CHAPTER 7 - Notes
[147]. See Sheppard, R., Cast Iron in Building, London, 1945, and Gloag, J. and Bridgwater, D., A History of Cast Iron in Building, London, 1948. These accounts require considerable revision in the light of later research by T. C. Bannister and by A. W. Skempton. See Note [[151]], infra, and for further illustrations, ‘The Iron Pioneers’, Architectural Review, CXXX (1961), 14-19, and Richards, J. M., The Functional Tradition in Early Industrial Buildings, London, 1958.
[148]. Problems of fire-resistance were already under discussion in England in the forties. The London Fire Department even refused to enter burning buildings with internal skeletons of iron because of the danger of their collapse; while the effectiveness of fireproofing iron columns with masonry sheathing was already being tested in 1846. I owe this information, as well as that on many other significant points in this chapter, to Turpin C. Bannister.
[149]. See Harris, J., ‘Cast Iron Columns 1706’, Architectural Review, CXXX (1961), 60-1.
[150]. See Raistrick, A., Dynasty of Ironfounders, London, [1953].
[151]. See Giedion, S., Bauen in Frankreich: Eisen, Eisenbeton, Leipzig, 1928, an account which its own author and others have considerably emended since.
[152]. This was replaced a quarter of a century later when a new stair-hall was built by Percier & Fontaine.
[153]. See Bannister, T. C., ‘The First Iron-Framed Buildings’, Architectural Review, CVII (1950), 231-46; Skempton, A. W., and Johnson, H. R., ‘The First Iron Frames’, Architectural Review, CXXXI (1962), 175-86. In 1803-4 came two more iron-framed mills, the North Mill at Belper and one at Leeds.
[154]. See Fairbairn, W., On the Application of Cast and Wrought Iron to Building Purposes, London, 1854.
[155]. See Buckler, J. and J. C., Views of Eaton Hall, London, 1826.
[156]. See Mock, E., The Architecture of Bridges, New York, 1949; Whitney, C., Bridges; a Study in their Art, Science and Evolution, New York, 1929; De Maré, E., The Bridges of Britain, London, 1954; Andrews, C., ‘Early Iron Bridges of the British Isles’, Architectural Review, LXXX (1936), 63-8; and ‘Early Victorian Bridges in Suspension in the British Isles’, Architectural Review, LXXX (1936), 109-12; and Mehrtens, G., Der deutsche Brückenbau in XIX Jahrhundert, Berlin, 1900.
[157]. In addition to Telford’s own superbly illustrated autobiography and the two modern monographs, see Sutherland, R. J. M., ‘Telford’, Architectural Review, CXIV (1953), 389-94.
[158]. The American James Finley built an iron-chain suspension bridge as early as 1801 and patented the system in 1808 after he had built several more. See Pope, T., Treatise on Bridge Architecture, New York, 1811, which was probably known to Telford.
[159]. These early French bridges—and several important early English ones too—are illustrated in later editions of Rondelet’s Traité (See Note [[40]], Chapter [2]), and in Bruyère, L., Études relatives à l’art des constructions, Paris, 1823. Delon’s name is also given as Dilon and Dillon.
[160]. See Séguin, M., Des ponts en fil de fer, Paris, 1824.
[161]. See Ellet, C., The Wheeling Bridge [Philadelphia, 1852]. For this bridge Roebling provided the cables but not the design.
[162]. Sec Conant, W., The Brooklyn Bridge, New York [1883].
[163]. Hautecœur lists nearly forty built before 1848 in Paris alone. For the Galerie d’Orléans, see Fontaine, C., Histoire du Palais Royal, Paris, 1834.
[164]. Thiollet, F., Serrurerie de fonte et de fer récemment exécutés, Paris, 1832, illustrates several examples.
[165]. See Pevsner, N., ‘Early Iron: Curvilinear Hothouses’, Architectural Review, CVI (1949), 188-9.
[166]. Sec Meeks, C. L. V., ‘The Life of a Form: A History of the Train Shed’, Architectural Review, CX (1951), 163-74, and his book The Railroad Station, New Haven, 1956.
[167]. See Arschavir, A. A., ‘The Inception of the English Railway Station’, Architectural History, IV (1961), 63-76, for the story before Crown Street.
[168]. See Clark, E., The Britannia and Conway Tubular Bridges, 2 vols and atlas, London, 1850.
[169]. See Hitchcock, H.-R., ‘The Coal Exchange’, Architectural Review, CI (1947), 185-7.
[170]. See Bannister, T. C., ‘The Genealogy of the Dome of the United States Capitol’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, VII (1948), 1-16.
[171]. Bogardus’s priority in this matter is by no means absolute. Certainly earlier in America was the Miners’ Bank, built by Haviland in Pottsville, Penna., in 1829-30; but here cast iron was used only to provide a decorative sheathing of the brick walls in the absence of available stone. Also earlier was a steam flour-mill three storeys high prefabricated by Sir William Fairbairn in London in 1839 and sent to Turkey, where it was erected in Istanbul in 1840. This was more like Bogardus’s building, and he had probably actually seen it when it was exhibited in London in Fairbairn’s shops at Millwall before being disassembled and shipped away. Daniel D. Badger (1806-?) also claimed priority because of the many one-storey shops he had built of iron, one of which was just across Center Street in New York from Bogardus’s factory. But Bogardus deserved the publicity he received at home and abroad; undoubtedly it was his activity which really started the general vogue of cast-iron fronts in the United States. See Bogardus, J., Cast Iron Buildings: their Construction and Advantages, New York, 1856 (written for Bogardus by a friendly ‘ghost’, John W. Thomson), and Bannister, T. C., ‘Bogardus Revisited, Part One: The Iron Fronts’, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, XV (1956), 12-22.
[172]. See Sturges, W. K., ‘Cast Iron in New York’, Architectural Review, CXIV (1953), 233-8.
[173]. See Hitchcock, H.-R., ‘Early Cast Iron Façades’, Architectural Review, CIX (1951), 113-16.
[174]. See Hitchcock, H.-R., The Crystal Palace ..., 2nd ed., Northampton, Mass., 1952.
[175]. See Carstensen, G., The New York Crystal Palace, New York, 1854.
[176]. The date of this is often given as 1855, when Labrouste took charge of the work at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and the original project for it may well be more nearly contemporaneous with the Reading Room of the British Museum.
[177]. Six pavilions were built first and four more before 1870; the remaining two were not erected until the 1930s. See Baltard, V., and Callet, F., Monographie des Halles centrales de Paris construites sous le régne de Napolèon III, Paris, 1865.
[178]. Technically the architect of Saint-Eugène in Paris was L.-A. Lusson, and in his monograph on the church, Plans, coupes, elevations, et details de l’église ... de Saint Eugène, Paris, 1855, he does not even mention Boileau’s name. However, the credit—or, to many contemporaries, the discredit—for the character of the cast-iron Gothic interior of the Paris church has always been given to Boileau.