Tics and Their Treatment

by Henry Meige; E. Feindel

PSYCHOTHERAPY

Immobilisation and regulation of exercise and occupation do not constitute the whole of the treatment; they form merely its objective side. Psychotherapy is another factor, of capital importance.

In the words of Brissaud, psychotherapy is an ensemble of agencies calculated to demonstrate to the patient where his will is at fault, and how to exercise to the best advantage what of it is left. To come to particulars, his defect lies in his inability to check a cortical caprice. These are not rhetorical unrealities, nor is there anything mysterious about the method; it demands no special competence beyond the gentle and encouraging firmness of the ideal teacher. The physician can constitute himself instructor without having to borrow from the more or less occult practices of hypnotic suggestion. In fact, we must make it clear to the patient that the co-operation of the latter is indispensable, and that it is his will which is to come into action. The personal influence of the teacher will be exerted in sustaining his pupil's efforts, in making him take note of the progress effected, in keeping him to the allotted times for exercise and drill.

Thus, and thus only, is psychotherapy to be applied to tic. Lucid and sincere explanations and kindly counsels are wanted, not ceremonies and mysterious paraphernalia. Resoluteness, patience, clemency, and good sense are the weapons in the physician's armamentarium; docility, faith, and perseverance, on the patient's part, will enable him to emerge victorious. As soon as the compact is made, the battle against bad habits, where there is neither truce nor quarter, commences in earnest. The victim to tic will speedily unlearn the habit of perpetuating bad habits; he will, in addition, learn the habit of not contracting bad habits. In this way a double benefit—physical as well as moral—will accrue.

As a consequence, psychotherapeutical treatment directed specially to the subject's mental condition is scarcely necessary. The plans adopted to inhibit inopportune motor manifestations will prove of value for psychical imperfections.

Education might almost be considered a species of prophylactic treatment, intended to obviate the possible development of tics. Bourneville has verified this statement in his experience at Bicêtre:

Gymnastic exercises, and other measures directed towards the development of the child's faculties, ought to be conducted with kindness and gentleness, and by the aid of boundless devotion and patience the methods of the authorities are bearing unexpected fruit every day. We are convinced that the infrequency of tic in such as have reached puberty is attributable rather to the zealous application of a sound pedagogical method than to anything connected with the age and physical development of the child.

Results that steadfast and patient nurses and teachers are obtaining in an institution like Bicêtre may surely be obtained by the physician in his private practice, if the parents of a youthful candidate for tic would appreciate the importance of discipline and unite, intelligently and assiduously, in the task of education. How common it is to find them solicitous only of loading his tender brain with learning, instead of endeavouring, with all their mind and heart, to restrain deplorable bad habits that may one day blossom into tics, to the distress of all concerned! The physician's earliest duty is to warn the parents of the dangers of indifference, and thereafter to install himself as teacher, if the disease should manifest itself in spite of his precautions. He has no choice in the matter, and he should have the frankness to say so, indicating at the same time on what his convictions rest. He need have no fear of damaging his professional prestige by the simplicity of his methods. Let him not promise what he may not be able to perform; encouragement, not deception, must be his watchword. Along these lines lies his duty as a physician; there, too, will he find that his treatment will be fraught with success.

APPENDIX

Les tics et leur traitement, of which an English translation is here presented to the medical profession, was published at the close of the year 1902. In it our knowledge of the vexed subject of tics and spasms has been summarised and reviewed, and its reception in France, together with the fact of its having been translated into German without delay, prove that it has been regarded as the standard work on a topic the importance of which is being daily emphasised. At all the recent Congresses on the Continent the tics in one or other of their aspects have provided fruitful matter for discussion, whereas in England they have hitherto been greatly neglected. In the brief space of time that has elapsed since the book was produced there have been many and varying contributions to the subject, as a reference to the Bibliography herewith appended will show. Without doubt the reawakening of interest is in considerable measure due to the stimulus provided by the labours of MM. Meige and Feindel, yet it cannot be maintained that they have said the last word. In order that English readers may have before them the latest available information on the tics, various paragraphs from Meige's monograph (1905) have been incorporated, as has already been remarked in the Prefatory Note.

It is desirable, however, to indicate briefly certain points on which opinion is still divided, points on which the results of the most recent observations help to shed some light. Probably it has not escaped the reader's attention that the authors have with commendable wisdom refrained from dogmatising on some of these, although they are always able to give reasons for their adherence to one or other view. But in one respect at least the attitude which they have adopted has been unmistakable, and that is in regard to the fundamental importance of agreement in the matter of terminology.

The amount of misconception that exists about what constitutes a tic is almost beyond credence; indeed, only those who have had occasion to examine the literature can have any adequate idea of it. Discussions at neurological and other societies not infrequently reveal how vague are the notions of many who must have more than a passing acquaintance with the disease clinically. Now, a great deal of this misconception would disappear if the distinction between a tic and a spasm elaborated by Brissaud were adhered to, as the authors so strenuously advocate. It is quite unnecessary to insist further on this point, but, on the other hand, it is only fair to state that even in France the views of Brissaud, Meige, and Feindel do not command universal acceptance.

M. Cruchet, of Bordeaux, to whom frequent reference is made in this volume, has in several communications on tic expressed himself at some length, and some of these have made their appearance since the publication of Les tics et leur traitement. According to him, the original meaning of the word "tic" is a movement arising in a "bad habit," and there would never have been any confusion had the term "tic douloureux" not been introduced. We know well enough the exact significance of this term, but its use led to, the adoption of the cognate term "tic non-douloureux," and in the latter group two absolutely different conditions have been confused—viz. true tics, and spasms in Brissaud's sense. The difference between the two is now recognised everywhere in France; but in England and America, as Risien Russell points out in his article in Clifford Allbutt's System of Medicine, tic is still applied to such conditions as facial spasm and the involuntary movements of trigeminal neuralgia, whereas it should be reserved for what we usually call "habit spasm" and "habit chorea." The advantage of the word "tic" over these rather cumbrous terms must be patent to the unbiassed mind.

It is, however, in his persistent affirmation that a tic, to be a tic, must be clonic, that Cruchet disagrees with the tenets of Meige and Feindel. He has abandoned the use of the term "organic tic" in favour of spasm; and he maintains that "tonic tic" and "tic of attitude" should give place to "habit attitude" and "convulsive attitude," as the case may be. His definition of tic is in the following terms:

Tic consists in the execution—short, abrupt, sudden, irresistible, involuntary, inapposite, and repeated at irregular but frequent intervals—of a simple isolated or complex movement, which represents objectively an act intended for a particular purpose.

Curiously enough, however much this definition emphasises the clonic element in tic, Cruchet makes a subdivision into habit tics and convulsive tics, of which the former "are exactly comparable to normal movements, except that they are involuntary at the moment of their execution, are performed for no reason or purpose, and their frequency is unusual." Their difference from convulsive tics is merely one of degree; a habit tic may become a convulsive tic, and some are convulsive from the beginning. A habit tic, if the movement be a slow one, is closely allied to the "attitude"; and it is not always practicable to draw a distinction between them.

Thus Cruchet himself admits that the clonic element in tic may be minimal, so that the differences between him and our authors are by no means so insuperable as might be imagined. What he calls a habit tic is equivalent to the stereotyped act of the others, who hold, it will be remembered, that the movement of tic differs from the normal movement not merely by being involuntary, irresistible, inapposite, and so on, but also by being exaggerated.

It cannot be denied that in many cases of tic this exaggeration of the normal movement is anything but obvious; many conform absolutely to the definition of Meige and Feindel, except that the movements are not violent, or grotesque, or "caricatures." To withhold the term "tic" on this account would be rather unfortunate, especially since no standard exists whereby to estimate exaggeration. Enough has been said, however, to demonstrate how insignificant are the discrepancies between the rival definitions.

Another question recently raised by Cruchet is the possibility of the persistence of tic during sleep.

The evidence he has adduced in favour of this has now been accepted, as far as tics of the neck are concerned, by Meige. They are leas abrupt and less frequent, it is true; otherwise, they are identical with the movements of the waking hours. A case of a hiccoughing tic persisting in sleep has come under my own observation within the last few months. Now, it is not difficult to understand that a movement such as tic, which occurs during the conscious state in spite of the will of the subject, may arise when consciousness is diminished. In fact, one wonders why they are not more frequently remarked, seeing that they are habitual movements, and habit movements are by no means uncommon in sleep. It is highly probable, of course, that the observation of the watcher is not minute enough, but there is another reason. The peculiarity of all, or almost all, of these habitual movements in sleep is that they are rhythmical—we may instance the head nodding and head rolling of children; but it is a noteworthy fact that they are often regulated by respiration. When it is recalled how respiratory drill is eminently calculated to diminish the frequency and lessen the severity of very many tics, it will be admitted that the regularity of the respiratory movement in sleep is the most likely explanation of the infrequency of tic during that period.

One other matter may be shortly alluded to. In Cruchet's terminology, a tic is an anomalous gesture, and cannot be applied to an anomalous attitude, since the latter is tonic rather than clonic. For an anomaly of attitude he suggests the use of the word "deformity." Hence "habit deformity" is comparable to habit tic, and "convulsive deformity" to convulsive tic. As a habit tic may develop into a convulsive tic, so a habit torticollis may degenerate into a convulsive torticollis. There is no reason why the operation of habit as a factor should not effect the latter transformation exactly as it does the former; and as habit is held to be a psychical phenomenon, it is easy to conceive why the term "mental torticollis" should have arisen, and been so widely accepted. But it will be readily understood that while Cruchet affirms that no mental torticollis can ever be a tic, in his sense of the word, this is due solely to his refusal to consider any movement which is tonic as partaking of the nature of tic. In all other respects, the description which he gives of mental torticollis shows that it is nought else than a tic in Meige's sense.

In an article on convulsive torticollis which has been contributed by Meige to the Pratique medico-chirurgicale (1907) he emphasises afresh the distinction between torticollis-spasm and torticollis-tic. The former is provoked by an irritative lesion in the motor nerves supplying the muscles of the neck, or in their nuclei of origin, and the character of the contractions ("contracture frémissante" [Meige], "contractions parcellaires," "contractions paradoxales" [Babinski]) in a definite peripheral nerve area is not likely to be mistaken. In other cases the objective phenomena distinctive of spasm are awanting: the characteristics of tic, on the contrary, are conspicuously present, and among these cases, where psychical disturbance plays a preponderant rôle, are to be found those described by Brissaud as mental torticollis.

It is to be noted that these writers alike decry the surgical treatment of torticollis, and perhaps not without good reason. Nevertheless the method must not be condemned on theoretical grounds merely, and it is permissible to believe that their experience may have been unfortunate. The records of the National Hospital provide many instances of surgical interference in torticollis and allied conditions of the neck, the results of which make one hesitate in expressing a dogmatic opinion. It is, however, impossible to enlarge further on the subject in this place.

S. A. K. WILSON.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[In one or two instances, where the original paper has been inaccessible, its title is reproduced as given in the French edition, but in brackets. Through the kindness of M. Cruchet, of Bordeaux, I have seen the proofs of his new volume of 800 pages on Les torticolis spasmodiques, which is at present in the press (Masson: Paris). It is a splendid monograph on the subject, and contains many references to the literature.—S. A. K. W.]

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ABT, "Spasmus Nutans," Journal of the American Medical Association, February 3, 1900, p. 269.

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AIMÉ, "Un cas de tic élocutoire guéri par la méthode de rééducation et d'entraînement," Revue médicale de l'Est, January 1, 1901, p. 25.

—— "Traitement de certains tics considérés comme des syndromes émotionnels," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, September, 1901.

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(Contains references to early literature.)

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ASTOLFONI. See DOSE.

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—— "Hémispasme et torticolis spasmodique," Société de neurologie de Paris, July 4, 1901.

—— "Sur la paralysie du mouvement associé de l'abaissement des yeux," Société de neurologie de Paris, June 7, 1900.

—— "Hémispasme facial périphérique," Société de neurologie de Paris, April 6, 1905.

—— "Spasme du trapèze droit et tic de la face," Société de neurologie de Paris, July 6, 1905.

—— "Hémispasme facial périphérique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, July-August, 1905, p. 419.

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—— "L'écriture de Leonard de Vinci; contribution à l'étude de l'écriture en miroir," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, 1900, p. 597.

BALLET AND ROSE, "Spasme fonctionnel chez un ciseleur," Société de neurologie de Paris, June 2, 1904.

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BATTELLI. See PRÉVOST.

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—— ["Sur deux cas de tic de la face,">[ Oborenje psychiatrii, 1899, No. 12.

—— "Eine Neurose unter dem Bilde tonischer Intentionszuckungen," Monatsschrift f. Psychiatric u. Neurologie, May, 1905, p. 460.

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BENEDIKT, "Zwei Fälle von Torticollis," Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1888, p. 1613.

—— "Ueber den Begriff 'Krampf,'" Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1895, p. 505.

BENNET, "Case in which attacks of Intermittent Tonic Muscular Spasms, immediately followed by complete temporary Paralysis, have frequently and periodically occurred during the entire Life of the Patient, the Health in the Intervals being normal," Brain, January, 1885, p. 492.

BERG, "Einige Reflexionen über die operative Behandlung des Torticollis spasticus," Nord. med. Archiv., 1905, afd. 1, nr. 2, p. 1.

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BERLAND, "Traitement par le tartre stibié d'une forme de chorée dite électrique," Thèse de Paris, 1880.

BERNARD, "Myoclonie du type Bergeron chez un dégénéré hystérique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, July-August, 1901, p. 316.

BERNHARDT, "Ein ungewöhnlicher Fall von Facialiskrampf (Myokymie) beschränkt auf das Gebiet des linken Facialis," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1902, p. 689.

BERTRAND, "Sur un cas de paramyoclonus multiplex," Revue de médecine, November 10, 1902, p. 941.

BETTRÉMIEUX, "Contribution a l'étude des névralgies et des tics de la face considérés dans leurs rapports avec un état pathologique des voies lacrymales," Archives d'ophtalmologie, April, 1899, p. 246.

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BONNIOT. See LEVI.

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—— "Crampe des écrivains et torticolis d'origine mentale," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, May-June, 1905, p. 285.

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BOSSI. See BEDUSCHI.

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VAN BRERO ["Le latah, névrose des Indes néerlandaises">[, Allgemeine Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie, 1895, p. 939.

—— ["Observations sur les affections mentales des populations de l'archipel malaisien">[, Allgemeine Zeitschrift f. Psychiatrie, 1896, p. 24.

BRESLER, "Beitrag zur Lehre von der Maladie des Tics convulsifs (mimische Krampfneurose)," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1896, p. 965.

BRIAND, "Tics" (Congrès de Limoges), Revue neurologique, August 30, 1901, p. 790.

BRIGNONE, "Paramyoclonus multiplex," Riforma medica, 1886, p. 1155.

BRISSAUD, "Tics et spasmes cloniques de la face," Journal de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, January 25, 1894.

—— "Tics et spasmes cloniques de la face," Leçons sur les maladies nerveuses, 1^re série, 1895, p. 502.

—— "Contre le traitement chirurgical du torticolis mental," Revue neurologique, January 30, 1897, p. 34.

—— "Chorée variable," Presse médicale, February 15, 1899.

—— "La chorée variable des dégénérés," Revue neurologique, 1896, p. 417.

—— "La chorée variable des dégénérés," Leçons sur les maladies nerveuses, 2^e série, 1899, p. 516.

BRISSAUD AND FEINDEL, "Sur le traitement du torticolis mental et des tics similaires," Journal de neurologie, April 15, 1899.

BRISSAUD AND MEIGE, "Trois nouveaux cas de torticolis mental," Revue neurologique, December 10, 1894, p. 697.

—— —— "Tics, stéréotypies, aërophagie, catatonisme," Société de neurologie de Paris, January 15, 1903.

—— —— "La discipline psycho-motrice," Archives générales de médecine, May 26, 1903, p. 1319.

Brissaud, Hallion, and Meige, "Acrocyanose et crampe des écrivains," Archives générales de médecine, September 15, 1903, P. 2305.

Brissaud, Sicard, and Tanon, "Essai de traitement de certains cas de contractures, spasmes, et tremblements des membres par l'alcoolisation locale des troncs nerveux," Revue neurologique, July 30, 1906, p. 633.

Brouardel and Lortat-Jacob, "Aërophagie, hoquet hystérique," Gazette des hôpitaux, October 25, 1902, p. 1191.

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BRUEL, "Traitement des chorées et des tics de l'enfance," Thèse de Paris, 1906.

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BUCHANAN, "Two Cases of Spasmus Nutans," Annals of Ophthalmology, July, 1905, p. 435.

BUCK, "Quelques réflexions sur un cas de spasme fonctionnel du cou; torticolis spasmodique; tic rotatoire," Belgique médicale, 1897, No. 51.

—— "A propos d'un tic," Journal de neurologie, 1903, No. 6.

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(References to the literature on the subject.)

CAILLAUD, "Contribution a l'étude des torticolis convulsifs," Thèse de Paris, 1903.

CAILLÉ, "Two Cases of Nystagmus associated with Choreic Movements of the Head in Rachitic Babies," Archives of Pediatrics, 1890, p. 171.

CALMETTE. See SABRAZÈS.

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—— "Sur un cas de paramyoclonus multiplex et de lordoscoliose hystériques chez un enfant," Nord médical, May 1, 1902.

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—— "Hystérie et tics; diagnostic," Semaine médicale, 1886, p. 363.

—— Leçons du mardi, 1887-8 and 1888-9.

—— "Toux et bruits laryngés chez les hystériques, les choréiques, et les tiqueux," Archives de neurologie, 1892, p. 69.

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CHAUFFARD, "Maladie de Friedreich avec attitudes athetoïdes," Semaine médicale, 1893, p. 409.

CHAUVREAU, "Tics coordonnés avec emission brusque et involontaire de mots articulés," Thèse de Bordeaux, 1888.

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Chipault and Le Fur, "Névralgie des 8^e, 9^e, et 10^e racines dorsales avec tic abdominal; lésion méningée localisée; résection radiculaire," Gazette des hôpitaux, March 20, 1902, p. 325.

CHOMEL. See RUDLER.

CLARK AND PROUT, "Nature and Pathology of Myoclonus-Epilepsy," American Journal of Insanity, October, 1902, p. 185.

(Twenty-two references to the literature of myoclonus-epilepsy.)

CLAUS AND SANO, "Spasme bilatéral de la face et du cou," Journal de neurologie, 1899, p. 51.

COHN, "Facialistic als Beschäftigungsneurose," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1897, p. 21.

COLLIER (MAYO), "Spasmodic Torticollis treated by Nerve Ligature," Lancet, June 21, 1890, p. 1354.

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CONTI, "Nota clinica sopra un caso di spasmo clonico nel distretto dell' accessorio del Willis, da malaria," Gazzetta degli ospedali e delle cliniche, January 7, 1906, p. 21.

(Twenty-eight references to the literature.)

CORNING, "Eleomyenchisis; or, the Treatment of Chronic Local Spasms by the Injection and Congelation of Oils in the Affected Muscles," New York Medical Journal, April 14, 1894, p. 449.

COUDRAY, "Torticolis spasmodique; résection du spinal," XII^e Congrès de l'association française de chirurgie, October 17-24, 1898.

CRAMER, "Tic de Guinon," Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift, September 14, 1899, p. 210.

CRISP, "Torticollis in the Common Fowl," Transactions of the Pathological Society (of London), vol. xxvi. p. 252.

CRONBACH, "Die Beschäftigungsneurose der Telegraphisten," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, 1903, p. 243.

CROSS, "Spasmodic Action of the Sternomastoid Muscles," British Medical Journal, March 13, 1880, p. 425.

CROUZON, "Tic d'élévation des deux yeux," Société de neurologie de Paris, January 11, 1900.

CRUCHET, "Étude critique sur le tic convulsif et son traitement gymnastique," Thèse de Bordeaux, 1902.

—— "Délimitation du tic" (Congrès de Grenoble), Revue neurologique, 1902, p. 789.

—— "Formes cliniques des tics unilatéraux de la face," Congrès de Pau, 1904.

—— "Sur un cas de tic de la tête et du tronc n'existant que pendant le sommeil," Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de Bordeaux, July 3, 1904, p. 319.

—— "Hémispasme facial périphérique postparalytique," Revue neurologique, October 30, 1905, p. 985.

—— "Tics et sommeil," Presse médicale, January 18, 1905, p. 33.

—— "Sur deux cas de tics convulsifs persistant dans le sommeil," Société de neurologie de Paris, March 1, 1906.

—— "Contribution à l'étude des rythmies d'habitude du sommeil," Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de Bordeaux, February 18, 1906.

—— "Sur un cas de maladie des tics convulsifs," Archives générales de médecine, May 8, 1906, p. 1180.

CRUCHET. See PITRES.

CUGINI, "Un raro caso di policlonia," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria, 1902, p. 112.

CUIGNET, "Des attitudes dans les maladies des yeux et du torticolis oculaire," Revue d'ophtalmologie, April, 1874, p. 190.

CURCIO ["Paramyoclonus symptomatique">[, Annali di medicina navale, July, 1901, p. 86.

DALEY, "Primary Myokymia, with Report of a Case," Medical News, July 2, 1904, p. 12.

DAMAIN. See TOURETTE.

DANA, "Myoclonus Multiplex and the Myoclonias; Report of Cases and an Attempt at Classification," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, August, 1903, p. 449.

DEBOUT, "Torticolis par contracture des muscles splenius droit et sterno-cléido-mastoïdien du côté gauche, guéri par l'électrisation des muscles sains," Bulletin de la société de chirurgie de Paris, 1854.

DEBROU, "Sur le tic non douloureux de la face," Archives générales de médecine, June, 1864, p. 641.

DECROLY, "Contribution à la symptomatologie du spasme salutatoire (epilepsia nutans)," Journal de neurologie, October 20, 1904, p. 390.

DELVART, "Le paramyoclonus multiplex chez l'enfant," Thèse de Lille, 1902.

DERCUM, "Spasmodic Torticollis and its Medical Relations," Medical and Surgical Report, 1894, p. 39.

Derscheid-Delcourt, "Un torticolis d'origine oculaire," La clinique belge, December 23, 1897.

DESCROIZILLES, "De quelques cas de tics convulsifs," Revue mensuelle des maladies de l'enfance, August, 1890, p. 337.

DESNOS, "Spasme du sternomastoïdien gauche," Union médicale, March 16, 1880, p. 422.

DESTERAC, "Torticolis spasmodique et spasmes fonctionnels," Revue neurologique, 1901, p. 591.

—— "Syndrome du torticolis spasmodique," Congrès de Toulouse, April, 1902.

—— "Le syndrome du torticolis spasmodique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Sept.-Oct. 1902, p. 385.

DIDE, "La myoclonie dans l'épilepsie," Annales medico-psychologiques, Sept.-Oct. 1899, p. 270.

DONATH, "Beitrag zu den Clavier-u. Violinspielerneurosen," Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1902, p. 355.

DORNBLUTH, "Zur Behandlung gewissen spastischer Neurosen," Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift, February 11, 1896, p. 128.

DOSE AND ASTOLFONI, "Di un caso di miotonia essenziale," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria, 1900, p. 420.

DREHER, "Tics im Kindesalter und ihre Behandlung," Jahrbuch f. Kinderheilkunde, 1904, p. 253.

DROMARD, "Psychologie comparée de quelques manifestations motrices communément désignées sous le nom de 'tics,'" Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique, Jan.-Feb. 1905, p. 16.

DUBOIS, "Traitement des tics convulsifs par la rééducation des centres moteurs," Bulletin général de thérapeutique, April 30, 1901, p. 617.

—— "Du trouble de l'attention chez les tiqueurs," Bulletin de l'institut psychologique, 1902.

DUBREUIL, "Spasme fonctionnel du sternomastoïdien et du trapèze," Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de Montpellier, 1882.

DUFOUR, "A propos des tics et des troubles moteurs chez les délirants chroniques; du syndrome musculaire comme signe pronostic," Revue neurologique, 1901, p. 1069.

DUPRÉ, "Hémispasme tonique de la face," Congrès de Bruxelles, 1903.

Dupuy-Dutemps. See ABADIE.

EHRET, "Ueber eine functionelle Lähmungsform der Peronealmuskeln traumatischen Ursprunges," Archiv f. Unfallheilkunde, 1897, p. 32.

ELIOT, "The Surgical Treatment of Torticollis, with especial Reference to the Spinal Accessory Nerve," Annals of Surgery, 1895, p. 493.

FALDELLA, "Paramyoclonus multiplex," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria, 1888, p. 193.

FAURE, "Traitement de la paralysie faciale d'origine traumatique par l'anastomose spino-faciale," Presse médicale, November 6, 1901, p. 259.

FEINDEL, "Le traitement médical de torticolis mental," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Nov.-Dec. 1897, p. 404.

FEINDEL, "Le torticolis mental, et son traitement," Gazette hebdomadaire, February 20, 1898, p. 169.

—— "Spasmes grimaçants de la face datant de trois mois; traitement et guérison en quatre jours," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, April, 1899.

—— "Le torticolis mental," Gazette hebdomadaire, August 28, 1903, p. 805.

—— See BRISSAUD.

—— See MEIGE.

FEINDEL AND MEIGE, "Tic ou spasme de la face," Revue neurologique, March 15, 1898, p. 125.

—— "Revision iconographique du torticolis mental; trois cas nouveaux; traitement," XIII^e Congrès international de médecine, section de neurologie, Paris, August, 1900.

—— "Quatre cas de torticolis mental," Archives générales de médecine, January, 1901, p. 60.

—— "Torticolis mental surajouté à des mouvements hémichoréiformes; guérison du torticolis; amélioration générale," Société de neurologie de Paris, November 7, 1901.

FÉRÉ, "Tic non douloureux de le face du côté gauche," Archives de physiologie, 1876, p. 267.

—— "Tic de la face du côté gauche," Comptes rendus de la société de biologie de Paris, 1876, p. 62.

—— "Le tic de salaam; les salutations névropathiques," Progrès médical, December, 1883, p. 970.

(References to early literature.)

—— "Crampe fonctionnelle du cou," Revue de médecine, 1883, p. 769.

—— "Contribution à la pathologie des spasmes fonctionnels du cou," Revue de médecine, September, 1894, p. 755.

—— "Note sur un cas de chorée variable, avec contractions fasciculaires des deltoïdes," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Nov.-Dec. 1898, p. 454.

—— "L'épilepsie choréique," La médecine moderne, 1899, p. 209.

—— "L'épilepsie et les tics," Journal de neurologie, September 5, 1900.

—— "L'influence sur le travail volontaire d'un muscle de l'activité d'autres muscles," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Sept.-Oct. 1901, p. 432.

FÉRON, "Tic guéri par suggestion," Journal de neurologie, 1899, p. 246.

FIERSINGER. See HUCHARD.

FILIPPO, "Mioclono multiplex in un lattante," Gazzetta degli ospedali e delle cliniche, March 12, 1905, p. 329.

FISCHER, "Les chorées électriques; paramyoclonus; myoclonie," Gazette des hôpitaux, May 2, 1903, p. 513.

FOLLET. See RÉNON.

FORCHHEIMER, "Torticollis intermittens," Archives of Pediatrics, 1887, p. 96.

FORNACA ["Observations cliniques sur le torticolis mental">[, Clinica medica italiana, November, 1901, No. 15.

FOURNIER, "Quelques considérations sur le tic rotatoire," Thèse de Strasbourg, 1870.

FRANCIS, "Case of spasmodic torticollis; section of spinal accessory nerve; recovery," Lancet, November 11, 1893, p. 1184.

FRANÇOIS, "Essai sur les convulsions idiopathiques de la face," Mémoire présenté à l'Académie royale de Belgique, 1843.

FRENKEL, "De l'exercice cérébral appliqué au traitement de certains troubles moteurs," Semaine médicale, 1896, p. 123.

—— "Spasme primitif du facial avec mouvements fibrillaires continus ('myokymie')," Revue neurologique, 1903, p. 609.

FRIEDREICH, "Ueber coordinirte Erinnerungskrämpfe," Virchow's Archiv, 1881, p. 430.

Fur (le). See CHIPAULT.

GALLAVARDIN AND SAVY, "Sur un cas de torticolis congénital avec autopsie et examen histologique du système nerveux," Lyon médical, November 22, 1903, p. 767.

GARDNER AND GILES, "Neurectomy in Spasmodic Torticollis and in Retrocollic Spasm, or 'torticolis postérieur,'" Australian Medical Journal, December 15, 1892, p. 613.

GAUSSEL, "Spasme bilatéral des muscles du cou et de la face," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Sept.-Oct. 1904, p. 337.

GAUTHIER, "Des mouvements automatiques rythmiques," Thèse de Paris, 1898.

GAUTIEZ, "Contribution a l'étude des spasmes du cou," Thèse de Paris, 1884.

GEHUCHTEN (VAN), "Mouvements spasmodiques du membre supérieur droit propagés au sterno-cléido-mastoïdien du même côté," Société belge de neurologie, October 29, 1898.

—— "Un curieux cas de tic," Journal de neurologie, 1899, No. 3.

GELLÉ, "Du torticolis ab aure laesa," Tribune médicale, 1894, Nos. 50 and 51.

GERHARDT, "Accessoriuskrampf mit Stimmbandbeteiligung," Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1894, p. 181.

GIGLIOLI, "Del torcicolle mentale," Rivista critica di clinica medicina, February 13, 1904, p. 104.

GILBERT. See CADIOT.

GILES. See GARDNER.

GILLET, "Tic douloureux de la face," Thèse de Paris, 1903.

GILMOUR, "'Latah' among South African Natives," Scottish Medical and Surgical Journal, January, 1902, p. 18.

GONZALES. See ROSSI.

GOWERS, "On Saltatoric Spasm," Lancet, July 14, 1877, p. 42.

GRAFF, "Ein Fall von spastischen Krampfen der Halsmuskulatur," Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift, March 22, 1900, p. 66.

GRASSET, "Un cas de maladie des tics et un cas de tremblement singulier de la tête et des membres gauches," Leçons de clinique médicale, 1891, p. 466.

—— "Tic du colporteur (spasme polygonal post-professionnel)," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, July-August, 1897, p. 217.

—— "Pathogénie du tic" (Congrès de Grenoble), Revue neurologique, 1902, p. 782.

GROLHOUX, "Le spasme facial," Thèse de Paris, 1904.

GUERTIN, "D'une névrose convulsive et rythmique déjà nommée; forme de chorée dite électrique," Thèse de Paris, 1881.

GUIBERT, "Crampe fonctionnelle du cou," Revue de médecine, 1892, p. 317.

GUILLAIN. See MARIE.

GUINON, "Maladie des tics convulsifs," Revue de médecine, 1886, p. 50.

—— "Tics convulsifs et hystérie," Revue de médecine, 1887, p. 509.

HABEL, "Ueber Fortbestehen von Tic convulsif bei gleichseitiger Hemiplegie," Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift, March 24, 1898, p. 189.

HADDEN, "On Head-nodding and Head-jerking in Children, commonly associated with Nystagmus," Lancet, June 14, 1890, p. 1293.

HAJOS, "Ein Fall von Myospasmia Spinalis," Ungarische medicinische Presse, 1898, No. 34.

HALLION. See BRISSAUD.

HAMMOND, "Myriachit, nova malattia del sistema nervoso," La medicina contemporanea, March, 1884.

HANKE, "Ein Beitrag zur Aetiologie des Caput obstipum musculare," Inaugural Dissertation, Kiel, 1900.

HARTENBERG, "Traitement et guérison d'un cas de tic sans angoisse," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, January, 1899, p. 17.

—— "Tic de déglutition chez un hystérique; traitement et guérison; considérations," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, June, 1899, p. 175.

—— "La psycho-thérapie nouvelle," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, February, 1901.

HASSLAUER, "Ueber phonischen Stimmritzenkrampf," Deutsche militär-ärtzliche Zeitschrift, 1900, p. 417.

Hauser and Lortat-Jacob, "Contribution à l'étude des paralysies psychiques," Revue de médecine, November, 1901, p. 995.

HEATON, "Involuntary Rotation of the Head cured by continued Pressure on the Neck," British Medical Journal, February 17, 1879, p. 228.

HELDENBERGH, "Myoclonus fonctionnel intermittent et paradoxal," Semaine médicale, June 7, 1899, p. 194.

—— "Un cas de tremblement fonctionnel de la main droite," Journal de neurologie, November 5, 1901.

—— "Spasme tonique involontaire et intermittent du cou," Belgique médicale, 1902, No. 23.

HELMICH, Ueber Wesen u. Behandlung des Schreibkrampfes u. verwandter Krankheiten, Bielefeld, 1902.

HENOCH, "Ueber Chorea," Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, December 24, 1883, p. 801.

HERMANN, "Myoclonische Zuckungen bei progressiver Paralyse," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1901, p. 498.

HEVEROCH, "Paramyoclonie de Friedreich, combinée avec l'épilepsie," Revue neurologique, 1902, p. 198 (reference).

HIRSCHFELD, Ueber die Maladie des Tics convulsifs, Berlin, 1891.

HUCHARD AND FIERSINGER, "Le syndrome myoclonique," Revue de médecine, October, 1905, p. 741.

(Thirty-four references to the literature of myoclonus.)

HUYGHE, "Du traitement de la chorée hystérique par l'immobilisation," Nord médical, August 1, 1901, p. 173.

—— "Chorée arythmique hystérique unilatérale droite; torticolis mental," Nord médical, December 15, 1903, p. 283.

INGELRANS, "Les spasmes de la face," Écho médical du nord, June 11, 1905, p. 277.

INNFELD, "Ein chronische, progressive Fall von Muskelkrämpfen," Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1898, p. 17.

IOTEYKO, "Un cas de tics de la face guéri par suggestion," Journal de neurologie, January, 1906, p. 1.

ISCOVESCO. See ROUILLARD.

ISIDOR, "Étude du torticolis spasmodique, et son traitement chirurgical," Thèse de Paris, 1895.

ITARD, "Mémoire sur quelques fonctions involontaires des appareils de la locomotion, de la préhension, et de la voix," Archives générales de médecine, July, 1825, p. 385.

JACCOUD, "Des impulsions locomotrices systematisées; spasmes rythmiques," Gazette des hôpitaux, 1886, p. 1185.

JACQUET, "Le tic de salaam," Thèse de Paris, 1903.

JANET. See RAYMOND.

JANKE, "Sur les mouvements musculaires conscients et inconscients dans le bégaiement," III^e Congrès des médecins tchèques à Prague, 1901.

JANOWITZ, "Tic convulsif, paramyoclonus multiplex, et chorée électrique," Thèse de Paris, 1891.

JANTZEN, "Tonisch-klonische Krämpfe in Gefolge einer Zahnextraktion," Deutsche zahnärtz. Wochenschrift, 1900, p. 1399.

JAROCHEVSKY, "Sur l'étiologie et la thérapie de la chorée rythmique," Revue (russe) de psychiatrie, 1902, p. 736.

JOFFROY, "Des myopsychies," Revue neurologique, April 15, 1902, p. 289.

JOLLY, "Ueber die sogenannte Maladie des Tics convulsifs," Charité Annalen, vol. xii. 1892, p. 740.

KEEN, "A New Operation for Spasmodic Wryneck," Annals of Surgery, January, 1891, p. 44.

KENNEDY, "On the Restoration of Co-ordinated Movements after Nerve-crossing, with Interchange of Function of the Cerebral Cortical Centres," Proceedings of the Royal Society, 1900, p. 431.

KNAPP, "Functionelle Contractur der Halsmuskeln," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, 1905, p. 1263.

KNY, "Ueber ein dem Paramyoclonus Multiplex (Friedreich) nahestehendes Krankheitsbild," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, 1888, p. 577.

KODYM, "Une nouvelle espèce de spasme fonctionnel," Revue neurologique, 1895, p. 155 (reference).

KOPCZINSKI, "Un cas de névrose motrice sous forme du tic convulsif," Revue neurologique, 1902, p. 582 (reference).

KOPPEN, Ueber das psychische Moment bei der Beschäftigungsneurosen, im besonderen beim Schreibekrampf, Göttingen, 1903.

KÖSTER, "Ueber die Maladie des Tics impulsifs," Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Nervenkeilkunde, 1899, Hft. 3-4, p. 147.

LABBÉ, "Débilité mentale et tremblement," Presse médicale, 1897, p. 185.

LAGRANGE, La médication par l'exercice, Paris, 1894.

—— Les mouvements méthodiques et la mécanothérapie, Paris, 1899.

LAMBRANZI, "Due casi di policlonie nella demenza precoce," Rivista di patologia nervosa e mentale, 1901, p. 241.

—— "Su le policlonie nella demenza paralitica," Rivista di patologia nervosa e mentale, August, 1902, p. 360.

LAMY, "Myoclonie avec hémianesthésie sensitivo-sensorielle chez un sujet atteint de monoplégie infantile du membre inférieur," Société de neurologie de Paris, May 5, 1904.

—— "Hémispasme clonique facial; spasmes cloniques chez l'homme et chez le chien," Société de neurologie de Paris, July 6, 1905.

LANDOLT, "Torticolis oculaire," Bulletin médical, 1890, p. 573.

LANNOIS AND POROT, "Sur les hémispasmes de la face; hémispasme facial vrai, hémispasme hystérique," Lyon médical, February 7, 1904, p. 234.

LASÈGUE, "De la toux hystérique," Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris, 1855, p. 269.

LEGRAIN, "Du délire des dégénérés," Thèse de Paris, 1885.

LEMAIRE. See LEMOINE.

LEMBO, "Paramyoclonus multiplex di Friedreich," Giornale di neuropatologia, 1887, p. 261.

LEMOINE, "Note sur un cas de paramyoclonus multiplex suivi de troubles psychiques et de l'écholalie," Revue de médecine, November, 1892, p. 882.

LEMOINE AND LEMAIRE, "Étude clinique et séméiologique du paramyoclonus multiplex," Revue de médecine, December, 1889, p. 1018.

(Thirty-nine references to the literature of paramyoclonus multiplex.)

LENTZ, "Rotation permanente de la tête à droite," Journal de neurologie, 1897, p. 502.

LERCH ["Tics convulsifs">[, American Medicine, November 2, 1901.

LEROUX, "Du tic post-choréique," Revue mensuelle des maladies de l'enfance, June, 1891, p. 251.

LESZYNSKY, "Spasmodic Wryneck and its Treatment; Report of two Cases with Recovery," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, February, 1901, p. 103.

LETULLE, "Note à propos d'un cas de bégaiement compliqué de tics coordinés multiples," Gazette médicale de Paris, 1883, p. 536.

LEVI AND BONNIOT, "Un cas de myospasme clonique et tonique (myoclonotonie acquise)," Société de neurologie de Paris, May 11, 1905.

—— "Myoclonotonie acquise," Revue d'hygiène et de médecine infantile, 1905, p. 569.

LEVY, "Ererbte Mitbewegungen," Neurologisches Centralblatt, July, 1901, p. 605.

—— "Angeborenen Mitbewegungen bei willkürlichen Bewegungen," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, 1903, p. 927.

LEWIN, "Phosphaturie mit Tic convulsif bei einem 3-1/2-jahrigen Kinde," Archiv f. phys.-diat. Therapie, 1900, p. 281.

LINZ, "Ueber spastische Torticollis," Inaugural Dissertation, Bonn, 1897.

LONDE. See ROBIN.

LORENZETTI, "A proposito di alcuni casi di tic convulsivo," Gazzetta degli ospedali e delle cliniche, November 22, 1903, p. 1478.

Lortat-Jacob. See HAUSER.

LUGARO, "Sulla mioclonia," Rivista di patologia nervosa e mentale, 1896, p. 389.

LUNDBORG, Die progressive Myoklonus-Epilepsie (Unverricht's Myoklonie), Upsala, 1903.

—— "Ist Unverricht's sogenannte familiäre Myoklonie eine klinische Entität?" Neurologisches Centralblatt, February 15, 1904, p. 162.

LUZENBERGER, Tic muscolari simplici, tic emotivi, e malattia di Gilles de la Tourette, Naples, 1897.

—— "'Absences' psichichi in isterici," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria, December, 1900, p. 822.

LYMAN, "Torticollis and Nodding Spasm," International Medical Magazine, vol. ii. 1894, p. 741.

MADER, "Myoklonie in der Art eines expiratorischen Singultus," Wiener med. Blätter, 1899, No. 30.

MALM ["Tic rotatoire">[, Allgemeine medicinische Centralzeitung, 1899, No. 64.

MANNINI, "Policlonia ed epilessia," Gazzetta degli ospedali e delle cliniche, September 30, 1900, p. 1220.

—— "Coree, policlonie, tic e malattia dei tic," Riforma medica, July, 1902, p. 137.

MARÉCHAL, "Un cas de torticolis spasmodique," Journal de neurologie, May 20, 1899, p. 206.

MARIE (PIERRE), "Spasme névropathique d'élévation des yeux," Société de neurologie de Paris, April 18, 1901.

MARIE AND GUILLAIN, "Mouvements athetoïdes de nature indéterminée," Société de neurologie de Paris, April 17, 1902.

MARINA, "Delle miospasie in generale e della miospasia atetosica in particolare," Il policlinico, sezione pratica, 1902, p. 577.

MARROTTE, "Tic non douloureux de nature hystérique reparaissant sous le type quotidien," Société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris, 1851.

MARTAUD, "Étude sur le tic convulsif simple," Thèse de Bordeaux, 1897.

MARTIN (CLAUDE), "Tic congénital associé à du bégaiement," Journal de médecine de Bordeaux, 1900, p. 172.

—— See DAVESAC.

—— (Étienne), "Deux cas de torticolis mental chez les aliénés: observations relatives au traitement de cette affection," Écho médical de Lyon, September 15, 1901.

MASSALONGO, "Corea elettrica o mioclonia elettroide di origine gastrica," Riforma medica, vol. iii. 1892, p. 471.

(References to the literature of electric chorea.)

—— "Contribution à l'origine corticale des tremblements," Revue neurologique, 1903, p. 455.

MASSARO ["Vingt-six cas de géniospasme en cinq générations">[, Il pisani, 1894, fasc. I.

MASSARY AND TESSIER, "Torticolis mental ou torticolis spasmodique (torticolis-tic ou torticolis-spasme)," Revue neurologique, December 30, 1904, p. 1204.

MAYER ["Tic convulsif remplaçant une névralgie sus-orbitaire">[, Alienist and Neurologist, July, 1897.

MEIGE, "Tics variables; tics d'attitude," Société de neurologie de Paris, July 4, 1901.

MEIGE, "Les mouvements en miroir; leurs applications pratiques et thérapeutiques," Revue neurologique, 1901, p. 280.

—— "Histoire d'un tiqueur; tics variables; tics d'attitude," Journal de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, August 25, 1901, p. 609.

—— "Sur les tics," Gazette hebdomadaire, May 1, 1902.

—— "Spasme facial franc," Société de neurologie de Paris, April 17, 1902.

—— "Tic et fonction," Revue neurologique, 1902, p. 383.

—— "Tic et écriture," Gazette hebdomadaire, June 12, 1902, p. 541.

—— "La genèse des tics," Journal de neurologie, June 5, 1902.

—— "La correction des tics par le contrôle du miroir," Journal de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, October 25, 1903, p. 769.

—— "Micropsie chez un tiqueur bègue," Société de neurologie de Paris, January 15, 1903.

—— "L'aptitude catatonique et l'aptitude échopraxique des tiqueurs; les exercices thérapeutiques de détente," Congrès de Madrid, April, 1903.

—— "Tics des yeux," Annales d'oculistique, 1903, p 167.

—— "Neue Beiträge zur Prognose und Behandlung des Tic; die psycho-motorische Selbsterziehung unter Spiegelkontrolle," Journal f. Psychologie u. Neurologie, 1903, p. 53.

—— "Le phénomène de la chute du bras," Revue neurologique, August 30, 1903.

—— "Tics des lèvres; cheilophagie, cheilophobie," Journal de neurologie, October 20, 1903, p. 481.

—— "Le spasme facial; ses caractères cliniques distinctifs," Revue neurologique, October 30, 1903.

—— "Les tics," Revue scientifique, May 15, 1904.

—— "Migraine ophtalmique; hémianopsie et aphasie transitoires; hémiface succulente; photophobie et tic de clignement," Revue neurologique, September 30, 1904, p. 961.

—— "Génio-tics et génio-spasmes," Société de neurologie de Paris, April 6, 1905.

—— "Tics de sphincters," Congrès de Rennes, August, 1905.

—— See BRISSAUD.

—— See FEINDEL.

MEIGE AND FEINDEL, "Traitement des tics; traitement par l'immobilisation des mouvements et les mouvements d'immobilisation," Presse médicale, March 16, 1901, p. 125.

MEIGE AND FEINDEL, "Les causes provocatrices et la pathogénie des tics de la face et du cou," Société de neurologie de Paris, April 18, 1901.

—— —— "Sur la curabilité des tics," Gazette des hôpitaux, June 20, 1901, p. 673.

—— —— "L'état mental des tiqueurs," Progrès medical, September 7, 1901, p. 146.

—— —— "Les associations du torticolis mental," Archives générales de médecine, February, 1902, p. 168.

—— —— "Remarques cliniques et thérapeutiques sur quelques tics de l'enfance," Journal de neurologie, September 20, 1904, p. 341.

MEINERTZ, "Zur Casuistik der Myokimie," Neurologisches Centralblatt, February 1, 1904, p. 101.

MEIROWITZ, "A Case of Habit Spasm," The Post-graduate, 1900, p. 643.

METTLER, "Occupation Neuroses," Clinical Review, October, 1904.

MEYER, "Zur Casuistik des Tic rotatoire," Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift, December 30, 1897, p. 849.

MILLER, "Three Cases of Head-nodding and Head-rotation in Rachitic Infants," Archives of Pediatrics, August, 1900, p. 561.

(Twenty-one references to the literature.)

MITCHELL (JOHN), "An Instance of Spasmodic Affection of the Tongue and Mouth successfully treated," Transactions of the Medicochirurgical Society, 1813, p. 25.

—— (WEIR), "On Functional Spasms," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October, 1876, p. 321.

MOTT, "Tremors," Practitioner, September, 1904, p. 293.

MOURIER, "L'hémispasme vrai, non douloureux," Thèse de Lyon, 1903.

MOUSSOUS, "A propos de la chorée des dégénérés," Revue neurologique, 1902, p. 517 (reference).

MURRI, "Policlonie e coree," Il policlinico, November, 1899, p. 487.

NEFF, "Report of a Case of Myoclonus Epilepsy," American Journal of Insanity, January, 1904, p. 467.

NÈGRE, "Du torticolis fonctionnel," Thèse de Montpellier, 1883.

NEGRO ["Sur un cas de blépharospasme unilatéral, probablement de nature épileptique">[, Archivio di psichiatria, 1904, p. 84.

NEWMARK, "Ein Fall von primaerem tonischen Gesichtskrampf mit Muskelwogen," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1903, p. 461.

NOGUÈS, "Torticolis mental," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, July, 1899, p. 215 (reference).

—— "Des tics en général" (Congrès de Grenoble), Revue neurologique, 1902, p. 766.

NOGUÈS AND SIROL, "Torticolis mental," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Nov.-Dec. 1899, p. 483.

—— —— "Un cas de paralysie associée des muscles droits supérieurs de nature hystérique," Société de neurologie de Paris, March 7, 1901.

NOIR, "Étude sur les tics chez les dégénérés, les idiots, et les imbéciles," Thèse de Paris, 1893.

—— See BOURNEVILLE.

NONNE, "Zwei Fälle von Maladie des Tics," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1898, p. 327 (reference).

NORSTROM, "A Study of the Affection 'Writers' Cramp,'" New York Medical Journal, March 12, 1904, p. 491.

Nové-Josserand, "Torticolis spasmodique," Lyon médical, September 4, 1898, p. 12.

ODDO, "Le diagnostic différentiel de la maladie des tics et de la chorée de Sydenham," Presse médicale, September 30, 1899.

—— "Tic de la génuflexion," Marseille Médical, March 15, 1902.

OETTINGER, "The Disease of Convulsive Tic," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, September, 1899, p. 303.

OLIVIER, "Le bégaiement dans la littérature médicale," La parole, 1899, No. 10.

OPPENHEIM, "Bemerkungen zur Lehre vom Tic," Journal f. Psychologie u. Neurologie, 1902, p. 139.

OPPOLZER, "Krampf des Gesichtsnerven; Tic convulsif," Allgemeine wiener medicinische Zeitung, 1861, p. 73.

OWEN, "Spasmodic Wryneck treated by Resection of the Spinal Accessory Nerve," Lancet, June 18, 1892, p. 1361.

OZENNE, "Tic non douloureux de la face datant de trois ans chez un hérédo-syphilitique; guérison par le traitement hydrargyrique," Société de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques de Paris, February 6, 1902.

PAGET, "Cases of Morbid Rhythmical Movements, with Observations," Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, January, 1847, p. 60.

(Contains many interesting references to the early literature.)

PARANT, "Les tics chez les aliénés," Congrès de Grenoble, 1902.

PARRY, "Cases of Spasmodic Torticollis," British Medical Journal, November 5, 1898, p. 1403.

PATELLA, "Studio anatomo, patologico e clinico sul policlono," Il policlinico, November, 1901, p. 535.

PATRICK, "Imperative Conceptions," New York Medical Journal, September 7, 1901, p. 445.

—— "Convulsive Tic," Journal of the American Medical Association, February 11, 1905.

PATRY, "De la chorée variable ou polymorphe, chorée des dégénérés," Thèse de Paris, 1897.

PAULY, "Spasmes fonctionnels du cou," Semaine médicale, 1894, p. 486.

—— "Théorie réflexe du torticolis spasmodique," Revue de médecine, February, 1897, p. 130.

PECKHAM, "Rhythmical Myoclonus," Archives of Medicine, April, 1883, p. 97.

PELI, "Lo stato mentale dei pazienti di tic," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria, May 25, 1903, p. 377.

PERRODY, "De l'aérophagie," Thèse de Paris, 1901.

PERSONALI ["La crampe idiopathique de la langue">[, Clinica medica italiana, January 1, 1898.

PETERSON, "Gyrospasm of the Head in Infants," Medical News, October 1, 1892, p. 374.

PETIT, "Traitement du torticolis spasmodique par la résection du nerf spinal," Union médicale, 1891, p. 37.

PHOCAS, "Torticolis musculaire aigu; son traitement," Revue mensuelle des maladies de l'enfance, 1891, p. 448.

PICK, "Beiträge zur Lehre von der Echolalie," Jahrbücher f. Psychiatrie u. Neurologie, 1902, p. 283.

PITRES, "Spasmes rythmiques hystériques," Gazette médicale, 1888, p. 145, &c.

(Many references to the literature.)

—— "Tics convulsifs généralisés, traités et guéris par la gymnastique respiratoire," Journal de médecine de Bordeaux, February 17, 1901, p. 106.

—— "Étiologie et symptomatologie des tics," Congrès de Grenoble, 1902.

—— "Sur un cas de torticolis mental, traité sans succès par plusieurs médecins, et guéri à la suite des manœuvres d'un rébouteur," Journal de médecine de Bordeaux, September 11, 1904, p. 665.

PITRES, "Note sur quelques cas de torticolis spasmodique," Journal de médecine de Bordeaux, August 13, 1905, p. 589.

PITRES AND CRUCHET, "Traitement des tics," Congrès de Grenoble, 1902.

PITRES AND TISSIÉ, "Tic oculaire," Journal de médecine de Bordeaux, July 9, 1899, p. 330.

PLAVEC, "Tic convulsif," Weiner medicinische Presse, 1904, p. 1622.

POGGIO, "Ricerche isto-patologiche sul paramioclono molteplice," Rivista di patologia nervosa e mentale, 1905, p. 175.

POLIDORI, "Un caso di 'chorea laryngea' in un' istero-coreica," Il policlinico, June 29, 1901, p. 1103.

POPOFF, "Contraction de longue durée des masseters," Revue neurologique, 1899, p. 611 (reference).

POROT. See LANNOIS.

PRÉVOST AND BATTELLI, "De la production des convulsions toniques et cloniques chez les différentes espèces animales," La policlinique, October 15, 1904.

PRINCE, "Case of Multiform Tic, including Automatic Speech and Purposive Movements," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, January, 1906, p. 29.

PROUT. See CLARK.

Power (D'Arcy), "Cases to illustrate the Relationship which exists between Wryneck and Congenital Hæmatoma of the Sterno-Mastoid Muscle," Medico-chirurgical Transactions, vol. lxxvi. 1893, p. 137.

(Thirty-four references to the subject.)

Quervain (de), "Le traitement chirurgical du torticolis spasmodique d'après le méthode de Kocher," Semaine médicale, 1896, p. 405.

RABOT, "La myoclonie épileptique," Thèse de Paris, 1899.

RAILTON, "Note on a Case of Involuntary Muscular Movements accompanied with Coprolalia," Manchester Medical Chronicle, April, 1886.

RAUDNITZ, "Zur Lehre vom Spasmus Nutans," Jahrbuch f. Kinderheilkunde, October, 1897, p. 145.

(Sixty-three references to the literature of spasmus nutans and eclampsia nutans, with analysis of recorded cases.)

RAYMOND, "Crampe des écrivains," Journal de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, June 10, 1895.

RAYMOND, "Des myoclonies," Clinique des maladies du système nerveux, I^re série, 1896, p. 551.

—— "Exemple de spasmes hystériques et example de tics," Journal de médecine interne, September 1, 1902, p. 169.

RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vols. i. and ii. passim.

——- —-"Note sur deux tics du pied," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Sept.-Oct. 1899, p. 353.

RÉDARD, Le torticolis et son traitement, Paris, 1898.

REMAK, "Ueber localisirte Krämpfe," Deutsches Klinik, 1905, p. 775.

RENDU, "Hystérie chez un saturnin; hémispasme facial," Bulletin de la société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris, 1891, p. 618.

RÉNON AND FOLLET, "Hémispasme facial total d'une extrême intermittence chez une hystérique," Bulletin de la société médicale des hôpitaux de Paris, December 23, 1898, p. 920.

Renterghem (van), "Un cas de tic rotatoire guéri par la psycho-thérapie," Journal de neurologie, May 20, 1898, p. 213.

REYNOLDS, "Paramyoclonus epilepticus," Review of Neurology and Psychiatry, January, 1906, p. 19.

RHODES, "Spasm of the Tensors of the Vocal Cords," New York Medical Journal, 1899, p. 267.

RICKLIN, "Sur le paramyoclonus multiplex," Gazette médicale de Paris, 1888, p. 19.

ROBIN AND LONDE, "Torticolis et lumbago d'origine articulaire et rhumatismale," Revue de médecine, 1894, p. 837.

ROGER. See CADIOT.

ROSE. See BALLET.

ROSSI AND GONZALES ["Autopsie d'un cas d'épilepsie avec myoclonie">[, Annali di nevrologia, 1900, fasc. 4.

ROSSOLIMO, "Ueber Dysphagia amyotactica," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1901, p. 146.

ROTH, Histoire de la musculation irrésistible ou de la chorée anormale, Paris, 1850.

ROUILLARD AND ISCOVESCO, "L'obsession en pathologie mentale," Gazette des hôpitaux, 1896, p. 503.

(References to the literature on the psychical side of the subject.)

RUDLER, "Tic tonique du membre supérieur droit," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, July-Aug. 1903, p. 218.

RUDLER AND CHOMEL, "Tic de l'ours chez le cheval, et les tics d'imitation chez l'homme," Revue neurologique, June 15, 1903, p. 541.

RUDLER AND CHOMEL, "Analogies entre les ties et stéréotypies de léchage chez l'homme et chez le cheval." Société de neurologie de Paris, January 7, 1904.

—— —— "Des stigmates anatomiques, physiologiques, et psychiques de la dégénérescence chez l'animal, en particulier chez le cheval," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, Nov.-Dec. 1904, p. 471.

—— —— "Une observation de 'tic du chiqueur,'" Société de neurologie de Paris, January 7, 1904.

RUSSELL (RISIEN), "An Experimental Investigation of the Cervical and Thoracic Nerve-roots in relation to the Subject of Wryneck," Brain, 1897, p. 35.

SABRAZÈS, "Mouvements involontaires stéréotypés des doigts s'organisant en tics dans le tabes," Congrès de Rennes, 1905.

SABRAZÈS AND CALMETTE, "Tics de doigts et mouvements athetoïdes des tabétiques," Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de Bordeaux, July 2, 1905, p. 315.

—— —— "Tic d'attitude chez un aveugle," Gazette hebdomadaire des sciences médicales de Bordeaux, June 4, 1905, p. 271.

SACHS, "The Educational Treatment of Tics," Medical News, July 1, 1905, p. 3.

SAMAJA, "Le siège des convulsions épileptiformes toniques et cloniques," Revue médicale de la Suisse romande, February 20, 1903, p. 77.

SANO, "Tic de la face et du cou," Société belge de neurologie, November 26, 1898.

—— See CLAUS.

SARBO, "Ein Fall von clonischen Masseterkrampf," Monatsschrift f. Psychiatrie u. Neurologie, June, 1900, p. 493.

SAVILL, "De la crampe des écrivains et des autres affections nerveuses professionnelles," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, March-April, 1901, p. 149.

SAVY. See GALLAVARDIN.

SCHAPRINGER, "Zur Pathologie des Spasmus Nutans," Centralblatt f. praktischen Augenheilkunde, August, 1905, p. 225.

SCHEIBER, "Ueber einen Fall von durch Spleniuskrampf bedingten Torticollis," Wiener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1900, p. 261.

SCHELATOW, "Ein Fall von Paramyoclonus Multiplex," Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift, 1895, p. 696.

SCHERB, "Hémispasme tonique du côté droit constituant un tic mental professionnel; tic de la mendiante," Société de neurologie de Paris, May 3, 1900.

—— "Un nouveau cas de torticolis mental," Revue neurologique, September 15, 1902, p. 841.

SCHULTZE, "Ueber Poly-Para-und Monoclonien," Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Nervenheilkunde, 1898, p. 409.

—— "Ueber Chorea, Poly-and Monoklonie," Neurologisches Centralblatt, 1897, p. 611.

—— "Beiträge zur Muskelpathologie," Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Nervenheilkunde, 1895, p. 65.

SCHUPFER, "Sulle mioclonie," Il policlinico, 1901, p. 1.

(One hundred and sixteen references to the literature of myoclonus.)

SCHUSTER, "Tonische und klonische Krampf des ganzen rechten Facialis," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, 1904, p. 288.

SEE, "Des pseudo-chorées rythmiques, spasmes toniques et tics," Semaine médicale, March 26, 1884.

SEELIGMÜLLER, "Ueber Myoclonie (Paramyoclonus Multiplex) und Convulsibilität (Spasmophilie)," Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift, 1887, p. 1117.

SÉGLAS, "Tic aérophagique et paralysie générale," Semaine médicale, January 11, 1899, p. 9.

—— "Un cas de torticolis mental," Revue neurologique, 1901, p. 114.

SÉRIEUX, "Les hallucinations motrices verbales dans la paralysie générale," Gazette hebdomadaire, June 19, 1898, p. 577.

SEVESTRE, "Un cas de spasme fonctionnel du sternomastoïdien," Union médicale, September 1, 1882, p. 383.

SGOBBO, "Un caso di torcicollo mentale," Il manicomio moderno, 1898, p. 424.

SICARD. See BRISSAUD.

SICCARDI, "Considerazioni su la fisiopatologia e su la teoria del tic," Annuario del manicomio provinciale di Ancona, Anno II, 1904.

(Eighty-eight references to the literature, chiefly Italian.)

SICURIANI, "Contributo allo studio del tonomioclono," Riforma medica, January 20, 1904, p. 57.

SILVESTRINI, "Spasmo clonico diffuso," Medicina contemporanea, 1884, p. 83.

SIMON, "Une nouvelle variété de spasmes musculaires fonctionnels," Thèse de Paris, 1875.

SINKLER, "Habit Chorea," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, May, 1897, p. 559.

SMITH (NOBLE), "Spasmodic Torticollis: its Cure by Operation," International Medical Congress, Rome, 1894, Section of Surgery, p. 273.

—— "A Case of Spasmodic Torticollis associated with Chorea," Clinical Journal, May 10, 1899, p. 41.

—— "Spasmodic Torticollis," British Medical Journal, vol. i. 1899, p. 908.

SOLGER. See STEYERTHAL.

SOMA, "Contributo allo studio delle mioclonie," Gazetta degli ospedali e delle cliniche, December 18, 1904, p. 1596.

SONNEVILLE. See CARRIÈRE.

SORGO, "Ueber subcorticale Entstehung isolirter Muskelkrämpfe," Neurologisches Centralblatt, July, 1902, p. 642.

SOUPAULT. See ACHARD.

SOURY, "Les myoclonies, physiologie pathologique," Annales médico-psychologiques, 1897, p. 398.

SPEHL, "A propos du traitement de la maladie des tics," Journal de neurologie, 1899, p. 289.

STEVENS, "Facial Spasm and its relation to Errors of Refraction," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1900, p. 33.

STEYERTHAL, "Zur Geschichte des Torticollis Spasmodicus," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, Bd. xli. 1906, p. 31.

(Many interesting references to ancient writers.)

STEYERTHAL AND SOLGER, "Ueber Torticollis Spasmodicus," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, Bd. xxxviii. 1904, p. 949.

STICH, "Zwei Fälle von Krampf im Bereiche des N. accessorius Willisii," Deutsche Archiv f. klinische Medicin, 1873, p. 525.

STILL, "Habit Spasm in Children," Lancet, December 16, 1905, p. 1754.

—— "Head-nodding with Nystagmus in Infancy," Lancet, July 28, 1906, p. 207.

—— "On Head-rolling and Other Curious Movements in Children," The Clinical Journal, November 21, 1906, p. 87.

TAGUET. See BALLET.

TAMBURINI, "Fisiopatologia e cura del tic," Rivista sperimentale di freniatria, December 15, 1903, p. 870.

TANON. See BRISSAUD.

TESSIER. See MASSARY.

TESTI, "Storia di un caso singolarissimo di spasmo muscolare diffuso," Giornale di neuropatologia, 1886, Nos. 3 and 4.

THOMAS, "Contribution à l'étude de la maladie des tics chez l'enfant," Gazette des maladies infantiles, October 21, 1901.

THORNTON, "Some Curious Facts concerning 'the Jumpers,'" New York Medical Record, 1885, p. 713.

TISSIÉ, "Tic oculaire et facial droit accompagné de toux spasmodique, traité et guéri par la gymnastique medicate respiratoire," Journal de médecine de Bordeaux, July 9, 1899.

—— See PITRES.

TOKARSKI, "Maladie des Tics convulsifs," Neurologisches Centralblatt, November 1, 1890, p. 662 (reference).

TOULIERES. See CABANNES.

Tourette (Gilles de la), "Jumping; latah; myriachit," Archives de neurologie, 1884, p. 68.

—— —— "Étude sir une affection nerveuse caractérisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'écholalie et de coprolalie," Archives de neurologie, 1885, p. 19.

—— —— "Torticolis hystérique," Nouvelle iconographie de la Salpêtrière, 1889, p. 182.

—— —— "La maladie des tics convulsifs." Semaine médicale, May 3, 1899, p. 153.

Tourette (Gilles de la) and Damain, "Un danseur monomane," Progrès médical, January 14, 1893.

UCHERMANN, "Ein Fall von alternirenden, rhythmischen, und clonischen Krämpfen der Glottisschliesser und der Glottisweiterer," Archiv f. Laryngologie, 1898, p. 326.

UNVERRICHT, "Ueber familiäre Myoclonus," Deutsche Zeitschrift f. Nervenheilkunde, 1895, p. 32.

VALOBRA, "Policlono infettivo; contributo allo studio delle mioclonie," Il morgagni, 1904, p. 774.

VANLAIR, "Myoclonies rythmiques," Revue de médecine, 1889, p. 1.

VARIOT, "Un cas de chorée électrique (variété de tic juvenile curable)," Gazette des hôpitaux, December 19, 1901, p. 1401.

VERGOZ, "Du torticolis spasmodique," Thèse de Bordeaux, 1888.

VITEK, "Paramyoclonus multiplex," Congrès des médecins tchèques à Prague, 1901.

VITEK, "Tic de la main; contribution a la question des obsessions motrices," Revue neurologique, 1905, p. 50 (reference).

VLAVIANOS, "Tic nerveux, traité avec succès par la suggestion hypnotique," Journal de neurologie, 1899, p. 318.

VOGT ["Les exercices dans la thérapeutique des affections nerveuses fonctionnelles">[. Psychiatrische Wochenschrift, Sept.-Oct. 1899.

VURPAS, "Les myopsychies de Joffroy; association des troubles musculaires et des troubles psychiques," Revue de psychiatrie, October, 1904, p. 413.

WALTON, "Nature and Treatment of Spasmodic Torticollis," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, March, 1898, p. 295.

WILLE, "Ueber einen Fall von Maladie des Tics impulsifs," Monatsschrift f. Psychiatrie u. Neurologie, 1898, p. 210.

WILLIAMSON, "Myokymia, or Persistent Muscular Quivering," British Medical Journal, 1900, p. 1705.

WYEMANN, "Ueber einen Fall von Tic de Guinon," Göttinger Dissertation, 1900.

ZABLUDOWSKI, "Zur Prophylaxe und Therapie des Schreib-und Musik-krampfes," Prager medicinische Wochenschrift, April 21, 1904, p. 195.

ZIEHEN, "Ueber Mioclonus und Mioclonie," Archiv f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten, 1888, p. 415.

INDEX OF NAMES

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [X]

A., [166]
Achard, [291]
Aimé, [212]
Allocco (d'), [286]
Amussat, [169]
André, [26]
Appleyard, [308]
Atkins, [308]
Axenfeld, [26], [246], [299]
B., [131], [134]
B. (Séglas), [265]
Babinski, [135], [136], [137], [152], [276]
Bain, [60]
Ball, [216]
Ballance, [309]
Ballet, [76], [152], [335], [337]
Bamberger, [196]
Beard, [196], [250]
Bechterew, [143], [198], [288]
Bergeron, [251], [284]
Bernhardt, [98], [145]
Biaggi, [209]
Billot, [162]
Blache, [99], [315]
Blocq, [55], [64]
Bompaire, [169], [175], [317]
Bonnier, [127]
Bouchut, [246]
Bourneville, [27], [127], [257], [316], [344]
Brener, [267]
Bresler, [92], [267]
Briand, [170], [182], [207]
Brif., [149]
Briquet, [246]
Brissaud, [27], [37], [40], [55], [59], [67], [68], [74], [100], [108], [111], [119], [123], [124], [139], [166], [167], [172], [174], [177], [181], [210], [218], [220], [228], [229], [234], [238], [268], [271], [281], [295], [296], [312], [316], [319], [324], [328], [331], [333], [343]
Brodie, [256]
Bruandet, [275]
Buck (de), [128], [169]
Buss, [113]
C. (Noir), [258]
Cadiot, [112]
Cahen, [264]
Campbell, [307]
Cantilena, [218]
Cestan, [153]
Chabbert, [225], [247]
Charcot, [27], [34], [39], [40], [48], [58], [60], [62], [74], [75], [80], [87], [98], [108], [116], [125], [167], [207], [227], [246], [251], [281], [300], [304]
Chatin, [162], [240]
Chauffard, [278]
Chervin, [325]
Chipault, [111], [114], [310]
Chomel, [94]
Claus, [143]
Cohn, [148]
Collier, [307]
Colombat, [303]
Constant, [101]
Corning, [312]
Coudray, [308]
Crouzon, [151]
Cruchet, [25], [32], [39], [65], [68], [101], [102], [113], [115], [116], [122], [199], [220], [250], [257], [295], [326]
D., [106]
Dalwig, [311]
Debrou, [110], [114]
Déjérine, [171]
Delasiauve, [99]
Demosthenes, [303]
Derevoge, [209]
Descroizilles, [333]
Desterac, [136], [276], [277]
Dide, [252]
Dornbluth, [301]
Dubini, [284]
Dubois, [53], [87], [328]
Duchenne, [114], [167], [177], [178]
Dufour, [296]
Dupré, [54], [56], [86]
Durand, [335]
E., [186]
E. (Noir), [289]
Edel, [204]
Ehret, [193]
Eliot, [308]
Erb, [32]
Esquirol, [257]
Etmuller, [33]
F., [86], [150]
Faure, [312]
Fechner, [338]
Feindel, [121], [123], [166], [169], [173], [185], [238], [239], [317], [321], [333]
Féré, [111], [170], [234], [244], [253], [254], [338]
Féron, [305]
Ferrand, [32]
Ferrier, [111]
Flatau, [100]
Flechsig, [301]
Fornaca, [276]
Fournier, [238]
Fraenkel, [313]
François, [26]
Francotte, [162]
Frenkel, [322]
Freud, [267]
Friedreich, [251], [285], [287]
Fur (le), [114]
G., [86], [98], [148], [155], [166]
Gardner, [307], [308]
Gaupp, [242]
Gehuchten (van), [178], [291]
Geyer, [213]
Gilbert, [112]
Giles, [307]
Gintrac, [99]
Gonzalès, [116], [253]
Gowers, [98], [257], [281]
Graefe (von), [147]
Graff, [170]
Grasset, [27], [60], [65], [66], [67], [68], [84], [91], [93], [106], [132], [169], [173], [175], [177], [214], [239], [242], [291], [301], [302]
Graves, [26]
Guibert, [169]
Guillain, [181], [277]
Guinon, [27], [39], [45], [46], [47], [51], [56], [58], [63], [80], [87], [90], [102], [104], [119], [156], [164], [189], [195], [196], [197], [206], [215], [216], [219], [224], [300]
Gunn, [323]
Hajos, [288]
Hall, [33]
Hallion, [270]
Hammond, [196]
Hartenberg, [198], [302], [322]
Haskowec, [83]
Hasslauer, [211]
Heldenbergh, [287]
Helfreich, [323]
Hénoch, [251]
Hermann, [286]
Hitzig, [114]
Holland, [216]
Hoppe-Seyler, [201]
Huntington, [281]
Huyghe, [314]
Ibsen, [213]
Innfeld, [228]
Itard, [76], [303]
J., [52], [54], [76], [78], [81], [84], [98], [100], [105], [121], [131], [139], [155], [160], [183], [185], [186], [221], [240], [243], [330], [340]
J. (Noir), [289]
Jaccoud, [34]
Jacoby, [193]
Jancowicz, [287]
Janet, [64], [65], [86], [121], [162], [169], [172], [173], [175], [183], [187], [193], [195], [199], [223], [238], [240], [241], [248], [305], [306], [316], [317], [326]
Janke, [210]
Joffroy, [269], [296]
Jolly, [315]
Jourdin, [26], [33]
K., [239]
Kaiser, [289]
Keen, [309]
Kennedy, [312]
Kny, [288]
Kocher, [162], [309], [310]
Kopczynski, [212], [228]
Koster, [227], [328]
L., [58], [79], [105], [126], [135], [136], [178], [190], [233], [255], [273], [274], [292], [332], [340]
L. (Noir), [258]
Labbé, [291]
Lam., [84]
Lange, [159]
Langlois, [39]
Lannois, [170], [316]
Legenmann, [170]
Legouest, [169]
Legrain, [28]
Lemoine, [286]
Lentz, [175]
Lerch, [150], [198]
Letulle, [27], [46], [47], [57], [63], [64], [91], [99], [158], [204], [208], [213], [264], [291], [315]
Leube, [159]
Lewin, [38]
Linz, [310]
Littré, [36], [45], [56], [102], [122]
Luzenberger, [256]
M., [78], [98], [100], [134], [145], [186]
Madet, [327]
Magnan, [27], [28], [30], [75], [108], [227]
Malm, [253]
Mannini, [252]
Maréchal, [177], [306]
Marie (A.), [266]
—— (P.), [151], [153], [165], [181], [273], [277]
Marina, [290]
Martin, [175], [331]
Massaro, [157]
Mayer, [274]
Mayor, [307]
Meige, [124], [140], [169], [172], [185], [238], [239], [261], [269], [317], [335]
Meirowitz, [145]
Mills, [291]
Mitchell, [281]
Molière, [100]
Monakow (von), [39]
Montaigne, [44]
Morel, [28], [296]
Morin, [303]
Morvan, [251], [284], [285]
Moutard-Martin, [325]
Muratow, [39]
Murri, [116]
N., [134], [173], [180], [185], [190], [239]
N. (Noir), [257]
Napoleon, [101]
Nieden, [171]
Niemeyer, [26]
Noguès, [154], [169], [175], [203], [239]
Noir, [27], [53], [55], [90], [93], [98], [109], [127], [148], [217], [218], [222], [227], [257], [259], [284], [291]
Nonne, [283]
Nothnagel, [112]
Nové-Josserand, [310]
O., [1] et seq., [52], [59], [76], [79], [121], [134], [135], [140], [144], [145], [155], [160], [183], [186], [189], [193], [222], [236], [243], [328], [329], [330], [340]
O'Brien, [103], [196]
Oddo, [89], [195], [279], [296], [324]
Oettinger, [328]
Olivier, [208], [325]
Onanoff, [55], [64]
Oppenheim, [32], [98], [112], [139], [144], [164], [169], [170], [175], [197], [204], [256], [276], [294], [302], [311], [312], [322], [328]
Oppolzer, [114]
Oxen, [308]
P., [134], [139], [180], [186], [190]
Parinaud, [147], [152]
Patella, [117]
Patry, [230]
Pauly, [308], [309]
Pearce-Gould, [307]
Peter the Great, [100], [151]
Pick, [212]
Piedagnel, [99]
Pinel, [257]
Pitres, [27], [32], [33], [199], [200], [201], [215], [216], [221], [246], [247], [325]
Ponagen, [201]
Popoff, [310]
Pujol, [26], [299]
Quervain (de), [310]
R., [78], [119], [126], [134], [144], [150], [323]
R. (Noir), [257]
Ramisiray, [196]
Ranschburg, [159]
Rauzier, [301], [302]
Raymond, [30], [121], [153], [162], [169], [172], [173], [175], [187], [193], [195], [199], [233], [240], [241], [248], [251], [305], [306], [326]
Redard, [177]
Régis, [83], [138]
Renterghem (van), [305]
Ribot, [55]
Richet, [39]
Ricklin, [284]
Rivière, [201]
Roger, [112]
Romberg, [26], [114], [145], [171]
Ros., [259]
Rossi, [116], [253]
Rossolimo, [198]
Roth, [83]
Rudler, [94]
Russell (Rizien), [309]
S., [79], [88], [104], [125], [126], [134], [139], [140], [141], [155], [162], [180], [190], [222], [237]
Sabrazès, [201]
Saenger, [204]
Saint-Simon, [100]
Sano, [143]
Sarbo (von), [159]
Saury, [28]
Sauvages, [33]
Schapiro, [204]
Scheiber, [125]
Scherb, [248]
Schultze, [111], [114], [288]
Schupfer, [253], [287]
Sciamanna, [227]
Seeligmüller, [145]
Séglas, [57], [63], [83], [173], [175], [188], [197], [199], [201], [202], [214], [215], [220], [265], [296], [319]
Sgobbo, [169], [173], [175], [237]
Siemerling, [197]
Sinkler, [281]
Sirol, [154], [169], [175], [203], [239]
Smith, [309]
Sollier, [257]
Soupault, [291]
Souques, [169], [172], [278]
Southam, [307]
Spencer, [60]
Stewens, [312]
Strümpell, [159]
Sydenham, [279]
T., [185], [186], [295]
Thiem, [193]
Thomson, [288]
Tichoff, [311]
Tissié, [99], [103], [129], [205], [223], [326]
Tordeus, [284]
Tourette, [27], [45], [196], [216], [219], [223], [224], [229], [232], [233], [293], [299], [300]
Troisier, [32], [299]
Trousseau, [26], [58], [108], [118], [167], [251], [298], [315]
Uchermann, [212]
Valleix, [26], [33], [147]
Verga, [219]
Verlaine, [314]
Vigny (de), [107]
Virchow, [41]
Vlavianos, [305]
Vogt, [335]
W., [186]
Walton, [171], [311]
Weber, [338]
Welterstrand, [305]
Widal, [32]
Wille, [92]
Willis, [31], [33], [34], [167]
Wolff, [193]
Wutzer, [303]
Wyemann, [341]
X., [79], [231]

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [R], [S], [T], [V], [W]

Aerophagia, [199] et seq.
Affirmation tics, [163]
Antagonistic gestures, [168], [236] et seq.
Aphonia, [211]
Arithmomania, [87]
Athetosis, [288]
Attacks, [128]
Attitude tics, [63], [122]
Auditory tics, [145]
Automatic movements, [41], [43], [259]
Beating tics, [185]
Beggar's tic, [248]
Biting tics, [11], [159]
Blepharospasm, [147]
Blinking tics, [3], [148], [149]
Blowing tics, [303]
Catatonic aptitudes, [124]
Cheilophagia, [160]
Chin tics, [157]
Chorea, Dubini's, [284]
—— electric, [252], [284]
—— fibrillary, [251], [284], [285]
—— gravidarum, [283]
—— Hénoch-Bergeron's, [251], [284]
—— Huntington's, [281]
—— hysterical, [282]
—— of degenerates, [230]
—— paralytic, [285]
—— polymorphous, [230]
—— rhythmical, [283]
—— Sydenham's, [279]
—— variable, [119], [228] et seq., [281]
Clonic tic, [118]
Colporteur tic, [106], [173]
Complications of tic, [242] et seq.
Consciousness and tic, [63]
Convulsion, [39]
Convulsive tic, [31]
—— —— clonic, [31]
—— —— tonic, [31], [63]
Co-ordination and tic, [46], [126]
Coprolalia, [13], [219] et seq., [258]
Coughing tics, [203]
Curability of tic, [298] et seq.
Definition of tic, [260]
Degeneration, [28], [29]
Diagnosis, [264] et seq.
Diaphragmatic tics, [205]
Diet, [302]
Ear tics, [145]
Echokinesia, [103], [124], [217]
Echolalia, [216] et seq.
Echomimia, [124]
Echopraxis, [124]
Electrical reactions, [138]
Electrolepsy, [284]
Electrotherapy, [303]
Epilepsy and tic, [251] et seq.
Eructation tics, [196]
Etiology of tic, [96] et seq.
Etymology of tic, [25]
Evolution of tic, [221] et seq.
Expectoration tics, [197]
Eye tics, [146], [151]
Eyeball tics, [150], [323]
Eyelid tics, [146], [322]
Facial spasm, [110], [111], [143], [268], [270] et seq., [312]
—— tic, [143], [220] et seq., [312], [323]
Fixed tics, [130]
Folie du pourquoi, [87]
Function, [70]
Genesis of tic, [48] et seq.
Geniospasm, [157]
Habit, [56]
Heredity, [98]
Hiccoughing tics, [203]
Hydrotherapy, [302]
Hygiene, [302]
Hysteria, [246] et seq., [282]
Idiocy, [256]
Imitation, [2], [101]
Immobilisation of movements, [317]
Impulsive tics, disease of, [227]
Insanity, [256]
Isolation, [341]
Jacksonian epilepsy, [38], [251], [263]
Jaw tics, [169]
Krouomania, [258]
Laryngospasm, [212]
Latah, [103]
Leaping tics, [193]
Licking tics, [157]
Lip tics, [155]
Massage, [303]
Mastication tics, [159]
Mechanotherapy, [303]
Medicinal treatment, [301]
Mental condition of the subjects of tic, [74] et seq.
—— infantilism, [76] et seq., [133], [171]
—— tic, [94]
—— torticollis, [121], [137], [167] et seq., [257], [267], [307], [313], [323], [324], [331], [333]
—— triamus, [121], [161] et seq., [240]
Mimicry, [60], [103]
—— tics, [143]
Mirror drill, [335] et seq.
—— writing, [335] et seq.
Monoclonus, [287]
Motor reaction, [41]
—— —— classification of, [44]
—— —— localisation of, [130]
—— —— study of, [118]
Movements of immobilisation, [317]
Mutism, [211]
Myoclonus, [30], [116], [252] et seq., [285] et seq., [288]
Myokymia, [288]
Myospasm, [290]
Myospasmia spinalis, [288]
Myotonia, [288]
Neck tics, [5], [163], [323]
Negation tics, [163]
Neurasthenia, [250] et seq.
Nictitation tics, [146]
Nodding tics, [163]
Nose tics, [3], [154]
Obsessions, [82] et seq.
Occupation neuroses, [70], [72], [159], [291] et seq.
Onomatomania, [87]
Onychophagia, [161]
Orthopædic treatment, [314]
Palpebral tics, [147]
Paramyoclonus multiplex, [252], [285]
Para-tics, [6], [7]
Pathogeny of tic, [36] et seq.
Pathological anatomy, [108] et seq.
Phobias, [20], [88]
Polyclonus, [116], [117], [252], [256], [287]
Polygon, [65]
Procollis, [177]
Professional acts, [69], [71], [291]
Prognosis, [293] et seq.
Psychical tic, [29], [94]
Psychomental tic, [68], [94], [250]
Psychotherapy, [343]
Re-education, [315] et seq.
Reflexes, [15], [134]
Relapses, [332]
Respiration tics, [203]
Respiratory drill, [325] et seq.
Rest, [340]
Retrocollis, [177]
Rhincho-spasm, [204]
Rhythm, [70], [127]
Rhythmic tics, [127]
Salaam tic, [164]
Salutation tics, [163]
Scratching tics, [186]
Secretory affections, [138]
Sensation, affections of, [140]
Shoulder tics, [9], [183]
Sniffing tics, [154], [203]
Snoring tics, [203]
Sobbing tics, [203]
Spasm, definition of, [36]
Spasms and tics, [36] et seq., [267] et seq.
Spasmus nutans, [127], [164]
Speech, tics of, [206] et seq., [324]
Sphincter tics, [140]
Stammering, [208] et seq., [324], [325]
Starting tics, [291]
Stereotyped acts, [57], [122], [188], [264] et seq.
Striking tics, [185]
Sucking tics, [155]
Swallowing tics, [196]
Thomsen's disease, [288]
Tic and function, [68]
—— idea, [59]
—— will, [55]
—— writing, [187], [190]
Tic douloureux, [112], [275]
Tic non douloureux, [110]
Tics of idea, [94]
—— idiots, [53], [256]
—— wind sucking, [196]
Tongue tics, [157]
Tonic tic, [118], [121]
Torticollis tic and spasm, [136], [137], [275] et seq., [307]
Tossing tics, [163], [323]
Tourette's disease, [92], [223], [228], [251], [258], [296]
Treatment, [298] et seq.
Tremors, [290]
Trunk tics, [182]
Variable tics, [130]
Visceral instability, [139]
Vision tics, [146]
Vomiting tics, [196]
Whistling tics, [203]
Writers' cramp, [69], [72], [192], [292]

These typographical errors have been corrected by the etext transcriber:
which may be situate in peripheral end organ=>which may be situated in peripheral end organ
tennis without protuding his tongue=>tennis without protruding his tongue
The sectio showed a hæmorrhage of the dimensions=>The section showed a hæmorrhage of the dimensions
since the twitches are limited perferably=>since the twitches are limited preferably
Weiner medic. Blätter=>Wiener medic. Blätter
like a statute in a position conducive=>like a statue in a position conducive
Unforeseen complications, a again, may arise once a cure is affected.=>Unforeseen complications, again, may arise once a cure is affected.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] RENÉ CRUCHET, "Étude critique sur le tic convulsif et son traitement gymnastique," Thèse de Bordeaux, 1902.

[2] TROUSSEAU, Clinique médicale de l'Hôtel Dieu, 1873, vol. ii. p. 267 et seq.

[3] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, 1887-8, p. 124.

[4] LEGRAIN, "Du délire des dégénérés," Thèse de Paris, 1885-6.

[5] RAYMOND, Clinique des maladies du système nerveux, vol. i. 1896, p. 551.

[6] TROISIER, Dictionnaire Dechambre, art. "Face."

[7] HALL, On the Disease and Derangement of the Nervous System, London, 1841.

[8] JACCOUD, Pathologie interne, t. i. 1879, pp. 595-8.

[9] BRISSAUD, Leçons sur la maladies nerveuses, 1st series, chap. xxiv. p. 506.

[10] LEWIN, Arch. d. phys. diat. Therapie, 1900, p. 281.

[11] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, 1889, p. 464.

[12] DUBOIS, "Traitement des tics convulsifs par la rééducation des centres moteurs," Bulletin général de thérapie, April 30, 1901.

[13] DUPRÉ, Soc. de neur. de Paris, April 18, 1901.

[14] DUPRÉ, loc. cit.

[15] BLOCQ and ONANOFF, Maladies nerveuses, 1892.

[16] GRASSET, Anatomie clinique des centres nerveux, Paris, 1900, p. 5.

[17] GRASSET, Leçons de clinique médicale, 3rd series, fasc. i. 1896, pp. 5, 38.

[18] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, 1887-8, p. 124.

[19] Communication faite au Congrès de Limoges, August, 1901; Soc. de neur. de Paris, April 18, 1901; Gazette des hôpitaux, June 20, 1901, p. 673; Progrès médical, Sept. 7, 1901, p. 146.

[20] MAGNAN, Recherches sur les centres nerveux, 2nd series, p. 116.

[21] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, October 23, 1888.

[22] BALLET, Traité de médecine, vol. vi. p. 1158.

[23] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, October 23, 1889.

[24] NOIR, Thèse de Paris, obs. xviii. p. 40.

[25] DUPRÉ, Soc. de neur. de Paris, April 18, 1901.

[26] NOIR, Thèse de Paris, obs. lix. p. 121.

[27] WILLE, Monatschr. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol. 1898, p. 210; 1899, p. 873.

[28] BRESLER, "Beitrag zur Lehre von der Maladie des Tics convulsifs," Neurolog. Centralb. 1896, p. 965.

[29] RUDLER AND CHOMEL, "Tic de l'ours chez le cheval," Rev. neur. 1903, p. 541; "Analogies entre les tics de léchage chez l'homme et chez le cheval," Soc. de neur. de Paris, January 7, 1904; "Des stigmates de la dégénérescence chez l'animal," Congrès de Pau, 1904; Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1904, p. 471.

[30] JANET, Néuroses et idées fixes, vol. i. p. 397.

[31] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, December 13, 1887.

[32] FLATAU, Centralb. f. Nervenheilk., August, 1897.

[33] Vie de Molière, 1705, pp. 206-7 (quoted by Cruchet).

[34] Mémoires de Saint-Simon, year 1707, vol. xiv. p. 427 (Hachette, 1857).

[35] CONSTANT, Mémoires, vol. i. p. 340.

[36] TISSIÉ, "Tic oculaire et facial," Journ. de méd. de Bordeaux, July 9 and 16, 1899.

[37] GRASSET, "Tic du colporteur; spasme polygonal post-profesionnel," Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, July-August, 1897, p. 217.

[38] Alfred de Vigny, Servitude militaire, chap. vi.

[39] MAGNAN, loc. cit. p. 144.

[40] Id., loc. cit. p. 145.

[41] DEBROU, "Sur le tic non douloureux de la face," Arch. gén. de méd., June, 1864, p. 641.

[42] Chipault and A. Chipault, Rev. neurologique, 1893, p. 149.

[43] FÉRÉ, Arch. de physiol., 1876, p. 267.

[44] Gilbert, Cadiot, and Roger, "Note sur l'origine bulbaire du tic de la face," Rev. de méd., 1890 p. 431.

[45] BUSS, quoted by CRUCHET, Thèse de Paris, p. 19.

[46] DEBROU, loc. cit. p. 641.

[47] Chipault and le Fur, "Névralgie des huitième, neuvième, et dixième racines dorsales avec tic abdominal," Gaz. des hôpitaux, March 20, 1902, p. 325.

[48] PATELLA, "Studio anatomo-patologico e clinico sul policlono," Il policlinico, vol. viii. November, 1901, p. 535.

[49] FEINDEL, "Spasmes grimaçants de la face," Revue de psychologie, April, 1899, p. 118.

[50] BRISSAUD AND FEINDEL, "Sur le traitement du torticolis mental et des tics singulaires," Journ. de neurologie, April 15, 1899.

[51] MEIGE, "L'aptitude catatonique et l'aptitude echopraxique des tiqueurs," Congrès de Madrid, April, 1903.

[52] MEIGE, "Le phénomène de la chute du bras," XIII Congrès des neurologistes, etc., Brussels, 1903.

[53] SCHEIBER, "Über einen Fall von durch Spleniuskrampf bedingten Torticollis," Wiener med. Wochenschrift, 1900, p. 261.

[54] BONNIER, L'orientation, Paris, 1900; Le sens des attitudes, Paris, 1904.

[55] DE BUCK, "Note sur un cas de spasme rythmique," Belgique médicale, 1899.

[56] BABINSKI, "Sur un cas d'hémispasme (contribution à l'étude du torticolis spasmodique)," Rev. neurologique, 1900, p. 142.

[57] BABINSKI, "Sur le spasme du cou," Rev. neurologique, 1901, p. 693.

[58] OPPENHEIM, Medecinskoe Obozrenje, 1901.

[59] BRISSAUD, "La polyurie des dégénérés," Presse méd., April, 1897.

[60] MEIGE, "Neue Beiträge zur Prognose und Behandlung der Tics," Journ. f. Neurolog. u. Psychiat., Bd. II, Hft. 2-3; "Tics des sphincters," Congrès de Rennes, 1905.

[61] CLAUS AND SANO, "Spasme bilatéral de la face et du cou," Journ. de neurologie, 1899.

[62] MEIROWITZ, "A Case of Habit-spasm," The Post-graduate, 1900, p. 643.

[63] SEELIGMÜLLER, "Zur Pathogenese der peripheren Krampfe," St. Petersburger med. Wochenschrift, 1881, No. 2, p. 13.

[64] VALLEIX, Guide du médecin praticien, 1853, vol. iv. p. 617.

[65] PARINAUD, Soc. de neur. de Paris, April 18, 1901.

[66] TOBY COHN, "Facialistic als Beschäftigungsneurose," Neur. Centralb., 1897, p. 21.

[67] LERCH, "Convulsive Tics," American Medicine, November 2, 1901.

[68] CROUZON, "Tic d'élévation des yeux," Soc. de neur. de Paris, January 11, 1900.

[69] BABINSKI, "Sur la paralysie du mouvement associé de l'abaissement des yeux," Soc. de neur. de Paris, June 7, 1900.

[70] MARIE, "Spasme névropathique d'élévation des yeux," Soc. de neur. de Paris, April 18, 1901.

[71] RAYMOND AND CESTAN, Rev. neurologique, 1902, p. 52

[72] NOGUÈS AND SIROL, "Un cas de paralysie associée des muscles droits supérieurs de nature hystérique," Soc. de neur. de Paris, March 7, 1901.

[73] MASSARO, Il pisani, fasc. i. 1904.

[74] A. von Sarbo, "Ein Fall von klonischem Masseteren Krampf," Monatsch. f. Psych. u. Neur., 1900, p. 493.

[75] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii. p. 381.

[76] CHATIN, Rev. neurologique, 1900, p. 310.

[77] PIERRE MARIE, Rev. neurologique, 1901, p. 426.

[78] BRISSAUD AND FEINDEL, Journ. de neurologie, April 15, 1888.

[79] BRISSAUD, "Tics et spasmes chroniques de la face," Journ. de méd. et de chir. pratiques, January 25, 1894.

[80] DE BUCK, "Spasme fonctionnel du cou," Belgique médicale, 1897, No. 51.

[81] BRISSAUD AND MEIGE, "Trois nouveaux cas de torticolis mental," Rev. neurologique, 1894, p. 697.

[82] GRAFF, "Ein Fall von spastischen Krämpfen der Halsmuskulatur," Deutsch. med. Wochenschrift, March 22, 1900, p. 66.

[83] Cited by BOMPAIRE, Thèse de Paris, 1894.

[84] BRISSAUD AND MEIGE, Rev. neurologique, December 30, 1894, p. 697.

[85] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii. p. 378.

[86] RAYMOND AND JANET, loc. cit. p. 380.

[87] SGOBBO, "Un caso di torticollo mentale," Il manicomio moderno, 1898, fasc. 3.

[88] FEINDEL, "Le torticolis mental," Gazette hebdomadaire, February 20, 1898, p. 169.

[89] SÉGLAS, "Un cas de torticolis mental," Rev. neurologique, 1901, p. 114.

[90] BRISSAUD, Leçons sur les maladies nerveuses, 1895, p. 514.

[91] BOMPAIRE, "Du torticolis mental," Thèse de Paris, 1894.

[92] LENTZ, "Rotation permanente de la tête à droite," Journ. de neurologie, 1897, p. 502.

[93] GRASSET, "Tic du colporteur; spasme polygonal post-professionnel," Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, July-August, 1897, p. 217.

[94] MARÉCHAL, "Un cas de torticolis spasmodique," Journ. de neurologie, 1899, No. 11.

[95] REDARD, Le torticolis et son traitement, Paris, 1898.

[96] VAN GEHUCHTEN, "Un curieux cas de tic," Journ. de neurologie, 1899.

[97] PIERRE MARIE AND GUILLAIN, "Torticolis mental avec mouvements des membres supérieurs de nature spasmodique," Soc. de neur. de Paris, April 17, 1902.

[98] PIERRE JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. i. p. 311.

[99] MEIGE AND FEINDEL, "Remarques cliniques et thérapeutiques sur quelques tics de l'enfance," Journ. de neurologie, 1904.

[100] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii. p. 390.

[101] Id., loc. cit. p. 388.

[102] SÉGLAS, Les troubles de langage chez les aliénés, Paris, 1892.

[103] EHRET, Archiv f. Unfallheilkunde, 1898, p. 32.

[104] RAYMOND AND JANET, "Note sur deux tics de pied," Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1899, p. 353.

[105] ODDO, "Tic de la génuflexion," Marseille médical, March 15 1902.

[106] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii. p. 391.

[107] HARTENBERG, "Tic de déglutition chez un hystérique," Rev. de psychologie, 1899, p. 175.

[108] ROSSOLIMO, "Ueber Dysphagia amyotactica," Neurolog. Centralb. 1901, Nos. 4, 5, 6.

[109] BECHTEREW, "Ueber die psychischen Schluckstörungen," Neurolog. Centralb. 1901, p. 642.

[110] LERCH, "Convulsive Tics," American Medicine, Nov. 2, 1901.

[111] RAYMOND AND JANET, loc. cit. vol. ii. p. 35.

[112] Ibid. p. 357.

[113] SÉGLAS, "Paralysie générale et tic aérophagique," Semaine médicale, 1899, p. 9.

[114] NOGUÈS AND SIROL, Arch. méd. de Toulouse, June 1, 1898.

[115] SAENGER, Monatsch. f. Pysch. u. Neur. 1900, p. 77.

[116] TISSIÉ, "Tic oculaire," etc., Journ. de méd. de Bordeaux, July 9, 1899.

[117] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, January 24, 1888.

[118] LETULLE, "Un cas de bégaiement compliqué de tics coordinés multiples," Gazette méd. de Paris, 1883, p. 536.

[119] OLIVIER, "Le bégaiement dans la littérature médicale," La parole, No. 10, 1899.

[120] BIAGGI, Arch. ital. di otologia, 1897.

[121] DEREVOGE, Thèse de Bordeaux, 1898.

[122] Janke, III^e Congrès des médecins tchèques à Prague, 1901.

[123] HASSLAUER, "Ueber spastischen Stimmritzen Krampf," Militäraertz Zeitschrift, 1900, p. 417.

[124] PICK, Société des médecins allemands à Prague, March 10, 1893.

[125] AIMÉ, "Un cas de tic élocutoire," Revue médicale de l'est, January 1, 1901.

[126] UCHERMANN, Arch. f. Laryngologie, 1898, p. 326.

[127] GEYER, "Étude médico-psychologique sur le théâtre d'Ibsen," Thèse de Paris, 1902.

[128] GRASSET, Clinique médicale, 1891.

[129] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, October 23, 1888.

[130] SÉGLAS, Leçons sur let maladies mentales et nerveuses, 1895, p. 83.

[131] Gilles de la Tourette, Archives de neurologie, No. 25, 1885, p. 19.

[132] Gilles de la Tourette, Semaine médicale, 1899, p. 153.

[133] CHABBERT, "De la maladie des tics," Arch. de neurologie, 1893, p. 10.

[134] SCIAMANNA, Accademia medica di Roma, 1893.

[135] KÖSTER, "Ueber die Maladie des Tics impulsifs," Deutsche Zeitschr. f. Nervenheilk. 1899, p. 147.

[136] KOPCZYNSKI, "Ein Fall von Bewegungsneurose in Form von Tic convulsif," Gazeta Lekarska, 1900.

[137] INNFELD, "Ein chronische, progressive Fall von Muskelkrämpfen," Wien. klin. Wochenschr., 1898, p. 17.

[138] PATRY, "De la chorée variable ou polymorphe," Thèse de Paris, 1897.

[139] Gilles de la Tourette, Semaine médicale, 1899, p. 153.

[140] FÉRÉ, "Note sur un cas de chorée variable," Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1898, p. 454.

[141] SGOBBO, "Un caso di torcicollo mentale," Il manicomio moderno, 1898, p. 424.

[142] FEINDEL AND MEIGE, "Quatre cas de torticolis mental," Arch. gén. de médecine, January, 1901, p. 61.

[143] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii. p. 377.

[144] FOURNIER, "Tic rotatoire," Thèse de Strasbourg, 1870.

[145] FEINDEL AND MEIGE, "Quatre cas de torticolis mental," Arch. gén. de médecine, 1901, p. 61.

[146] GRASSET, "Tic du colporteur," etc., Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1897, p. 217.

[147] NOGUÈS AND SIROL, "Un cas de torticolis mental," Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1899, p. 82.

[148] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii. p. 381.

[149] CHATIN, "Note sur un cas de trismus mental," Rev. neurologique, 1900, p. 310.

[150] MEIGE, "Histoire d'un tiqueur: tics variables, tics d'attitude," Journ. de méd. et de chir. pratiques, August 25, 1901.

[151] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii. p. 385.

[152] GAUPP, Centralb. f. Nervenheilk., February, 1900.

[153] GRASSET, Clinique médicale, 1891.

[154] FÉRÉ, "L'épilepsie et les tics," Journ. de neurologie, 1900, p. 309.

[155] PITRES, Leçons sur l'hystérie, vol. i. p. 317.

[156] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, October 23, 1888.

[157] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. i. p. 397.

[158] SCHERB, "Hémispasme tonique du côté droit constituant un tic mental professionnel: tic de la mendiante," Soc. de neur. de Paris, May 3, 1900.

[159] BABINSKI, "Definition de l'hystérie," Soc. de neur. de Paris, November 7, 1901.

[160] DIDE, "La myoclonie dans l'epilepsie," Annales médico-psychol., September—October, 1899.

[161] MANNINI, "Policlonia ed epilessia," Gas. degli osped. e delle clin., September 30, 1900, p. 1220.

[162] ROSSI AND GONZALES, Annali di neurologia, 1900, fasc. 4.

[163] SCHUPFER, "Sulle mioclonie," Il policlinico, 1901, vol. viii. p. 1.

[164] MALM, "Tic rotatoire," Allg. med. Centralzeit., 1899, No. 64.

[165] FÉRÉ, "L'épilepsie et les tics," Journ. de neurologie, 1900, p. 309.

[166] LUZENBERGER, "'Absences' psichiche in isterici," Riv. speriment. di fren., 1900, p. 822.

[167] MEIGE, Les tics, July, 1905 (Masson).

[168] CAHEN, "Contribution à l'étude des stéréotypies," Archives de neurologie, 1901, p. 474.

[169] MEIGE, "Spasme facial franc," Soc. de neur. de Paris, April 17, 1902.

[170] HALLION, "Convulsions localisées," Traité de médecine, vol. vi. p. 897.

[171] MAYER, Alienist and Neurologist, July, 1897.

[172] BRUANDET, "Un cas d'hémispasme facial," Rev. neurologique, 1900, p. 658.

[173] FORNACA, Clinica medica italiana, No. 11, 1901.

[174] DESTERAC, "Syndrome du torticolis spasmodique," VI^e Congrès français de médecine, Toulouse, April, 1902.

[175] MARIE AND GUILLAIN, "Mouvements athétoïdesde nature indéterminée," Soc. de neur. de Paris, April, 1902.

[176] CHAUFFARD, "Maladie de Friedreich avec attitudes athétoïdes," Semaine médicale, 1893, p. 409.

[177] ODDO, "Le diagnostic différentiel de la maladie des tics et de la chorée de Sydenham," Presse médicale, September 30, 1899.

[178] BRISSAUD, "La chorée variable des degénérés," Rev. neur., 1896, p. 417.

[179] SINKLER, "Habit Chorea," Amer. Journ. of the Med. Sciences, May, 1897, p. 559.

[180] NONNE, "Zwei Fälle von 'Maladie des Tics,'" Neurolog. Centralbl., 1898, p. 327.

[181] LEMOINE, "Note sur un cas de paramyoclonus multiplex suivi des troubles psychiques et de l'écholalie," Rev. de médecine, 1892, p. 882.

[182] D'Allocco, "Parecchi casi di mioclonia, la maggior parte familiari," Riforma medica, vol. i. 1897, p. 223.

[183] HERMANN, "Myoklonische Zuckungen bei progressiver Paralyse," Neurolog. Centralbl., June 1, 1901, p. 498.

[184] SCHULTZE, "Ueber Chorea, Poly-und Monoklonie," Neurolog. Centralbl., 1897, p. 611.

[185] HELDENBERG, "Myoclonus fonctionnel intermittent," Semaine médicale, 1899, p. 194.

[186] HAJOS, "Ein Fall von Myospasmia Spinalis," Ungar. med. Presse, 1898, No. 34.

[187] BECHTEREW, "Myotonie eine Krankheit des Stoffwechsels," Neurolog. Centralbl., 1900, p. 98.

[188] KAISER, "Myotonische Störungen bei Athetose," Neurolog. Centralbl., 1897, p. 674.

[189] MARINA, "Delle miospasie in generale e della miospasia atetosica in particolare," Il policlinico, 1902, p. 577.

[190] LABBÉ, Presse médicale, 1897, p. 185; MILLS, Journ. of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1879, p. 504.

[191] ACHARD AND SOUPAULT, "Tremblement héréditaire et tremblement sénil," Gazette hebdomadaire, 1897, p. 373.

[192] BRISSAUD, "Contre le traitement chirurgical du torticolis mental," Rev. neurologique, 1897, p. 34.

[193] DUFOUR, "A propos des tics et troubles moteurs chez les délirants chroniques," Soc. de neur. de Paris, November 7, 1901.

[194] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, 1888-9, p. 469.

[195] CHARCOT, Leçons du mardi, June 26 and July 10, 1888.

[196] WELTERSTRAND, L'hypnotisme et ses applications à la médecine pratique, Paris, 1899, pp. 74-6.

[197] VAN RENTERGHEM, "Un cas de tic rotatoire," Journ. de neurologie, May 20, 1898.

[198] FERON, "Un cas de tic traité par la suggestion," Journ. de neurologie, No. 13, 1899.

[199] VLAVIANOS, "Tic nerveux traité avec succès par la suggestion hypnotique," Journ. de neurologie, 1899, p. 318.

[200] MARÉCHAL, "Un cas de torticolis spasmodique," Journ. de neurologie, May 20, 1899.

[201] RAYMOND AND JANET, Névroses et idées fixes, vol. ii.

[202] ELIOT, "The Surgical Treatment of Torticollis, with Special Reference to the Spinal Accessory Nerve," Annals of Surgery, 1895, p. 493.

[203] COUDRAY, "Torticolis spasmodique, résection du spinal," Association française de chirurgie, October, 1898.

[204] PAULY, "Spasmes fonctionnels du cou," Congrès français de médecine interne, Lyon, October, 1894.

[205] PAULY, "Théorie réflexe du torticolis spasmodique," Revue de médecine, 1897, p. 130.

[206] RISIEN RUSSELL, Brain, 1897, p. 35.

[207] CHIPAULT, Travaux de neurologie chirurgicale, 1901, p. 220.

[208] Nové-Josserand, "Sur un cas de torticolis spasmodique," Lyon médical, September 4, 1898.

[209] LINZ, "Ueber spastische Torticollis," Inaug. Dissert., Bonn, 1897.

[210] POPOFF, "Torticolis spastique, torticolis mental (Brissaud), torticolis psychique ou polygonal," Moniteur russe de neurologie, 1899, No. 4.

[211] TICHOFF, "Un cas de convulsions toniques et cloniques des muscles du cou," Soc. de neur. et de psychiat. de Kazan, March 26 and September 24, 1895.

[212] WALTON, "Nature and Treatment of Spasmodic Torticollis," Amer. Journ. of the Med. Sc., March, 1898, p. 295.

[213] CORNING, "Elœomyenchisis, or the Treatment of Chronic Local Spasm by the Injection and Congelation of Oils in the Affected Muscles," New York Medical Journal, 1894, p. 449.

[214] STEWENS, "Facial Spasm and its Relation to Errors of Refraction," Amer. Journ. of the Med. Sc., 1900, p. 33.

[215] FAURE, "Traitement de la paralysie faciale d'origine traumatique par l'anastomose spino-faciale," Presse médicale, 1901, p. 259.

[216] See BREAVOINE, Thèse de Paris, 1901.

[217] BRISSAUD, Revue neurologique, 1897, p. 34.

[218] HUYGHE, "Du traitement de la chorée hystérique par l'immobilisation," Le nord médical, August 1, 1901.

[219] VERLAINE, "Traitement de la chorée arythmique hystérique par l'immobilisation sous chloroforme," Thèse de Lille, 1901.

[220] BLACHE, "Traitement de la chorée infantile," Gazette hebdomadaire, 1864, p. 787.

[221] BRISSAUD, "Tics et spasmes cloniques de la face," Journ. de médecine et de chirurgie pratiques, January 25, 1894. Brissaud and Meige, "Trois nouveaux cas de torticolis mental," Rev. neur., December 10, 1894, p. 697. BOMPAIRE, "Du torticolis mental," Thèse de Paris, 1894. FEINDEL, "Le traitement médical du torticolis mental," Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1894, p. 404. Id., "Le torticolis mental et son traitement," Gazette hebdomadaire, February 20, 1898, p. 169. FEINDEL AND MEIGE, "Revision iconographique du torticolis mental; cas anciens et cas nouveaux; traitement," Congrès de Paris, 1900, volume de la section de neurologie, p. 513. Id., "Quatre cas de torticolis mental," Arch. gén. de médecine, January, 1901, p. 61.

[222] BRISSAUD AND FEINDEL, "Sur le traitement du torticolis mental et des tics similaires," Journal de neurologie, April 15, 1899.

[223] FEINDEL, "Spasmes grimaçants de la face, datant de trois mois," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, April, 1899.

[224] HARTENBERG, "Traitement et guérison d'un cas de tic sans angoisse," Revue de psychologie clinique et thérapeutique, January, 1899, p. 17.

[225] FRENKEL, "De l'exercice cérébral appliqué au traitement de certains troubles moteurs," Semaine médicale, 1896, p. 124.

[226] PITRES, "Tics convulsifs généralisés traités et guéris par la gymnastique respiratoire," Journ. de médecine de Bordeaux, February 17, 1901, p. 106.

[227] TISSIÉ, "Tic oculaire et facial accompagné de toux spasmodique, traité et guéri par la gymnastique médicale respiratoire," Journ. de médecine de Bordeaux, July 9 and 16, 1899.

[228] MADET, "Myoklonie in der Art eines expiratorischen Singultus," Wiener medic. Blätter, No. 30, 1899.

[229] OETTINGER, "The Disease of Convulsive Tic," Amer. Journ. of the Med. Sc., September, 1899, p. 303.

[230] MARTIN, Congrès de Limoges, 1901.

[231] BRISSAUD AND FEINDEL, "Sur le traitement du torticolis mental et des tics similaires," Journ. de neurologie, April 15, 1899.

[232] MEIGE, Congrès du Limoges, 1901.

[233] BALLET, "L'écriture de Léonard de Vinci: contribution à l'étude de l'écriture en miroir," Nouv. icon. de la Salpêtrière, 1900, p. 597.

[234] FÉRÉ, "L'influence sur le travail volontaire d'un muscle de l'activité d'autres muscles," Nouv. icon. de la Salpétrière, 1901, p. 432.

[235] WYEMANN, "Ueber ein Fall von Tic de Guinon," Göttinger Dissertation, 1900.

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