the throne, ib.;
his death, ib.;
suspicions relative thereto, 106 note.
Lambertazzi (Imilda de), pathetic story of, i. 402.
Lancaster (duke of), ascendency of, over Edw. III. iii. [55];
his ambitious projects, ib.;
cause of his retirement from court, [58];
he curries favour with the commons, [65] and note t;
his quarrel with Arundel and Gloucester, [74];
his marriage with Katherine Swineford, ib.;
his antenuptial children by her, [75];
conduct of Richard II. on his death, [80].
Lancastrians and Yorkists, wars of the, iii. [197].
Lando (Michel di), cause of the elevation of, i. 435;
his just exercise of power, 436;
sent into exile, 438.
Landwehr, antiquity of the, i. 263 note e.
Lanfranc (archbishop), arrogant conduct of, ii. 305 note h.
Languages, difficulty of accounting for the change of, i. 284, 285;
principles deducible from difference of language, 290, 291.
Languedoc, spread of the Albigensian heresy in, i. 28 and note;
devastation of the country by the papal forces, 28, 29 and notes;
its cession to the crown of France, 29;
its provincial assembly, 234.
Latimer (lord), impeached by the commons, iii. [56];
their further tactics regarding him, [59].
Latin tongue, corruption of the, iii. [275].
See [Learning].
Laura (Petrarch's mistress). See [Petrarch].
Laws, characteristics of, at certain periods i. 297;
study of the civil law, iii. [414];
fame of the Bolognese school, [415];
necessity for legal knowledge in mediæval magistrates, [416];
unpopularity of the Roman law in England, [417];
neglect of the elder civilians, [418], [419] and [note] x.
See [Justice].
Learning, causes of the decline of, iii. [270];
neglect of pagan literature by the early Christians, [273];
blighting influence of superstition and asceticism, [274];
corruption of the Latin tongue, [275];
rules observed in its pronunciation, [276-278];
errors of the populace, [278];
changes wrought by the Italians and French, [279], [280];
neglect of quantity, [281];
specimens of verses by St. Augustin and others, [282-284] [notes];
change of Latin into Romance, [283];
Italian corruptions of the Latin, [285];
effect of the disuse of Latin, [286];
ignorance of various sovereigns, ib. [notes];
extent of Charlemagne's and Alfred's learning, [286] and [note] f;
ignorance of the clergy, [287], [288], and [notes];
scarcity of books, [289] and [note] p;
erasure of manuscripts, [289];
lack of eminent learned men, ib.;
John Scotus and Silvester II., [290] and [note] r;
preservative effects of religion on the Latin tongue, [291-293];
non-existence of libraries, [292] [note];
prevalence of superstitions, [293-295];
revival of literature, [413];
study of civil law, [414-419];
establishment of public schools, [419];
Abelard and the university of Paris, [420], [421];
Oxford university and its founders, [422], [423], and [notes];
rapid increase of universities, [423-425];
causes of their celebrity, [425];
spread of the scholastic philosophy, [426];
its eminent disputants, [427];
influence of Aristotle and of the church, [429], [430];
unprofitableness of the scholastic discussions, [430], [431];
labours of Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus, [432] and [note] s, [433];
cultivation of the new languages, [433];
the troubadours and their productions, [434-436];
origin of the French language, [436];
early French compositions, [437], [438];
Norman tales and romances, [439];
the Roman de la Rose, [440];
French prose writings, [441], [442] and [notes];
formation of the Spanish language: the Cid, [442], [443], and [notes];
rapid growth of the Italian language, [443], [444];
excuses of Italians for writing in French, [445] [note] z;
Dante and his Divine Comedy, [445-449];
Petrarch and his writings, [449-452];
dawn of the English tongue, [452];
Layamon's Brut, [453] and [note] k;
Robert of Gloucester and other metrical writers, [453];
merit of Piers Plowman's Vision, [454];
cause of the slow progress of the English language, ib.;
earliest compositions in English, [455];
pre-eminence of Chaucer, [456];
revival of classical learning, [457];
eminent cultivators thereof, [458];
invention of paper, [459];
transcribers and booksellers, ib. [note] x;
rarity and dearness of books, [460];
recovery of classical manuscripts, [461];
eminent labourers in this field, [462], [463];
revival of the study of Greek, [465], [466];
state of learning in Greece, [466];
services rendered by the mediæval Greeks, [467-469] and [notes];
opposition to the study of Greek at Oxford, [470];
fame due to Eton and Winchester schools, ib.;
invention of printing, [471];
first books issued from the press, ib.;
first printing presses in Italy, [472];
elucidatory note on the state of learning in the dark ages, [474-476];
Dr. Maitland's views thereon, [476-479];
earliest use of the English language in public documents, [484-486].
Legislation under the early French kings, i. 212;
the "Champ de Mars" or Field of March, 213, 214;
participation of the people in legislative proceedings, 214, 333-336;
Charlemagne's legislative assemblies, 215;
cessation of national assemblies, 218;
assemblies of the barons, 219;
the cours plénières, 220;
limitation of the king's power, 221;
substitutes for legislative authority, ib.;
ecclesiastical councils and their encroachments, 222;
general legislation, when first practised, ib.;
increase of the legislative power of the crown, and its causes, 223, 224;
convocation of the States-General, 224;
constitution of the Saxon witenagemot, ii. 279;
Anglo-Norman legislation, 322, 323 and note;
prerogatives of the crown, 410;
custom of the Anglo-Saxon kings, 412.
See [Justice], [Parliament], [States-General].
Leo the Great deposes Hilary, ii. 161 note p.
Leo III. invests Charlemagne with the imperial insignia, i. 11;
his design of marrying Charlemagne to Irene, 122;
Charlemagne's authority over him, ii. 182.
Leo VIII. confers on the emperor the right of nominating popes, ii. 182 and note x.
Leo IX. leads his army in person, i. 363;
devotion of his conquerors towards him, 363, 364.
See [Papal Power].
Leon, foundation of the kingdom of, ii. 3;
its king killed in battle, 4;
its union with Castile, 9.
Leopold of Austria defeated by the Swiss, ii. 109.
Libraries in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, iii. [460], [461], and [notes].
Literature. See [Learning].
Lollards, rise of the, iii. [388];
their resemblance to the Puritans, [389].
Lombards, original settlement of the, i. 8 and note t;
extension of their dominions, ib.;
defeated by Pepin and Charlemagne, 9;
their mode of legislating, 212;
position of their Roman subjects, 295;
progress of their cities, 365;
frequency of wars between them, ib.;
acquisition of territories by them, 368;
democratic tyranny of the larger cities, 369;
destruction of Lodi by the Milanese, ib. and note i;
courage of the citizens of Como, 370;
exclusion of royal palaces from Lombard cities, ib.;
siege and subjugation of Milan by Frederic Barbarossa, 371, 372;
efforts of the Milanese to regain their freedom, 372;
destruction of Milan, 373;
league of the Lombard cities, 374;
defeat and flight of Barbarossa, 375;
peace of Constance, 376;
their successful resistance a lesson to tyrants, 376, 377;
their wars with Frederic II., 387;
party nature of these struggles, 388;
arrangement of the Lombard cities, 388, 389;
chequered results of their conflicts with Frederic, 390;
their papal supporters, ib.;
causes of their success, 392;
their means of defence, 394, 395;
internal government of their cities, 395;
revival of the office of podestà, 396;
position of aristocratic offenders amongst them, 397;
duties and disabilities of the podestà, 397, 398;
their internal dissensions, 398, 399;
artisan clubs and aristocratic fortifications, 400;
vindictiveness of conquerors of all classes, 401;
inflammatory nature of private quarrels, and their disastrous results, 402;
effect of Giovanni di Vicenza's exhortations, 403, 404;
moral deducible from the fall of the Lombard republics, 408, 409;
the Visconti in Lombardy, 464.
See [Visconti].
Longchamp (William, bishop of Ely), constitutional precedent established by the banishment of, ii. 325.
London, early election of the magistrates of, iii. [219];
its municipal divisions, [220];
its first lord mayor, [221];
not exclusively a city of traders, [223];
its extent and population, ib.;
comparison with Paris, [224].
Loria (Roger di), naval successes of, i. 484.
Lothaire (son of Louis the Debonair), associated in power with his father, i. 15;
his jealousy of his half-brother, 16;
territories allotted to him, 16, 17, and notes o, p;
cause of his excommunication, ii. 169, 170.
Lothaire (duke of Saxony), elected emperor of Germany, ii. 71 and note p;
failure of his scheme of succession, 72;
the picture and couplet relative to his coronation, 195 note g.
Louis of Bavaria, emperor of Germany, ii. 85;
his contest with the popes, 234;
he aids the Visconti, 235;
he dies unabsolved, 236.
Louis I. (the Debonair) succeeds Charlemagne, i. 14;
his cruelty to his nephew, ib.;
his character, 15;
associates his sons in power with him, ib.;
his second marriage and its consequences, 16;
enmity of the clergy against him, ib.;
his practice relative to the hearing of causes, 239, note h;
his attempted deposition by the bishops, ii. 155, 156;
he prohibits trial by ordeal, iii. [295] [note] x.
Louis of Germany (son of the above) made king of Bavaria by his father, i. 15;
share of empire allotted to him on his father's death, 16.
Louis II. (the Stammerer), conditions exacted by the French nobles from, i. 126.
Louis IV. ("Outremer") elected king, i. 128;
Fulk's saucy retort, iii. [286] [note] e.
Louis V., i. 18, 128.
Louis VI., state of France at the accession of, i. 24;
his contests with the Norman princes, 25;
his participation in judicial matters, 244 note c.
Louis VII., untoward marriage of, and its consequences, i. 25;
confirms the rights of the clergy, 27;
joins in the second crusade, 38;
his submissiveness to Rome, ii. 223.
Louis VIII. opposes Raymond of Toulouse, i. 29;
issues an ordinance against the Jews, 222.
Louis IX. (Saint Louis), accession of, i. 30;
revolt of the barons against him, ib.;
excellences of his character, his rare probity, &c., 31, 32;
undue influence exercised over him by his mother, 32;
his superstition, 33 and note;
he embarks in the crusades, 33;
calamitous results of his first crusade, 41;
his second expedition and death, ib.;
his Establishments, 222, 224, 244;
his open-air administrations of justice, 244;
the Pragmatic Sanction and its provisions, ii. 214 and note;
his submissiveness to the church, 226;
his restraint on the church holding land, 227 and note.
Louis X. (Louis Hutin), accession and death of, i. 45;
treatment of his queen and family by Philip the Long, 46;
his edict for the abolition of serfdom, 202;
he renounces certain taxes, 227.
Louis XI., accession of, i. 86;
his character and policy, 86, 87;
bestows Normandy on his brother as an appanage, 88;
and then deprives him of it, 89;
grants pensions to the English king and his nobles, 89, 90;
his contests with Charles of Burgundy, 90, 91, and notes;
and with Mary of Burgundy, 94, 95, and notes;
his last sickness and its terrors, 96;
his belief in relics, 97 and note;
court boast relative to his encroachments, 235;
civic liberty encouraged by him, 352;
he repeals the Pragmatic Sanction, ii. 255;
his people oppose the repeal, ib.;
his treatment of cardinal Balue, 258, note c.
Louis XII. See [Orleans].
Louis of Hungary invades Naples, i. 486.
Louis of Anjou adopted by Joanna of Naples, i. 487;
his death, 488.
Louis II. of Anjou and Naples, accession of, i. 488;
subdued by Ladislaus, ib.
Louis III. of Anjou and Naples called in by Joanna II., i. 489;
his doubtful prospects, and death, 491.
Lucius II. (pope), cause of the death of, i. 416.
Luna (Alvaro de), influence exercised by, ii. 16;
disgraced and beheaded, 17;
law on which his opponents relied, 38.
Luna (Antonio de) assassinates the archbishop of Saragossa, ii. 41.
Luna (Frederic count of) claims the throne of Aragon, ii. 41;
care taken of his interests by the court, ib.
Luna (Peter de). See [Benedict XIII].
Lupus Servatus, literary performances of, iii. [475] [note] a.
Luxemburg (John of), execution of prisoners of war by, i. 84;
betrays Joan of Arc to the English, ib. note f.
Magna Charta. See [England].
Mahomet the prophet. See [Mohammed].
Mahomet II. attacks the Venetians, i. 493;
his success, 495;
failure of his assault upon Belgrade, ii. 106;
he captures Constantinople, 136;
unrealised schemes for his expulsion, 136, 137;
his European successes and reverses, 138;
Æneas Sylvius's odd proposal, ib. note.
Mandats and their abuses, ii. 212.
Manfred, brave retention of the imperial throne by, i. 392;
killed, 406.
Manicheans. See [Religious Sects.]
Manners. See [Chivalry], [Domestic Life], [Learning], [Superstition].
Manufactures. See [Trade].
Manuscripts. See [Learning].
Marcel (magistrate of Paris), why assassinated, i. 232.
March (Roger, earl of) opposes the duke of Lancaster, iii. [56];
his significant policy, [57];
his popularity with the parliament, [65];
his exclusion from the throne, [82], [194];
clemency of Henry V. towards him, [194].
Margaret of Anjou married to Henry VI., iii. [98];
consequences of her impolicy, [194], [197].
See [Henry VI].
Mariner's compass, tradition of the invention of the, iii. [332], [333].
Maritime laws of early times, iii. [333];
prevalence of piracy, [334];
law of reprisals, [335.]
Marriages, capricious decrees of the popes concerning, ii. 208;
dispensations and their abuses, ib.
Martin (prince of Aragon) marries the queen of Sicily, i. 490;
his death, ib.
Martin (king of Aragon) succeeds to his son's Sicilian dominions, i. 490;
contests for the Aragonese throne at his death, ii. 39.
Martin V. elected pope, ii. 246;
he convokes the council of Pavia, 247;
his anger at the English statute of præmunire, 251, note y;
his concordat with England, 251;
powers reserved to him by the German concordats, 252, 253;
rejection of his concordat by France, 254.
Mary of Burgundy. See [Burgundy].
Matilda (countess) bequeaths her dominions to Rome, i. 380.
Matthias Corvinus. See [Corvinus].
Maximilian of Austria marries Mary of Burgundy, i. 96;
becomes king of the Romans, ii. 89 and notes;
ascends the German throne, 94;
he extinguishes the robber-nobles, 96;
institutes the Aulic council, 99;
extent of the empire at his accession, 100.
Mayor of the palace, importance of the office of, i. 6, 113-115, 157.
See [Charles Martel], [Pepin Heristal], [Ebroin].
Medici (Salvestro de') proposes to mitigate the severity of the law in Florence, i. 434;
rise of his family, 498;
character of Giovanni, ib. and note;
banishment and recall of Cosmo, 499;
his death: his son Piero, 500;
death of Julian: popularity and princely career of Lorenzo, 501;
his bankruptcy repaired at the cost of the state, 502 and note q;
his title to esteem, 503.
Mendicant friars, first appearance of the, ii. 205;
success of their preachings, 206;
their extensive privileges, 206, 207, and notes.
Mercenary troops. See [Military Systems].
Merovingian dynasty, character of the times during which it ruled, i. 5;
chronological sketch of its career, 118-120.
Middle ages, period comprised under the term, iii. [269].
Milan, resolute conduct of the people of in the choice of a bishop, i. 366 and note y;
its siege by Frederic I., 372;
destruction of the city, 373;
its statistics in the 13th century, 393;
its public works, 394;
creation of the duchy of Milan, 412;
lax conduct of the Milanese clergy, ii. 187, note g.
See [Lombards].
Military systems of the middle ages.
character of the English troops at Crecy, Poitiers, and Azincourt, i. 55, 77;
disadvantages of feudal obligations in long campaigns, 262;
substitution of mercenaries, 264;
Canute's soldiers, and his institutes respecting them, 264 and note g;
the mercenaries of the Anglo-Norman kings, 265;
advantages of mercenary troops, ib.;
high rate of pay to English soldiers, 77 and note t, 266;
establishment of a regular force by Charles VII., 267;
military resources of the Italian cities, 467;
importance of their carroccio, 467 and note d;
their foreign auxiliaries, 468;
arms and armour, 469 and note k;
citizens excused from service, 469;
companies of adventurers: Guarnieri's systematic levies, 471;
spirited refusal of tribute by Florence, 472;
Sir John Hawkwood's career [see [Hawkwood]];
eminent Italian generals and their services, 474, 475;
probable first instance of half-pay, 475 and note u;
small loss of life in mediæval warfare, 476, 477, and notes;
long bows and cross bows, 477, 478;
advantages and disadvantages of armour, 478;
introduction of gunpowder, 479;
clumsiness of early artillery and fire-arms, 480;
increased efficiency of infantry, 481.
Mocenigo (doge), dying prophecy of, i. 465, 466, and note.
Moguls, ravages of the, ii. 131;
their exploits under Timur, 133.
Mohammed, advent of, ii. 114;
state of Arabia at the time, 115;
dearth of materials for his history, ib. note;
characteristics of his writings, 115, 116;
his knowledge of Christianity whence derived, 116, note c;
martial spirit of his system, 117, 118;
career of his followers.
See [Abbassides], [Moors], [Ottomans], [Saracens], [Turks].
Monarchy in France, character of the, i. 217 note;
means by which it became absolute, 223;
its power of enacting laws unlimited, 229 note h.
Monasteries, cultivation of waste lands by, ii. 142;
less pure sources of income, 144;
their exemption from episcopal control, 168 and note f;
preservation of books by them, iii. [292];
extent of their charities, [302] and [note];
vices of their inmates, [303];
their anti-social influence, [304];
their agricultural exertions, [360] and [note].
Money, high interest paid for, iii. [337];
establishment of paper credit, [339] and [note] b;
banks of Italy, [340];
securities for public loans, [341];
changes in the value of money, [366-369];
comparative table of value, [370] [note] x;
See [Coining].
Montagu (minister of Charles VI.), arrest of, i. 68 note z.
Montfort (Simon de), heads the crusade against the Albigeois, i. 29.
Montfort (Simon de, earl of Leicester), his writs of summons to the towns of England, iii. [27].
Montfort (ally of Edward III.) obtains the duchy of Britany, i. 99.
Moors, successes of the Spaniards against the, ii. 3;
victories of Alfonso VI., 5;
Cordova taken from them, 9;
its fabulous extent and wealth, ib. note m;
cause of their non-expulsion from Spain, 10, 11.
Mosheim, error of, relative to Louis IX., i. 33 note z.
Mowbray (earl of Nottingham and duke of Norfolk), made lord appellant, iii. [72];
he espouses the king's interest, [74];
his quarrel with Bolingbroke and its results, [79], [80] and [note] z.
Municipal institutions of the Roman provincial cities, i. 338;
importance of the office of defensor civitatis, 340;
duties appertaining to it, 340;
responsibilities of the decurions, 341;
the senatorial orders, 342-344;
civic position of the Frank bishops, 345;
municipal government of the Frank cities, 345-347;
corporate towns of Spain, 347;
of France, 348;
their struggles for freedom, 348, 349;
early independence of the Flemish and Dutch cities, 349;
origin of the French communes, 350, 351;
growth of the burgages, 352;
policy of Louis XI. relative to civic liberty, ib.;
Italian municipalities, 353, 354 [see [Lombards]];
free cities of Germany [see [Germany]].
See [Parliament], [Towns].
Murder, gradation of fines levied as punishment for, amongst the Franks, i. 150, 151 and notes, 198 and note q, 281;
rates of compensation amongst the Anglo-Saxons, ii. 275.
Naples subjugated by Roger Guiscard, i. 363, 364;
contest for its crown between Manfred and Charles of Anjou, 406;
murder of the rightful heir by Charles, 407;
schemes relative to the severance of Sicily, 483 [see [Sicily]];
accession of Robert, 485;
queen Joanna and her murdered husband, 486 and note q;
Louis of Anjou and Charles III., 488;
reign of Louis II., ib.;
ambition of the young king Ladislaus, 489;
his death, ib.;
Joanna II., her vices and her favourites, 489, 490, and 491 note;
career of Alfonso, 492 [see [Alfonso V].];
invasion of the kingdom by John of Calabria, 494;
his failure, ib.;
Ferdinand secured on the throne, 495;
his odious rule, 503.
Navarre, origin of the kingdom of, ii. 3, 4.
Neustria, extent of the dominions so termed, i. 6 note o;
its peculiar features as distinguished from Austrasia, 118;
when first erected into a kingdom, 119 and note;
destruction of its independence, 120.
Nevil (lord) impeached by the commons, iii. [56].
Nicolas II. (pope), innovations introduced by, ii. 183.
Nobility, origin of, in France, i. 157, 158 and note, 189;
privileges conferred on the class, 191;
consequences of marriage with plebeians, 192;
letters of nobility when first granted, 193;
different orders, and rights belonging to each, 194;
their gallows distinctions, ib. note c;
their right to coin money, 205, 206;
to levy private war, 207;
characteristics of the early Frank nobility 309-312;
excesses of the Florentine nobility, 423, 424;
turbulence of the Spanish nobles, ii. 13;
contests of the German nobles with the cities, 91, 92;
rural nobility, how supported, 94, 95;
their career, how checked, 95;
source of the influence of the English nobility, iii. [165];
their patronage of robbers, [169];
German robber lords, [314];
legislative province of the English nobility [see [Parliament]].
Norfolk (earl and duke of). See [Bigod], [Mowbray].
Normans, piratical pursuits of the, i. 20;
their plan of warfare, 21;
sufferings of the clergy at their hands, 22;
their conversion and settlement in France, ib.;
terror excited by their audacity, 134, 135;
beneficial effects of their conversion, 135;
their incursions into Italy, 363 and note m;
successes of their leaders, 363, 364;
their invasion of England [see [England]].
Nottingham (earl of). See [Mowbray].
Oaths, papal dispensations from, ii. 210;
notable instances thereof, ib. note c.
Odo (archbishop). See [Dunstan].
Oleron, laws of, iii. [334].
Ordeals, nature of, iii. [294], [295];
stories of queens Emma and Cunegunda, [295] [note] y;
instance of a failure of the water ordeal and its consequences, ii. 339 note b.
Orleans (Louis, duke of), alleged amours of, with queen Isabel, i. 69 note c;
loses his popularity, 70;
his assassination and its probable causes, ib. and notes;
commotions which ensued, 71, 72.
Orleans (Louis, duke of, afterwards Louis XII.) claims the regency during the minority of Charles VIII., i. 98;
instigates the convocation of the States-General, 236.
Ostrogoths, occupation of Italy by the, i. 1;
annihilation of their dominion, 8;
Roman jurisprudence adopted by them, 151.
Othman. See [Ottomans].
Otho I. (the Great), benefits conferred upon Germany by, ii. 67.
Otho II. and III. chosen emperors of Germany, ii. 67.
Otho IV. aided by the Milanese, i. 382;
enmity of the pope towards him, 384;
its consequences, ii. 75;
obtains a dispensation from Innocent III., 209;
rights surrendered by him to Innocent, 211, 212 and note f.
Ottoman dynasty, founded by Othman, ii. 132;
their European conquests, ib.;
their reverses and revival under Amurath, 134, 135;
they capture Constantinople, 136;
European alarm excited thereby, ib.;
institution of the Janizaries, 137;
suspension of Ottoman conquests, 138.
Oxford university. See [Learning].
Pagan superstitions, cause of the limited influence of, i. 136.
Palaces (royal), why excluded from Lombard cities, i. 370.
Palermo, foundation of silk manufacture in, iii. [331].
Palestine, commercial value of the settlements in, iii. [329].
See [Crusades].
Pandects, discovery of the, iii. [415].
Papal power, first germ of the, ii. 158, 159;
preceded by the patriarchate, 160;
character of Gregory I., 161;
his wary proceedings, 162 and notes;
convocation of the synod of Frankfort by Boniface, 165, 166 and notes;
effect produced by the False Decretals, 166, 167 and notes, 221;
papal encroachments on the hierarchy, 167;
exemption of monasteries from episcopal control, 168 and note f;
kings compelled to succumb to papal supremacy, 169;
origin of excommunications, 170;
helpless position of excommunicated persons, 171;
interdicts and their disastrous consequences, 172;
further interference with regal rights by the popes, ib.;
scandalous state of the papacy in the tenth century, 174;
Leo IX.'s reformatory efforts, 177;
prerogatives of the emperors relative to papal elections, 182;
innovations of pope Nicolas II., 183;
election and death of Alexander II., 184;
career of Gregory VII. [see [Gregory VII].];
contests of his successors with Henry IV. and V. of Germany, 188;
Calixtus II. and the concordat of Worms, ib.;
papal opposition to investitures, 181, 188, 189 and notes;
abrogation of ecclesiastical independence, 193;
papal legates and their functions, 194;
Alexander III. and Thomas à Becket, 195;
career of Innocent III. [see [Innocent III].];
height of the papal power in the 13th century, 202;
promulgation of the canon law, 203;
its analogy to the Justinian code, 204 and notes;
establishment of the mendicant friars, 205;
dispensations of marriage, 208 and notes;
dispensations from oaths, 210;
encroachments on episcopal elections, 211;
and on rights of patronage, 212;
mandats and their abuse, ib.;
the Pragmatic Sanction, 214 and note;
pretexts for taxing the clergy, 215, 216;
clerical disaffection towards the popes, 218;
progress of ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 219-221;
opposition thereto by England, 223 and notes;
faint opposition of France, 225;
career of Boniface VIII. [see [Boniface VIII].];
decline of the papacy, 232;
removal of the papal court to Avignon, 233;
its contests with Louis of Bavaria, 234;
growing resistance to the popes, 236;
rapacity of the Avignon popes, 237;
participation of the French kings in the plunder, 238;
independent conduct of England, ib. and notes;
return of the popes to Rome, 240;
contest between Urban VI. and Clement VII., ib.;
the two papal courts, 242;
three contemporary popes, ib.;
proceedings at the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basle, 243 [see [Councils]];
reflections pertinent thereto, 248-251;
effects of the concordat of Aschaffenburg, 253;
papal encroachments in Castile, 254;
restraints thereon in France, 254-256;
further limits on ecclesiastical jurisdiction, 257-259 and notes;
decline of papal influence in Italy, and its causes, 259;
despicable nature of later Interdicts, 260 note.
See [Church], [Clergy], [Monasteries].
Paper from linen, when invented, iii. [459] and [note] y.
Paris, seditions at, i. 66;
defeat and harsh treatment of its citizens, 67 and notes;
their fear of the Normans, 134;
population of the city in early times, iii. [224];
See [Parliament of Paris].
Parishes, origin, of, ii. 144 and note r;
their slow growth, 145.
Parliament of England, constituent elements of the, iii. [4];
right by which the spiritual peers sit, [4], [5], [122];
earls and barons, [5], [6];
theories of Selden and Madox, [6-9];
tenants in chief in parliament, [10], [11];
first germ of representation, [11], [12] and [note] a;
county representation, [12];
parliaments of Henry III., [13], [14] and [notes];
knights of the shire, how elected, [15-19];
first summoning of towns to parliament, [27] and [note] s;
question of an earlier date discussed, [28-30] and [notes];
the parliament of Acton Burnell, [31] [note] e;
the Barnstaple petition, [32];
cause of summoning deputies from boroughs, [35-37];
division of parliament into two houses, [37];
proper business of the house of commons, [38];
complaint of the commons in 1309, [40];
rights established by them, [42];
their struggle with the king relative to taxation, [42-47];
concurrence of both houses in legislation made necessary, [48];
distinction between statutes and ordinances, [49-52];
interference of parliament in matters of war and peace, [53], [54];
right to inquire into public abuses, [54];
increase of the power of the commons under Richard II., [58];
their protests against lavish expenditure, [59-61];
success of their demands for accounts, [61];
boldness of their remonstrances, [62-64];
they aid the duke of Lancaster, [65] [note] t;
their charges against the earl of Suffolk, [67], [68];
submission of Richard to their demands, [69-71];
they come to an understanding with him, [73], [74];
they fall under his displeasure, [75];
servility of their submission, [76-78];
necessity for deposing Richard, [80];
cautious proceedings of parliament thereupon, [82], [83];
rights acquired by the commons during his reign, [83];
their constitutional advances under the house of Lancaster, [84];
their exclusive right of taxation, [84-86];
their right of granting and controlling supplies, [86];
and to make same depend in redress of grievances, [86], [87];
establishment of their legislative rights, [87-88];
falsification of their intentions how accomplished, [88-90];
their first petition in English, [90];
introduction of bills, public and private, [91], [92];
legislative divisions of king, lords, and commons, [92] [note] h;
parliamentary interference with royal expenditure, [93];
limitations laid on Henry IV., [93], [94];
re-establishment of a good understanding with him, [95];
harmony between Henry V. and the parliament, [96];
parliamentary advice sought on public affairs, [97];
their right to impeach ministers, [98];
Henry VI.'s mode of evading Suffolk's impeachment, [99];
assertion of the privilege of parliament, [100];
cases of Lark and Clerke ib.;
principles involved in Thorp's case, [101];
infringements on liberty of speech, [102];
privilege of originating money-bills, [103-106];
the three estates of the realm, [105] [note] b;
course of proceeding on other bills, [106], [107];
instance of excess of privilege, [108];
contested elections and proceedings thereon, [109], [110];
county franchise, in whom vested, [111] and [note];
representation of towns, [111], [112];
partial omission of boroughs, [113], [114] and [notes];
reluctance of boroughs to send members, [115];
in whom the right to vote was vested, [116], [117] and [note] m;
status of the members, [117];
exclusion of lawyers from the commons' house, [118];
members originally compelled to be residents, [118], [119];
election irregularities and crown interference, [120], [121];
constitution of the house of lords, [121];
qualification of spiritual barons, [122];
barons by writ, [123-126] and [notes];
distinction between barons and bannerets, [126-129];
creation of peers by statute and by patent, [129], [130];
clergy summoned to send representatives, [131-138];
remonstrances of the commons against the encroachments of the council, [140-142].
Parliament of Paris, constitution and sittings of the, i. 248;
progress of its jurisdiction, 250;
enregistration of royal decrees confided to it, 251;
its spirited conduct in reference thereto, ib.;
interference of the kings with its privileges, 251;
establishment of its independence by Louis XI., 252;
its claims on the respect of posterity, ib.;
important ordinance of Charles V., iii. [152] [note] t.
Paschal II. (pope), opposition to investitures by, ii. 187 note i, and 189 note o;
his animosity against Henry IV. of Germany, 188.
Pastoureaux. See [Superstitions].
Paulicians. See [Religious Sects].
Pauperism, slavery chosen as a refuge from the miseries of, i. 328.
Pecock (bishop), character of, iii. [389] [note] i.
Peers of England. See [Nobility], [Parliament].
Peers of France, original constitution of the, i. 249.
Pelagius II. and the bishop of Arles, ii. 164.
Pembroke (William, earl of), resolute defiance of Henry III. by, iii. [164].
People, state of the, temp. Charlemagne and his successors, i. 18, 19, et seq.;
their lawlessness, iii. [307];
their general immorality, ib.
Pepin Heristal, usurpation of supremacy by, i. 7;
his influence over the destinies of France, 117;
he restores the national council, 215.
Pepin (son of Charles Martel) deposes Childeric III., i. 8;
ascends the throne, ib.;
subdues the Lombards, 9;
his legislative assemblies, 215.
Perjury, prevalence of, in the middle ages, iii. [309].
Perrers (Alice). See [Edward III].
Peter the Great compared with Charlemagne, i. 13.
Peter the Cruel, succession of crimes perpetrated by, ii. 14;
his apologists, ib. and note;
his discomfiture and death, 15.
Peter the Hermit. See [Crusades].
Peter II. of Aragon surrenders his kingdom to the pope, ii, 200, 231.
Peter III of Aragon assists John of Procida, i. 483;
he accepts the crown of Sicily, 484.
Peter IV. of Aragon, character and reign of, ii. 39;
consequences of his attempts to settle the crown on his daughter, ib.
Petrarch on the state of France in 1360, i. 59, note;
his extravagant views relative to Rome, 418, note;
his personal characteristics, iii. [449] and [note] e;
his great popularity, [450];
his goldsmith host, ib. [note] f;
his passion for Laura, [451];
character of his poetry, [452] and [note];
his efforts for the preservation of manuscripts, [461];
was Laura married or single? [482-484].
Philip Augustus, accession of, i. 26;
he cites John king of England before him, ib.;
deprives the English crown of its French possessions, 27;
joins in the third crusade, 40;
his request to an abbot relative to coinage, 206;
pope Gregory's menaces towards him, ii. 192;
his fear of Innocent III., 197;
takes back his repudiated wife, 199.
Philip III. (the Bold), accession of, i. 42;
his conduct towards the archbishop of Lyons, 45;
he taxes the clergy, ii. 219 note h.
Philip IV. (the Fair), accession of, i. 43;
policy adopted by him, ib.;
his resentment against the English king, ib. note;
his fraudulent conduct towards him, 44;
successful resistance of the Flemings against his attacks, 44 and note a;
his further acquisitions, 44;
and siege of Lyons, 45;
claims a right to debase the coin, 206 note q;
his character according to Guizot, 224 note;
he convokes the States-General, 225 and note;
his motives in embodying the deputies of towns, 226;
he taxes the clergy, ii. 228;
he arrests the pope's legate, 230;
he burns the pope's bulls, ib.;
retaliation of the pope, 231;
his stratagem against the pope, 232;
its consequences, ib.
Philip V. (the Long), assumption of the regency of France by, i. 45;
violates his treaty with his brother's widow, 46;
Salic law confirmed in his reign, 48 decrees the abolition of serfdom, 202;
result of his attempt at an excise on salt, 228.
Philip VI. (of Valois) regency and coronation of, i. 48;
sketch of his character, 53;
his debasements of the coin, 228.
Philip of Suabia elected emperor of Germany, ii. 75;
his assassination, ib.
Phocas, supposed concession to the popes by, ii. 162 note s.
Pickering (Sir James), tenor of a speech made by, iii. [59].
Piedmont, comparative obscurity of the history of, i. 390 note.
Piracy, temptations to the practice of, iii. [334];
difficulty of repressing it, [335].
Pisa, early naval and commercial importance of, i. 441;
her wars with Genoa, 442;
her reverses and sale to Florence, 443;
effect of the crusades on her prosperity, iii. [329].
Pisani (Vittor) defeated by the Genoese, and imprisoned by the Venetians, i. 445;
his triumphant recall from prison, 446.
Pius II. See [Æneas Sylvius].
Podestà, peculiarities of the office of, i. 397, 398.
Podiebrad (George), vigorous rule of Bohemia by, ii. 104;
suspected of poisoning Ladislaus, 106 note c.
Poggio Bracciolini, services of, in the revival of learning, iii. [463].
Poitiers, battle of. See [Edward III].
Poland, polity of, not based on feudality, i. 187.
Pole (Michael de la, earl of Suffolk), succeeds Scrope as chancellor, iii. [66];
refusal of Richard II. to dismiss him, [67];
his impeachment and sentence, [68];
subsequent proceedings relative to him, [72].
Porcaro, revolt and death of, i. 419.
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, ii. 255;
repealed by Louis XI., ib.;
its popularity with the people, ib.;
liberties secured by it, 256.
Pragmatic Sanction of S. Louis, enactment of the, ii. 214 and note.
Prague university, opposition of the nobles to the institution of, ii. 102 note t;
fate of its rector, ib.
Precarious, origin of the adjective, ii. 147 note d.
Prerogative of the kings of England, observations on the, iii. [147], [257-260].
See [English Constitution].
Prices of commodities, iii. [368-370].
Printing, invention of, iii. [471];
first books printed, ib.;
Italian presses, [472].
See [Learning].
Protadius, oppressive conduct of, i. 114.
Provence annexed to the French dominions, i. 100;
note upon its history, 101.
Public weal, origin of the war of the, i. 85;
object of its chiefs, 87, 88 and note n;
their fate, 89.
Punishments amongst the Franks for murder, i. 150, 151 and notes, 198 and note q, 281;
amongst the Burgundians, 151 and note s.
Purveyance, oppressive operation of the prerogative of, iii. [148], and [149] [note].
Races, turbulence of the Carlovingian period ascribed to the antipathy between, i. 128-134.
Rachimburgii, the, i. 214;
difference between them and the Scabini, 216 note z.
Ravenna, conquest and reconquest of. i. 8, 9.
Raymond VI. (count of Toulouse) excommunicated by Innocent III., i. 28;
reverses of his son Raymond, 29.
Regencies, rule in France relative to, i. 68 and note a;
instances of regencies in England, and principles deducible therefrom, iii. [184-190].
Religious sects, moral improvement accelerated by the growth of, iii. [378];
tenets of the Manicheans and Paulicians, [378], [379] and [notes];
the Albigenses, and controversies respecting them, [380], [381] and [note];
origin of the Waldenses, [382], [383] and [notes];
morality of their life, [384] [note] b;
Manicheism of the Albigenses, [385];
persecutions at Oxford, ib. and [note];
secret readings of the scriptures, [386];
persecutions for witchcraft, ib. [note];
permissions and prohibitions concerning the sacred writings, [387];
continued spread of heresies, [388];
strictnesses of Lollardism, [389];
schism of the Hussites, [389], [390] and [note] m.
Representation of the towns. See [Parliament], [States-General].
Representative legislation, first germ of, i. 216.
See [Parliament].
Revenues of the kings of France, how derived, i. 208-212.
See [Taxation].
Richard I., non-success of, against Philip Augustus, i. 26;
joins with Philip in the crusades, 40;
his prowess; terror excited by his name, ib. and note t;
his refusal relative to the right of private war, 207 note t;
his submission to the pope, ii. 197;
deposition of his chancellor, 325;
enactment of the laws of Oleron imputed to him, iii. [334];
his character as a troubadour, [439] and [note] k.
Richard II. loses ground in France, i. 64, 65;
his coronation, iii. [58];
his council during his minority, ib.;
his struggles with parliament, [62-64];
sketch of his character, [65];
his dependence on favourites, [66];
his refusal to dismiss de la Pole, duke of Suffolk, [67];
determined conduct of the commons towards him, [67], [68];
he yields to their demands, [69];
his further attempts at independent rule, [73];
his complaint against the commons, [75];
their submission, [76];
his seizure of the duke of Gloucester and other arbitrary acts, [77-79];
necessity for his deposition, [80];
progress of the constitution during his reign, [83];
extent of his malpractices relative to the raising of money, [84], [85];
his attack upon Haxey, [76], [102].
Richard (earl of Cornwall), chosen emperor of Germany, ii. 76;
absurdity of the choice, 77.
Richard (duke of York). See [York].
Richer (a mediæval historian), degree of value due to the testimony of, i. 130.
"Riding the city," meaning of the phrase, i. 429.
Rienzi (Nicola di), sudden accession to power of, i. 417;
his exile, recall, and death, 418;
Petrarch's enthusiasm towards him, ib. note.
Robert of Artois, impolitic act of forgery committed by, i. 47 note k.
Robert of Gloucester, and other metrical writers, iii. [453].
Robert of Naples, wise rule of, i. 485;
singular provision made by him, ii. 226 note x.
Robert (count palatine) supersedes Wenceslaus as emperor of Germany, ii. 87.
Robertson (the historian), value of his treatise on private warfare, i. 207 note t.
Rochelle, patriotism of the citizens of, i. 63.
Roderick the last of the Goths, credibility of the legend relative to, ii. 62-65.
Rodolph of Hapsburg elected emperor of Germany, ii. 81;
Austria conferred upon his son, ib.;
his ascendency in Switzerland, 107.
Rollo of Normandy, conversion of, i. 22.
Romance language, ascendency in the Frank dominions of the, i. 131.
See [Learning].
Romano (Eccelin da). See [Eccelin].
Rome, subversion of the empire of, i. 1;
its division by barbarous races, ib.;
portion which remained subject to it, 2;
partition of its provinces amongst their conquerors, 146, 275-278;
its municipal institutions, 339, 340;
its internal state in the tenth century, 358;
infamous conduct of candidates for the papal chair, 359;
execution of the consul Crescentius, 359 and note;
schemes of Innocent III. for aggrandizing the holy see, 381, 382;
increase of the temporal authority of the popes, 414;
the Roman orator and Frederic Barbarossa, 415 and note;
expulsion of popes by the citizens, 416;
the senators and their jurisdiction, ib.;
mutual animosities of the nobles, 417;
rise and fall of Rienzi, ib., 418;
transient revival of the republican spirit, 418;
miscarriage of Porcaro's revolutionary projects, 419.
See [Papal Power].
Romeo and Juliet, parallel to the story of, i. 402 and note.
Saint Bathilda, character of, i. 112.
Saint Boniface. See [Winfrid].
Saint Denis, sum paid for redeeming the abbot of, i. 22.
Saint John of Jerusalem, knights of, i. 40;
their saint, who he was, ib. note r;
their enormous possessions, ib. and note s.
Saint Louis. See [Louis IX].
Saint Medard, parentage of, i. 296.
Saint Pol (count of), anecdote of, i. 84 note f;
executed on the scaffold, 89;
anecdote of his distrust of Louis XI, 97 note.
Saint Wilfrid, historical service rendered by, i. 112.
Saints, great addition to the calendar of, in the time of Clovis and his sons, i. 111;
historical value of their lives, ib.;
extent of their title to canonization, 112, 113.
Saladin, conquest of Jerusalem by, i. 40.
Salic lands, characteristics of, i. 147-149 and notes.
Salic law, circumstances which led to the confirmation of the, i. 47, 48;
date of its enactment, 278, 279;
its incompleteness as a code, 280.
Sancho the Great bestows Castile on his second son, ii. 4;
he incorporates Naxara, 6.
Sancho IV. assassinates Don Lope, ii. 13;
clerical encroachments encouraged by, 220 note r.
Sanctuary, institution of the privilege of, iii. [302].
Saracens, expulsion of the, from France, i. 7 and note q;
their inroads upon Italy, 19 and note u;
Eudon's great victory over them, 116;
their conflicts with the Christians [see [Crusades]];
they conquer Spain, ii, 2;
encroachments of the Christians on their territories, 3;
mainspring of their heroism, 117;
their eastern conquests, 119;
their triumphs in the west, ib.;
effect of their successes, ib.;
their internal dissensions, 121.
See [Crusades], [Moors].
Saragosa taken from the Moors, ii. 5.
Sardinia conquered by the Pisans, i. 441;
its cession to the king of Aragon, 443.
Saxons, obstinate resistance to Charlemagne by the, i. 10;
enormous number beheaded by him, 13;
true cause of their wars with the Franks, 120;
their early kings, 303.
See [Anglo-Saxons].
Scabini, representative character of the, i. 216;
difference between them and the Rachimburgii, ib. note z;
their functions, 238 and note g.
Scanderbeg, protracted opposition to the Turks by, ii. 138.
Scandinavia and her Sea Kings, ii. 271.
Sclavonians, territories occupied by the, i. 19.
Scotus (Duns), notices of, iii. [427], [428] [note] i, [429].
Scotus (John), an exception to the ignorance of his times, iii. [290] and [note] r;
character of the philosophy introduced by him, [430] [note] p.
Scrope (lord steward), answers to the commons by, iii. [60];
cause of his dismissal from office, [66].
Serfdom and villenage, distinctive features of, i. 197-200.
See [Villeins].
Servitude enforced upon the cultivators of the soil in the middle ages, i. 328, 329;
contrary hypothesis of M. Guérard, 329-331.
Sforza Attendolo, rise to distinction of, i. 481;
his tactics relative to the crown of Naples, 489, 490.
Sforza (Francesco), powerful position achieved by, i. 483;
becomes duke of Milan, ib.;
joins in the quadruple league, 493;
his policy towards Naples, 504;
accession and assassination of his son Galeazzo, 496;
policy of Ludovico Sforza, ib.;
he directs the French king's attention towards Naples, 505;
short-sightedness of his views, ib.
Sheriffs, partiality of, in elections, iii. [113];
how originally appointed, [120] and [note] y.
Sicily, conquest of, by Roger Guiscard, i. 363;
its subsequent fortunes, 378;
its rebellion against Charles of Anjou, 483;
the Sicilian Vespers, 484 and note;
opposition of the Sicilians to Charles II. of Naples, 484;
settlement of the crown on Frederic, 485;
Sicilian possessions of the Chiaramonti, 490;
union of Sicily with Aragon, ib.
Sigismund elected emperor of Germany, ii. 87 and note g;
his safe-conduct violated, 102;
acquires the crown of Hungary, 104;
his conduct at the council of Constance, 249.
Silk manufacture established in Palermo, iii. [331].
Silvester II. (pope), scientific acquirements of, iii. [290], [291] [note].
Simony. See [Church], [Clergy].
Slavery, existence of, in ancient times, i, 197;
its features amongst the Franks, 198 and note q;
voluntarily submitted to from superstitious motives, 199;
edicts for its abolition, 202;
submitted to by the poor for subsistence sake, 328;
Venetian and English slave-trading, iii. [316] and [note] d.
Society, state of.
See [Architecture], [Chivalry], [Clergy], [Feudal System], [Learning], [Superstition], [Trade], [Villenage].
Sorel (Agnes), examination of the story of, i. 80 note z.
Southey's Joan of Arc, eulogium of a French writer upon, i. 143.
Spain, character of the Visigothic kingdoms in, ii. 1;
its conquest by the Saracens, 2;
kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Aragon, and Castile, 3, 4;
reverses of the Saracens, 5;
chartered towns, 6, 7, 8;
establishment of military orders, 8;
non-expulsion of the Moors, 10;
its probable cause, 11;
Alfonso X. and his shortcomings, 12;
frequent defection of the nobles, 13;
Peter the Cruel, 14;
accession of the Trastamare line, 15;
disgrace and execution of Alvaro de Luna, 16, 17;
contests after Henry IV.'s death, 18;
constitution of the national councils, 19;
composition of the Cortes, 21;
its trade relations with England, iii. [327].
See [Aragon], [Castile], [Cortes].
Spelman (Sir Henry), remarkable mistake of, i. 166 note n.
Sports of the field, popularity of, iii. [309];
addiction of the clergy thereto, [310];
evils attendant thereon, [311].
States-General of France, memorable resistance to taxation by the, i. 66;
convoked by Philip IV., 225, 226;
probability of their earlier convocation canvassed, ib. note;
Philip's politic reasons for summoning them, 226;
extent of their rights as to taxation, 227, 228 and notes;
their resolute proceedings in 1355 and 1356, 228;
their protest against the debasement of the coin, 230 and notes;
disappointment occasioned by their proceedings in 1357, 231;
they compel Charles VI. to revoke all illegal taxes, 232;
effect of their limited functions, 233;
theoretical respect attached to their sanction, 234;
provincial estates and their jurisdiction, ib.;
encroachments of Louis XI., 235;
the States-General of Tours, 236;
means by which their deliberations were jeopardized, ib.;
unpalatable nature of their remonstrances, 237.
Stephen (king), cruel treatment of the people in his reign, ii. 319 note.
Stratford (archbishop), circumstances attending the trial of, iii. [205].
Succession to kingly and other dignities. See [Hereditary Succession].
Suevi, part of the Roman empire held by the, i. 1.
Suffolk (duke of), impeachment of, iii. [99].
Suffolk (earl of). See [Pole].
Sumptuary laws, enactment and disregard of, iii. [343], [344] and [notes].
Superstition, learning discouraged by, iii. [274];
its universal prevalence, [293];
instances of its results, [294];
ordeals, [294], [295] and [notes];
fanatical gatherings: the White Caps, [296];
the Pastoureaux, ib.;
the Flagellants, [297];
the Bianchi, [298];
pretended miracles, and their attendant evils, [298], [299];
miracles ascribed to the Virgin, [300] and [note];
redeeming features of the system, [301];
penances and pilgrimages, [306], [307].
See Religious Sects.
Surnames, introduction of, i. 190.
Sweden, semi-feudal custom in, relative to military service, 188 note g.
Swineford (Katherine), proceedings relative to the marriage of, iii. [74], [75].
Switzerland, early history of, ii. 107;
ascendency of Rodolph, ib.;
expulsion and defeat of Albert and Leopold, 108, 109;
formation of the Swiss confederation, 109;
indomitable heroism of the Swiss, 111;
their military excellence, ib.;
failure of Maximilian's attempt to subjugate them, 112.
Syagrius, Roman provinces governed by, i. 2;
defeated by Clovis, ib. and 106.
Taborites, fanaticism and courage of the, ii. 103;
iii. [390].
Tacitus, general accuracy of the descriptions of, i. 273;
qualifications necessary to be observed touching his account of the Germans, 274.
Tartars. See [Moguls].
Taxation, remarks on the philosophy of, i. 68;
clumsy substitutes for taxes in the middle ages, 208;
arbitrary course adopted by Philip Augustus, 212;
conditions annexed by the States-General to a grant of taxes, 230;
Philip de Comines on taxation, 236;
taxes under the Anglo-Norman kings, ii. 321, 322 and notes.
See [States-General].
Temple, knights of the. See [Knights Templars].
Tenure of land under the Anglo-Saxons and Anglo-Normans, ii. 293-301, 406-410.
See [Feudal System].
Teutonic knights, establishment of the order of, i. 40.
Theodebert, story of the wife of, iii. [306] [note] u.
Theodoric, disregard of learning by, iii. [275].
Thierry (son of Clovis), territories possessed by, i. 4, and 5 note.
Timur, conquering career of, ii. 133.
Tithes, establishment of, ii. 144;
Charlemagne's capitulary relative thereto, 145 and notes;
origin of lay impropriators, 148;
note relative to the subject, 263.
Toledo taken from the Moors, ii. 5.
Torriani. See [Visconti].
Toulouse, non-submission of the counts of, to the kings of France, i. 27 and note r;
their fall, 29.
See [Raymond VI].
Towns and cities, earliest charters granted to, i. 256;
considerations on the causes of such grants, ib. 257;
privileges of incorporated towns, 258;
their relationship towards the crown, 259-261;
independence of maritime towns, 261;
chartered towns of Spain, ii. 6;
their privileges and duties, 7, 8;
cause of their importance, 20;
cities of Germany [see [Germany]];
cities of Italy [see [Florence], [Genoa], [Milan], [Pisa], [Venice]].
Towns of England, progress of the, iii. [19];
Canterbury, Lincoln, and Stamford, [20] [note] r;
conversion of individual tributes into borough rents, [21];
incorporation of towns by charter, [22] and [notes];
curious bond relative to Cambridgeshire, [23] [note] b;
prosperity of the towns, [24];
early importance and populousness of London, [24], [25] and [notes];
participation of its citizens in constitutional struggles, [26];
first summoning of towns to parliament, [27].
See [Municipal Institutions].
Trade and commerce, mediæval non-existence of, iii. [313];
barriers to their progress, ib. [314];
extent of foreign commerce, [315];
home traffic in slaves [316] and [note] d;
woollen manufactures and vacillating policy of the English kings relative thereto, [318-323] and [notes];
opening of the Baltic trade, [324];
growth of English commerce, [325];
opulence of English merchants, ib. [326];
increase of maritime traffic, [326-328];
commercial eminence of the Italian states, [328-330] and [notes];
invention of the mariners' compass, [332], [333];
compilation of maritime laws, [333];
frequency and irrepressibility of piracy, [334];
practice of reprisals, [335], [336] and [notes];
liability of aliens for each other's debts, [336];
trade profits and rates of interest, [337];
price of corn and cattle, [368].
Trial by combat, ceremonials attending, i. 242, 243 and notes;
abolished by St. Louis, 244.
Trial by jury and its antecedents, ii. 285-288;
early modes of trial, 386-388;
abolition of trial by ordeal, 390;
difference between ancient and modern trial by jury, 392;
original functions of juries, ib.;
origin of the modern system, 402-404;
character of the early system, 405.
Troubadours (the), and their productions, iii. [434-436].
Troyes, conditions of the treaty of, i. 76 and note.
Turks, Italian fears of the, i. 495;
triumphant progress of their arms, ii. 127;
their defeat by the crusaders and Alexius, 128;
their settlement under Othman, 132;
war declared against them at Frankfort, 136;
the Janizaries, 137.
See [Ottomans].
Tuscany (Boniface, marquis of), flogged for simony, ii. 181 note q.
Tuscany, league of the cities of, i. 382;
espousal of the papal cause, ib. 389;
progress of its cities.
See [Florence].
Uladislaus crowned king of Hungary, ii. 105;
violates his treaty with the Turks, ib.;
its fatal results, ib.
Urban II., encouragement of the crusades by, i. 34;
he succeeds Gregory VII., ii. 187;
his concession to the kings of Castile, 190.
Urban V. retransfers the papal court to Avignon, ii. 240.
Urban VI. aids Charles of Durazzo in his designs on Joanna of Naples, i. 487;
sanctions perjury towards heretics, ii. 210 note c;
his contest with Clement VII., 240;
validity of his election, 241.
Urgel (count of), lays claim to the crown of Aragon, ii. 40, 41;
rejection of his pretensions, 42;
consequences of his unwise resort to arms, ib.
Usury treated as a crime, iii. [337], [339] [note] c.
Valencia, constitution of the kingdom of, ii. 57.
Valentinian III., authority of the holy see extended by, ii. 161.
Vandals, portions of the Roman empire possessed by the, i. 1.
Vase of Soissons, story of the, i. 155;
principle involved in the anecdote, 301, 302 and note p.
Vassals and Vassalage. See [Feudal System].
Vavassors, privileges attaching to the rank of, i. 194 and note b;
their manorial courts, 219.
Venice, conflicts of, with Genoa, i. 444;
defeat of her admiral by the Genoese, 445;
insolence of the latter towards her ambassadors, 446;
successful tactics of her doge, 447;
triumph of her fleet, 448;
her alleged early independence, 452;
her subjection to the emperors, 453 and note n;
her Dalmatian and Levantine acquisitions, 454;
her government: powers of the doge, 455;
the great council, 456;
criminal jurisdiction, how exercised, 457;
checks to undue influence on the part of the doge, 458;
singular complication in ballots for the dogeship, 459;
Marin Falieri's treason, 460;
the council of ten and its secret proceedings, 460, 461;
exclusion of the nobles from trade, 461 note y;
Venetian form of government not entitled to high admiration, 462, 463 and note;
territorial acquisitions of Venice, 464;
prophecy of the doge Mocenigo, 465, 466 and note;
Venetian conquests under Carmagnola, 466;
wars of the republic with Mahomet II., 493, 495.
Verdun, treaty of, i. 16;
its results, 17 and notes.
Vere, favouritism of Richard II. towards, iii. [66];
his funeral, [74].
Verona, seized by Francesco da Carrara, i. 464.
Vienna, Æneas Sylvius's florid description of, iii. [345] [note] u.
Villani (John) falls a victim to the plague, i. 57 note.
Villeins and villenage: conditions of villeins, i. 199;
consequences of their marriage with free persons, 200, and 201 note b;
privileges acquired by them, 201, 202 and notes;
their obligations, 331;
their legal position in England, 333;
villenage never established in Leon and Castile, ii. 6;
question of its existence among the Anglo-Saxons, 276;
dependence of the villein on his lord, iii. [171];
condition of his property and children, [172] and [note] b;
legal distinctions, [172] and [notes];
difficulties besetting the abolition of villenage, [173];
gradual softening of its features, [174-176];
merger of villeins into hired labourers, [177];
effects of the anti-poll-tax insurrection, [181];
disappearance of villenage, [181], [182];
elucidatory notes on the subject, [260-264].
Virgin, absurd miracles ascribed to the, iii. [300] [note].
Visconti and Torriani families, rivalry of the, i. 409, 410;
triumph of the Visconti, 410;
their power and unpopularity, 411;
their marriages with royalty, 412 and note e;
tyranny of Bernabo Visconti, 439;
Giovanni Visconti's brutality, ib.;
his assassination, 466;
Filippo Visconti's accession, ib.;
his ingratitude to Carmagnola, ib.;
his mistrust of Sforza, 482;
his alliance with Alfonso, 492;
quarrels of the family with the popes, ii. 235.
Visigoths, portions of the Roman provinces possessed by the, i. 1;
conduct of their earlier rulers towards the catholics, 3 note f;
their mode of dividing conquered provinces, 146;
their laws, how compiled, 151, 152 note z;
difference between the Frank monarchy and theirs, ii. 1, 2.
Voltaire, limited knowledge of early French history by, i. 213 note p.
Wages, futility of laws for the regulation of, iii. [178].
See [Labourers].
Waldenses. See [Religious Sects].
Wales, causes of the turbulent state of, iii. [169] [note].
Walworth, and Philpot made stewards of a subsidy (temp. Richard II.), iii. [59];
allegations relative to their stewardship, [60].
Wamba (king of the Visigoths), question of his deposition discussed, ii. 156.
War, private, exercise of the right of, i. 207;
by whom checked and suppressed, ib. and note t;
its prevalence amongst the German nobles, ii. 95, 96.
Warna, circumstances which led to the battle of, ii. 105.
Warwick (earl of), popularity of the, iii. [65];
made a lord appellant, [72];
banished by Richard II., [77].
Water-Ordeal. See [Ordeals].
Wenceslaus, confirmed in the imperial succession, ii. 87;
his deposition, ib.;
he abets the league of the Rhine, 93.
Weregild, or compensation for murder. See [Murder].
Wicliff (John), influence of the tenets of, ii. 252;
iii. [179] and [note] t, [388], [389].
Widows in Burgundy, reason for the speedy remarriage of, i. 93 note x.
Wilfrid (bishop of Hexham), question involved in his appeal to the pope, ii. 164 note t.
William of Holland elected emperor of Germany, ii. 76.
William the Conqueror, separation of the ecclesiastical and civil tribunals by, ii. 222 and note a;
position of England at its conquest by him, 302;
his considerate treatment of Edgar, ib. note b;
alleged inadequacy of the military forces of the Saxons, 303 note;
their fruitless rebellions against him, 304 and notes;
instances of his oppressive conduct, 305;
his devastating clearances for forests, 311;
and inhuman forest laws, 312 and note;
his enormous revenues, 313;
his feudal innovations, 314;
his preservation of public peace and efforts to learn English, 315 and note;
policy of his manorial grants, 317;
tyranny of his government, 318.
Winchester, early opulence and populousness of, iii. [225].
Windsor castle, labourers for the erection of, how procured, iii. [150].
Winfrid (St. Boniface), importance of the ecclesiastical changes effected by, ii. 164.
Winkelried, the Swiss patriot, heroic death of, ii. 111.
Wisbuy, ordinances of, iii. [334] and [note] a.
Witchcraft, cruel treatment of persons charged with, iii. [385] [note] c.
Witikind, acknowledgment of Charlemagne's authority by, i. 10.
Witenagemot, bishops appointed by the, ii. 180;
its characteristics, 279;
how often assembled, 411, 412.
See [Anglo-Saxons].
Women, legal position of, in Italy during coverture, i. 152 note z;
perils attending their marriage with slaves, 200 note a.
Woollen manufacture established in Flanders, iii. [318];
impolitic regulations respecting it, [319] and [note] c;
export of wool from England, [320];
English woollen manufacture, [321];
policy adopted towards the Flemings, ib. and [note] o;
laws relative to the trade, [322];
relations of England and Spain regarding it, [323] [notes].
Worms, diet of. See [Diet].
Wykeham (bishop of Winchester) invested with the great seal, iii. [73].
York (Richard, duke of) appointed protector to Henry VI., iii. [191];
his claim to the throne, [194];
his cautious policy [195].
Yorkists and Lancastrians, wars of the, iii. [197].
Zimisces (John), military exploits of, ii. 126.
Zisca (John), the blind hero, victories of the Bohemians under, i. 481;
his exploits; enthusiasm of his followers, ii. 103.
THE END.
LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET, AND CHARING CROSS.
Transcribers note:
In the original work the footnotes were alphabetical. This has been preserved in the html version but for ease of searching they have been converted to numerics in the text version.