APPENDIX I.

England.France.The Empire.Spain.The Papacy.Brandenburg.Sweden.Russia.Turkey.Denmark.
1598.Elizabeth.Henry IV.Rudolf II.Philip III.Clement VIII.Joachim Frederick.Sigismond of Poland.Boris Godunoff.Mohammed III.Christian IV.1598.
1603.James I.Achmet.1603.
1604.Charles IX.1604.
1605.Paul V.The Troublous Times.1605.
1608.John Sigismund.1608.
1610.Louis XIII.1610.
1611.Gustavus Adolphus.1611.
1612.Matthias.Michael Romanoff.1612.
1617.Mustapha I.1617.
1618.Osman II.1618.
1619.Ferdinand II.George William.1619.
1621.Philip IV.Gregory XV.1621.
1622.Mustapha I. (restored).1622.
1623.Murad IV.1623.
1624.Urban VIII.1624.
1625.Charles I.1625.
1632.Christina.1632.
1637.Ferdinand III.1637.
1640.Frederick William.Ibrahim.1640.
1643.Louis XIV. d. 1715.1643.
1644.Innocent X.1644.
1645.Alexis.1645.
1648.Mohammed IV.Frederick III.1648.
1649.The Commonwealth.1649.
1654.Charles X.1654.
1655.Alexander VII.1655.
1658.Leopold I.1658.
1660.Charles II.Charles XI.1660.
1665.Charles II.1665.
1667.Clement IX.1667.
1670.Clement X.Christian V.1670.
1676.Innocent XI.Theodore.1676.
1682.Peter and Ivan1682.
1685.James II.1685.
1687.Suleiman II.1687.
1688.William III.Frederick III.1688.
1689.Alexander VII.Peter the Great. d. 1724.1689.
1691.Innocent XII.Achmet II.1691.
1695.Mustapha II.1695.
1697.Charles XII. d. 1720.1697.
1699.Frederick IV. d. 1730.1699.
1700.Philip V. d. 1746.Clement XI. d. 1724.1700.
1702.Anne.1702.
1703.Achmet III. deposed 1727.1703.
1705.Joseph I.1705.
1711.Charles VI. d. 1742.1711.
1713.Frederick William. d. 1740.1713.
1714.George I. d. 1727.1714.