INDEX

[1]. Mason, Otis T., “Migration and the Food Quest,” American Anthropologist, 7:279.

[2]. Mason, Otis T., “Migration and the Food Quest,” American Anthropologist, 7:275.

[3]. Professor A. G. Keller brings out this point in his unpublished lectures on Colonization, where the causes of emigration are classified under unsatisfactory conditions of environment, either physical or human. He also emphasizes the strength of the home tie in resisting emigration.

[4]. Henry George does not appear to recognize this dividing line, but seems to regard an indefinite increase of numbers as bearing with it the possibility of improvement. The opposite view is maintained by Professor Irving Fisher, Elementary Principles of Economics, pp. 434 ff.

[5]. Cf. Bryce, James, “Migrations of the Races of Men Considered Historically,” Contemporary Review, 62:128.

[6]. Bradley, H., The Story of the Goths, p. 21. Cf. Von Pflugk-Harttung, J., The Great Migrations, p. 110.

[7]. Bradley, op. cit., p. 365. See this work for fuller details of the Gothic invasion. Also Von Pflugk-Harttung, op. cit., and Hodgkin, Thomas, Theodoric the Goth.

[8]. Huntington, Ellsworth, The Pulse of Asia, pp. 357, 373, 383.

[9]. Keller, A. G., Colonization, Ch. I.

[10]. Sumner, W. G., War and Other Essays, “Sociology.”

[11]. Well developed, of course, in the sense of culture, not in the exploitation of natural resources.

[12]. There has not only been much looseness and ambiguity in the use of the word “immigration,” but also an apparent feeling that immigration and emigration are two different things, as is witnessed by the title of one of the standard works on the subject. They are, in fact, only two different ways of looking at the same thing. As so often happens in the social sciences, the student of immigration is under the necessity of taking a word from the common language, and giving it a more restricted and inflexible meaning than either everyday usage or the etymology of the word would warrant.

[13]. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, p. 36.

[14]. Cobb, S. H., The Story of the Palatines. Cf., also, Faust, A. B., The German Element in the United States, Chs. II, III, IV; Bittinger, Lucy F., The Germans in Colonial Times, pp. 12–19; Proper, E. E., Colonial Immigration Laws, Columbia College Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 40–42.

[15]. Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America, p. 32.

[16]. Cf., especially, Commons, op. cit., pp. 31–38. Also Hanna, Charles A., The Scotch-Irish, esp. Vol. II, pp. 172–180; Green, S. S., The Scotch-Irish in America; MacLean, J. P., Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America, pp. 40–61.

[17]. Kapp, F., Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York, p. 21.

[18]. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 6:385.

[19]. Early examples of this practice are furnished by Holland, which in 1655 sent out large numbers of orphan boys and girls from its asylums. The action in this case was less grievous, however, as they were apparently bound out to service for a term of four years, so that they did not at once come on the community. Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York, 14:166, 264, etc.

[20]. Cf. Proper, E. E., op. cit., pp. 19, 20.

[21]. Diffenderffer, F. R., German Immigration into Pennsylvania through Philadelphia, p. 143.

[22]. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 2:282 ff.

[23]. Diffenderffer, op. cit., pp. 51–53.

[24]. Ibid., p. 53, quoted from Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia, 2:266–7.

[25]. Proper, op. cit., p. 50.

[26]. The action of the governor in recommending the passage of the act of 1727 is exceptional.

[27]. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 4:516.

[28]. William Penn in his day reckoned the average voyage at between six and nine weeks, though voyages sometimes took four months. Diffenderffer, op. cit., pp. 29, 62.

[29]. North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.

[30]. Archives of Maryland, 2:540.

[31]. Ibid., 15:36.

[32]. See, for instance, Archives of Maryland, 13:440 and 19:183.

[33]. Yet in 1700 Massachusetts passed an elaborate immigration law, requiring shipmasters to furnish lists of their passengers, and prohibiting the introduction of lame, impotent, or infirm persons, or those incapable of maintaining themselves, except on security that the town should not become charged with them. In the absence of this security, shipmasters were compelled to take them back home. This statute was reënacted with amendments from time to time. Proper, op. cit., pp. 29, 3.

[34]. Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885–1886, Appendix III, p. 1967.

[35]. Hall, Prescott F., Immigration, p. 4.

[36]. Mass. Election Sermons, 1754, pp. 30, 48.

[37]. Doc. Col. Hist. of N. Y., 6:60.

[38]. Proper, E. E., op. cit., p. 13.

[39]. Ibid., pp. 25, 63.

[40]. Ibid., p. 36.

[41]. Ibid., pp. 13, 57, 62.

[42]. Archives of Maryland, 22:497.

[43]. These terms are used somewhat loosely in the contemporary documents and in modern writings. “Indented servants” is the broader term, including all who signed indentures, or were sold under an indenture, whether they came willingly or under compulsion. “Redemptioners” is sometimes used to refer specifically to those who voluntarily sold themselves. But there is authority for the view that “redemptioner,” strictly speaking, referred to one who came without an indenture, on the expectation of finding some one on this side who would pay for his passage. He was given a period of time after landing to accomplish this. Failing in this, he was to be sold by the captain to the highest bidder. See Geiser, K. F., Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Ch. I. But the words are sometimes used interchangeably.

[44]. Fiske, J., Old Virginia and her Neighbors, Vol. II, pp. 177 ff.

[45]. Evans-Gordon, W., The Alien Immigrant, pp. 192–193.

[46]. Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 4.

[47]. Encyc. Britannica, article “United States.”

[48]. Commons, op. cit., p. 27.

[49]. Encyc. Britannica, article “United States.”

[50]. American Museum, 1:206.

[51]. Ibid., 7:233.

[52]. Ibid., 2:213.

[53]. American Museum, 10:114.

[54]. North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.

[55]. Jefferson is quoted as having expressed the wish that there were “an ocean of fire between this country and Europe, so that it might be impossible for any more immigrants to come hither.” Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 206.

[56]. McMaster, J. B., History of the United States, Vol. II, p. 332; “The Riotous Career of the Know Nothings,” Forum, 17:524; Franklin, Frank G., Legislative History of Naturalization.

[57]. Monthly Anthology, Boston, 6:383.

[58]. Niles’ Register, 13:378.

[59]. McMaster, J. B., History of the United States, Vol. V, pp. 121 ff.

[60]. Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania, 6:266; 11:362, 416; 15:157.

[61]. Trollope, Mrs. T. A., Domestic Manners of the Americans, p. 121.

[62]. Niles’ Register, 24:393.

[63]. Ibid., April 26, 1823.

[64]. Ibid., Aug. 23, 1823; July 21, 1827; Aug. 14, 1830.

[65]. Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370.

[66]. Ibid.

[67]. Ibid.

[68]. Executive (House) Doc., 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370, and House Reports of Committees, 34th Cong., 1st and 2d Ses., 359.

[69]. Executive (House) Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 54.

[70]. Senate Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 161.

[71]. As late as 1884–1885 thousands of immigrants were sent from Ireland to the United States and Canada, partly at state expense and partly at the expense of the “Tuke Fund.” Some of these were admittedly paupers. Cf. Tuke, J. H., “State Aid to Emigrants,” Nineteenth Century, 17:280.

[72]. Knickerbocker, 7:78.

[73]. It is said that the natives suspected a deliberate plan on the part of the Catholic powers to destroy the free institutions of America. McMaster, Forum, 17:524.

[74]. Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 207.

[75]. Franklin, F. G., op. cit., p. 247.

[76]. Report of the Immigration Commission, Federal Immigration Legislation, Abstract, pp. 7, 8.

[77]. Roscher-Jannasch, Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung, p. 380.

[78]. The statistics at this period are confused by changes in the time of ending of the fiscal year, but the above statement corresponds with the figures of the Immigration Commission.

[79]. Mar. 21, 1823; Rev. Stat., 1827, Ch. XIV, Title IV, Sec. 7; Apr. 18, 1843; May 7, 1844.

[80]. In 1818 a book was published under the title Der Deutsche in Nord-Amerika, by M. von Fürstenwärther. According to a review of this book which appeared in the North American Review for July, 1820, Mr. von Fürstenwärther mentions a New York State law requiring security from ship captains against their immigrant passengers becoming public burdens. This reference does, in fact, occur on page 38 of the book in question, but the present author, after a careful search, has not succeeded in finding any such law on the New York Statutes previous to 1824.

[81]. 7 Howard, 283. Passenger Cases, U. S. Supreme Court, Jan. Term, 1849.

[82]. Endicott, William C., Jr., Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885–1886, pp. 1968 ff.

[83]. The following passage, quoted from J. T. Maguire’s The Irish in America, gives a vivid picture of conditions on the voyage, and of the circumstances that attended landing in Canada. “But a crowded immigrant sailing ship of twenty years since [written in 1868], with fever on board!—the crew sullen or brutal from very desperation, or paralysed with terror of the plague—the miserable passengers unable to help themselves or afford the least relief to each other; one fourth, or one third, or one half of the entire number in different stages of the disease; many dying, some dead; the fatal poison intensified by the indescribable foulness of the air breathed and rebreathed by the gasping sufferers—the wails of children, the raving of the delirious, the cries and groans of those in mortal agony!” The only provision for the reception of these sufferers at Grosse Isle, where many of them were landed, consisted of sheds which had stood there since 1832. “These sheds were rapidly filled with the miserable people, the sick and the dying, and round their walls lay groups of half-naked men, women and children, in the same condition—sick or dying. Hundreds were literally flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones, to crawl on the dry land how they could. ‘I have seen,’ says the priest who was chaplain of the quarantine, ... ‘I have one day seen thirty-seven people lying on the beach, crawling on the mud, and dying like fish out of water.’ Many of these, and many more besides, gasped out their last breath on that fatal shore, not able to drag themselves from the slime in which they lay.” As many as 150 bodies, mostly half naked, were piled up in the dead-house at a time. (pp. 135, 136.) The moral evils and dangers were said to be even worse than the physical.

[84]. For accounts of the activities at Castle Garden, and of the operations of the runners, see Kapp, Friedrich, Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State of New York; Chambers’ Journal, 23:141, “Emigrant Entrappers”; Bagger, L., “A Day in Castle Garden,” Harper’s Monthly, 42:547.

[85]. Maguire, op. cit., pp. 185–187.

[86]. See Mr. Maguire’s description, footnote, p. 79.

[87]. Congressional Globe, Feb. 1, 1847, p. 304.

[88]. Hale, E. E., Letters on Irish Immigration.

[89]. Most of these details are taken from E. E. Hale’s interesting Letters on Irish Immigration, written in 1851–1852.

[90]. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., p. 391.

[91]. Its real name was “The Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner.” There appears to be some difference of opinion as to the exact date of organization. It began to attract public attention about 1852. See Hall, op. cit., p. 207; Jenks and Lauck, The Immigration Problem, p. 297; Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration Legislation, Abs., p. 8; McMaster, J. B., “The Riotous Career of the Know Nothings,” Forum, 17:524.

[92]. Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration Legislation, Abs., pp. 8–10.

[93]. Rept. Imm. Com., Steerage Legislation, Abs., p. 11.

[94]. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., pp. 12, 13.

[95]. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 13.

[96]. See Flom, George T., Norwegian Immigration into the United States, and Chapters on Scandinavian Immigration to Iowa; also, Nelson, O. N., History of the Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in the United States.

[97]. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 129.

[98]. Dewees, F. P., The Molly Maguires; Rhodes, J. F., The Molly Maguires in the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania; Encyc. Britannica, article “Molly Maguires.”

[99]. Coolidge, Mary R., Chinese Immigration, pp. 16, 17.

[100]. Coolidge, M. R., op. cit., p. 107.

[101]. Professor Taussig justifies the exclusion of the Chinese on the ground that “a permanent group of helots is not a healthy constituent in a democratic society,” Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 140.

[102]. The subject of Chinese immigration has been treated thus summarily because of the large amount of reliable material which is easily available on the question. It has been treated as a whole, rather than divided among the different periods, because in fact it has been a distinct phase of our immigration problem; only since 1900 has the administration of the Chinese exclusion law been a part of the duties of the Commissioner General of Immigration. Foremost among the books on the topic is Mrs. Coolidge’s work, already quoted. A defense of the Chinese written in the heat of the controversy is George F. Seward’s Chinese Immigration. Interesting chapters on the topic are to be found in Mayo-Smith, and Hall, and frequent references in Jenks and Lauck, and Commons. Cf. also Sparks, E. E., National Development, 1877–1885, pp. 229–250.

[103]. Mason, A. B., “An American View of Emigration,” Fortnightly Review, 22:273.

[104]. “Deportation” must be carefully distinguished from “exclusion,” “debarment,” or “returning.” When either of the last three terms is used, it implies that the immigrant is never allowed to land in the country. The first term is applicable when the immigrant has landed in this country, and some time after, in accordance with some provision of the law, is sent back to the country from which he came.

This is the first provision for deportation in the federal laws, except the temporary provision of the Alien Bill. As early as 1837 the common council of New York City passed a resolution, authorizing the commissioners of the almshouse to send back to their native country such alien paupers as were, or were likely to become, paupers at the establishment at Bellevue or elsewhere, provided the pauper in question gave his consent. (Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370, pp. 16–18.) It is amusing to note that at that period our right to send back alien paupers,—even though they had been officially transported to this country,—after they had once been admitted, was seriously questioned by foreign powers.

[105]. By an administrative rule of the department any alien, who is a lawful resident of the United States and becomes a public charge from physical disability arising subsequent to his landing, may, with his consent, and the approval of the bureau, be deported within one year at government expense.

[106]. See page 118.

[107]. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 14.

[108]. The figures since 1858 have been for the fiscal year ending June 30.

[109]. For a fuller discussion of this class see the discussion of crises, p. 359.

[110]. As, for instance, in the study of the effects of crises (see pp. 347–361).

[111]. Rept. Imm. Com., Emigration Conditions in Europe, Abs., p. 9.

[112]. Rept. Imm. Com., The Immigration Situation in Canada, p. 15.

[113]. Commons, J. R., op. cit., pp. 79 ff.

[114]. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 29.

[115]. For a detailed account of Slavic immigration, the reader is referred to Miss Emily G. Balch’s monumental work, Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens.

[116]. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 73. For fuller figures see King, B., and Okey, T., Italy To-day, p. 126.

[117]. Cf. Americans in Process, p. 46.

[118]. Bodio, Luigi, “Dell’ Emigrazione Italiana,” Nuova Antologia, 183:529.

[119]. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 92. Cf. Americans in Process, p. 48; Rubinow, I. M., “The Jews in Russia,” Yale Review, August, 1906, p. 147; Antin, Mary, The Promised Land; Evans-Gordon, The Alien Immigrant, Chs. IV, V.

[120]. Marsh, Benjamin C., Charities, XXI:15, p. 649.

[121]. The instances given by Mrs. Houghton of economic causes of immigration are mainly of this temporary nature, though not all trifling. See Houghton, Louise S., “Syrians in the United States,” Survey, July 1, 1911, p. 482.

[122]. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Cond., p. 8.

[123]. Caro, L., Auswanderung und Auswanderungspolitik in Österreich, pp. 59–71.

[124]. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, p. 46.

[125]. Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement of Conclusions and Recommendations, p. 17.

[126]. Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, etc., Abs., p. 12.

[127]. Canoutas, S. G., Greek-American Guide, 1909, p. 39.

[128]. These prepaid tickets are commonly orders, to be exchanged by the traveler, in Europe, for the actual certificate of transportation. Cf. Rept. N. Y. Com. of Imm., pp. 38 ff.

[129]. See pp. 192, 194.

[130]. See Whelpley, Jas. D., The Problem of the Immigrant, p. 3.

[131]. Report, 1910, p. 116.

[132]. Quoted from the author’s book, Greek Immigration, pp. 236–237. Cf. Cooke-Taylor, W., The Modern Factory System, p. 419.

[133]. Rept. Imm. Com., Japanese and Other Immigrant Races, etc., Abs., p. 46.

[134]. Under authority conferred by Section 1 of the Immigration Law of 1907.

[135]. Millis, H. A., “East Indian Immigration to British Columbia and the Pacific Coast States,” Am. Econ. Rev., Vol. I, No. 1, p. 72. Rept. Comm. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 148.

[136]. For a picturesque description of “The Beginning of the Trail” the reader is referred to the first chapter of Professor Steiner’s fascinating book, On the Trail of the Immigrant.

[137]. Clapp, Edwin J., The Port of Hamburg, pp. 667–688; Evans-Gordon, op. cit., Ch. XIII.

[138]. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 118.

[139]. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 37.

[140]. Ibid., p. 38.

[141]. For a fuller description of the system of medical examination, see the Report of the Immigration Commission, Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp. 35 ff., from which many of the above facts are taken.

[142]. See p. 149.

[143]. For fuller accounts of the steerage and life therein, see Rept. Imm. Com., Steerage Conditions; Steiner, E. A., On the Trail of the Immigrant; Brandenburg, B., Imported Americans, Chs. III, XIV, XV.

[144]. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 135.

[145]. Cf. Brandenburg, B., Imported Americans, Chs. XVII and XVIII.

[146]. See an editorial in the New York Evening Journal, May 24, 1911.

[147]. Brandenburg, op. cit., p. 214.

[148]. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1907, p. 77.

[149]. Rept. Imm. Com., Statistical Review, Abs., p. 17, and Rept. Comr. Gen. of Imm., 1912, pp. 68, 129. The figures of the Commission do not tally in all respects with those given in the annual Reports.

[150]. Figures for Italy, unless otherwise specified, include Sicily and Sardinia.

[151]. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 9.

[152]. Ibid., Stat. Rev., Abs., p. 11.

[153]. See page 128.

[154]. Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., pp. 9, 10, 11.

[155]. Repts. Comr. Gen. of Imm., 1911, 1912.

[156]. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 13.

[157]. See page 247.

[158]. Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement, p. 39.

[159]. Ibid., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 14.

[160]. See page 341.

[163]. The per cent of illiteracy in the general population of the United States, ten years of age or over, is 10.7.

[164]. Claghorn, Kate H., “The Immigration Bill,” The Survey, Feb. 8, 1913.

[165]. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining, Abs., p. 165.

[168]. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, pp. 104 ff.

[169]. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 20.

[170]. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 69.

[173]. Races and Immigrants in America, pp. 124–125.

[174]. For detailed figures of occupation by races see Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., pp. 52, 53.

[176]. See Brandenburg, B., “The Tragedy of the Rejected Immigrant,” Outlook, Oct. 13, 1906.

[177]. Stoner, Dr. George W., Immigration—The Medical Treatment of Immigrants, etc., p. 10.

[178]. There is also a flourishing business of this sort in Liverpool, Marseilles, etc. Rept. Commissioner General of Immigration, 1905, pp. 50 ff.

[180]. Quoted by Prescott F. Hall, Immigration, p. 107. See also Walker, F. A., “The Restriction of Immigration,” Atlantic Monthly, 77:822.

[181]. Bushee, F. A., “The Declining Birth Rate and Its Cause,” Pop. Sci. Month., 63:355.

[182]. Hunter, Robert, “Immigration the Annihilator of our Native Stock,” The Commons, April, 1904.

[183]. For a statement of the importance of the growth of cities, as opposed to immigration, in affecting the birth rate, see Goldenweiser, E. A., “Walker’s Theory of Immigration,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 18:342.

[184]. See page 217.

[185]. See review of Levasseur’s “American Workman,” Pol. Sci. Quart., 13:321.

[186]. See page 145.

[187]. See Report of Committee on Standard of Living, 8th N. Y. State Conference of Charities and Corrections, Albany, 1907, p. 20. Also Van Vorst, Mrs. John, The Cry of the Children, p. 213.

[188]. Bailey, W. B., Modern Social Conditions, p. 104, and Gonnard, René, L’Émigration européenne au XIXe siècle, p. 120.

[189]. For discussions of the sensitiveness of the marriage rate to economic conditions, see Schooling, J. Holt, “The English Marriage Rate,” Fortnightly Review, 75:959; Willcox, W. F., “Marriage Rate in Michigan, 1870–1890,” Quart. Publ. Amer. Stat. Assn., 4:1; and Crum, F. S., “The Marriage Rate in Massachusetts,” Quart. Publ. Amer. Stat. Assn., 4:322.

[190]. See page 191.

[191]. Christianity and the Social Crisis, p. 273.

[192]. Cf. Commons, J. R., op. cit., pp. 203–204.

[193]. See page 207.

[195]. See page 207.

[197]. Abstract, Thirteenth Census, p. 197.

[198]. For a full statement of opposite opinions on this subject, see Willcox, W. F., “The Distribution of Immigrants in the United States,” Quart. Jour. of Econ., August, 1906; and Fairchild, H. P., “Distribution of Immigrants,” Yale Review, November, 1907.

[199]. Cf. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, pp. 317–319; and Addams, Jane, Newer Ideals of Peace, pp. 65–68.

[200]. Quotations are from the abstract of that report.

[201]. Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, Italians in America, p. 70; Bushee, F. A., Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston, p. 29.

[202]. Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, op. cit., p. 72.

[203]. Bushee, op. cit., p. 30.

[204]. Almy, Frederic, “The Huddled Poles of Buffalo,” The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911.

[205]. Thompson, Carl D., “Socialists and Slums,” Milwaukee, The Survey, Dec. 3, 1910. Cf. Byington, Margaret F., Homestead, pp. 131–136.

[206]. Cf. description of conditions in a manufacturing town, Fitch, John A., Lackawanna, The Survey, Oct. 7, 1911, p. 936.

[207]. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 349.

[208]. For convenience’ sake, the term “boarder” will hereafter be used in the place of the clumsy phrase “boarders and lodgers.”

[211]. Balch, op. cit., p. 349.

[212]. Lauck, W. Jett, “The Bituminous Coal Miner and Coke Worker of Western Pennsylvania,” The Survey, April 1, 1911. Cf. also Roberts, Peter, Anthracite Coal Communities, p. 137.

[213]. Warne, F. J., The Slav Invasion, p. 68. Cf. Hunt, Milton B., “The Housing of Non-Family Groups of Men in Chicago,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 16:145.

[214]. See, for instance, Riis, Jacob, How the Other Half Lives; Breckenridge, Sophonisba, and Abbott, Edith, “Housing Conditions in Chicago,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 16:4 and 17:1, 2; “The Housing Awakening,” series in The Survey, beginning Nov. 19, 1910.

[215]. The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 771.

[216]. Roberts, op. cit., p. 143.

[217]. For full descriptions of life in mining and manufacturing villages, see Roberts, op. cit., Chs. IV and V; Lauck, W. Jett, The Survey, Apr. 1, 1911; Fitch, John A., The Survey, Oct. 7, 1911; Balch, op. cit., pp. 372–375; Warne, op. cit., Ch. VI. For an account of the life of some of our foreign agriculturists, see Cance, Alexander E., “Piedmontese on the Mississippi,” The Survey, Sept. 2, 1911; Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, op. cit., Ch. VI; Balch, op. cit., Ch. XV.

[218]. Cf. Balch, op. cit., pp. 363–364; Lauck, The Survey, Apr. 1, 1911, p. 48; Roberts, op. cit., pp. 103 ff.; Bushee, op. cit., p. 29; Rept. Imm. Com., Recent Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 59; Americans in Process, p. 141.

[219]. Cf. Streightoff, F. H., Standard of Living, Ch. VI.

[220]. Ibid., p. 106.

[221]. Americans in Process, pp. 142–143.

[222]. Conditioned, of course, by the general standard of the society.

[230]. Ibid., Imms. in Cities, Abs., p. 44.

[231]. Ibid., Recent Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 57.

[232]. Roberts, op. cit., p. 346.

[233]. Standard of Living, Ch. IV.

[234]. Roberts, op. cit., p. 346.

[235]. The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 767.

[236]. Streightoff, op. cit., p. 162.

[241]. In this investigation pupils are listed by their own nativity, rather than by that of the father.

[242]. Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Padrone System, pp. 7, 8. For an account of the operation of the system in England, see Wilkins, W. H., The Alien Invasion.

[243]. For a fuller description of the system, and a more detailed account of its crying evils, see Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, and Rept. Imm. Com., The Greek Padrone System in the United States.

[244]. For an illustration of such a contract, see Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Padrone System, Abs., pp. 23–24.

[245]. Cf. Addams, Jane, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 221.

[246]. Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, Abs., p. 12, which compare throughout.

[247]. Clyatt case, 197 U. S. 207.

[248]. Cf. Rept. Imm. Com., Peonage, etc.

[249]. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 35.

[250]. Ibid., p. 35.

[251]. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 27.

[252]. Ibid., pp. 69, 85, 86.

[253]. For a full description of the nature, organization, and functions of the immigrant bank, and of efforts which have been made to correct its evils, the reader is referred to the Report of the Immigration Commission on Immigrant Banks, to which reference has been made, and also to the Report of the New York Commission of Immigration. This latter volume also contains an extended discussion of the position of the notary public. Cf. also Roberts, Peter, The New Immigration, Ch. XV.

[254]. Addams, Jane, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 99; Adams, T. S., and Sumner, Helen L., Labor Problems, Ch. IV.

[255]. Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 88.

[256]. Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 8.

[257]. Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 90.

[258]. Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 14.

[259]. Ibid., p. 16.

[260]. Cf. Rept. N. Y. Com. of Imm., p. 92.

[261]. New York now has a state law, which went into effect Sept. 1, 1911, for the regulation of these lodging houses. The Survey, Sept. 30, 1911.

[262]. That the spirit of Know Nothingism dies hard, and is likely to crop out even in modern times, is evidenced by the so-called A. P. A. agitation of the early nineties. The A. P. A., or American Protective Association, was the most prominent of several secret organizations, formed about this time, the purposes and methods of which were strikingly similar to those of the Native American and Know Nothing parties. The object of their antagonism was the Roman Catholic Church, and particularly the body of Irish Catholics. This agitation was carried to such an extent that many people, even of the intelligent and thoughtful, feared that a religious war was impending. For details see Winston, E. M., “The Threatening Conflict with Romanism,” Forum, 17:425 (June, 1894); Coudert, Frederic R., “The American Protective Association,” Forum, 17:513 (July, 1894); Gladden, W., “The Anti-Catholic Crusade,” Century, 25:789 (March, 1894).

[263]. Professor Mayo-Smith says on this point, “The commands of morality are absolute and must have the sanction of perfect faith in order to be effective. To destroy the credibility of the sanction, without putting anything in its place, must for the time being be destructive of ethical action.” Emigration and Immigration, p. 7.

[264]. Cf. Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” North American Review, September, 1908, p. 381. Also, Rept. Imm. Com., Importing Women for Immoral Purposes, pp. 12, 14.

[265]. The Workingman and Social Problems, p. 32. Cf. White, Gaylord S., “The Protestant Church and the Immigrant,” The Survey, Sept. 25, 1909.

[266]. Anderson, W. L., The Country Town, p. 164.

[267]. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 203.

[268]. It is a suggestive fact that the word “recreation” does not occur in the indexes of Hall’s Immigration, Jenks and Lauck’s The Immigration Problem, Commons’ Races and Immigrants in America, Coolidge’s Chinese Immigration, or Balch’s Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens. For descriptions of the recreations of the foreign-born see Kenngott, George F., The Record of a City, Ch. VIII; City Wilderness, Ch. VIII; Americans in Process, Ch. VIII; Roberts, Peter, The New Immigration, Ch. XVIII.

[269]. Statistical Abstract of the U. S., 1910, p. 251. Cf. also Ely, R. T., Outlines of Economics, p. 340, and Streightoff, F. H., Standard of Living, p. 55.

[270]. Races and Immigrants in America, p. 115.

[271]. Professor Taussig says that there is evidence that “a standard of living so tenaciously held as to affect natural increase” is a force which acts on the numbers of the well-to-do in modern countries and is coming into operation in the upper tier of manual workmen. Prin. of Econ., Vol. II, p. 152. In these upper groups it operates mainly upon the birth rate. In the lower groups, where there is less conscious control of the rate of reproduction, a decrease in the means of subsistence must almost inevitably result in an increase of the death rate, particularly of infants.

[272]. A certain amount of repetition of matter already given—particularly in the discussion of the effects of immigration on population—has seemed unavoidable in the following paragraphs. The matters of population, wages, and standards of living are obviously closely associated.

[273]. See page 145.

[274]. Mr. Earle Clark has shown by a comparison of recent figures that “the wages paid in the Massachusetts cotton mills do not enable the men employed to maintain a standard of living higher than that which the men employed in English mills can maintain upon English wages.” The Survey, March 23, 1912.

[275]. A further consideration, in addition to the difference in standards, which gives the foreigner an advantage over the native, is found in the different price levels here and abroad. In general the price levels in the countries from which the new immigration comes are lower than in the United States. This means that the immigrant, who saves part of his earnings for the support of a family in Europe, finds it possible to accept a lower wage than the native, who supports his family in this country, and yet keep his family on a standard equivalent to that of the American workman.

[276]. Professor Taussig says, “The position of common laborers in the United States (that is, in the Northern and Western States) has been kept at its low level only by the continued inflow of immigrants.... These constant new arrivals have kept down the wages of the lowest group, and have accentuated also the lines of social demarcation between this group and others.” Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 139. See also p. 234.

The same general opinion is expressed by Jenks and Lauck, The Immigration Problem, p. 195; by Hall, Immigration, pp. 123–131; by Commons, Races and Immigrants in America, pp. 151, 152, 159; by Miss Balch, Our Slavic Fellow Citizens, pp. 288–289; and by Wilkins (with reference to England), The Alien Invasion, p. 68.

[277]. Cf. Byington, M., Homestead, pp. 6–11.

[278]. Cf. Ripley, William Z., “Race Factors in Labor Unions,” Atlantic Monthly, 93:299.

[279]. Cf. Stewart, Ethelbert, “Influence of Trade-Unions on Immigrants,” in LaFollette, R. M., The Making of America, Vol. VIII, pp. 226 ff.

[280]. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., 391.

[281]. Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 161.

[282]. Ibid., p. 165.

[283]. Ibid., p. 161.

[284]. See, for example, Mass. Report on the Unemployed, 1895, pp. 18, 116. Report Ohio State Board of Charities, 1902, pp. 178 ff.

[285]. Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 92, 95, 96.

[287]. Paupers in Almshouses, p. 101.

[288]. Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 215, 218.

[290]. Immigration, p. 168.

[291]. Mr. Streightoff points out that even in a year of prosperity about half of the laboring families are not able to save anything, even on the close margin of living which they maintain. Standard of Living, pp. 24, 25.

[292]. Cf. Byington, M. F., Homestead, p. 184.

[293]. Claghorn, K. H., “Immigration in its Relation to Pauperism,” Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, 24:187.

[295]. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Crime, Abs., p. 7.

[296]. Ibid., p. 8.

[297]. Cf. Hourwich, I. A., “Immigration and Crime,” Am. Jour. Soc., 17:4, p. 478.

[298]. Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, pp. 42, 45.

[299]. Ibid. Cf. also Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” No. Am. Rev., September, 1908, p. 381; Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. and Crime, Abs.; Americans in Process, pp. 199–207; The City Wilderness, p. 172.

[300]. Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration to the United States, p. 203.

[301]. “Molly Maguire in America,” All the Year Round, New Series, 17:270.

[302]. Cf. Bingham, T. A., The Girl that Disappears, and “Foreign Criminals in New York,” No. Am. Rev., September, 1908; and Rept. Imm. Com., Importing Women for Immoral Purposes; New York Times, Jan. 17, 1912, p. 1.

[303]. Cf. Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, p. 236; Commons, Races and Immigrants in America, p. 170; Hall, Immigration, p. 150; Bingham, No. Am. Rev., September, 1908; Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 252; Americans in Process, p. 209.

[304]. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1908, p. 98.

[305]. Insane and Feeble-minded in Hospitals and Institutions, 1904, p. 20.

[306]. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Insanity. Cf. Williams, William, “Immigration and Insanity,” address before the Mental Hygiene Conference, New York City, Nov. 14, 1912. Yet the burden of the feeble-minded immigrant is becoming so strongly felt in New York as to lead the Chamber of Commerce of that state to send resolutions to Congress urging better provisions for excluding this class. The Survey, March 2, 1912.

[307]. Roberts, P., Anthracite Coal Communities, pp. 19 ff.; Warne, Slav Invasion.

[308]. Jenks and Lauck, Immigration Problem, p. 92.

[309]. Ibid., p. 72. For numerous other cases see Rept. Imm. Com., Imms. in Mf. and Min., Abs., pp. 226 ff.; Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America, pp. 151, 152.

[310]. Anthracite Coal Communities, p. 20.

[311]. For an opposite view of this whole question, see Hourwich, I. A., Immigration and Labor. This book, which should be consulted for an elaborate defense of free immigration from the economic point of view, has come to hand too late to be cited at frequent intervals throughout the present work. It is an ingenious production, but so full of inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and misleading statements that to criticize it in detail would require a volume in itself. The refutation of many of Dr. Hourwich’s arguments may be found throughout the pages of the present work.

[312]. Mr. W. L. Anderson, who is not an extreme advocate of the opinion that immigration has not increased population, nevertheless says, “Certainly the common assertion that without the foreigner the development of the country would have halted disastrously is fallacious.” The Country Town, p. 154.

[313]. Some allowance needs also to be made for the amount of money brought in. See p. 202.

[314]. Speare, Charles F., “What America Pays Europe for Immigrant Labor,” No. Am. Rev., 187:106.

[315]. Cf. Balch, op. cit., p. 302. Fred C. Croxton and W. Jett Lauck find the recent immigrants largely responsible for dangerous and unhealthful conditions in mines and factories, and trace a direct causal relation between the extensive employment of recent immigrants and the extraordinary increase of mining accidents in recent years. Spiller, G., Inter-Racial Problems, pp. 218–219.

[316]. Pp. 155–159.

[317]. For the distinction between these classes see p. 125.

[318]. White, Money and Banking, third edition, Ch. XVIII.

[319]. The fact that in March, 1908, there was a gain of 31 is not a coincidence. The month of March is always a busy one in immigration, as it opens the spring season, and this influence was sufficient to check the prevailing movement temporarily.

[320]. Mr. F. H. Streightoff shows that at the time the census of 1900 was taken, 2,634,336 or 11.1 per cent of all males over ten years of age who were engaged in gainful occupation in the United States were unemployed three months or more during the year. See Standard of Living, p. 35.

[321]. Fisher, Irving, The Purchasing Power of Money, pp. 58 seq.

[322]. Ely, R. T., Outlines of Economics, p. 268.

[323]. Bulletin of the American Economic Association, April, 1911, p. 253.

[324]. Streightoff, The Standard of Living, p. 24.

[325]. Streightoff, The Standard of Living, p. 111.

[326]. See quotation from Professor Taussig, footnote, p. 309.

[327]. Israel Zangwill, in an address before the Universal Races Congress in London, said, “Even in America, with its lip-formula of brotherhood, a gateless Ghetto has been created by the isolation of the Jews from the general social life,” Spiller, G., op. cit., p. 270. Cf. also Peters, Madison C., The Jews in America, pp. 123–138.

[328]. “The Jews associate little with other nationalities, principally from the choice of the other nationalities.” Bushee, F. A., City Wilderness, p. 42.

[329]. Cf. Americans in Process, pp. 61–63, 157.

[330]. Jenks and Lauck, Immigration Problem, p. 172.

[331]. Cf. Franklin, Frank G., Legislative History of Naturalization in the United States.

[333]. Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 194.

[334]. Ibid., p. 186. For a general discussion of these abuses, see Hall, op. cit., Ch. IX.

[335]. Americans in Process, p. 157.

[336]. Act of March 2, 1907.

[337]. Cf. Champernowne, Henry, The Boss, Ch. XIII.

[338]. Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America, p. 182.

[339]. Cf. throughout, Commons, op. cit., Ch. VIII.

[340]. Twelfth Census, Vol. I, p. xxxii. Includes land and water. Figures for land area alone are given in A Century of Population Growth, p. 54. Taking land in this restricted sense would not materially affect the conclusions.

[341]. This change has been furthered, according to Professor Taussig, by immigration. Principles of Economics, Vol. I, p. 545.

[342]. The importance of this change is emphasized by noting Professor Guy S. Callender’s statement, “Perhaps the most important circumstance affecting American society is the fact that the people have always been in contact with unoccupied lands.” Economic History of the United States, p. 667. Professor Taussig points out also, in this connection, that unskilled labor is more needed when a plant is being constructed than when it is being utilized. Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 154, footnote.

[343]. Thus, “Immigration calls for courage and every other personal quality which makes for social progress.” Lincoln, The City of the Dinner Pail, p. 141.

[344]. See page 160.

[345]. Cf. Bailey, W. B., “The Bird of Passage,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 18:3, p. 391.

[346]. See Professor Keller’s introduction to Fairchild’s Greek Immigration.

[347]. A slight element of inaccuracy is given to these figures by the different methods of recording immigration at different periods. Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., p. 8.

[348]. War and Other Essays, p. 169.

[349]. Cf. Kidd, Benjamin, Social Evolution, p. 237; Ellis, Havelock, The Task of Social Hygiene, pp. 2–4.

[350]. De Bows’s Review, 18:698, “Sources from which Great Empires Come.” Signed L.

[351]. This point is frequently pressed by writers who adopt the standpoint of the immigrant, as for instance, Professor Steiner. Much effort is expended to establish the high character of the immigrant, his noble motives and worthy ambitions. The wealthy American on the promenade deck is contrasted unfavorably with the alien in the steerage. No criticism is to be made of this position. It is beyond doubt that there is a great deal to admire in the very humblest of our immigrants. But a most emphatic exception must be taken to the conclusion which apparently is assumed to follow this premise; namely, that therefore anything in the way of restriction is wrong. Granted that the admirable character of the immigrant is thoroughly established. This fact does not obviate the need for action, if it appears that evils arise. If the welfare of the nation is menaced; if the immigrants are not reaping the benefits for which they have sacrificed all in the old country; if the wonderful patrimony of the United States, fitted to render an enduring service to mankind, is being thoughtlessly squandered; if conditions in foreign countries are not improved; if the most remarkable population movement in history is being left to the machinations of selfishly interested parties—if any of these things are true, the fact that it is not the immigrant’s “fault” does not remove the responsibility from those upon whom it naturally rests of taking active measures to secure to humanity the greatest and most enduring benefits which such a tremendous sociological phenomenon may be made to yield. If the first step in such a conservation program is restriction, then that step must be taken.

[352]. Cf. Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” No. Am. Rev., Jan., 1912.

[353]. Webster’s Dictionary.

[354]. Century Dictionary.

[355]. New English Dictionary.

[356]. Encyc. Britannica, article “Physiology.”

[357]. For an enumeration of important American characteristics, see Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, pp. 5–6.

[358]. It is noteworthy that while the English are in many respects more similar to Americans than any other foreign race, yet their complete assimilation to the American type is said to be very difficult, because of their unwillingness to give up their own ideas and character. City Wilderness, p. 52; Americans in Process, p. 65.

[359]. Professor Lester F. Ward says, “The assimilation of an alien civilization ... cannot be accomplished in a single generation, no matter how favorable the conditions may be.” Applied Sociology, p. 109. Professor Sumner says, “The only way in which, in the course of time, remnants of foreign groups are apparently absorbed and the group becomes homogeneous, is that the foreign element dies out.” Folkways, p. 115. Mr. Joseph Lee says, “Whether we in this country shall succeed in doing in a few centuries what Europe in fifteen or twenty or more has not been able to accomplish, is a problem of which the present generation of Americans is not in a position to fully judge.” Charities and the Commons, 19:17.

[360]. The Immigration Problem, p. 209.

[361]. The Immigration Problem, p. 267.

[362]. Ibid., p. 293.

[363]. Cf. Coolidge, Mary R., Chinese Immigration, p. 267; and Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, footnote, p. 242.

[364]. Americans in Process, p. 50.

[365]. Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” No. Am. Rev., Jan., 1912.

[366]. De Bows’s Review, “Sources from which Great Empires Come,” 18:698 (1855).

[367]. American Museum, 7:240.

[368]. Political Economy, Vol. II, 13:265.

[369]. Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung, pp. 333 ff.

[370]. Op. cit., p. 135. Cf. also Bonar, J., Malthus and His Work, p. 144.

[371]. The Commons, April, 1904.

[372]. Douglas, Emigration, pp. 117–118.

[373]. The Problem of the Immigrant, p. 15.

[374]. Op. cit., p. 23.

[375]. Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 217. For a statement of the opposite opinion, see Bourne, S., Trade, Population, and Food.

[376]. Bailey, Mod. Soc. Cond., 101, and Gonnard, L’Emig. Eur., 120.

[377]. In spite of the enormous emigration from Italy, and the almost entire depopulation of certain districts, the population of the country as a whole increased 6.81 per cent during the period from Feb. 10, 1901, to June 10, 1911, without regard to those subjects temporarily residing abroad. Daily Consular and Trade Reports, Jan. 20, 1911, p. 1440.

[378]. Gonnard, op. cit., p. 22.

[379]. Flom, George T., Norwegian Immigration, p. 27.

[380]. Fairchild, Greek Immigration, p. 71.

[381]. Mangano, Antonio, “The Effect of Emigration upon Italy,” Charities and the Commons, Jan. 4, 1908, Feb. 1, 1908, April 4, 1908, May 2, 1908, June 6, 1908.

[382]. For a corroboration of these facts, see Borosini, Victor von, “Home-Going Italians,” The Survey, Sept. 28, 1912.

[383]. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp. 10, 11.

[384]. Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, pp. 220–235, Ch. XI.

[385]. Gonnard, while he has little to say of the effects of emigration, other than those on population, in his book on European Emigration, nevertheless gives the general impression that these effects are injurious as far as Austria-Hungary is concerned, quoting Count Mailath to that effect (p. 280). The so-called emigration from Russia to Siberia, which Gonnard regards as advantageous, does not fall within the strict definition of emigration adopted in this book.

[386]. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 10.

[387]. Miss Balch gives a pathetic and significant instance of a Ruthenian woman, returned to her native land, whose highest ideas of American social life were based on her acquaintance with negroes. Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 144.

[388]. See the series of articles on foreigners in the United States in Munsey’s Magazine for 1906.

[389]. Balch, E. G., op. cit., pp. 154–155, pp. 300–303; Steiner, E. A., The Immigrant Tide, Ch. II.

[390]. Mangano, A., The Survey, April 4, 1908, p. 23; Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Bootblacks, Abs., pp. 12 ff.

[391]. Adams and Sumner, Labor Problem, pp. 130–138.

[392]. Chute, Charles L., “The Cost of the Cranberry Sauce,” The Survey, Dec. 2, 1911, and Lovejoy, Owen R., The Survey, Jan. 7, 1911.

[393]. Page 246.

[394]. See page 383.

[395]. Cf. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1911, pp. 4–7.

[396]. Quoted by Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 128.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

  1. Silently corrected palpable typographical errors; retained non-standard spellings and dialect.
  2. Reindexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter.