Ancient Civilizations of Mexico and Central America / Third and Revised Edition

by Herbert Joseph Spinden

INDEX

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] [F] [G] [H] [I] [J] [K] [L] [M] [N] [O] [P] [Q] [R] [S] [T] [U] [V] [W] [X] [Y] [Z]

A Acropolis, artificial, [72], [74], [77]. Adobe, [63]; houses, Mexican, [15]. Agriculture, connection with archaic art, [249]; distribution of, [68], [70], [71]; distribution in the New World, [67], [68], [70]; influence on Mayan culture, [73]; invention of, [45], [51]-53, [67], [251]; spread and development of, [63], [70], [250]. Ah Puch, Lord of Death, [101]. Alphabet, of Landa, [125]. Altars, Mayan, [84]; Quirigua, [108]. Amulets, archaic figurines as, [61]; gold, [198]. Animals, domestication of, [20], [59], [253]. Annals of Quauhtitlan, [171], [172]. Arch, in Mayan architecture, [79]. Archaic, art, [45]-46, [53]-57, [58], [75], [244]; art, on borders of Mayan area, [75]; art, local developments of, [63]-68; culture, [187], [249]; culture, distribution of, [63]-66, [69]; culture, figures, [60], [61], [62]; figurines, [53]-57; horizon, [45]-71; horizon, extensions of, [63]-68; pottery, [46], [59]-61; sites, [50]; stone sculptures, [61]-63. Architecture, early period of the Mayas, [146]; great period of the Mayas, [147]; historical sequence determined by, [108]-109; Mayan, [77]-83; Mitla, [157], [163]-164; Monte Alban, [159]; period of the League of Mayapan, [149]; transition period, Mayan, [148]; types of, La Quemada, [182]-183; Zapotecan, [159]. Art, archaic, [45]-46, [53]-57, [75], [244]; archaic, characterization of, [53]; archaic, Colombia, and Venezuela, [66]-67; archaic, local developments of, [63]-68; bat, represented in, [20]; Chorotegan, [190]-195; decorative, Isthmian region, [64], [66]; high development of Mayan, [73]; massive sculptural, [83]-84; Mayan, [89], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150]; Mayan, human figure in, [93]-94; Mayan, sequences in, [106]-109; Mayan, serpent in, [89]-93; motives, Huichol, [37]-38; Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, [188]; Tarascan, [244]-245; Toltecan, influenced by Mayan, [169], [170]; Totonacan, close correspondence to Mayan, [165], [166], [167]; Zapotecan, influenced by Mayan, [159]. Arts, minor, Aztecan, [242]-244; Mayan, [87]-89. Astronomical, base line, Copan, [138]; checks, on correlation with Christian chronology, [136]-137; observatories, Mayan, [137]-139. Astronomy, Mayan knowledge of, [73], [111], [133]. Atlatl, [58], [244]. Atzcapotzalco, [203], [204], [209]; stratification at, [47]-48, [169]. Aztecan history, [204]-209. Aztecs, [34], [201]-249; and Mayas, compared to Greeks and Romans, [201]-203.

B Baktun, defined, [120]. Bar and dot numerals, [119], [120], [128], [154], [157], [159]. Basketry, Mayan, [88]. Bats, represented in ancient art, [20]. Bells, Aztecan, [241]-242; copper, [187]; copper and gold, [198]. Ben, Mayan day sign, [87]. Birds, Mexico and Central America, [20]-21. Blankets, Mexican, [39], [243]. Brilliant period, Mayan civilizations, [75], [77], [147]-148. Buildings, Mayan, [78]; Mitla, [164].

C Caban, Mayan day sign, [88]. Cakchiquels, [151], [211]. Calendar, annual, Mayan, [110], [111]; Central American, [163]; ceremonial, Aztecan, [229]; lunar, Mayan, [140]-142; lunar-solar, Mayan, [112]; Mayan, scheme as presented in Codex Tro-Cortesianus, [116]; religious, Aztecan, [235]-236; system, Zapotecan, [156]; Venus, Mayan, [143]-145. Calendar round, Mayan, [117]-118. Calendar Stone, [214], [215]-219, [233]. Calpolli, Aztecan, [211], [213]. Cannibalism, [43]. Captives, as represented in Mayan art, [93]. Caribs, characterization of culture, [43]. Caricature, in archaic figurines, [54], [58]. Carving, development in style at Copan, [107]; on Mayan monuments, [108]; stone, at Xochicalco, [179]. Celts, copper, Tarascan, [244]; stone, [63]. Cemetery, at Copilco, [49]-51. Cempoalan, [25], [169], [195]. Cenote, [18]; sacred, at Chichen Itza, [28], [154]. Cephalic index, Mexico and Central America, [44]. Ceremonial, bar, Mayan, [93], [98], [99], [108]; regalia, depicted in Mayan art, [94]. Ceremonies, Aztecan, [234]-239; Mexican, [41]. Chacmool, [170], [194]-195, [244]. Chalchuihtlicue, Aztecan Goddess of Water, [232]. Chapultepec, [207]. Chiapanecan languages, [35]-36. Chichen Itza, [28], [110], [139], [149], [150], [170], [173], [179], [188], [244]. Chichimecas, [203]-204. Chicomoztoc, [182], [204]. Chiefs, Aztecan, [210], [213]; Texcoco, [204]; Toltecan, [171]; war, Aztecan, [208]-209; Zapotecan, [161]. Chilam, Balam, Books of, [109]-111, [234]. Chimayo blankets, [39]. Cholula, [25], [180]-182, [203]. Chorotegan culture, [157], [189]-195. Chronology, archaic horizon, [45]-46; Aztecan, [205]; bases of Mayan, [103]-106; diagram of New World, opposite 253; Mayan, [250]; Mayan, correlation with Christian, [75], [110]-111, [135]-136; Mayan, established by dated monuments and style of sculpture, [104], [106], [107]; Peruvian, [252]; Southwestern, [251]; Toltecan, [173]. Cities, Mayan, [75]. Civilization, Mayan, [73]-151, [250]. Civilizations, middle, in Mexico and Central America, [153]-198. Clans, kinship, [210]-211. Climate, Mexico and Central America, [13]-14. Cloisonné pottery, [178], [183]-184; San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]. Coatlicue, [215], [221]-223. Codex, Aubin, [205], [206], [208]; Borbonicus, [228]; Magliabecchiano, [230], [236]; Nuttall, [246], [247]; Telleriano-Remensis, [202]; Tro-Cortesianus, [116]; Xolotl, [204]. Codices, Mayan, [128]-135, [248]; Mayan gods in, [99], [100], [103]; Mexican, [223]; southern Mexico, [163], [246]-247. Colhuacan, [203], [207]; stratification at, [48]-49. Collectors, specimens in Mexican Hall, [6]. Colonization, Central America, by Spaniards, [22]; Mexico, [29]. Columns, sculptured, at Tula, [179]. Comalcalco, [153]. Commerce, Aztecan objects of, [227]. Composition in design, Mayan, [94]-97. Conquest, history of Spanish, [22]-32; of Mexico, [22]-31; symbol for, [247], [248]. Construction of walls, La Quemada, [182]-183; Mayan, [78], [79], [81], [83]; Mitla, [157]-158, [164]. Copan, [19], [72], [74], [77], [83], [85], [138], [139], [141], [146], [147], [188]. Copilco 49, [50]. Cora, [33], [37]. Coronado, [30]. Correlations, dates with style of carving in Mayan monuments, [104], [106], [107], [110], [111], [124]-125; Mayan and Christian chronology, [135], [136]-137. Cortez, Hernando, [24], [26], [27], [29], [30], [209], [217], [249]. Crocodile motive, in Chorotegan art, [191], [193]; Isthmian region, [194], [197]. Crops, indigenous and introduced, Mexico and Central America, [21]; principal, Mayan region, [73], [75]. Cross-section, typical, Mayan temple, [76], [78]. Cuauhtemoc, [29]. Cuicuilco, [49], [50], [51]. Cuitlahuac, [27]. Cult, of the quarters, Aztecan, [234]; of Xipe, [189]. Culture, Carib, [43]; Chorotegan, [189]-195; horizons, stratification of, [45]-46; Huichol, [38]; Lacandone Indians, [41]; Mayan, [73]-151; Mosquito Indians, [43]; peoples speaking Uto-Aztecan languages, [34]-35; sequences of, [250]-252; southern Mexico, [245]-248; strata, Atzcapotzalco, [48]; Sumo Indians, [43]; Tarascans, [244]-245; Toltecs, [169]-171, [203]; Totonacan, [165]-169; Zapotecan, [156]-163. Cycle, defined, [113].

D Dances, hunting, Huichol, [38]; Mosquito Indians, [43]. Dates, of dedication, Mayan, [123]-125; early Mayan, [146], [153]; Mayan, [96], [107], [117]-118, [122], 123; on National Stone, [218]; Olmeca, [154], [156]; Toltecan, [172]-173. Day, count, Mayan, elements of the, [112]-114; signs, Aztecan, [218], [225]-226; signs, hieroglyphs used on Mayan pottery, [87]-88; signs, Mayan, [112], [125]; signs, Zapotecan, [159]. Death God, Mayan, [101], [116]. Decoration, Mayan buildings, [83]; Mayan pottery, [85], [87]-88; pottery, archaic period, [59], [61]. Decorative motives, Chorotegan art, [190]-193; distribution of, [252]. Dedication, dates of, Mayan, [123]-125. Design, composition and perspective, Mayan, [94]-98; on Leyden plate, [146]; on Mexican blanket, [243]; motives, archaic pottery, [46], [61]; motives, Costa Rica, [191], [192], [193], [194], [196], [197]. Designs, archaic horizon, [64]; on blankets, [39]; developed in negative painting, [184]-185; geometric, at Mitla, [164], [246]; Mayan pottery, [85]-88; polychrome pottery, [87]; realistic, Mayan pottery, [85], [87]; textile, archaic, [58]; textile, Aztecan, [243]; textile, Mayan, [88]; Totonacan sacrificial yokes and paddle stones, [167]; woven, Huichol, [37], [38]. Dogs, domestication of, [58]-59. Donors, collections in Mexican Hall, [6]. Dresden Codex, [101], [128], [130], [134], [141], [142], [143], [145]. Dress, shown in archaic figurines, [57]; Mexico and Central America, [39]-41; modern Mexican, [39]. Drums, Aztecan, [240]-241. Dyes, [253].

E Early Period, in Mayan history, [146]-147. Earrings, archaic figurines, [57]. Economic contributions, of American Indians, [253]. Ehecatl, God of Winds, [58], [226], [230]. Ek Ahau, war god, Mayan, [103]. Elevations, Mayan buildings, [81]-83. Environment, Mayan, [153]; Mexico and Central America, [13]-21. Ethnology, [36]-44, [57]-59. European contact, history of, [22]-32. Exploration, of Central America, by Spaniards, [22]; Mexico, [22], [29]. Eyes, archaic sculptures, [63]; color and Mongoloid tilt, [44]; Totonacan figurines, [165]; types of, on archaic figurines, [56]-57, [64].

F Façade decoration, Mayan, [83]-84. Face numerals, Mayan inscriptions, [121], [126]. Fauna, Mexico and Central America, [20]-21. Feast, in connection with planet Venus, [239]; of the twelfth month, [237]-238. Feasts, Aztecan, [235]-239; Sumo, [43]. Feather mosaics, Aztecan, [243]-244; Tarascan, [244]. Fertility, female figurines associated with, [46], [59], [63]. Fetishes, female, Southwestern Pueblo, [251]. Figurines, archaic, [46], [53]-57; archaic, at Atzcapotzalco, [47]; archaic, Colombia and Venezuela, [66]-67; archaic, Isthmian region, [64], [65]; archaic, Nicaragua, [64]; archaic, Salvador, [56], [64]; clay, transition period, [75]; female, Basket-Maker III, [63]-64; female, distribution of, [59], [63]-64; female, Island of Marajo, [67]; pottery, Aztecan, [242]; pottery, San Juan Teotihuacan, [177]-178. Filigree, modern Mexican work, [243]. First Empire, Mayan, [111], [123], [142], [148], [195], [251]. Flageolets, Aztecan, [241]. Flora, Mexico and Central America, [21]. Flores, [28]. Flying façade, Mayan buildings, [83]. Food plants, cultivated by American Indians, [253]; most widely distributed in the New World, [52]. Frescoes, Mitla, [163]-164. Frontier cities, of the northwest, [183]-187. Fruits, native, [21]. Funerary urns, Zapotecan, [159], [160]; also frontispiece.

G Games, ceremonial Toltecan, [170]; sacred, Olmeca, [154]. Genealogical table, Mexican, [230]. Genealogies, Aztecan, [210]. Geography, Mexico and Central America, [13]-21. Geology, Mexico and Central America, [19]-20. Gladiator stones, [219]. Glaze, on modern Mexican pottery, [39]. Glyphs, introducing, [122], [123]; period, Mayan, [121], [123], [126]; supplementary series, [123], [141], [142]. God houses, Huichol, [38]. God of War, Mayan, [103]. God’s eyes, Huichol, [38]. Gods, Aztecan, [225], [229], [231]; beast, Mayan representation of, [99]; in Dresden Codex, [101]; Mayan, [89], [98]-103, [135]; Mexican, [58], [229], [230]-232; represented in pottery from San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]. Gold work, ancient, Isthmian region, [66]; Aztecan, [242]-243; in cruciform tombs, [164]; Isthmian, [195]-198; Mayan, [89]; Zapotecan, [160]. Gourd vessels, Tarascan, [245]. Government, Aztecan, [209], [213]; theocratic of the Mayas, [93]. Graves, Isthmian, gold objects found in, [198]. Great Mound, Copan, [147]. Great Period, Mayan history, [147]-148. Great Pyramid, Mexico City, [206], [208]. Grooving, archaic figurines, [56]. Groundplans, Toltecan buildings, [170]; Yaxchilan temples, [77]. Guatuso, [44]. Gums, [253].

H Haab, defined, [139]. Hablatun, defined, [120]. Hair form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, [44]; Lacandone, [42]. Headdresses, archaic figurines, [55], [57]; Zapotecan funerary urns, [159]-160; Zapotecan, [42]. Head form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, [44]. Hieroglyphs, Aztecan, of precious stones, [224]; containing phonetic element kin, [127]; decorative use on pottery, Mayan, [87]-88; of the Four Directions, [126], [127]; Mayan, [73], [97], [125]-128; Mayan, Venus and the Moon, [137]; Nahuan, [224]; on stelæ at Monte Alban, [159]; on the Stone of Tizoc, [221]; at Xochicalco, [179]; Zapotecan, [160]-161. History, Aztecan, [204]-209; Chichimecan, [203]-204; cross-section of New World, [249]-253; of European contact, Mexico and Central America, [22]-32; Mayan, [136]; Mayan, recovery of, [103]-106; Mayan, summary of, [145]-151; summary in relation to archaeological evidences, on the archaic horizon, [68], [71]; Toltecan, [171]-175; traditional, southern Mexico, [245]-246. Hochob, [80], [148]. Hokan linguistic stock, distribution of, [36]. Horse, introduction of, [67]-68. Hotun periods, [124]. Houses, adobe, Mexican, [15], [39]; archaic period, [63]; Mayan, [79]. Huastecas, [35], [165]. Huichol, [33], [37]. Huipili, decorated, [40], [41]. Huitzilihuitl, [207], [210]. Huitzilopochtli, [215], [221], [231], [237]. Human, form, carved in stone, archaic period, [61], [63]; form, in Mayan art, [89], [93]-94, [106]-108. Hunac Ceel, identification of, [150]. Hunting implements, Lacandone, [41].

I Ilhuicatl, inferior heavens, [233]. Imix, day sign, Mayan, [87]; first day of formal permutation, [114]. Incense burners, Lacandone, [41]. Incised designs on pottery, [88]. Influence, Aztecan, in Central America, [248]-249; Mayas, on other civilizations, [170]; Mexican, in northern Yucatan, [150]. Initial Series dates, [123], [124], [135], [141], [149]. Inscriptions, hieroglyphic, [103]; hieroglyphic, on Mayan monuments, [123]-125; Mayan, face numerals on, [121]; Mayan, Great Period, [141]-148; Mayan, typical, [122]. Invention of agriculture, in the New World, [45], [51]-53, [67], [251]. Irrigation, in the New World, [17], [52]-53, [63]. Itzamna, [99], [103], [116]. Ixchel, Goddess of the Rainbow, [103]. Ixtapalapan, [26]. Ixtubtun, Mayan goddess, [103].

J Jade, carving of, Mayan, [89]; Zapotecan, [160]; work in, Aztec, [243]. Jaguar design, Chorotegan art, [191], [193].

K Kan, day sign, Mayan, [88]; maize sign, [135]. Katun, defined, [110], [120]. Kukulcan, [150].

L Lacandone Indians, [35], [41], [151]. Lakes, Mexico and Central America, [17], [18]-19. Land laws, Aztecan, [211]. Language, Toltecan, [170]; Totonacan, [165]. Languages, Central America, [239]; Mexico and Central America, [32]-36. La Quemada, [182], [183]. League, Aztecan, [209]; of Mayapan, [145], [149]. Leyden Plate, [146]. Lienzo of Amoltepec, [246]. Linguistic stocks, Mexico and Central America, [32]-36. Lintels, Mayan sculptured, [83], [97]; Zapotecan, with hieroglyphs, [159]. Long count, Mayan, [123], [141]. Long-nosed God, Mayan, [98], [100], [101], [160], [232]. Lunar, calendar, Mayan, [112], [140]-142. Lunar-solar calendar, Mayan, [112].

M Macuilxochitl, God Five Flower, [248]. Maize God, Mayan, [99], [100], [103]. Maize, distribution of use, [52]; most important food of the New World, [52]; staple, in Mayan region, [75]. Manikin Scepter, [93], [99], [100]. Manioc, cultivation of, [52]; use and preparation by Carib, [43]. Marimba, origin of, [242]. Mask panels, on Mayan structures, [84], [159]. Matlatzincas, [245]. Mayan civilization, [73]-151; linguistic stock, distribution of, [35]-36. Mayas, and Aztecs, compared to Greeks and Romans, [201]-203. Mazatecas, [189]. Medicines, [253]. Metal, ornaments made of, Mayan, [89]; working, technology of, [251]-252; Zapotecan, [145]. Metates, elaborately sculptured, [193]. Metonic cycle, Greeks, [140]. Mexican, Hall, American Museum, [5]-6; influence, period of, in Mayan history, [149]-150. Mexitin, [34]. Mictlan, [163], [233], [234]. Mictlanteuctli, Lord of Death, [233]-234. Middle Period, in Mayan history, [147]. Migrations, Aztecan, [205]-207; indicated by distribution of linguistic stocks, [35]-36. Mitla, [19], [156]-157, [163]-165, [246]. Mixtecan stock, [35]. Mixtecas, [156], [246]. Moctezuma, [25], [26], [27], [215], [245]. Modeling, archaic figurines, [53], [55]-57; archaic sculptures, [63]; clay, San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]. Modern Period, Mayan history, [150]. Mogotes, Zapotecan burial mounds, [160]. Monkey, in Chorotegan art, [190]-191. Monte Alban, [152], [155], [156], [246]. Month, Mayan, twenty day signs of, [113]; signs, of Mayan year, [115]; signs, Zapotecan, [159]. Months, Aztecan, [227]; Mayan, length of, [115]; Mayan, names of, [115]. Monuments, Mayan, dated, [123]-125; sequence of Mayan determined by style of sculpture, [106]-109. Moon, representations of the, [142]. Mosaic, feather, Aztecan, [242]; feather, Tarascan, [244]; masks and ceremonial objects, [89]. Mosquito Indians, [43]. Mound, artificial, at Copan, [77], [147]; at Cholula, [80]; at Cuicuilco, [49], [51]. Mounds, at Atzcapotzalco, [47]; foundation for temples, [77]; Mayan, [146]; at Monte Alban, [152], [157]; Tarascan, [244]; Zapotecan, [160]. Mountains, Mexico and Central America, [14]-16. Music, Aztecan, [240]-242. Musical instruments, Aztecan, [240]-241. Mythology, Aztecan, [204], [217], [229], [232]-233; Mayan and Aztecan, [229]. Myths, cosmogonic, [232]-233.

N Nahuan linguistic stock, distribution of, [33], [203]. Naranjo, [75], [108], [147]. Nasca, [252]. National Stone, Aztecan, [218], [220]. Negative painting, [46], [66], [184]-185, [187], [252]. New Fire Ceremony, Aztecan, [218]; Toltecan, [173]. Nezahualcoyotl, [204], [239]. Niquiras, [34]. Nose form, Indians of Mexico and Central America, [44]. Noserings, on archaic figurines, [57]. Notation system, Mayan, [111], [118]-121. Numbers, Aztecan, [227], [234]; Mayan, [118]-121; Mexican system of, [227]-229; Zapotecan system of, [157].

O Observatories, astronomical, Mayan, [137]-139. Obsidian, Aztecan ornaments of, [243]. Ochpaniztli, eleventh feast of the year, [236]. Olin, Aztecan day sign, [214], [217], [218]. Olmeca, [154]-156, [187]. Ometeuctli, Lord of Duality, [231], [233]. Organization, political, Mayan, [201]; social Aztecan, [209]-213. Ornaments, precious and semi-precious stones, Aztecan, [243]; shown on archaic figurines, [57]. Otomi, [36], [189], [203], [245].

P Pachtli, twelfth month, Aztecan, [237]-238. Paddle-shaped stones, Totonacan, [167]. Painting, archaic figurines, [57], [64]; archaic pottery, [61]; body, shown on archaic figurines, [58]; on Mayan pottery, [87]; negative, on pottery, [46], [66], [184]-185, [187], [252]; Zapotecan pottery, [160]. Palaces, structure of Mayan, [78]-79. Palenque, [75], [76], [83], [146], [156]. Palmate stone, [168]. Pantheon, Mayan, [98]-103. Papantla, pyramid at, [167], [169]. Peregrinations, Aztecan, [205]-207. Peresianus Codex, [128]. Period, defined, in Mayan time count, [113]; glyphs, Mayan, [121], [126]. Permutation system, Aztecan, [238]; Mayan, [111], [113]-114. Perspective, in Mayan design, [94], [97]. Peyote worship, Huichol and Tarahumare, [38]. Phonetic use of signs, Mayan hieroglyphs, [125], [127]. Physical types, [42], [44]. Pictographic hieroglyphs, Mayan, [125]. Piedras Negras, [75], [96], [105], [108], [147]. Pima, [36]. Pipiles, [34], [157], [188]. Place names, Aztecan, [225]. Plants, food, cultivation of, in the New World, [51], [249]-250. Poetry, Aztecan, [239]-240. Polychrome pottery, Cholula, [180], [182]; Mayan, [87]. Portraiture, in archaic art, [54], [58]; in Mayan art, [94], [124]; Totonacan art, [166]. Post-Archaic Horizon, [68]-71. Potato, cultivated in Peru, [52]. Pottery, archaic, [46], [59], [61], [165]; Atzcapotzalco, [47]; Aztecan, [215], [242]; from Cholula, [180], [182], [246]; Chorotegan, [191]-193; cloisonné, San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]; at Cuicuilco, [51]; distribution of, [63]-64, [69], [70]; Lacandone, [41]; Mayan, [85], [86], [87]-88; Mitla, [164]-165; modern Mexican, [39]; northwestern region of Mexico, [183]-184; polychrome, Cholula, [180], [182]; polychrome, Mayan, [87]-88; San Juan Teotihuacan, [178]; with semi-glaze, [188]-189; Zapotecan, [160]. Pouches, Valiente Indians, [40]. Pre-Archaic Horizon, [68]. Priests, in Mayan art, [93]; Zapotecan, [161]. Protohistoric Period, Mayan history, [145]-146. Pueblo Viejo, [23]. Pulque, [38], [170]. Pyramid, Cholula, [180]-181; Mayan, [78]-79; Monte Alban, [157]; San Juan Teotihuacan, [175]-176; Toltecan, [169], [170].

Q Quetzalcoatl, [25], [149], [171], [205], [232]; and the Toltec era, [171]-175. Quichés, [151]. Quinatzin, map, [203]. Quirigua, [15], [75], [108], [141].

R Rank, among the Aztecs, [209]-210. Rattles, Aztecan, [241]. Religion, Aztecan, [229]-232; as evidenced by archaic art, [58]; Isthmian region, [198]; Lacandone Indians, [41]; Mayan, [99]-103, [146], [201]; Toltecan, [170]; Zapotecan, [146]. River systems, Mexico and Central America, [17]-18. Roman-nosed God, Mayan, [98], [99], [100]. Roof comb, on Mayan buildings, [76], [83], [109]. Roofs, Mayan buildings, [81]. Rooms, Mayan buildings, [79], [81], [109]. Rubber, uses of, [154]. Ruins, Usumacinta Valley, [18]. Rulers, Toltec, [171].

S Sacrifices, Aztecan, to the gods, [201]; human, [215], [219], [229]; human, archaic horizon, [59]; human, Aztecan, [229], [234], [235]; human, in sacred cenote, [28]; human, shown on sculptures, [188]; human, Toltecan, [179]; human, Zapotecan, [161]. Sacrificial yokes, Totonacan, [167], [168]. Saltillo blankets, [39]. San Andres Tuxtla, [146], [153]. San Blas Indians, [44]. San Juan Teotihuacan, [169], [175]-179. San Miguel blankets, [39]. Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, [187]-189. Sculptural art, massive, [83]-84. Sculptures, archaic, [61]-63; common material for, [19]; developments in, as a check to chronology, [104]; Mayan, Early Period, [146]; Mayan, Middle Period, [147]; San Juan Teotihuacan, [177]; Santa Lucia Cozumalhualpa, [188]; sequence in style, [106]-108; style, correlated with dates, [124]-125; Tenochtitlan, [242]; at Tula, [179]; wall, at Copan, [83]; Zapotecan, [162]. Second Empire, Mayan, [149], [195]. Seibal, [75], [95]. Seri, [36]. Serpent, archaic pottery, [59], [61]; in Chorotegan art, [190]-191; conventional, of the Mayas, [91], [92]-93; heads, comparison of Mayan and Zapotecan, [156]; heads, on Mayan buildings, [84]; motive, importance in Mayan art, [89]-93; in religion of the Mayas, [98]. Shield stone, Cuernavaca, [216]. Sky God, [102]. Slabs, sculptured stone, from Costa Rica, [192], [193], [194]; Zapotecan, [162]. Smiling faces, Totonacan, [165]-167. Social organization, Aztecan, [209]-213. Songs, Aztecan, [239], [240]. Southern Mexico, culture of, [245]-248. Spear-thrower, Tarascan, [244]. Speech scroll, [188]. Stability, Mayan buildings, [81]. Stature, Indians of Mexico and Central America, [44]. Stelæ, Mayan, [84], [106]; Zapotecan, [157]. Stocks, language, distribution of, [32]-36. Stone, collars, Totonacan, [167]-168; great development of building in, Copan and Mitla, [19]; sculpture in, [60]-63; yokes, [167]; Zapotecan art in, [160]. Stratification, archaeological, at Atzcapotzalco, [47]-48, [169]; Mexican sites, [45]-46, [47]-49; in Salvador, [49]. Structure, two-roomed, Mayan, [79]-81. Subtiaban stock, [36]. Sumo Indians, culture of, [43]. Sun God, Aztecan, [217], [231]. Suns, sequence of, in Aztecan mythology, [233]. Superstructures, on Mayan buildings, [83]. Supplementary series, [123], [141], [142]. Syllables, phonetic use of Mayan, [125], [127]. Symbolism, religious, Mayan, [95], [98], [234].

T Talamanca, [44]. Tarahumare, [33], [36]. Tarascan, culture, [244]-245; stock, [35]. Tarascans, [44]. Tattooing, shown on archaic figurines, [56], [58]. Tecpan, [208], [209], [212], [213], [215]. Temple, of the Cross, model of, [76]; enclosure, Tenochtitlan, [212], [213], [215]; structure of Mayan, [78], [79], [81], [83]; of the Sun, Aztecan, [217]; at Xochicalco, [179]. Temples, Mayan, [78]-83, [109], [146], [150]; Mitla, [163]-164; Tenochtitlan, [212], [213], [215]; Toltecan, [170]; Zapotecan, [157]. Tenochtitlan, [25], [26], [27], [29], [34], [47], [209], [210], [213], [219], [242]. Teocentli, sacred maize, [51], [52]. Teonanacatl, peyote, use of, [38]. Teotihuacan, [157]. Teotleco, twelfth month, Aztecan, [237]-238. Tepanecas, [47], [205], [209]. Tepehuane, [33], [36]. Teswin, [38]. Teteocan, [233]. Teteoinnan, [236]. Texcoco, [172], [195], [203], [204], [209], [239]. Textile, art, Cora and Huichol, [37]; art, Mayan, [88]; decoration, Aztec, [243]; designs, on archaic effigies, [58]. Tezcatlipoca, feast of, [26]. Tikal, [75], [83], [146], [148]. Time, count, Aztecan, [205]; Mayan, [111]; Toltecan, [172]; Zapotecan, [161], [163]. Time-relations, in New World culture, [249]-252. Tizoc, stone of, [209], [215], [219]-221. Tlachtli, Mexican ball game, [170], [179]. Tlacopan, [209]. Tlaloc, God of Rain, [58], [178], [215], [230], [231]. Tlalocan, [234]. Tlappaneca, [189]. Tlaxcala, [25], [27], [34], [44], [209]. Tlotzin, map of, [203]. Toltec, era, and Quetzalcoatl, [171]-175. Toltecs, [110], [149], [154], [156], [169]-171, [203], [232]. Tomb, cruciform, near Mitla, [158], [164]. Tonalamatl, Aztecan, [113], [228], [238]-239. Tonatiuh, the Sun god, [217], [221], [231]. Topography, Mexico and Central America, [14]-19. Totonacan, culture, [165]-169; stock, [35]. Totonacs, [187]. Toxcatl, Aztecan month, [235]. Traditions, Colombia and Peru, [250]; Mayan, [104]. Transition Period, Mayan history, [148]-149. Trees, Mexico and Central America, [21]. Tribes, Indian, Mexico and Central America, [33], [34], [35], [36]. Tribute, lists, Aztecan, [243]; roll, [200], [245]; taken by Toltecs, [171]. Tripod vessels, archaic period, [59]. Tro-Cortesianus Codex, [128]. Tropical year, [139]. Tula, [169], [173], [179]. Tulum, [150], [151]. Tun, defined, [139]. Tuxtla Statuette, [146], [153]. Turquoise, Aztec work in, [243]. Two-Headed Dragon, [93], [100], [101], [102], [105], [108]. Tzendals, [44]. Tzintzuntzan, Tarascan capital, [244]. Tzolkin, defined, [113], [115], [117], [118]; in Dresden Codex, [133]-135; origin of, [113]; permutation table, [114].

U Uayeb period, Mayan, [115]. Uaxactun, [139], [146], [148]. Uinal, lunar month, [112]. Universe, Aztecan conceptions of the, [232]-234. Urns, Zapotecan funerary, [159]-160. Uto-Aztecan languages, distribution of, [33]-35. Uxmal, [149], [150]; House of the Governor at, [82].

V Vault, Mayan buildings, [79]. Venus, Aztecan festivals in connection with, [239]; calendar, Mayan, [143]-145, [146]. Viceroys, Spanish, in Mexico, [31]. Vigesimal system of counting, Mayan, [118], [119]. Volcanoes, Mexico and Central America, [16], [19].

W Wall construction, La Quemada, [182]-183; Mayan, [76], [79], [81]-83; Mitla, [161], [164]. War God, Aztecan, [219], [237]; Mayan, [103]. War, importance in Aztecan organization, [209]-210; Toltecan, [170]-171. Weapons, shown in archaic figurines, [58]. Weaving, shown in archaic figurines, [57]-58; Cora and Huichol, [37]; Lacandone, [41]; Mayan, [88]; Tarascan, [244]. Whistles, Aztecan, [241]. Writing, hieroglyphic, Mayan, [73]; Mayan and Aztecan, [125]-128; Mexican, [223]-229.

X Xcalumkin, [134]. Xipe, [178], [189], [232], [236]. Xkichmook, [84]. Xochicalco, [157], [179]. Xochimilco, [48], [207]. Xolotl, [204].

Y Yatacas, Tarascan mounds, [244]. Yaqui, [44]. Yaxchilan, [75], [83], [94], [102]. Year, bearers, Cuicatecan, [246], [247]; conventional, Mayan, [114]-117; length of Mayan, [112]; Mayan, the true, [139]-140; symbol, southern Mexico, [245]. Yellow fever, presence in Central America, [148]. Yokes, sacrificial, [167]; designs on, [167], [168]. Yum Kaax, Lord of the Harvest, [103].

Z Zapotecan stock, [35]. Zapotecs, culture of, [44], [156]-163. Zero, invention of sign for, Mayas, [119]. Zotzils, [211].