PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL.
| SINGULAR. | ||
| Nom. | iċ (I), | þū (thou). |
| Acc. | mē, | þē. |
| Dat. | mē, | þē. |
| Gen. | mīn, | þīn. |
| DUAL. | ||
| Nom. | wit (we two), | ġit (ye two). |
| Acc. | unc, | inc. |
| Dat. | unc, | inc. |
| Gen. | uncer, | incer. |
| PLURAL. | ||
| Nom. | wē (we), | ġē (ye). |
| Acc. | ūs, | ēow. |
| Dat. | ūs, | ēow. |
| Gen. | ūre, | ēower. |
| SINGULAR. | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | hē (he), | hit (it), | hēo (she). |
| Acc. | hine, | hit, | hīe. |
| Dat. | him, | him, | hiere. |
| Gen. | his, | his, | hiere. |
|
| |||
| PLURAL. | |||
| Nom. | hīe (they). | ||
| Dat. | him. | ||
| Gen. | hiera. | ||
There are no reflexive pronouns in O.E., and the ordinary
personal pronouns are used instead:—hīe ġe·samnodon hīe (they collected themselves, assembled); hīe ā·bǣdon him wīf (they asked for wives for themselves). Self is used as an emphatic reflexive adjective agreeing with its pronoun:—swā swā hīe wȳsċton him selfum (as they wished for themselves).
POSSESSIVE.
Mīn (my), þīn (thy), ūre (our), ēower (your), and the dual uncer and incer are declined like other adjectives. The genitives his (his, its), hiere (her), hiera (their) are used as indeclinable possessives.
INTERROGATIVE.
| Masc. and Fem. | Neut. | |
| Nom. | hwā (who), | hwæt (what). |
| Acc. | hwone, | hwæt. |
| Dat. | hwǣm, | hwǣm. |
| Gen. | hwæs, | hwæs. |
| Instr. | hwȳ, | hwȳ. |
Hwelc (which) is declined like a strong adjective: it is used both as a noun and an adjective.
DEMONSTRATIVE.
| SINGULAR. | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | se (that, the), | þæt, | sēo. |
| Acc. | þone, | þæt, | þā. |
| Dat. | þǣm, | þǣm, | þǣre. |
| Gen. | þæs, | þæs, | þǣre. |
| Instr. | þȳ, þon, | þȳ, | (þǣre). |
|
| |||
| PLURAL. | |||
| Nom. | þā. | ||
| Dat. | þǣm. | ||
| Gen. | þāra. | ||
Se is both a demonstrative and a definite article. It is also used as a personal pronoun:—hē ġe·hīerþ mīn word, and wyrċþ þā (he hears my words, and does them). Sē as a demonstrative and pers. pronoun has its vowel long.
| SINGULAR. | |||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | |
| Nom. | þes (this), | þis, | þēos. |
| Acc. | þisne, | þis, | þās. |
| Dat. | þissum, | þissum, | þisse. |
| Gen. | þisses, | þisses, | þisse. |
| Instr. | þȳs, | þȳs. | (þisse). |
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| |||
| PLURAL. | |||
| Nom. | þās. | ||
| Dat. | þissum. | ||
| Gen. | þissa. | ||
Other demonstratives, which are used both as nouns and as adjectives, are se ilca (same), which is always weak, swelc (such), which is always strong.
RELATIVE.
The regular relative is the indeclinable þe, as in ǣlc þāra þe þās mīn word ġe·hīerþ (each of those who hears these my words). It is often combined with sē, which is declined:—sē þe = who, masc., sēo þe, fem., &c. Sē alone is also used as a relative:—hēr is mīn cnapa, þone ic ġe·ċēas (here is my servant, whom I have chosen); sometimes in the sense of 'he who':—hēr þū hæfst þæt þīn is (here thou hast that which is thine).
INDEFINITE.
Indefinites are formed with swā and the interrogative pronouns, thus:—swā hwā swā, swā hwelċ swā (whoever), swā hwæt swā (whatever).
Ān and sum (some) are used in an indefinite sense:—ān mann, sum mann = 'a certain man,' hence 'a man.' But the indefinite article is generally not expressed.
Ǣlċ (each), ǣniġ (any), nǣniġ (no, none), are declined like other adjectives.
Ōþer (other) is always strong:—þā ōþre męnn.
Man, another form of mann, is often used in the indefinite sense of 'one,' French on:—his brōþor Horsan man of·slōg (they killed his brother Horsa).