A Beginner's History of Philosophy, Vol. 1: Ancient and Mediæval Philosophy

by Herbert Ernest Cushman

INDEX

Abdera [107], [119]. See [Atomists]. Abelard life of, [363]; his conceptualism, [364]; his rationalism, [365]–367. Academy, the what it was, [124]; after the death of Plato, [166]; and Aristotle, [169]–171; Older, Middle, and New, [220], [221]; the skepticism of, [266]–268; eclecticism in, [270]. Adams, G. B. Civilization during the Middle Ages, [374] n. Adamson, Robert The Development of Greek Philosophy quoted, [255]. Ænesidemus Skeptic, [268]. Agrippa Skeptic, [268], [269]. Albertus Magnus See [Bollstaedt]. Alcidamus Sophist, [68]. Alcuin [349], [350]. Alexander of Hales [379]. Alexandria a centre of Hellenism, [215]; in the Middle Ages, [282]. Alexandrian School of neo-Platonism [290]–298. Ammonius Saccas [290], [314]. Anamnesis [147]–149. Anaxagoras his life, [43]; his philosophy, [45]–47. Anaximander [24], [25]. Anaximenes [25]. Ancient Philosophy length of, [1]; underlying character of, [2]; divisions of, [4], [5]; literary sources of, [6]. Animism [19]. Anselm life and position in mediæval philosophy, [359]–361; his arguments for the existence of God, [361]; on reason and dogma, [365]. Anthropological period of Greek philosophy [12], [13]; discussion of, [55]–97; historical summary of, [55]. Anthropologists [103]. Anthropology defined, [13]. Antiochus of Ascalon [270], [271]. Antisthenes founder of the Cynic school, [93], [95]. Apathy Stoic, [251]. Apollonius neo-Pythagorean, [285]. Apologists, the [307]–309. Aquinas, Thomas on the problem of reason and faith, [369], [377]; the predecessors of, [379], [380]; life of (founder of the Dominican tradition), [380], [381]; the central principle of his doctrine, [381]–383; the problem of individuality according to, [383]–385; on the will and the intellect, [385], [386]. Arabian schools, [371], [372]; translations of Greek works, [372], [373]. Arcesilaus [267]. ἀρετή meaning of, [84]. Aristippus founder of the Cyrenaic school, [93], [96]; and Epicurus, [229], [230]. Aristophanes opposed the Sophists, [74]. Aristotle his place in Greek history, [98]–100, [103]; conceptualist, [104]; advanced age at which he finished his education, [125]; in the Academy and Lyceum, [166]–168; chronological sketch of his life, [168], [169]; his biography in detail, [169]–173; the writings of, [173]–176; his starting-point, [176], [177]; the fundamental principle in his philosophy, [177]–180; his logic, [180]–185; his metaphysics, [185]–194; development is purposeful, [185]–187; his two different conceptions of purpose, [187]–190; his conception of God, [190], [191]; his conception of matter, [191], [192]; his conception of nature, [192]–194; his theory of physics, [194]–196; his psychology, [196]–199; his ethics, [199]–202; his political philosophy, [202], [203]; in the Middle Ages, [332], [363], [368], [369]; Arabic versions of his works, [372], [373]; works of, introduced into Western Europe, [375]–378; the strength and burden of, to the church, [378], [379]; and Thomas Aquinas, [380], [381]. Arnold, Matthew [43] n. Astronomy of the Pythagoreans, [49]–52, [53]; Ptolemaic, [322]–325. Ataraxia of Epicurus, [231], [233]; of the Skeptics, [266]. Athenian school of neo-Platonism [290], [299]–301. Athens rise of, [57], [58]; and Socrates, [91]; and Abdera, [119]; a centre of Hellenism, [213]–215. Atomism of Epicurus, the [238]–240. Atomistic school, the [107]. Atomists, the philosophy of, [47], [48]. Atoms of Democritus, the [109]–114, [116], [117]. Augustine the historical position of, [306], [318], [335]–338; the life of, [339], [340]; the two elements in his teaching, [340], [341]; the neo-Platonic element: the inner certainties of consciousness, [341]–345; the authority of the church according to, [345]–347. Aurelius, Marcus [243], [246]. Bacon, Francis Essay on Love, [153] n. Bacon, Roger [387] n. Bardesanes Gnostic, [310]. Basilides Gnostic, [310]. Becoming word how used, [22]; in Heracleitus’s doctrine, [29]; according to Plato, [133], [136], [139]. Being word how used, [22]; in Parmenides’ doctrine, [33]–35; Pythagorean conception of, [49]–51; aspects under which it was conceived of, in Greek philosophy, [103], [104]; according to Plato, [133], [136], [139]. Benedictine Age, the [350]. Berengar of Tours [359]. Boëthius [300]. Bollstaedt, Albert [377], [379]. Bologna University of, [377]. Burnet, John Early Greek Philosophers cited, [17] n. Bury, J. B. History of Greece cited, [12] n.; quoted, [16]. Carneades [267]. Carpocrates Gnostic, [310]. Carthage [15], [16]. Catechists the School of, [314]–318. Catholic theologians the old, [312]–314. Cause teleological, final, mechanical, and efficient, [105] n. See [Final cause], [Efficient cause]. Causes Aristotle’s, [187]. Change Heracleitus’s doctrine of, [28], [29]; has no existence in Parmenides’ philosophy, [34], [35]; as conceived by the Pluralists, [40]. Charlemagne the revival of, [349], [350]. Christianity and neo-Platonism, difference in their conception of inspiration, [276], [277]; rise of, [279], [280]; summary of its history, [281]; and neo-Platonism, [288]–290; the Hellenizing of, [302]–318; the early situation of, [302]–305; the philosophies influencing, [305], [306]; early, the periods of, [306], [307]; the Apologists, [307]–309; the Gnostics, [310]–312; the reaction against Gnosticism (the old Catholic theologians), [312]–314; Origen and the School of Catechists, [314]–318; and Mohammedanism, [371]–375. Chrysippus [242], [244], [245]. Church authority of, according to Augustine, [345]–347; strength and burden of Aristotle to, [378], [379]; and state, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, [382]. Cicero on Aristotle, [167]; his work, [271], [272]. Civilizations Christian and Mohammedan, [369]–372; the first contact of, [372], [373]; the conflict between, [374], [375]. Classic Scholasticism period of, [333], [368]–394. Cleanthes [242], [244]–246. Clement [314]. Conception and perception, [83] n.; importance of, to Socrates, [83]; according to Plato, [134], [135]; in Aristotle, [177]–179. Conceptualism of Aristotle, [104]; in the Middle Ages, [358], [364], [365]. Consciousness formulation of the psychological conception of, [294]; the inner certainties of, according to Augustine, [341]–345. Constantinople an intellectual centre, [372] n. Cosmas map, the [335]. Cosmological period of Greek philosophy [12], [13]; treated, [15]–54. Cosmologist characteristics of the, [18]–20; table of, [20]; their philosophical question, [20], [21]; where they lived, [21]; results of their philosophy, [53], [54]. Cosmology defined, [13]. Crates of Thebes [95]. Critical attitude of mind among the Greeks, [61]–64; of Socrates, [80]. Crusades, the [374], [375]. Cusanus, Nicolas [394]. Cynic school, the [93]–97. Cynics and Stoics [246], [247]. Cyrenaic school, the [93]–97. Cyrenaics their teaching, and Epicureanism, [229], [230]. Dante on Aristotle, [167]; used Ptolemaic conception of the universe, [324], [325]; diagram of his poetic conception of the universe, [376]; his view of the state and the church, [382] n.; placed the intellectual virtues above the practical, [383] n. Dark Ages, the [347]–349. Deduction [182]. Definition Socrates one of the first to use it correctly, [92]. Democritus his place in Greek history, [98]–100, [103]; and Plato, their similarities and differences, [104]–106; life of, [106]–108; comprehensiveness of his aim, [108]; the enriched physics of, [109]–111; the materialistic psychology of, [111]–114; his theory of knowledge, [114]–116; the ethical theory of, [116]–118; a wide traveler, [123]; advanced age at which he finished his education, [125]. Development according to Aristotle, [178], [179], [185]–187. De Wulf History of Mediæval Philosophy, [336] n., [384]. Dialectic defined, [60], [131]. Dill, Samuel Roman Society cited, [274] n. Diogenes [95]. Dionysiodorus [68]. Dogma See [Reason]. Dominican tradition Thomas Aquinas the founder of, [380], [381]; intellectualism the central principle in, [385]. Doxography [6]. Drama the Greek, [60], [61]. Dualism defined, [51] n.; the Pythagorean, [51], [52]; of the Systematic period of Greek philosophy, [102], [103]. Dynamic pantheism of Plotinus [293]. Eckhart [369], [386]. Eclectic Platonists, the [285]. Eclecticism [264], [265], [269]–272. Efficient cause introduction of conception of, by the Pluralists, [41]; defined, [105] n.; Aristotle’s conception of, [187]. Elean-Eretrian school, the [93]. Eleatic school and Milesian school, Xenophanes the connecting link between, [26]; lives of Parmenides and Zeno, [32], [35]; teaching of, compared with that of the Milesians and Heracleitus, [22] f.; the philosophy of, [33]–37; and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, [37], [38]. Element, the as conceived by the Pluralists, [40], [41]. Eleusinian See [Mysteries]. Emanations the world of, according to Plotinus, [294]–297. Emerson, R. W. Essay on Love, [153] n.; Initial, Dæmonic, and Celestial Love, [153] n. Emerton, Ephraim Mediæval Europe, [374] n. Empedocles his conception of change, [40]; his conception of the element, [40]; his doctrine of the efficient cause, [41]; his life, [43]; the philosophy of, [44], [45]. Empiricism [104] n. End defined, [105] n. Entelechy [186]. Epic, Greek importance of the, [8]–10. Epictetus [243], [246]. Epicureanism one of the New Schools, [222]–225; and Stoicism, summary of agreements and differences, [225], [226]; and the teaching of Aristippus, [229]; ideal of, [230]–233; the place of virtue in, [233]; the Wise Man of, [234]–236. See [Epicurus]. Epicureans, the [228]. Epicurus life of, [227], [228]; and Aristippus, [229]; his ideal, [230]–233; his conception of the physical world, [238]–240. See [Epicureanism]. Epistemology Democritus’ contribution to, [114]–116. Erigena, John Scotus [349], [350]; life and teaching of, [350]–352; the Greek principle which he formulated for the Middle Ages, [352], [353]. Eristic defined, [60]. Ethical period of the Hellenic-Roman period [208]; general characteristics of, [215]–218. Ethics tendency toward, among early Greeks, [11], [12]; of the Sophists, [71]–73; of Democritus, [116]–118; Plato’s theory of, [153]–158; of Aristotle, [199]–202; of Plotinus, [297], [298]. Eucken, Rudolf Problem of Human Life, [336] n. Euclid founder of the school at Megara, [93]. Eudæmonism [87]. Euhemerism [96]. Eusebius on Aristotle, [167]. Euthydemus [68]. Evil the problem of, according to Stoicism, [260], [261]. Fairbanks, Arthur First Philosophers of Greece, [6] n. Falckenberg, Richard History of Modern Philosophy, [3] n. Final cause defined, [105] n.; according to Aristotle, [187]. Fire Heracleitus’s doctrine of, [30]–32. Form and Matter in Aristotle, [186]–192, [197]–199; in Thomas Aquinas, [384]. Formal cause [187]. Franciscan tradition, the [385]–387. Freedom the problem of, according to Epicurus, [240]; according to Stoicism, [260], [261]; according to Origen, [316], [317]; according to Augustine, [345]; according to Duns Scotus, [389]. Gerbert [350]. Glaber quoted, [354]. Gnomic poets Greek, [10]–12. Gnosticism [310]–312; the reaction against, [312]–314. God Plato’s conception of, [141], [142]; Aristotle’s conception of, [190], [191]; His will and His intellect, [386], [388], [389]. Goethe quoted, [129], [167]. Good Plato’s Idea of the, [140]–142, [144]; Plato’s theory of the, development of, [153], [154]; the, of the Stoics, [250], [251]. Gorgias [66], [67]; the nihilism of, [70], [71]. Gospel the Hellenizing of, [302]–318. See [Christianity]. Greece after the Persian Wars, [57]–64. Greek Enlightenment, the [58]–64, [82]. Greek-Jewish philosophy of Philo [281]–284; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Greek nation the fall of, and the persistence of its civilization, [204]–208. Greek national spirit waning of, [98]. Greek philosophy three periods of, [12]–14; summary of, [102], [103]. Greek thought was objective, [2], [100], [101]. Greeks, early geographical environment of, [7]; political environment of, [8], [9], [15], [16]; native tendencies of, [9]–12; perils to, in the new religion, [16]–18; monistic philosophies, [22] f. Grote, George History of Greece, [61] n.; Plato, [267] n. Happiness according to Socrates, [86]; according to the Cynics and the Cyrenaics, [94]–97; according to Democritus, [117], [118]; according to Aristotle, [200]; according to Epicurus, [233]–238. Harnack, Adolf Outlines of the History of Dogma quoted, [308], [336], [344], [354]; cited, [315] n., [345] n. Hatch, Edwin Hibbert Lectures quoted, [305]. Hedonism and eudæmonism, [87]; some types of, [228], [229]. Hellenic-Roman period [204]–318; its time length, [204]; the fall of the Greek nation and the persistence of its civilization, [204]–208; the two parts of, [208], [209]; the undercurrent of skepticism in, [209]–211; the fundamental problem of, [211]–213. Hellenism [205]–208; the centres of, [213]–215. Hellenizing of the Gospel [302]–318. Heracleitus life, [28]; his teaching compared with that of the Milesians and Eleatics, [22], [23]; his philosophy, [28]–31; and Parmenides, results of the conflict between, [37], [38]; practical philosophy of, [31]. Hesiod [11]. Hicks, R. D. Stoic and Epicurean, [227] n.; cited, [267] n. Hipparchia [95]. Hippias [66], [68]. Hippodamus [68]. Hippolytus [313]. Homoiomeriai [46]. Human nature value set upon, by Socrates, [81]. Hylozoism defined, [19]; and Pluralism, [41]; the breaking up of pre-Socratic, [47]; becomes materialism with Democritus, [109]–111. Hylozoists the Cosmologists were, [19]. Hypatia [298]. Idea development of the meaning of (Democritus and Plato), [105]. Ideal of Socrates, the [83]–85; what it involves, [85]–88. Idealism of the Greeks, [100]; objective, [104]. Ideas of Plato, [133], [135]; the development of, in the two drafts, [136], [137]; brief comparison of the two drafts of [137]; fuller comparison of the two drafts of, [137]–141; in the doctrine of anamnesis, [147], [148]. Immortality Plato’s doctrine of, [146]–150. Individuality the problem of, according to Thomas Aquinas, [383]–385; the problem of, in Duns Scotus, [389], [390]. Induction [92], [183]. Intellect or will the question of the primacy of, [385], [386], [388], [389]. Ionic School See [Milesian school]. Irenæus [313]. Irish learning, the [349]. Irony Socratic, [90]. Jackson, H. article “Sophists,” in Encyclopædia Britannica, [68] n. Jamblichus [298], [299]. Jewish (Greek-) philosophy of Philo [281]–284; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Julian, Emperor [298]. Justin Martyr [308]. Kingsley, Charles Hypatia, [298] n. Knight, William A. Life and Teaching of Hume, [3] n. Knowledge in Socrates’ ideal, [83]–86, [88]; according to the Cynics, [95]; Democritus’ theory of, [114]–116. Lanfranc [359]. Law positive and natural, [72]. Learning the impulse for, among the Greeks, [58], [59]; the Revival of, [375]–378. Leucippus his life, [43], [44]; his philosophy, [47], [48], [109], [110]; founder of the Atomistic school, [107]. Logic Aristotle’s, [180]–185. Love Platonic, [151]–153. Love and Hate Empedocles’ doctrine of, [44]. Lucretius [228]. Lyceum, the Aristotle in, [166], [167], [172], [173]; after Aristotle, [220]–222; eclecticism in, [270]. Lycophron [68]. Maine, Sir Henry cited, [72]. Man the philosophy of, [13], [55]–97; Plato’s conception of, [144]–146. Material cause [187]. Materialism hylozoism becomes, with Democritus, [103], [109]–111; Stoic, [254], [255]. Materialistic psychology of Democritus [111]–114. Matter and Form, in Aristotle, [186]–192, [197]–199, [384]; of Plotinus, [295], [296]. Mean, the Aristotle’s doctrine of, [201], [202]. Mechanical series of Aristotle [194]–196. Mediæval geography [335]. Mediæval library, a [326]–328. Mediæval Man, the [320], [321]; how the universe appeared to, [322]–325; at school, [325], [326]; summary of the political and educational worlds of, [330]–333. Mediæval philosophy length of, [1]; underlying character of, [3]; divisions of, [4]; treated, [319]–394. Megarian school [93]. Mendicants, the [368]. Metaphysical problem, the early formulation of, [22], [23]. Metaphysics Plato’s, the formation of, [132]–136; Plato’s, the development of, [136]–141; Aristotle’s, [185]–194; abandonment of, in Hellenic-Roman period, [216]; of Plotinus, [294]–297. Metrocles [95]. Middle Ages characteristics and conditions of, [319]–333; and the Hellenic-Roman period, comparison of, [319], [320]; the mediæval man, [320], [321]; how the universe appeared to the mediæval man, [322]–325; the mediæval man at school, [325], [326]; a mediæval library, [326]–328; the three periods of, [328]–330; summary of the political and educational worlds of the mediæval man, [330]–333; the early period of, [330]–332, [334]–353; the transitional period of, [332], [354]–367; the period of classic scholasticism, [333], [368]–394. Milesian school [24]; the members of, [24], [25]; the philosophy of, [25], [26] the teaching of, compared with that of Heracleitus and the Eleatics, [22], [23]. Milton, John [325]. Modern philosophy length of, [1]; underlying character of, [3]; divisions of, [4]. Mohammedanism growth of, during the Middle Ages, [370]–372; first contact with Christianity, [372], [373]; conflict with Christianity, [374], [375]. Monism defined, [10] n.; of the early Greeks, [10]; displaced by pluralism in Greek philosophy, [39]. Monists list of early Cosmologists who were, [20]; discussion of the, [22]–38. Monotheism defined, [10] n.; for the first time conceptually framed, [191]. Monte Cassino founding of the monastic school at, [348]. Moral postulate philosophy for the first time founded upon, [85]; of Socrates, [85]–88. Motion according to Aristotle, [195], [196]. Mysteries Orphic and Eleusinian, [16]–18, [38]; Orphic, dangers of, averted by Cosmologists, [54]. Mysticism in neo-Platonism, [287]. Natural Science See [Physics]. Nature the philosophy of, [15]–38; the word as used by the Sophists, [72], [73]; a logical, Socrates’ attempt to find, [92]; physical, Plato’s conception of, [142]–144; Aristotle’s conception of, [192]–194; Stoic conception of, [251]–257. Neo-Platonism and Christianity, difference in their conception of inspiration, [276], [277]; rise of, [279], [280]; summary of its history, [281]; and Platonism, [287], [288]; and the philosophies of Philo and the neo-Pythagoreans, [288]; and Christianity, [288]–290; the periods of, [290]; the Alexandrian school (scientific theory of neo-Platonism, life and writings of Plotinus), [290]–298; the Syrian school (the systematizing of polytheism, Jamblichus), [290], [298], [299]; the Athenian school (Proclus), [290], [299]–301; its influence on Christianity, [306]. Neo-Pythagoreanism [281], [285]–287; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Nominalism [103], [358], [362]–365, [391], [392]. Norton, Arthur O. Readings in the History of Education, [377] n. Nous Anaxagoras’ conception of, [47]; of Plotinus, [294]. Numbers Pythagorean conception of, [49]–51. Objective character of Greek philosophy [2], [100], [101]. Objective Idealism [104]. Objective Realism [104]. Ockam, William of [387] n., [390]; the course of philosophy after, [393], [394]. Order thought of, developed into clearness by Cosmologists, [54]. Origen [280], [281], [314]–318. Orphic See Mysteries. Oxford, University of [377]. Palmer, G. H. on Socrates, [79]. Panætius [270], [271]. Pantheism defined, [10] n.; dynamic, of Plotinus, [293]; of Erigena, [351]–353; of the realists, [363]. Paris, University of [377]. Parker, C. P. cited, [258] n. Parmenides life, [32]; develops the doctrine of Xenophanes, [32] f.; his philosophy, [33]–35; and Heracleitus, results of the conflict between, [37], [38]. See [Eleatic School]. Particulars and Universals according to Thomas Aquinas, [383]–385. Pater, Walter Marius the Epicurean, [227] n. Patmore, Coventry Angel in the House, [153] n. Patristics [302]–318. Perception and conception, [83] n.; according to Plato, [134]; in Aristotle, [177]–179. Pericles [58]. Periods of philosophy, the three general, [1]–4; of Greek philosophy, [12]–14. Peripatetics See [Lyceum]. Persia [15], [16]. Persian Wars their importance, [55]–57, [62]. Personality spiritual, increased importance of, in history, [277]–279. Pessimism result of theory of Cyrenaics, [97]. Peter the Lombard [379], [380]. Phædo founder of the Elean-Eretrian school, [93]. Philo Greek-Jewish philosophy of, [281]–284; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Philoponus [299]. Philosophic skepticism See [Skepticism]. Physical universe early Greek tendency toward scientific explanation of, [10], [11]. Physics Socrates’ view of, [80]; enrichment of, under Democritus, [109]–111; Plato’s conception of, [142]–144; Aristotle’s theory of, [194]–196; of Epicurus, [238]–240. Plato [104]; parts of works to be read, [75] n.; his place in Greek history, [93], [98]–100, [103], [104]; and Democritus, their similarities and differences, [104]–106; the period of his life, [119], [120]; the difficulties in understanding the teaching of, [120], [121]; the chronology of his dialogues, [119], [120]; the life and writings of, [121], [126]; his student life, [121], [122]; as traveler, [122]–124; as teacher of the Academy, [124]–126; concerning his dialogues, [126]–128; the factors in the construction of his doctrine, [128]–131; his inherited tendencies, [128]–130; his philosophical sources, [130], [131]; the divisions of his philosophy, [131], [132]; summary of his doctrine, [132]; the formation of his metaphysics, [132]–136; the development of his metaphysics (the development of his ideas in the two drafts), [136]–141; his conception of God, [141], [142]; his conception of physical nature, [142]–144; his conception of man, [144]–146; his doctrine of immortality, [146]–150; the two tendencies in, [150], [151]; Platonic love, [151]–153; his theory of ethics, [153]–158; development of his theory of the Good, [153], [154]; the four cardinal virtues, [154], [155]; his theory of political society, [155]–158; a selection of passages from, for English readers, [158]–165; in the Middle Ages, [331], [337], [338], [360], [363]. Platonism the revival of, [279]; and neo-Platonism, [287], [288]. Platonists Eclectic, [285]. Pleasure of Epicurus, [230]–233. See [Happiness]. Plotinus [280], [287], [288]; life and writings of, [290], [291]; general character of his teaching, [291], [292]; the mystic God of, [292], [293]; the two problems of, [293]; the metaphysical problem of, [294]–297; the ethical problem of, [297], [298]. Pluralism tried to reconcile extremes of Milesian school, [39], [40]; and hylozoism, [41]. Pluralists list of later Cosmologists who were, [20]; their new conception of change, [40]; their new conception of the unchanging, [40], [41]; introduction of conception of efficient cause by, [41]; summary of similarities and differences in theories of, [41], [42]; their lives span the fifth century, [42]. See [Empedocles], etc. Plutarch neo-Platonist, [299]. Political philosophy of Aristotle [202], [203]. Political society Plato’s theory of, [155]–158. Polytheism Homeric, [19]. Polytheisms the systematizing of, [298], [299]. Porphyry [291], [298], [357]. Posidonius [270], [271]. Primary and secondary qualities [116]. Probabilism in Stoicism [262]. Proclus [299]–301. Prodicus [66], [68]. Protagoras [66], [67]; the relativism of, [69], [70]; his point of view compared with that of Socrates, [81]. Psychology materialistic, of Democritus, [111]–114; Plato’s, [144]–146; of Aristotle, [196]–199; the Stoic, [248]–250. Ptolemy his cosmography, [322]–325. Purpose Aristotle’s conceptions of, [186]–190. Pyrrho [266]. Pyrrhonism [265], [266]. Pythagoras [17]. Pythagoreanism neo-, [281], [285]–287; and neo-Platonism, [288]. Pythagoreans the early, [17]; the later, [44], [48], [49]; their conception of Being, [49]–51; their astronomy, [49], [52], [53]; their dualism, [51], [52]. Qualitative changes of phenomena [196]–202. Rationalism defined, [104] n.; of Plato and Democritus, [104]; of Abelard, [365]–367. Realism [100], [104], [358], [362]–365; objective, [104]. Reason and dogma the relation between, [355], [356], [360]–362, [365]–367. Reconcilers See [Pluralists]. Relativism of Protagoras, [69], [70]; represented by the anthropologists, [103]. Religion of the Greeks, organization of, [8], [9], [10]; the new, perils of, [16]–18; in Epicurus’s system, [236], [237]; and science, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, [387], [388]. Religious feeling two causes of the rise of, [272]–274. Religious period of the Hellenic-Roman period [208], [209]; treated, [273]–301; the divisions of, [280], [281]. Religious philosophies Hellenic, rise of, [280], [282]; summary of history of, [281]; introductory period of, [281]–287; development period of, [281], [287], [288]. Revival of Learning, the [375]–378. Rhabanus Maurus [350]. Rhetoric among the Greeks [60]. Romans their conquest of Greece, [205]–208. Roscellinus life and teaching, [361], [362]. Rossetti, Christina Shadow of Dante cited, [325] n. Rousseau and Epicurus [229]. St. Ambrose [306]. Salerno, University of [377]. Scholasticism what it is, [355]–359; of Anselm, [359]–361; of Roscellinus, [361], [362]; of Abelard, [363]–367; classic, period of, [333], [368]–394. School in early Greek philosophy, meaning of, [19]. Schools, the [214], [218]–226; fusion of doctrines in, [269]; after [150] B. C., notable names in, [271]. See [Academy], [Lyceum], etc. Science early tendencies toward, among the Greeks, [10], [11]; growth of, in Hellenic-Roman period, [216], [217]; secular, of the age of Augustine, [339]; and religion, the separation of, under Duns Scotus, [387], [388]. Scotus, Duns gave a new direction to philosophy, [369]; upheld the primacy of the Will, [385], [386]; the founder of the Franciscan tradition (life and philosophical position of), [386], [387]; his conception of the twofold truth, [387]; the inscrutable will of God, according to, [388], [389]; the problem of individuality, according to, [389], [390]; the course of philosophy after, [390], [391]. Secondary and primary qualities [116]. Secular science of the age of Augustine [339]. Seignobos, Charles History of Mediæval Civilization, [373] n. Seneca quoted, [234]. Sensationalism defined, [104] n. Sensationalistic skepticism [268], [269]. Sextus Empiricus [268]. Sill The Two Aphrodites, [153] n. Simplicius [299]. Skepticism what it is, [69]; the undercurrent of, in the Hellenic-Roman period, [209]–211; philosophic, the appearances of, [264], [265]; the three phases of, [265]–269; of the Academy, [266]–268; sensationalistic, [268], [269]. Socrates, and Aristophanes opposed the Sophists, [74]; works on, for reading, [75]; personality and life of, [75]–80; his dæmon, [77], [83]; and the Sophists, [80]–82; unsystematic character of his philosophy, [82], [83]; the ideal of, [83]–85; what his ideal involves, [85]–88; the two steps of his method, [88]–91; and Athens, [91]; the logical expedients of, [92], [93]; and the Lesser Socratics, [93]–95. Socratics the Lesser, and Socrates, [93]–95. Sophists significance of, [64]–67; the prominent, [67], [68]; the philosophy of, [68]–71; the ethics of, [71]–73; summary of their work, [73]; met in two ways by Socrates and Aristophanes, [74]; and Socrates, [80]–82. Soul Plato’s doctrine of, [145]–150; according to Aristotle, [196], [197]; of Plotinus, [295], [297], [298]. Spenser, Edmund Hymn in Honor of Beauty, [153] n. Spiritual authority the need of, [275]–277; the turning to the present for, [287], [288]. Spirituality rise of the conception of, [277]–279. State Plato’s doctrine of, [155]–158; and church, Aquinas’s and Dante’s views of, [382]. Stoic school, the [222]–225; inclines to eclecticism, [269], [270]. Stoicism and Epicureanism, summary of agreements and differences, [225], [226]; position of, in antiquity, [241], [242]; the three periods of, [242], [243]; leaders of, [243]–246; writings of, [246]; the two prominent conceptions of, [247], [248]; the conception of personality, [248]; the psychology of, [248]–250; the highest good, [250], [251]; the conception of nature, [251]–256; conceptions of nature and personality supplement each other, [256], [257]; and society, [257]–259; duty and responsibility, [259], [260]; the problem of evil and the problem of freedom, [260], [261]; modifications of, after the first period, [261]–263; its influence on Christianity, [305]. Stoics and Cynics [246], [247]. Storm and Stress [362], [363]. Sums of Peter the Lombard, [379], [380]. Syllogism, the [182]. Syrian school of neo-Platonism [290], [298], [299]. Syrianus [299]. Systematic period of Greek philosophy [12]–14; treated, [98]–203; the three philosophers of, their place in Greek history, [98]–100; the fundamental principle of, [100]–102. Tatian [313]. Teleology defined, [105] n. Terminism [392]. Tertullian [313]. Teuffel, W. S. History of Roman Literature, [227] n. Thales [24], [25]. Theological series of Aristotle [196]–202. Thrasymachus [68]. Timon [266]. Transitional period of Middle Ages [332], [354]–357. Turner, William History of Philosophy, [336] n. Twofold reality world of, Democritus’ theory of, [114]–116. Ueberweg History of Philosophy, quoted, [6]; cited, [269] n. Unchanging, the as conceived by the Pluralists, [40], [41]. Universalia ante rem [104], [358], [362]–365, [384]. Universalia in re [104], [358], [364], [365], [384]. Universalia post rem [103], [358], [362]–365, [384]. Universals and particulars according to Thomas Aquinas, [383]–385. Universe diagram of Dante’s conception of, [376]. Universities the establishment of, [377]. Useful, the according to Socrates, [87], [88]. Valentinus Gnostic, [310]. Vincent of Beauvais [379]. Virtue meaning of, [84]; according to Socrates, [84]–88; according to the Cynics, [95]; according to Aristotle, [199]–202; place of, in Epicureanism, [233]. Virtues the four cardinal, in Plato, [154], [155]. Weber History of Philosophy cited, [269] n. Wheeler, B. I. Life of Alexander the Great, cited, [56] n.; quoted, [172]. Will freedom of. See [Freedom]. Will or intellect the question of the primacy of, [385], [386], [388], [389]. William of Aubergne [379]. William of Champeaux [363]. Windelband History of Ancient Philosophy, [37] n.; cited, [121] n., [311] n.; quoted, [254]. Witte, Karl Essays on Dante, [325] n. Wordsworth, William Dion, [123] n.; Ode on Intimations of Immortality quoted, [148]. Xenophanes religious philosopher, [26] f.; philosophy of, [27] f. Xenophon parts of works to be read, [75] n.; on Socrates, [76], [93]. Zeller, Edward Pre-Socratic Philosophy, [3] n., [100] n.; quoted, [101], [102]; Greek Philosophy, [37] n. Zeno Eleatic, his life, [35] f.; his philosophy, [36], [37]. See [Eleatic school]. Zeno Stoic, [242], [244], [245].