Airplane Photography

by Herbert Eugene Ives

INDEX

• Aberrations, lens, [47], [54]
• Aberration, spherical, [47], [54]
  • chromatic, [48], [54]
• Acetylene light, [284]
• Advertising, use of aerial photography in, [392]
• Aero 1 and Aero 2 filters, [241]
• Airplane, as camera platform, [20]
  • types of, [24]
• Air speed, [27], [308]
  • indicator, [33], [34]
• Alcohol, use of in plate drying, [275]
  • use of in print drying, [286]
• Altimeter, [33], [174]
  • reading recorded on film, [135], [171]
• Altitudes of flight for photography, [61], [224]
• Anastigmatic type of lens, [47]
• Aperture, lens, [39], [44], [56], [57]
• Archæological surveying, [413]
• Astigmatism, [49], [50], [54]
• Auxiliaries, camera, [163]
  • installation of, [214]
• Bagley camera, [286], [314]
• Balance, of camera, [96]
  • of plane, [157], [208], [217]
• Balloons, [15], [16], [18]
• Banking, [27], [324]
• Batteries, storage, [150], [156]
• Bay, camera, [120], [210]
• Bellows, camera, [65], [95]
• Biplane, [24]
• Blast marks in front of guns, [363]
• Bleaching out print to leave interpretation marks, [367]
• Boat, flying, [25], [374]
• Bowden wire, [103], [106], [108], [111], [114], [116], [118], [126], [129], [136], [163]
• Brightness, range of, [221], [225]
• Burchell photographic slide rule, [303], [339]
• Camera, airplane, [39], [384]
  • automatic, [18], [43], [90], [116], [124], [125], [311]
  • B. M., [120], [203]
  • Bagley, [286], [314]
  • Brock automatic plate, [126]
  • C type, [43], [87], [103], [109]
  • classification of, [43]
  • deMaria, [86], [89], [103]
  • deRam, [82], [93], [121], [129], [157], [205], [214], [326]
  • E type, [43], [87], [103], [109]
  • elements of, [42]
  • film, see Film cameras
  • Folmer automatic plate, [126]
  • hand held, [95], [321], [369]
    • English, [99]
    • German, [99]
    • U. S. Air Service, [100]
  • Ica, [103]
  • Lamperti (Italian), [112], [211]
  • L. B., [120]
  • long focus, [103], [301], [324]
  • L type, [43], [82], [94], [102], [117], [162], [210]
  • M., [106], [203]
  • non-automatic, [43], [102]
  • Piserini and Mondini, [111]
  • semi-automatic, [43], [116], [149]
  • stereoscopic, [341]
• Camouflage, filters for the detection of, [225], [243]
  • stereoscopic views and, [329], [358]
• Ceiling of plane, [27], [130]
• Channels, detection of by photography, [408]
• Chemicals, photographic, [257]
• Chlorhydrochinon developer, [261]
• Chromatism, lateral, [49], [54]
• City planning, use of aerial photography in, [396]
• Clock-work for driving cameras, [149], [155]
• Clouds, [224], [242]
• Collimator, [66]
• Color, coefficient or index of negative, [259]
  • filters, see filters
  • photography, [385]
  • sensitive plates, [15], [174], [233], [237]
  • sensitiveness of film, [131]
  • sensitizing, methods of, [235]
• Coma, [47], [48]
• Communication, means of on plane, [296]
• Compass, [33], [173]
  • reading recorded on film, [135], [171]
• Cone, camera lens, [42], [114]
  • interchangeable, [108], [120]
• Construction operations, aerial photographic records of, [396]
• Contact, imperfect in printing, [279], [284] prints, [45], [279]
• Contacts, electric, on plane, [163]
• Contours by stereo aerial photography, [404]
• Control, distance, of camera, [110], [163]
  • speed, of camera, [136], [144], [157]
• Controls, duplicate, [19], [25], [195], [209], [214]
  • of plane, [21], [26]
• Convergence point, [337]
• Cord for adjusting shutter aperture, [82]
• Core rack development, [271]
• Contrast, in brightness on earth's surface, [221]
  • in photographic emulsions, [15], [230], [236], [258]
• Counter, exposure, on magazine, [88]
  • on release, [164]
• Covering power of lens, [44], [49], [50], [58]
• Crabbing, [27], [308]
• Cradles, camera, [195]
• Cross wires, [23]
  • insertion of camera through, [42], [210]
• Curtain, auxiliary shutter, [80], [84], [106]
  • speed of travel of shutter, [74]
  • uniformity of, [76], [82], [84], [86], [315]
• Cylinders, relation between vibration and number of, [185]
• Dark slides, double, [87], [99]
• Daylight, intensity of, [222]
• Definition, lens, [44]
• Density, of air, effect of on propeller, [154]
  • of photographic image, [228]
• Developers, for plates and films, [257], [260]
  • for papers, [262]
• Developing machines, film, [133], [273]
  • Ansco, [273]
  • Brock, [274]
  • Eastman, [274]
  • G.E.M., [273]
• Development, core rack method of, [271]
  • factor, [228]
  • film, [272]
  • methods of, [267], [269]
  • of prints, [286]
  • speed of, [236], [267]
  • tank, [270]
  • time, [269]
• DH-4 plane, [210], [217], [296]
  • photographic, [213]
• DH-9 plane, [296]
• Diaframs, to equalize illumination of plate, [78]
  • lens, [48], [58]
• Dilution coefficient of developer, [258]
• Dirigibles, [15], [16], [413]
• Distortion, absent with between-the-lens shutter, [74]
  • barrel, [51]
  • due to camera tilting, [206], [286], [305], [315]
  • in aerial maps, [317]
  • lens, [39], [44], [51], [54], [56], [62]
  • pin-cushion, [51]
  • produced by film shrinkage, [237]
  • produced by focal plane shutter, [74]
  • produced by glass plate in front of film, [131]
  • with wide angle lenses, [63]
  • “Dodging” in printing, [279], [315]
  • Doors in plane for camera to work through, [214]
• Drying of films, [267], [276]
  • of plates, [267], [275]
  • of prints, [286]
• Earth, appearance of from plane, [30]
• Eastman apron film developing machine, [274]
  • twin reel film developing machine, [274]
• Efficiency, propeller, [155]
  • shutter, [70], [72], [76]
• English aerial photographic practice, [45], [46], [283], [291], [340]
• EK filters, [241]
• Electric, drive for cameras, [116], [119], [123], [145], [149]
  • generator operated by motor, [146]
  • motor, characteristics of, [151], [156]
  • motor, service, [163]
• Elevation possible to detect in stereoscopic views, [340]
• Emulsions, photographic, characteristics of, [227]
• Enlarging, [45], [279], [283]
  • camera, [283]
• Enlarging versus contact printing, [59]
• Exhaustion of developer, [259]
• Exploration, use of aerial photography in, [401]
• Exposure, data charts, [250]
  • distance between for mosaic maps, [307]
  • distance between for stereos, [336]
  • estimation of, [248]
  • limitations to, [247]
  • meters, [251]
  • meter, Wynne, [251]
  • of aerial negatives, [247]
  • relation between motion of plane and, [68], [185]
  • under, period, [230]
• Field, angular, of lens, [57], [302]
  • flatness of lens, [56]
• Field laboratory, mobile, [268]
• Film cameras, [43], [130], [134]
  • Brock, [138]
  • Duchatellier, [131], [136]
  • F type, [134], [171]
  • G.E.M., [138]
  • German, [64], [76], [139], [317]
  • K type, [142], [203], [214]
• Film, celluloid, [130]
  • backed, [133]
  • changing in the air, [137], [144]
  • color sensitiveness of, [237]
  • cut, [275], [278]
  • development of, [130], [272]
  • drying, [131], [276]
  • means for holding flat, [130], [131]
  • relative performance of compared to plates, [237]
  • satisfactory kinds for aerial work, [238]
  • shrinkage, [237]
• Filters, [15], [58], [106], [174], [224], [233], [239], [241], [243]
  • effects secured by use of, [241]
• Filters, gelatin, [244]
  • glass, [245]
  • holders for, [67], [106], [224]
  • ratio, [240]
• Fixing bath, [262]
• Flaps, auxiliary to shutter, [80], [84], [85], [98], [99], [101], [119]
  • to protect lens, [214]
• Flash lights, [18], [386]
• Flying boat, [374]
• Focal length, relationship of lens characteristics to, [55], [57]
  • requirements for, [39], [42], [58], [61], [103]
• Focal plane, [50]
  • shutter, [70], [71]
  • distortion by, [74]
  • performance of, [86]
  • types and representative, [80]
• Focus, depth of, [44]
  • effect of temperature on, [41], [65]
  • fixed, in aerial cameras, [40]
  • ground and air, [65]
• Focussing, automatic, [284]
  • by parallax, [65], [66]
• Fog, atmospheric, [224]
  • photographic, [237], [258]
• French aerial photographic practice, [45], [46], [283]
• Friction disc speed control, [136], [159], [160]
• Fuselage, [21], [87]
  • shape and size depending on type of engine, [23]
• Future of aerial photography, [383]
• German aerial photographic practice, [63], [103], [209]
• Glass, optical, used in lenses, [44]
• Gloves, handling apparatus through, [41], [89]
• Governor for camera speed, [159]
• Graphite, use of to prevent static discharge, [134]
• Gravity, action of in aerial cameras, [41], [112], [115], [119]
  • center of, should not change in cameras, [125], [207]
  • change of center of, in magazines, [92], [112]
  • depended on in magazines, [88]
  • handles best at center of, [96]
  • pseudo, in moving vehicle, [188]
  • support at center of, [182], [203]
• Ground speed, [27], [307]
  • indicator, [311]
• Guide-books, illustration of, [15], [392]
• Guides for inserting magazines, [41]
• Gyroscope, [189]
• Gyroscopically controlled instruments, [29], [174], [192], [312]
• Gyroscopic erector, [188]
  • mounting of camera, [187]
  • stabilizer, Gray, [190]
• Hardener, acid, [262]
• Hand operation of deRam camera, [121], [125], [129]
• Haze, [15], [30], [223], [233], [239]
• Head resistance and weight, equivalent, [156]
• Heat, effect of on plate sensitiveness, [175], [232]
• Heater, electric, in camera, [142], [174], [232]
• Horizon, photography of to indicate
  • inclination, [174]
  • position of, [30]
• Hurter and Driffield sensitometric curve, [227]
• Illumination of field by lens, [50], [54], [56], [57]
• Image of point source, size of, [49], [54], [56]
  • size of in relation to focal length, [59]
• Incidence, angle of assumed by plane at high altitudes, [206]
• Inclinometer, [33], [35], [171], [173]
• Indicators, distance, [163], [295]
• Inertia, [229], [257]
• Installation, camera, [24], [208]
• Instructions, operating, to be placed on apparatus, [42]
• Instruments, airplane, [30]
• Instrument board, [30]
  • photographing, [170]
• Intensification of aerial negatives, [262]
• Intensity of daylight, [222]
• Interpretation of aerial photographs, [17], [40], [351]
• Interval between exposures, [40], [158], [305], [307]
  • for stereoscopic pictures, [334], [338]
  • methods of regulating, [124]
• Isochromatic plates, [233]
• Italian photographic practice, [122], [377]
• Jamming of cameras in operation, [119], [120]
• K₁ and K₂ filters, [239]
• Keeping power of developer, [259]
• Kites, [15], [16], [18]
• Laboratory, mobile photographic, [269]
• Landscape gardening, use of aerial photography in, [395]
• Latitude of plates, [229]
• Lens, [42], [39], [44], [383]
  • aperture, [39]
  • characteristics, [46]
  • mounts, [65]
  • suitable for aerial photography, [62]
  • symmetrical, [52]
  • telephoto, [61]
  • testing and tolerances, [52]
  • unsymmetrical, [52]
  • wide angle, [62]
• Levels, spirit, on camera, [95]
• Light, distribution of in aerial view, [221]
  • trail method of testing camera mountings, [183]
• Loop, centrifugal force in, [29]
• Machine gun ring as camera mount, [321]
• Magazines, [87]
  • bag, [88], [101]
  • Bellieni, [92]
  • Chassel, [92]
  • deMaria, [89], [98]
  • Ernemann, [89]
  • Folmer, [90]
  • Fournieux, [92]
  • Jacquelin, [92]
  • Piserini and Mondini, [90]
  • Ruttan, [92]
• Magazine racks, [94]
  • installation of, [217]
• Mapping, [64], [135], [185], [186], [304], [401]
  • precision, [317], [404]
• Maps, mosaic, [17], [39], [64], [314]
  • sketch, [314]
• Marking of negatives, [278]
• Metol-hydrochinon developer, [261]
• Mirrors for oblique photography, [324], [326]
• Monoplane, [24]
• Motions of camera, [179]
• Motive power for aerial cameras, [145]
• Mounting, camera, [102], [103], [179], [183] [384]
  • bell-crank, [120], [198], [203]
  • Brock, [139], [207]
  • center of gravity, [205]
  • floor, [195]
  • G. E. M., [138], [207]
  • Italian, [207]
  • outboard, [194]
  • parallel motion, [198]
  • pendular, [185]
  • tennis ball, [196]
• Mounting, camera, turret, [312]
  • of prints, [316]
  • of stereograms, [346]
• Movement, of film during exposure, [75], [142]
  • of image, permissible, [68]
• Moving pictures from plane, [350]
• Mud splashing on camera, [214]
• Naval aerial photography, [368]
• Negative lens sight, [168], [299], [305]
• Night photography, [386]
• Numbering devices in cameras, [169]
• Oblique views, [39], [320]
  • angles at which taken, [40], [321]
  • exposures for, [69]
  • filters for, [242]
  • use of hand cameras for, [95]
• Observer, function of in aerial photography, [291], [295], [304]
• Oil spray from motor, [214]
• Opacity, [228]
• Opening for camera, [211]
• Opposite directions, shutter to move alternately in, [76], [139]
• Orthochromatic plates, [233]
• Overlaps, for mapping, [307]
  • for stereoscopic views, [40]
  • on a turn, [64], [139]
• Panchromatic emulsions, [233]
  • plates, [49], [238]
• Panoramic views, [321]
• Parallax method of focussing, [65], [66]
• Parallel, flying in, [308]
• Photographic planes, special, [213]
• Pilot, function of, in aerial photography, [291], [295]
• Pinpoints, [39], [291]
• Pistol grip for hand cameras, [95], [96]
• Plate holders, [87]
• Plates, bathed, [235]
  • behavior of compared to film, [237]
  • color sensitive, [233]
  • iso- and ortho-chromatic, [233]
  • panchromatic, [233]
  • satisfactory kinds for aerial work, [238]
  • self screening, [245]
  • shape of, [63]
  • size of, [43], [62]
• Plumb line, behavior in banking plane, [28]
• Ply-wood veneer construction, [23], [211]
• Positype paper, [238]
• Potassium carbonate for drying plates, [276]
• Power required to drive cameras, [125]
• Pressure, of shutter curtain, [131]
  • plate, for holding film flat, [131], [141]
• Printing, [279]
  • contact, [279]
  • machines, [279]
  • media, [252]
• Prints, paper, [253]
  • development of, [286]
• Prisms for oblique photography, [324], [326]
• Propeller, characteristics, [152]
  • constant speed, [129], [159]
  • drive for cameras, [102], [116], [119], [135], [136], [144], [157], [158]
  • position of, [120]
  • variable speed, [159]
• Pump, for producing suction on film, [132]
• Punch marks on film, [144], [272]
• Pyro developer, [261]
• Racks, negative, [271]
• Real estate, aerial mapping of, [393]
• Rectifying, [286], [305]
  • camera, [314]
• Reduction of aerial negatives, [262]
• Release, shutter, [96], [99]
  • duplicate, for pilot, [164]
• Release, shutter, time controlled, [124]
• Relief, criterion for correct, [335], [344]
  • exaggerated, [337]
  • impression of, produced by motion, [349]
• Resolving power of plates, [59], [235], [260]
• Richard stereo printing frame, [283], [348]
• Rinsing of plates, [259]
• Rubber, sponge, use of in camera mountings, [195], [203]
• Safe lights, photographic, [269]
• Safety catch on camera mounting, [203]
  • device on camera driving mechanism, [162]
• Salvaging of ships, aerial photography and, [399]
• Seaplane, [25], [374]
• Self screening plates, [245]
• Semaphore signalling in plane, [297]
• Semperfocal enlarging camera, [284]
• Sensitized materials, requirements for, [225]
• Sensitometry, [227]
  • of papers, [253]
• Shadows, compass directions from, [356]
  • proper direction for, in examining prints, [352]
• Shaft, flexible, [119], [123], [142], [161]
• Sheaths, plate, [87], [88], [93], [126], [170]
• Shrinkage, film, [237], [317]
  • paper, [285], [315], [317]
• Shutter, [42], [68]
  • between-the-lens, [58], [70], [112], [115], [316], [387]
  • efficiency, [70], [72], [76]
  • focal plane, [70], [71], [73]
  • focal plane, double for stereo work, [341], [345]
  • focal plane, moving alternately in
  • opposite directions, [76]
  • focal plane, types of, [80]
• Shutter, Folmer, [80]
  • Ica, [81]
  • Klopcic, [78], [84], [98]
  • release, [96], [99], [124]
  • speed, [39], [40], [58], [70], [249]
  • testing, [76]
  • testing apparatus, [77]
• Sights, [164], [166], [296], [301], [327]
  • adjustable for angle of incidence of plane, [169]
  • attached to plane, [167]
  • negative lens, [168], [299], [305]
  • rectangular, [98], [167], [373]
  • stereoscopic, [338]
  • to indicate size of field, [166], [373]
  • tube, [101], [166]
• Single-seaters, carrying cameras in, [114], [211]
• Slide rule, photographic, [303], [339]
• Solenoid, [151], [163]
• Sound, not to be used for indication in plane, [164]
• Spacing of pictures in film camera, [144]
• Speaking tubes on plane, [296]
• Speed, of development, [236], [267]
  • of plates, [228], [236]
  • criteria of, [230]
  • effect of temperature on, [175], [232]
  • variable, control of camera, [144], [151]
• Spotting, [64], [125], [291]
• Spring motors, [149], [155]
• Springs, use of in aerial cameras, [41]
  • in magazines, [88]
• Stabilized camera, [95], [187]
• Static electric charges on film, [131], [133]
• Stereo-comparator, [404]
• Stereo-oblique views, [115], [321], [343]
• Stereoscopes, [331]
• Stereo printing, [283]
• Stereoscopic cameras, [341], [344]
  • effect, absence of at flying heights, [30], [334]
• Stereoscopic photography, [329]
  • mounting, [346]
  • pictures, fusion of without instruments, [330], [343]
  • sights, [338]
  • views, [39], [40], [64]
    • uses for, [348]
  • vision, principles of, [329]
• Stop-watch attached to shutter release, [310]
• Strap, on hand camera, to go around observer's neck, [99]
  • on plate magazine, [87]
  • to go over hand, on hand camera, [100]
• Stream lines, [26]
  • lined hood, [214]
• Suction for holding film flat, [131], [132], [142]
  • advantages of continuous and intermittent, [132]
• Surveying by aerial photography, [401]
• Tank development, [270]
• Tearing edges of prints, [317]
• Telephones on planes, [296]
• Telephoto lens, [61]
• Temperature, coefficient of development, [258]
  • effect of on focus, [41]
  • effect of on mechanical functioning, [41], [102], [125]
  • effect of on plate speed, [232]
  • limits of development, [258]
• Test chart, lens, [52]
• Threshold value, [230]
• Thrust, propeller, [152]
• Timber, location of by aerial photography, [413]
• Tone rendering, correct, [226], [230], [239]
• Touch, sense of, not dependable in plane, [41], [125], [164]
• Trailer, photographic truck and, [268]
• Transmission of power to camera, [161]
• Transparencies, [252], [330]
• Transparency, [227]
• Trays, camera, [195]
• Tri-color ratio, [235]
• Triplane, [24]
• Tuning fork, used in shutter tester, [79]
• Turbine, wind, for driving camera, [116], [127], [144], [147], [158]
• Uniformity of curtain speed in focal plane shutter, [76], [82], [84], [86], [315]
• Unit system of camera construction, [42]
• Uprights, camera, in plane, [209]
• Uses for aerial photography, [388]
• Velocity constant, [258]
• Veneer construction, [23], [209], [211]
• Venturi tube, [132], [142], [144]
• Vibration, [16], [18], [26], [40], [41], [58], [102], [179]
• Volcanoes, photography of, [15], [399]
• Water for mixing chemicals, [262]
• Watkins factor, [258]
• Weight and head resistance, equivalence, [156]
  • of film compared to plates, [101], [130]
  • of deRam camera, [123]
  • of hand cameras, [96]
  • of K type camera, [144]
  • of K film roll, [144]
  • of L type camera, [117]
  • of M type camera, [109]
  • of storage batteries, [157]
• Wind, flying against, [68], [308]
  • motor, [146]
• Windows in side of plane, [214], [328]
• Wire, barbed, appearance of in aerial photograph, [360]

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