SUBJECT-INDEX.

(For this Index as it appeared in previous editions the Author is indebted to F. Howard Collins, Esq., of Edgbaston, Birmingham. It has now been adjusted to suit the present revised and enlarged edition.)

Acacia, foliar organs, II, [41], [264].
Acalephæ: environment, I, [105];
water in, I, [173].
Acari: special creation and effects of, I, [428];
direct transformations, I, [706];
segmentation, II, [111].
Acorus calamus, agamic propagation, I, [642].
Acquired characters, inheritance of: functionally-produced modifications in plants and animals, I, [307–13], [318], [526], [541], [562], [692–5]; II, [618–22];
conceivability of, on the hypothesis of physiological units, I, [368–71], [695]; II, [618–22];
diminution of jaw, I, [541–2], [693];
current views on, I, [559–60];
cessation of selection, I, [560–3];
Eimer’s theory of orthogenesis, I, [560];
species differentiation, I, [573];
location of mammalian testes, I, [573];
tactual perceptiveness, I, [602–8], [633], [665], [666], [672–3], [692];
blindness of cave-animals, I, [612–3], [647–9];
co-adaptation of co-operative parts, I, [621], [663–5];
transmission of disease, I, [622–3];
hypothesis supported by telegony, I, [624–8], [644–6], [649–50];
views of Darwin and neo-Darwinists, I, [630], [685], [690];
why facts in support are meagre, I, [632];
degradation of little toe, I, [652–3], [673];
neuter forms of social insects, I, [658–9], [663–4], [670], [675];
degenerated instinct in ants, I, [660–2];
rudimentary limbs of whale, I, [669], [692];
importance of question, I, [672], [690];
monstrous development of honey-ants, I, [683–4];
osteology of Punjabis, I, [689];
summary of evidences in support, I, [692–5];
genesis of vertebrate skull, II, [227];
false joints, II, [371], [372];
conceivability of rival hypotheses, II, [618–22];
adaptation to environment in Aspergillus, II, [623].
Acrogens, the term, II, [55–6].
(See [Archegoniateæ].)
Actinophrys: a primary aggregate, II, [76];
genesis, II, [452].
Actinozoa: multiaxial development, I, [166];
waste and repair, I, [213], [219];
differentiation, I, [391];
parasitism, I, [397];
integration, II, [92];
symmetry, II, [189], [192];
growth and genesis, II, [444].
Activity: the principle of, the essential element in Life, I, [113], [114], [122];
not inherent in living matter, I, [120];
nutrition and genesis, résumé, II, [497–9];
and evolution, II, [501–4].
Adaptation: general truths, I, [227–33], [233–5];
botanical, I, [227];
physiological, I, [228–33];
psychological, I, [229], [230–3];
structural, functional, and interdependence, I, [235–9], [240–1], [318];
social and organic stability, I, [240–2];
résumé, I, [242–3];
to varied media, I, [479–81], [489], [556];
multiplication of effects, I, [512–3], [550];
direct equilibration, I, [522–3];
natural selection and equilibration, I, [530–5];
non-adaptive specific characters, I, [565];
time required for effecting, I, [565–6];
an obstacle to re-adaptation, II, [11];
of skin and skeleton, II, [215], [217];
outer tissue, II, [312–4], [387];
skin and mucous membrane differentiation, II, [321–2], [389];
vascular system, II, [343–4];
osseous, II, [352];
muscular, II, [368–9], [391];
persistence of force and physiological, II, [394];
of reproductive activity to conditions, II, [411–6];
vertebræ development, II, [563–6].
(See also [Co-adaptation].)
Africa, effect of climate on inhabitants, I, [30].
Agamogenesis: alternation with gamogenesis, I, [266–7], [272–3], [284–94], [336], [592]; II, [415];
parallelism in karyokinesis, I, [267–8];
a process of disintegration, I, [276–7];
conditions determining its continuance, I, [284–94], [295–7], [330];
physiological units, I, [351]; II, [613];
spontaneous fission, I, [582], [584–7], [589–92], [595–6], [599];
remarkable extent of, under favourable conditions, I, [591–2], [640–1];
in Actinozoa, II, [92];
in Hydrozoa, II, [102];
in Annelida, II, [103];
innutrition, II, [179–80].
Agaricinæ, II, [139], [257].
Agassiz, L. J. R., zoological classification, I, [380].
Aggregates, Animal and Plant (see [Morphology]).
Agility, a vital attribute, I, [578].
Agrimony, floral symmetry, II, [42], [167], [170].
Air, in vegetal tissues, II, [567–8], [583], [591], [593].
“Air plants,” I, [208].
Albumen: properties, I, [12];
Lieberkühn’s formula, I, [13];
diffusibility, I, [19];
in organic tissues, I, [41].
Alcohols, properties, I, [10–12].
Algæ: reproduction, and the dynamic element in life, I, [118–9];
multicentral development, I, [163], [164];
axial development, I, [165];
locomotive powers of minute forms, I, [196];
uniform tissue and function, I, [200], [586];
gamogenesis, I, [271], [279], [280], [283]; II, [448], [449], [450];
fertility, I, [582]; II, [440], [441];
fission, I, [584], [585];
unicellular forms, II, [22];
integration in Confervoideæ and Conjugateæ, II, [25];
pseudo-foliar and axial development, II, [28–33], [57];
foliar development, II, [76], [91];
branch symmetry, II, [145];
cell metamorphoses, II, [176];
tissue differentiation, II, [244], [246], [251], [252], [256], [272], [385–6];
adaptation of reproductive activity to conditions, II, [289];
integration, II, [292];
indefiniteness, II, [295];
genesis and development, II, [463].
Alimentary canal: metabolic processes and agents, I, [68–9], [74];
structural traits, I, [192];
progressive development, I, [195];
relation to environment, I, [196];
function, I, [205];
segmentation in annelids, II, [125];
differentiation, II, [301], [302], [321–2], [323–5], [389];
specializations in birds, II, [325];
in ruminants, II, [327–9];
differentiation of liver, II, [329–33];
muscularity, II, [364].
Allotropism: of organic constituents, I, [4], [9];
muscular action, I, [59].
Alloys, melting point of, I, [339].
Alternation of generations, misleading application of term, II, [84].
(See [Agamogenesis] and [Gamogenesis].)
Amitosis, occurrence of, in morbid tissues, I, [264].
Ammonia: properties, I, [7], [9];
nerve stimulation, I, [55].
Amœba: central development, I, [163];
a primary aggregate, II, [86];
symmetry of encysted, II, [186];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Amphibia: classification of, I, [392];
embryonic respiratory system, I, [457];
structure and media, I, [483];
limb locomotion, II, [15];
segmentation, II, [122], [225];
outer tissues, II, [311];
respiration, II, [334], [338];
Owen on skeleton, II, [552], [557], [558].
Amphioxus: separation of segmentation spheres of egg, I, [691];
embryogeny, II, [121];
local segmentation, II, [125–7], [605];
genesis of vertebrate axis, II, [213–6], [218], [222];
development, II, [564].
Amphipnous cuchia, vascular air-sacs, II, [337].
Anabas scandens, the climbing fish, I, [480], [483].
Anacharis (see [Eloidea]).
Anæsthetics, diverse effects of, I, [55].
Angræcum, assimilative function of root, II, [255].
“Animal Spirits,” vitalism and, I, [115].
Animals: nutrition and molecular re-arrangement, I, [36–7];
nitrogenous character, I, [39–41];
sensible motion, I, [57];
metabolism, I, [62–77];
multiplication of energies, I, [75];
contrasted traits of plants and, I, [196];
what is an individual? I, [246–7];
solar influence, I, [500], [556];
geologic changes affecting, I, [501–4], [549], [550], [556];
interdependence with plants, I, [504–6], [514]; II, [398–401];
complexity of influences affecting, I, [506];
geographical isolation and origin of species, I, [568–9];
vital attributes, I, [577–9];
distribution and antiquity of plant and animal types, II, [297];
mutual dependence of organisms at large, II, [397–408];
hypothetical plant-animal type, II, [397];
progressive increase of size, II, [401];
laws of multiplication, II, [411–6];
rhythm in numbers, II, [419];
law of weights and dimensions, II, [434].
Animals, domesticated: variation, I, [324], [326], [560], [563], [693];
interbreeding, I, [345–7], [354]; II, [615];
pure and mixed breeds, I, [354], [625].
Annelida: phosphorescence, I, [50];
axial development, I, [165], [166];
integration, I, [363];
larval forms and phylogeny, I, [447]; II, [115];
segmental fission, I, [588–9];
segmentation, I, [98–101], [103–4], [602–5]; II, [107–9], [125–7];
lateral gemmation, II, [105];
embryogeny, II, [119];
bilateral symmetry, II, [197–200];
genesis, II, [444], [453].
Annulosa: regeneration, I, [361–2];
distinctive traits, I, [392];
origin of type, II, [98–110], [602–6];
unit of composition, II, [105];
application of term, II, [111];
vertebrate symmetry compared, II, [203–6];
segmental differentiation, II, [207–9];
unintegrated function in Planaria, II, [373];
development and genesis, II, [464];
nutrition and genesis, II, [490].
(See also [Annelida] and [Arthropoda].)
Anthropomorphism, former prevalence of, I, [419].
Ants: utilization of aphids, I, [660–1]; II, [403], [405];
nest-mates, II, [405];
castes in social species, I, [658–9], [670], [675];
loss of self-feeding instinct in Amazons, I, [660–1], [663–4];
monstrous development of Honey-ants, I, [683];
bulk and fecundity, II, [492].
(See also [Termites].)
Aphis: individuality, I, [249], [250]; II, [603];
parthenogenesis, I, [274–5], [289];
fertility, I, [582], [640–1]; II, [476], [490];
utilized by ants, I, [660–1]; II, [403], [405];
over-multiplication checked by lady-bird, II, [406].
Aquatic animals, large size attained by, I, [156].
Arachnida: avoidance of danger, I, [92];
oviparous homogenesis, I, [271];
segmentation, I, [469]; II, [113], [114];
integration and homology, II, [111], [121];
bilateral symmetry, II, [198].
Arcella: symmetry, II, [186];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [309].
Archegoniateæ: morphological composition, II, [32–5];
growth and development, II, [50–6];
tubular structure, II, [58], [62];
alternating generation not distinctive, II, [84];
asymmetry and environment, II, [140];
integration, II, [293], [296];
individuation and genesis, II, [441], [451], [463].
Archenteron: primitive externality, II, [301];
formation of cœlom, II, [302].
Archiannelida: segmentation, II, [125].
Arenicola marina: polytrochal larvæ, II, [109].
Arm: embryogeny of human, I, [169];
vicarious use of, I, [209].
Army, morphological analogy, II, [6].
Arteries (see [Vascular System]).
Arthropoda: uniaxial development, I, [165];
protoplasmic continuity, I, [190], [629];
excursiveness, I, [481];
limb locomotion, II, [15];
integration and homology, II, [111–4], [121];
bilateral symmetry, II, [197–200];
genesis, II, [445], [453].
Ascidians: multiaxial development, I, [165], [166];
functional differentiation, I, [202];
composite individuality of Doliolum, I, [247];
self-fertilization, I, [342];
integration, II, [94], [96], [97];
symmetry, II, [194];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [194], [598], [605].
Ascomycetes, reproduction, II, [450].
Assimilation: compared with reasoning, I, [81–7];
a trait of vitality, I, [577].
Asteroidea, radial symmetry, II, [196].
Astronomy: growth of celestial bodies, I, [135];
Schleiden on individuality, I, [245];
evolution, I, [432], [435];
classification of stars, I, [444];
rhythm of, and organic change, I, [499–501], [557];
law of equilibration, I, [519–20];
co-operation of structure and function, II, [3].
Atavism: occurrence of, I, [305–6], [314];
digital variation, I, [321–3].
Atoms: use of term, I, [6], [31];
ethereal undulations and oscillations, I, [31–5].
Australia: settler’s usages, I, [364];
ratio of jaw to skull in natives, I, [541].
Axillary buds, origin and development, II, [65–8].
Axis: “neutral” of mechanics, II, [210];
genesis of vertebrate, II, [212–6], [224–7].

Bacteria: fission, I, [270];
non-nucleated, II, [20];
rate of increase, II, [443].
Baer, K. E. von: embryological formula, I, [171], [172], [451], [453], [461], [466];
zoological classification, I, [383];
on animal transitions, I, [480].
Balanophoræ, inner tissue, II, [274].
Bark: varied development, II, [247–9];
physiological differentiation, II, [249–50], [258], [386].
Basidiomycetes, reproduction, II, [450].
Bat, infertility of, II, [473].
Bates, H. W., protective mimicry of butterflies, I, [398].
Batrachia (see [Amphibia]).
Bean, vascular system, II, [573], [591].
Beaver, tail and co-adapted structures, I, [616].
Bees (see [Insects]).
Begoniaceæ: multiplication I, [224], [317], [442];
individuality, I, [251];
development from scales, I, [282];
symmetry, II, [159], [166];
development, II, [271].
Berkeley, M. J., indefiniteness of mosses and ferns, II, [296].
Bile, arrest of excretion, I, [209].
Bilirubin and biliverdine, function of, II, [330], [333].
Biology: definition and divisions, I, [124–5];
organic structural phenomena, I, [125–7];
also functional, I, [127–9];
actions and reactions of function and structure, I, [129–30];
genesis, I, [130–1];
limited knowledge of, I, [131];
evolution, I, [432], [434];
sociological analogies (see [Sociology]).
Biophors, Weismann’s germ-plasm units (see [Weismann]).
Birds: flesh-eating and grain-eating contrasted, I, [68];
growth and expenditure of force, I, [142];
size of egg and adult, I, [144];
limitations on flight, I, [155];
self-mobility, I, [175];
temperature, I, [176];
functional and structural differentiation, I, [201];
food of starving pigeon, I, [215];
viviparousness, I, [271];
heredity and pigeon breeding, I, [305];
atavism in pigeon, I, [314];
osseous variation in pigeon, I, [321];
classification, I, [392];
migrations and change of habits, I, [399], [402], [500];
distribution in time, I, [410];
Darwin on petrels, I, [455];
rudimentary teeth, I, [457];
vertebræ, I, [471]; II, [564];
feather development, I, [473];
habits of water ouzel, I, [485];
egg shells and direct equilibration, I, [526];
bones of waders and direct equilibration, I, [527];
fertility and nervous development, I, [598];
cellular continuity, I, [629];
adaptation of structure to environment, II, [12];
sexual selection, II, [269];
wing spurs, II, [313];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [314–5], [387];
alimentary canal development, II, [325], [327];
muscular colour and activity, II, [365–9];
nutrition, II, [433];
cost of genesis, II, [436];
growth and genesis, II, [454], [458];
heat expenditure and genesis, II, [468–9], [474];
activity and genesis, II, [470–2], [474];
contrasted mammalian fertility, II, [470];
eggs of wild and tame, II, [478];
fertility of blackbird and linnet compared, II, [503];
Owen on skeleton of, II, [559], [560], [561].
Bischoff, embryogeny of human arm, I, [169].
Bison, modifications entailed by increased weight of head, I, [512].
Blackbird, contrasted with linnet in development, II, [503].
Blainville, de, definition of life, I, [79], [93].
Blastosphere, independence of cells in Echinoderm larvæ, I, [185].
Blastula, definition of life and formation of, I, [112].
Blood: similarity of iron peroxide, I, [17];
metabolic processes, I, [69];
segregation of abnormal constituents, I, [180];
protozoon life of corpuscles, I, [186–7];
morbid changes, I, [221], [701];
assimilative power and organic repair, I, [221–2];
respiratory tissue differentiation, II, [310–1];
pressure in mammals, II, [340].
(See also [Vascular System].)
Blow-fly, Weismann on nutrition and genesis in, I, [678–9].
Boers, Cape, habits and fertility, II, [508].
Boismont, A. B. de, on human fertility, II, [511].
Bone: growth and function, I, [151];
adaptability, I, [230]; II, [217–8];
function and weight, I, [308], [693];
mammalian cervical vertebræ, I, [394];
evolution and vertebral column, I, [470–1];
partial development, I, [473];
size of head as influencing, I, [512], [536–9];
direct equilibration and strength, I, [527];
natural selection and co-adaptations, I, [614–21], [674], [677];
rudimentary limbs of whale, I, [668], [685], [692];
inheritance of acquired modifications in Punjabis, I, [689];
skull development, II, [222];
theory of supernumerary, II, [223];
Cope on origin of vertebrate osseous system, II, [225–7];
differentiation, II, [344–56];
false joints, II, [370–2];
Owen’s theory of vertebrate skeleton, II, [548–66].
Book-worm, food of, I, [77].
Born, G., experiments on frog larvæ, I, [365].
Botany, biological classification, I, [124], [125].
(See [Plants].)
Bothriocephalus, development, II, [490].
Botryllidæ: development, I, [166];
independence of components, I, [247];
agamogenesis, I, [641].
Bower, Prof., on alternation of generations, II, [84].
Brachiopoda, rude vascular system, II, [340].
Bradbury, J. B., on vaso-dilators, I, [55].
Brain: natural selection and mental evolution, I, [553];
analysis of substance, I, [596];
weight in higher animals, I, [598–9];
size in civilized and uncivilized, II, [530].
Branches (see [Morphology]).
Branchiæ (see [Respiratory System]).
Brass, effect of antimony on, I, [121].
Bread, diamagnetism, I, [370].
Breeding: heredity, I, [304–5];
in-and-in, I, [344–7], [353]; II, [615];
pure and mixed, I, [354], [625].
Bricks, changed equilibrium shown by, I, [38], [42].
Brodie, T. G., cell chemistry, I, [260].
Brownell, Miss J. L., on birth-rate in United States, II, [520].
Brown-Séquard, on inherited epilepsy, I, [312], [624].
Bryophyllum, peculiar proliferation, II, [295].
Bryophyta, large size attained by some, I, [138].
Bryozoa, gemmation, I, [588].
Budding (see [Gemmation]).
Buds: development, I, [167–8];
theories of heredity and cauline, I, [358–9], [360];
axillary, II, [65–9];
effects of nutrition, II, [73–4].
Butterfly: protective mimicry, I, [398];
instance of tame, I, [684].

Cabbage, varieties of, I, [302].
Cactaceæ: foliar and axial development, II, [47–9];
differentiation in, II, [258], [276], [282];
vascular system, II, [282];
dye permeability and circulation, II, [571], [572];
wood formation, II, [575], [577], [578], [580].
“Callus,” budding from, I, [358], [359].
Camel, natural selection and hump of, I, [534].
Canadians, French, fertility of, II, [509].
Cancer, the definition of life, I, [111];
œsophageal, II, [324];
and vascular system, II, [343].
Caoutchouc, leaf-structure, II, [589].
Capillaries (see [Vascular System]).
Capillarity, and vegetal vascular system, II, [279–80], [286], [568], [570], [585], [587], [592–6].
Carbohydrates: instability, I, [10];
the term “hydro-carbon,” ib.;
molecular changes in, I, [42–3];
organic transformation, I, [43], [48];
metabolic processes, I, [63–77], [262–3]; II, [362].
Carbon: properties, I, [3–5], [20];
compounds, I, [6], [7], [9], [10–12], [13], [24–5].
Carbonic acid (carbon dioxide): properties, I, [6], [7], [9];
in animal and plant functions, I, [62], [214]; II, [398];
diffusibility, II, [331].
Carbonic oxide, properties, I, [6].
Carnivores: nitrogenous food, I, [47], [68];
katabolic process, I, [71];
restricted environment, I, [396];
their beneficial effects on animal life, II, [405–6].
Carpenter, W. B.: on functional specialization, I, [208];
reproduction of seaweed, I, [582];
vegetal cell multiplication, I, [585];
structure and multiplication of compound organisms, I, [586–9];
on fundamental traits of sex, I, [595];
nutritive system of invertebrates, I, [595];
Macrocystis, II, [450];
nutrition and reproductive function, II, [460].
Cartilage (see [Bone]).
Castration, effect of, on growth, II, [459].
“Castration parasitaire,” Julin on, II, [493–6].
Catalysis, and vital metamorphosis, I, [39], [43].
Cattell, McKeen, on tactual perceptiveness, I, [666].
Caulerpa, simulation of higher plant-forms, II, [22].
Cave-animals, degeneration of eyes, I, [309], [612–3], [614], [647–9], [693].
Cell, the: incomprehensibility of forces at work in, I, [118];
protoplasts and their traits, I, [181];
the cell-theory, I, [184], [252]; II, [17–21], [85];
differentiation, I, [188–9], [194];
the continuity of protoplasm, I, [190–2], [194], [628–30]; II, [21];
its structure, I, [253–5];
function of centrosome, I, [254–5], [257];
structure and function of nucleus, I, [255–6], [258–9];
karyokinesis, I, [257–8];
function of chromatin, I, [259–65];
fertilization and function of polar bodies, I, [266–8];
theories of heredity based on theory, I, [356];
Weismann’s differentiation into reproductive and somatic, I, [622], [628–30], [633–44];
nucleus absent or dispersed, II, [20], [85];
morphological differentiation, II, [175–7];
animal morphology, II, [228–30];
morphological summary, II, [233];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [249–50], [386];
vascular development, II, [279–84], [389].
Centipede, bilateral symmetry, II, [198–200].
Cephalopoda: bilateral symmetry, II, [203];
vascular system, II, [341].
Cercariæ (see [Distoma]).
Cereus, tissue differentiation, II, [276], [283].
Cesalpino, I, [377].
Cestoda (see [Entozoa]).
Chætopoda, segmentation, II, [98], [103], [605].
Chaja, wing spurs, II, [313].
Change, and definition of life, I, [81–90], [113].
Charles, R. H., on inheritance of acquired modifications in leg-bones of Punjabis, I, [689].
Chatié, on single and double stocks, II, [622].
Chemistry: properties of organic elements, I, [3–5], [20], [22];
of diatomic compounds, I, [7–10];
tri-atomic, I, [10–12];
poly-atomic, I, [12–13], [25];
traits of evolution, I, [23–4];
ethereal undulations and atomic oscillation, I, [31–6];
chemical affinity and organic change, I, [36–7], [38–43];
oxidation and generation of heat, I, [46–9], [60];
generation of nerve force, I, [52], [60];
metabolism, I, [62–77];
physiology and organic, I, [127];
flesh constituents, I, [154];
composition of organisms and environment, I, [173];
organic development and differential assimilation, I, [179–80];
chemical units, I, [225]; II, [612];
primitive ideas of elements, I, [417];
evolution of organic compounds, I, [696–701], [703].
Chestnut, leaf symmetry, II, [149], [153].
Chiton: simulation of segmentation, II, [116], [118];
symmetry, II, [202].
Chlorophyll: function, I, [65]; II, [263];
nutrition and absence of, II, [74];
constitution, II, [262];
symbiotic presence in animals, II, [400].
Chondracanthus gibbosus, enormous development of reproductive system, II, [487].
Chordata, affinities, I, [466].
Chromatin (see [Cell]).
Circle, the, and evolution hypothesis, I, [433].
Circulation (see [Vascular System]).
Cirrhipedia: Darwin on retrograde development, I, [458];
remarkable transformation in Sacculina, II, [494–5].
Civilization, human evolution and genesis, II, [529–31].
Cladophora: integration, II, [25];
axial development, II, [28].
Classification: subjective conception, I, [78];
two purposes of, I, [374];
a gradual process, I, [375];
botanical, I, [377–80], [389–90];
zoological, I, [380–9];
incomplete equivalence of groups, I, [389], [445–6], [448], [555], [572];
group attributes, I, [390–3];
the truths interpreted, I, [393–4];
ethnologic and linguistic evolution, I, [441–6];
organic evolution, I, [443], [447], [555];
differences in kind and degree, I, [444–6];
antecedent structural similarity, I, [447], [448–9];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [451–4], [555];
organic, not uniserial, II, [115].
Classification of the Sciences, The, and evolution and dissolution, II, [5].
Claus, C, on segmentation in Annelids and Chætopods, II, [605].
Clover: flower and axial development, II, [45];
symmetry, II, [152].
Co-adaptation of co-operative parts: principles underlying, I, [234–5], [511–3], [514–5];
slow operation of the process, I, [236];
sociological analogy, I, [237–40];
reversion under original conditions, I, [240];
the analogy continued, ib.;
the case of bison’s head, I, [512];
natural selection an inadequate explanation, I, [535], [614–21], [692];
Romanes on “cessation of selection” as effecting, I, [560], [561–2];
Weismann’s theories, I, [560–3], [663–5], [670], [674–5];
natural selection and economy of growth, I, [562];
physiological processes involved, I, [566–7];
Wallace’s argument from artificial selection, I, [615];
what are co-operative parts? I, [616–7];
“intra-selection” examined, I, [676–8].
Coal, social effects of supply, I, [238–9], [241].
Cocoa-nut, growth and fertility, II, [457].
Coccospheres: vital problem presented by protective structures, I, [119];
imbricated plates, I, [182].
Cockroach, ousting of European species, I, [399].
Cod: ova of, II, [435];
growth and fertility, II, [454].
Codium: symmetry, II, [136];
tissue differentiation, II, [246].
Cœlenterata: rudimentary contractile organs, I, [58];
vital changes in polyp, I, [95];
axial development, I, [165], [166];
environment and structure, I, [173];
self-mobility, I, [175]; II, [14], [15];
functional differentiation, I, [201], [391];
inactivity and waste, I, [213];
reparative power, I, [219], [224];
individuality, I, [246], [247], [250];
heterogenesis, I, [273], [277], [296];
negative disintegration in Hydrozoa, I, [276], [587];
reproductive tissue, I, [281];
differentiation in Hydrozoa, I, [391];
classificatory value, I, [446];
regeneration of fragments, II, [90];
integration, II, [90], [102], [105], [124];
gemmation, II, [91];
tertiary aggregation, II, [92], [95], [124];
molluscan affinities, II, [115];
radial symmetry, II, [188];
symmetry of compound, II, [192–3];
segmental differentiation, II, [207];
physiological differentiation in Hydra and analogy, II, [300];
ciliation of blastula, II, [301];
tissue reduplication, II, [301–2], [389];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [309];
osmosis in Hydra, II, [339];
vascular system in Hydra, II, [340], [376];
functional co-ordination, II, [376];
symbiosis, II, [400];
asexual genesis, II, [443–4];
growth and sexual genesis, II, [452];
development and genesis, II, [462];
nutrition and genesis, II, [476].
Cœlom, origin and function, II, [302–3].
Collins, F. Howard, jaws and teeth of savages and civilized, I, [541].
Colloids: T. Graham on, I, [15–8];
diffusibility, I, [18–21];
organic, I, [21], [25], [26];
pliability and elasticity, I, [27];
capillary affinity, I, [28];
isomerism, I, [59];
instability, I, [350];
molecular mobility and diffusibility, II, [331];
instability of, and nerve differentiation, II, [356–61];
and muscular tissue, II, [361–4].
Colonies, autogenous development and parallel in heredity, I, [366–8]; II, [620].
Colour: sensation of, I, [54];
phœnogamic, II, [75], [265–6];
light and vegetal, II, [261–2];
floral fertilization, II, [267–9];
sexual selection, II, [269];
activity and muscular, II, [365–9];
physiological units and mixture of, in offspring, II, [616], [617].
Commensalism, organic Integration as displayed in, II, [402–4].
Compositæ: floral symmetry, II, [173].
Condor, weight of, I, [155].
Confervoideæ, I, [279], [280]; II, [25], [28], [449].
(See [Algæ].)
Conjugateæ, II, [449].
(See [Algæ].)
Conjugation, in Algæ, I, [279];
in Protozoa, I, [280]; II, [452];
can fission persist without? I, [637];
relation to growth, II, [449].
Connective tissue, Hertwig’s classification, I, [189].
Constitutional units, I, [369].
(See [Physiological Units].)
Consumption, hereditary transmission, I, [307].
Co-ordination of actions (see [Life]).
Cope, E. D., on origin of vertebrate structure, II, [225–7].
Cormophyta: slight internal differentiation, II, [273];
vascular system, II, [280].
Corpuscula tactus, their function, I, [75].
Correspondence, use of word, I, [97].
(See [Life].)
Cousin-marriages, I, [345]; II, [615].
Cow: what prompts her to mumble a bone? I, [120].
Cow-parsnip (see Heracleum).
Crab (see [Crustacea]).
Creation (see [Special creation]).
Crinoidea, symmetry, II, [195–6].
Crocodile, continuous growth, I, [154], [292].
Crookes, Sir W., hypothetical chemical unit “protyle,” I, [22], [23].
Cruciferæ, floral symmetry, II, [164], [171].
Crustacea: locomotion of lobster, I, [175];
regeneration of limbs, I, [224], [360], [589]; II, [76];
homogenesis, I, [271];
genesis and nutrition in Daphnidæ, I, [290–1];
growth and genesis, I, [292];
degeneration of eye in cave-inhabiting, I, [309], [614], [648];
hermit-crab parasite, I, [397];
changes of media, I, [401], [481–2];
retrograde development in cirripedes, I, [458];
segmentation, I, [468–9]; II, [114];
Darwin on jaws and legs, I, [471];
survival of cirripedes, I, [517];
integration and homology, II, [111–4], [121], [603];
bilateral symmetry, II, [198–201];
eyes, II, [318];
dermal structure of hermit-crab, II, [322], [387];
fertility, II, [453];
nutrition and genesis in parasitic species, II, [487];
“castration parasitaire,” II, [493–6].
Crystalloids: Prof. Graham on, I, [15–8];
diffusibility, I, [18–21];
organic, I, [21–2], [26].
Crystals: simulation of life in “storm glass,” I, [96];
growth, I, [135–7], [577];
segregation, I, [179], [221], [223];
equilibration, I, [337];
physiological units and polarity, I, [701–6];
time and formation, II, [77].
Ctenodrilus, segmental individuality, II, [103], [603], [604].
Cube, bilateral symmetry, II, [132].
Cunningham, J. T., I, [vi]; II, [vi];
on non-adaptive specific characters, I, [565];
food of blow-fly larvæ, I, [678];
arthropod segmentation, II, [114];
egg-production of Conger, II, [425].
Cuttle-fish, Individuality of Hectocotylus, I, [250].
Cuvier, zoological classification, I, [381].
Cyanogen, properties, I, [7], [9].
Cyclichthys, dermal structure, II, [306].

Dalyell, Sir J., regeneration in Dasychone, I, [361];
propagation of Hydra, II, [476].
Daphnidæ, heterogenesis and nutrition, I, [290–1].
Darwin, C: Origin of Species, I, [129]; II, [528];
natural selection and function, I, [308–9], [693];
atavism, I, [314];
osseous variations in pigeons, I, [321];
plant variation and domestication, I, [325];
“spontaneous variation,” I, [328], [697];
floral fertilization, I, [340]; II, [168], [267], [407], [608];
intercrossing and self-fertilization, I, [344], [345];
intercrossing I, [347], [611], [669];
his theory of pangenesis examined, I, [356–62], [370], [372];
plant-fertilization and distribution, I, [397];
habits of birds, I, [400];
distribution and natural barriers, I, [402], [476];
disappearance and non-reappearance of species, I, [406];
distribution in time and space, I, [410];
linguistic classification, I, [442];
classification of organisms, I, [443];
classification and descent, I, [448];
on petrels, I, [455];
suppression of organs, I, [457];
development of Cirrhipedia, I, [438];
jaws and legs of Crustacea, I, [471];
aborted organs, I, [474], [563];
relations of species in Galapagos archipelago, I, [478];
opinions of E. Darwin and Lamarck, I, [491];
the term “survival of the fittest,” I, [530];
Indirect equilibration by natural selection, I, [530–5];
inheritance of acquired characters, I, [535–42], [560], [630], [685], [690];
Wallace on natural selection in man, I, [553];
misleading connotations of term “natural selection,” I, [609], [695];
caste gradations and jaws of driver ants, I, [658];
attachment of climbing plants, II, [276–7];
vegetal fructification, II, [294];
earth-worm, II, [402];
animal sterility and domestication, II, [480], [483];
variation in hyacinth and camellia, II, [621].
Darwin, Dr. E., modifiability of organisms, I, [490], [492–7].
Death: an arrest of vital correspondence, I, [102];
only limit to vegetal growth, I, [153];
cessation of co-ordination of actions, I, [578], [579];
Weismann’s hypothesis, I, [636–8];
physiological integration, II, [374], [392];
cause of natural, II, [413];
relation to births, II, [417].
Definiteness: of vital change, I, [87–90], [106], [109];
developmental, I, [178];
functional, I, [212];
segregation of evolution, I, [514–6].
Definition, difficulties of, I, [78]; II, [17].
Degeneracy, morphological obscurations due to, II, [12], [13].
Dendrobium (see [Orchids]).
Desmidiaceæ: unicellular, II, [21];
linear and central aggregation, II, [23];
natural selection and symmetry, II, [134], [133];
morphological differentiation, II, [177];
tissue, II, [244];
genesis, II, [440], [449].
Determinants, Weismann’s germ-plasm units (see [Germ-plasm]).
Development: an increase of structure, I, [162]; II, [461];
primarily central, I, [162], [166];
uni- and multicentral, I, [163–4], [166–7];
axial, I, [164], [167];
uni- and multiaxial, I, [165–6];
a change to coherent definite heterogeneity, I, [167–70], [179];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [171–2];
individual differentiation from environment, I, [172–8];
cell-formation, I, [225];
discontinuous, and agamogenesis, I, [275];
Prof. Huxley’s classification, I, [276];
sociological parallel to autogenous, I, [364–8]; II, [620];
retrograde, I, [457–8];
inequalities among co-operative parts, I, [617];
“heterochrony,” I, [655];
continuous and discontinuous vegetal, II, [52];
summary of physiological, II, [384–90];
nutrition and genesis, résumé, II, [497–9];
evolution, II, [501–5];
commencement of genesis, II, [506];
of vertebrate limbs, II, [553].
(See also [Multiplication].)
Development Hypothesis, The, I, [417].
Dialects (see [Language]).
Dialysis, and diffusibillty. I, [19], [20].
Diastase, decomposition of, I, [38], [40].
Diatomaceæ: tissue, II, [244];
genesis, II, [440], [448].
Diatomic compounds (see [Chemistry]).
Dicotyledons: growth, I, [139], [143]; II, [63–4], [69–72], [78], [82–3];
uniaxial development, I, [165];
stem and leaf functions, II, [257];
mechanical stress and wood formation, II, [277];
growth and genesis, II, [451].
Differentiation (see [Morphology] and [Physiology]).
Difflugia: primary aggregate, II, [86–7];
symmetry, II, [186];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [309].
Diffusion, of colloids and crystalloids, I, [18–20]; II, [331].
Digestion: action of nitrogenous compounds, I, [69];
obesity, II, [480–4];
fertility, II, [514].
Dimorphism: floral, I, [534];
sexual, in parasites, I, [315];
social insects (see [Insects]).
Dinosaurs, size of, I, [139].
Diphyes: individuality, I, [246];
symmetry, II, [192].
Disease: segregation of blood constituents, I, [179];
changes in blood from, I, [221], [701];
heredity, I, [306–7], [312–3], [622–3];
belief in supernatural origin, I, [419];
parasitism and special creation, I, [427];
morbid products as specific characters, I, [567];
telegony, I, [646];
dermal structure, II, [306];
intestinal muscular hypertrophy, II, [325];
indigestion and alimentary canal development, II, [328];
jaundice and bilirubin, II, [330];
localization of excretion, II, [331];
membranes in inflammatory, II, [343];
osseous differentiation in rickets, II, [352];
fatty degeneration, II, [482].
Disintegration, physiological (see [Physiology]).
Distoma: metagenesis, I, [273–4];
disintegration of genesis, I, [276];
cycle of generations, II, [489].
Distribution: physical limits, I, [396];
organic environment, I, [396–8];
parasitic conditions, I, [397–8];
simultaneity of agencies affecting, I, [398];
mutual encroachments of species, I, [398–401], [477], [489];
facts disproving pre-adaptation to habitats, I, [401–3], [411–2];
of animals and plants in time, I, [404–11], [412];
ousting of native species in New Zealand, I, [477];
local influences, I, [477–9], [489];
through varied media, I, [479–85], [489], [556];
past and present organic forms, I, [485–9], [556];
complex organization and, II, [296–7].
Division of labour, physiological (see [Labour]).
Dog: contrasted lives of tortoise and, I, [103], [104];
inherited habits, I, [309], [573];
abnormal digits, I, [324];
interbreeding of divergent varieties, I, [565];
decrease of jaw, I, [615], [693];
telegony, I, [645];
conditions affecting fertility, II, [474], [479].
Dohrn, theory of vertebrate structure, II, [606].
Doliolum, combination of individualities, I, [247].
Domestication (see [Animals]).
Doubleday, E., on nutrition of genesis, II, [510–2].
Driesch, separation of segmentation spheres of Echinus ovum, I, [691]; II, [618].
Dropsy (see [Disease]).
Drosera: individuality, I, [251];
proliferous growth, II, [75].
Du Bois-Reymond, E. H., electricity from muscles and nerves, I, [50].
Dumas, antithesis of animals and plants, I, [62].
Dwarfs, Hindu family of, I, [316].

Ear, development of vertebrate, II, [318], [320].
Earth, climatic rhythm and organic change, I, [499–501], [557].
Earth-worm: bilateral symmetry, II, [199], [200];
mould production, II, [402].
Echinococcus (see [Entozoa]).
Echinodermata: independence of blastosphere cells, I, [185];
protoplasmic continuity in embryos, I, [190];
separation of segmentation spheres of ovum, I, [691]; II, [618];
symmetry, II, 191, [195–6].
Economy: of growth in natural selection, I, [536], [562];
a trait of organic evolution, II, [501], [504].
Ectoderm: functional differentiation, I, [202], [203];
functional vicariousness, I, [209];
reproductive function, I, [281].
Effects, Multiplication of: variation, I, [329–30], [333];
organic evolution, I, [511–4], [515], [517], [549], [557]; II, [405–6];
morphological development, II, [7–9], [234];
physiological differentiation, II, [390–1], [392].
Eggs (see [Embryology]).
Eimer, T., theory of orthogenesis, I, [563–4].
Elasmobranchii: protoplasmic continuity, I, [629];
segmentation, II, [126].
Electricity: genesis in organic matter, I, [50–2], [60];
muscular action, I, [59];
incomprehensibility, I, [121].
Elephant: fertility, I, [583], [599]; II, [459], [506];
cerebro-spinal system, I, [598], [599].
Elk, Irish, horns and correlated parts, I, [537], [674].
Eloidea canadensis: individuality, I, [248];
enormous agamic multiplication, I, [642].
Elongation, and locomotion in animals, II, [15].
Embryology: as aiding biology, I, [125–6];
simulated growth, I, [136];
initial and final organic bulks, I, [143], [158], [161];
fœtal flesh constituents, I, [154];
human arm development, I, [169];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [170–2], [451–4], [466];
embryonic heat, I, [177];
spherical organic form, I, [177];
unit-life in multicellular organisms, I, [185–6];
functional differentiation, I, [203];
individuality, I, [246–7];
unspecialized reproductive tissue, I, [279–83], [317];
changes following impregnation, I, [283–4];
nutrition and vegetal growth, I, [285–8], [295–7];
and animal growth, I, [289–94], [295–7];
physiological units and heredity, I, [317–9];
variation and parental functional condition, I, [324];
uterine environment, I, [327–8];
physiological units and variation, I, [330–4], [458];
fertilized and unfertilized ova, I, [340–1];
hermaphrodism, I, [341–2], [344];
sociological parallel, I, [366–8];
evolution hypothesis, I, [434], [436], [453], [454], [555];
petrel development, I, [455];
substitution and suppression of organs, I, [456–8], [466], [472–3];
structural proclivities of physiological units, I, [458];
abridgment of stages, I, [458–9], [464];
disappearance of intermediate forms, I, [459–60], [463];
pre-adaptation, I, [461–3];
discrimination of species in early stages, I, [461];
anomalous persistence of ancestral traits, I, [463–5];
phylogeny, I, [486];
egg-shell function, I, [527];
genesis of grades in social insects, I, [654–6], [658–9], [679–80];
determination of sex, I, [657];
order of development qualified by needs, I, [679];
osteology of Punjabis, I, [689];
direct transformations and physiological units, I, [706];
transformation of blastema, II, [20];
arrest of growth and innutrition, II, [73];
development of segmented animals, II, [100–2], [602];
adaptive vertebrate segmentation, II, [118–23], [124], [223–4], [605–6];
animal cell morphology, II, [228];
primary differentiations of germinal layers, II, [300–2];
lung development, II, [333–4];
mammalian ova-maturation, II, [342–3];
movements of ova, II, [356], [363];
modifications in mole, II, [391];
genesis and nutrition, II, [424], [425];
fish ova, II, [435], [454];
cost of genesis, II, [435–6];
number of birds’ eggs, II, [454–6], [478];
heat and genesis, II, [468], [474];
activity and genesis in birds, II, [470–2], [474];
vertebrate limb development, II, [553];
ossification in vertebrates, II, [556];
Owen’s vertebrate theory, II, [563];
development of vertebræ, II, [564].
(See also [Multiplication].)
Embryology of conceptions, I, [451].
Emigrants, type of organization among, I, [364]; II, [620].
Endoderm: functional differentiation, I, [202], [203];
functional vicariousness, I, [209].
Endogen, application of term, II, [62], [78], [82].
(See [Monocotyledons].)
Energy: evolution of, in animals, I, [71–7];
organic growth and expenditure, I, [141];
functional transfer, I, [201–6];
chromatin as the source of, in karyokinesis, II, [261–5].
(See also [Force].)
Entozoa: metagenesis, I, [273], [641];
self-fertilization, I, [342];
distribution, I, [398];
and special creation, I, [428];
fission in simple types, I, [584];
nutrition and genesis, I, [641]; II, [488];
direct transformation, I, [706];
integration, II, [102];
segmentation, II, [107], [108];
interdependence and organic integration, II, [404].
Environment: degree of life and complexity of, I, [104–7];
relation to organic structure and function, I, [172–8]; II, [12–5];
adaptation to varied media an evidence of evolution, I, [479–81], [556];
influence of solar system, I, [500], [556];
inherited adaptation to, II, [623].
Eolis, branchiæ, II, [118].
Epidermis (see [Skin]).
Epilepsy: definition of life and movements in, I, [112];
heredity, I, [312].
Epithelium: ciliated, I, [187];
Hertwig’s classification, I, [189];
reproductive function, I, [280];
“pavement” and “cylinder,” II, [229].
Epizoa: distribution, I, [398];
special creation and effects of, I, [428];
interdependence and organic integration, II, [404];
nutrition and genesis, II, [487].
Equilibration: variation and law of, I, [326], [334];
molecular arrangement, I, [337–45];
of organic change, I, [348], [347], [557];
direct and indirect, I, [519–22], [573];
adaptation by direct, I, [522–3], [551], [557];
nutrition, defence, and fertilization of plants, I, [523–5];
direct of animals, I, [525–8], [551], [557];
natural selection and indirect, I, [530–4], [552], [557];
of natural selection, I, [543–7], [552–3], [557];
increasing importance of direct, I, [553];
of forces acting on species, I, [571–2]; II, [417–20];
phenomena not accounted for by, I, [573];
tissue differentiation, II, [245];
genesis of nervous system, II, [307–8];
functional, II, [391–4];
laws of multiplication, II, [411–6];
in human and social evolution, II, [537].
(See also [Acquired characters] and [Natural selection].)
Errera, L., on inherited adaptation to environment in Aspergillus, II, [623].
Ethnology: heredity, I, [303–4], [310];
plasticity of mixed races, I, [354];
primitive ideas, I, [417];
evolution and classification, I, [441–3], [446];
natural selection, I, [553].
Euphorbiaceæ: foliar and axial development, II, [47–8];
physiological differentiation, II, [258];
dye permeability and circulation, II, [571];
wood formation, II, [575], [577], [578];
foliar vascular system, II, [589–92], [596].
Evaporation: organic change, I, [28];
vegetal circulation, II, [587].
Evolution: chemical elements and compounds, I, [22–4], [67];
primordial form of living matter, I, [63–4], [181]; II, [21–2];
definitions of life, I, [107–10];
growth the primary trait of, I, [135];
comprehends growth and development, I, [162];
illustrations in development, I, [167–70], [178–9];
progressive structural differentiation, I, [181–4], [192–6], [211–2];
life before organization, I, [210];
heterogeneity of function, I, [211];
stability of species, I, [242], [515], [518];
individuality, I, [247];
cell-organization, I, [262];
genesis, heredity, and variation resulting from, I, [354–5];
period required for organic, I, [407], [565–6];
contrasted with special creation hypothesis, I, [415], [431–40];
derivation of hypothesis, I, [431], [439], [554];
increasing belief in, I, [431–3], [439];
experiences supporting conceivability, I, [433–5], [439];
direct evidence, I, [435–7], [439];
malevolence not implied by, I, [437–9];
evidence from classification, I, [443], [444], [449], [466], [555];
embryology, I, [451–3], [466];
substitution and suppression of organs, I, [456–8], [466], [472–3];
insect segmentation, I, [468–9];
vertebral column development, I, [470–2];
rudimentary organs, I, [472–5];
adaptation to varied media, I, [479–85], [556];
growth of the theory of organic, I, [490–8];
instability of the homogeneous, a cause, I, [509–11], [516], [550];
multiplication of effects, I, [511–14], [517–8], [550]; II, [405];
segregation, and heterogeneity and definiteness of, I, [514–8], [550];
natural selection and general doctrine of, I, [543–8], [557];
factors tabulated, I, [551];
inductive evidences summarized, I, [555–6];
surviving disbelief in France, I, [559];
current theories of organic, I, [559–74];
Eimer’s theory of orthogenesis, I, [563–4];
Gulick on monotypic and polytypic, I, [569];
phenomena unexplained by theories, I, [573–4];
inorganic and the System of Philosophy, I, [696];
“spontaneous generation,” I, [696–701], [702];
dissolution and problems of morphology, II, [4–6];
morphology and formula, II, [7–9], [231–5];
difficulties of definition, II, [17];
cell-doctrine, II, [17–21], [85];
unicellular origin of plants, II, [21–2];
résumé of plant-morphology, II, [78–80];
origin and differentiation of phænogamic type, II, [83];
physiological problems, II, [239–43];
tissue differentiation, II, [244–6], [385];
integration of organic world, II, [396], [406];
race and individual multiplication, II, [428–30];
declining fertility and human, II, [431], [529–30];
individuation, genesis, and, II, [501–5];
human life, prospective, II, [522–5];
forces influencing human, II, [525–8];
future of population, II, [532–7];
self-sufficingness of, II, [537];
vertebral, II, [563–6].
Excretion: genesis of organs of, II, [303];
localization of, II, [331–3].
Exogen, application of term, II, [82].
(See [Dicotyledons].)
Expenditure (see [Multiplication]).
Eye, the: molecular transformations in visual process, I, [75–6];
progressive development, I, [195]; II, [317–9];
waste and repair, I, [218];
transmitted defects, I, [306], [311], [694];
degeneration in cave-animals, I, [309], [612–3], [614], [647–9], [693];
late development in insects, I, [658];
migration in flat fishes, II, [205].

Fabre, J. H., nutrition and sex in Osmia tricornis, I, [657].
False joints, I, [230];
theories of heredity and, I, [362], [364]; II, [371–2].
Fats, the: physical and chemical properties, I, [10–12];
non-nitrogenous, I, [41];
action of bile, II, [330].
Fatty degeneration, and failing vitality, I, [41].
Feathers, development, I, [474]; II, [314–6].
Feet, heredity and size, I, [311].
Ferments, changes and nitrogenous character of, I, [38].
Ferns: foliar development and nutrition, II, [76];
inner tissue differentiation, II, [273];
indefiniteness, II, [296];
genesis, II, [441], [463].
Fertility, the General Law of Animal, I, [577–601].
(See [Multiplication].)
Fertilization: unit-life of generative elements, I, [185–6];
the function of chromatin, I, [260], [263–5];
extrusion of polar bodies, I, [266–8];
nature and functions of generative elements, I, [279–83], [317], [334], [342], [593–7];
differentiation and variation effected by, I, [330–2];
the essential object of, I, [340–1]; II, [614–6];
hermaphrodism and self-, I, [341–2];
crossing and its effects, I, [343–7];
isolation of species in respect of, I, [570];
floral (see [Flowers]).
Ficus, foliar structure, II, [589], [596].
Fingers: embryogeny of human, I, [169];
heredity and abnormal, I, [305], [314], [321–3];
autogenous development of supernumerary, I, [363];
rudimentary, I, [473].
Fishes: sizes of ova and adult, I, [143–4];
growth of pike, I, [154], [292];
size and environment, I, [156];
temperature, I, [174];
self-mobility, I, [175];
continuity of blastomeres, I, [214]; II, [327];
genesis, I, [271]; II, [435], [436];
conditions affecting genesis, I, [292–3], [583], [598], [599]; II, [454];
classification, I, [392];
change of media, I, [401], [480];
distribution in time, I, [408–9];
climbing species, I, [480], [482];
migrations, I, [500];
dermal structure, I, [526]; II, [305–6], [315], [387];
Cunningham on non-adaptive specific characters, I, [565];
elongation and locomotion, II, [15];
segmentation, II, [122], [225];
bilateral symmetry, II, [203–5];
eyes of Pleuronectidæ, II, [205];
genesis of vertebrate axis, II, [212–6], [218–21], [225];
ossification of paleozoic, II, [218];
respiratory organs, II, [334–8];
activity and muscular colour, II, [365–9];
Owen on skeleton, II, [552], [557], [558–60], [562], [564].
Fission (see [Agamogenesis]).
Flint, Austin, on telegony, I, [644].
Flounder, symmetry and eyes, II, [205].
Flower, Sir W., on ferret, II, [480].
Flowers: pollen propulsion in orchids, I, [57];
nature of reproductive elements, I, [283];
insect fertilization, I, [340], [525]; II, [168], [174], [267], [407];
self- and mutual fertilization, I, [342–5], [570];
Darwin on homologies, I, [472];
direct equilibration and fertilization, I, [524–5];
dimorphism, I, [534];
foliar homology of petals, II, [43–6];
symmetry, II, [132], [161], [162–4], [170], [174], [608];
fertilization and symmetry, II, [164–70];
clusters and components, II, [170–4];
nutrition and inflorescence, II, [179–80], [541–2], [546–7];
tissue differentiation, II, [265–9];
separation of ancestral traits in hybrids, II, [616–7].
Fly, beneficial parasitism, II, [406].
Food (see [Nutrition]).
Food-cavity, genesis and development of, I, [188], [195].
Foraminifera: form, I, [173];
primary aggregate, II, [87], [124];
progressing integration, II, [89–90], [124].
Force: action on like and unlike units, I, [5];
expenditure and organic growth, I, [149–54], [161];
functional accumulation, transfer, and expenditure, I, [198–9], [201–3], [391];
waste and expenditure, I, [214–5];
distribution during strain, II, [209–12].
(See also [Energy], and [Persistence of Force].)
Fossils (see [Palæontology]).
Foster, Sir M., on storage of glycogen, I, [70], [74];
Increase of weight in hybernating dormouse, I, [214].
Fowls (see [Gallinaceæ]).
Foxglove: abnormal development, I, [287]; II, [46];
floral distribution, II, [141];
nutrition and growth, II, [179].
France: surviving disbelief in organic evolution, I, [559];
rate of multiplication, II, [509], [512].
Frankland, Sir E., on isomerism of protein, I, [700].
Fraser, Col. A. T., on family of Hindu dwarfs, I, [316].
Fries, E., multiplication of Reticularia, I, [582]; II, [450].
Frog: vitality of detached heart, I, [111];
of larval fragments, I, [365].
Fry, Sir E., on alternation of generations, II, [84].
Fuci: cell multiplication, II, [27];
undifferentiated outer tissue, II, [256].
Function: as a basis of classification, I, [124–9], [129–31];
simultaneous progress of structure and, I, [197], [211];
divisions of, I, [198–200], [391];
correlative complexity of structure, I, [200], [210–1];
progressive differentiations, I, [201–4];
concomitant integration, I, [205–8];
specialization and vicariousness, I, [208–10];
formula of evolution, I, [211];
diminished ability and overwork, I, [215–6];
growth and increased, I, [228–33], [234–5];
interdependence of social and organic, I, [237–9], [240–2];
structure and heredity, I, [306–13], [318–9] (see [Acquired Characters]);
aids natural selection, I, [308];
organic interdependence, I, [318–9];
parental condition and variation, I, [324], [326];
variation and altered, I, [325–6], [333–4];
as causing variation, I, [334–5];
effect on physiological units, I, [353–4]; II, [620];
zoological classification, I, [391–3];
multiplication of effects, I, [512];
law of equilibration, I, [519–22], [557];
correlation of changes in, I, [529];
structural effects of changing, I, [541–2];
structural co-operation, II, [3], [217];
vicarious vegetal, II, [270];
vicariousness and specialization, II, [293];
epidermic structure, II, [312–4], [387];
structure and muscular, II, [369], [391];
adaptive bone-structures, II, [370–1];
equilibration and adaptation, II, [392];
persistence of force and adaptation, II, [394].
(See also [Physiology].)
Fungi: nitrogenous character, I, [40];
development, I, [163], [164], [165];
conjugation, I, [279]; II, [449];
fission, I, [584], [585];
integration, II, [24–5], [293];
symmetry, II, [137–40], [146];
puff-ball tissue, II, [246], [252], [386];
tissue differentiation, II, [256];
inner tissue, II, [279];
indefiniteness, II, [295];
growth and genesis, II, [459];
nutrition and genesis, II, [487].

Gallinaceæ: conditions affecting fertility, II, [454–5], [469], [471];
masculine traits of old hens, II, [495].
Galls: definition of life and, I, [111];
Hertwig on, I, [690].
Galton, F., on variation outside the mean, I, [669].
Gamogenesis: homogenesis, I, [270], [271], [336];
heterogenesis, I, [270], [336];
independence of offspring, I, [278];
reproductive tissue, I, [279–84];
vegetal nutrition, I, [285–8], [293]; II, [39];
animal nutrition, I, [289–94], [297];
when and why does it recur? I, [294–7], [336–40];
effect on species, I, [347–9];
leaf formation, II, [39];
alternating generation in liverworts, II, [80–4];
molluscan homogenesis, II, [116], [117–8];
vertebrate, II, [118];
growth, II, [266].
(See also [Fertilization], and [Multiplication].)
Gasteropoda (see [Mollusca]).
Geddes and Thompson, on the determination of sex, I, [657].
Gelatine, nutritive value of, I, [77].
Gemmation: and genesis, I, [272–6];
theories of heredity and, I, [361];
annulose, II, [100–5], [106].
Generalization, impossibility of perfect, I, [450].
Generation, and genesis: the words, I, [269].
Genesis (see [Multiplication]).
Gentiana: floral arrangement, II, [608–11].
Genus: indefinite value, I, [389], [446];
instability of homogeneous and heterogeneity of, I, [509–11], [515], [517–8], [550], [557].
Geology: growth displayed in, I, [135], [136];
distribution in time, I, [404–11], [412];
special creation, I, [419], [426];
evolution, I, [432], [437];
record congruous with evolution, I, [485–9], [556];
organic influence of changes, I, [501–3], [549], [550], [557];
climatic influence of changes, I, [503];
time required for organic evolution, I, [565–6];
rise of insect and plant relations, II, [407];
human evolution and changes, II, [534].
Geometry, evolution illustrated by, I, [433–4].
Germ-cell: unspecialized nature, I, [279–83], [317];
dissimilarity, I, [330], [332], [334], [342];
equilibrium, I, [340].
(See also [Fertilization].)
Germ-plasm, Weismann’s theory of, I, [357–8];
inconsistent with plant embryogeny, I, [359];
regeneration of lost limbs, I, [362];
variations in peacock’s tail feather, I, [372], [695]; II, [618–9];
alleged differentiation of reproductive and somatic cells, I, [622], [628–30], [633–44], [646];
origin of variations in neuter insects, I, [659], [663–5], [671], [675];
correlated variations in stag, I, [677];
insuperable difficulties, I, [682];
conceivability of hypothesis, I, [695]; II, [619];
correlated variations in cultivated plants, II, [621–2].
Ghost-theory, Vitalism and, I, [114].
Giraffe, co-adaptation of structures, I, [615].
Gizzard, development of birds, II, [320].
Glass, molecular re-arrangement, I, [337], [352], [704].
Glove, strain analogy, II, [575].
Glycogen, In animal metabolism, I, [70], [72].
Goethe, J. W. von: foliar homology, II, [43–4], [543], [544];
archetypal hypothesis, II, [122];
vegetal fructification and nutrition, II, [180];
theory of supernumerary bones, II, [223];
on the skull, II, [561].
Gold, effect of bismuth on, I, [121].
Gorilla, callosities, II, [312].
Gould, J., Birds of Australia, II, [469].
Gout (see [Disease]).
Grafting, Born’s experiments with frog larvæ, I, [365].
Graham, T., properties of water, I, [9]; II, [359];
colloids and crystalloids, I, [15–8]; II, [356];
their diffusibility, I, [18–20];
sapid and insipid substances, I, [53].
Graminæ: foliar surfaces, II, [61], [263];
floral symmetry, II, [165];
physiological differentiation, II, [257].
Graminivores, food contrasted with that of carnivores, I, [68].
Grassi, on food habits of Termites, I, [686].
Gravity: its ultimate incomprehensibility, I, [121];
vegetal circulation, II, [586].
(See also [Specific Gravity].)
Gregarina: central development, I, [163];
primary aggregate, II, [87];
symmetry, II, [186].
Grimaux, on artificial proteids, I, [39].
Growth: organic and inorganic, I, [135–7];
simulation of, I, [136];
limits to, I, [137], [155–7];
structural complexity, I, [138–40], [145–7], [161];
nutrition, I, [140], [147–9], [161];
expenditure of energy, I, [141–3], [161];
initial and final bulks, I, [143–4], [157–60], [161];
final arrest of, I, [149–55], [639];
where unceasing, I, [154];
résumé with generalizations, I, [161];
defined, I, [162]; II, [461];
increased function, I, [228–33], [234–5];
functional interdependence, I, [235–9], [240];
nutrition and vegetal, I, [293], [294–7], [336]; II, [39];
heterogenesis and animal nutrition, I, [289–93], [296], [336];
homo- and heterogenesis and natural selection, I, [294–8];
of acrogens, II, [56];
cylindrical form of vegetal, II, [56–64];
endogenous, II, [60–2], [78];
exogenous, II, [63–4], [78];
plant differentiation, II, [129–131];
tissue differentiation, II, [370];
formation of adaptive bone-structures, II, [370–2];
progressive increase of size with evolution, II, [401–2];
vegetal, and asexual genesis, II, [439–42];
animal, and asexual genesis, II, [442–5];
antagonistic to asexual genesis, II, [446];
vegetal and sexual genesis, II, [448–51];
animal and sexual genesis, II, [452–6], [495];
antagonistic to sexual genesis, II, [457–8];
nutrition and genesis, résumé, II, [497–9];
evolution and, II, [501–5];
commencement of genesis, II, [506];
fertilization and restoration of growth-energy, II, [613].
Gulick, T.: on monotypic and polytypic evolution, I, [569];
physiological selection, I, [569–71].
Gunpowder, nitrogenous instability, I, [8], [43].
Gymnotus, electricity of, I, [51].
Gyrodactylus elegans, rapid succession of generations, I, [641]; II, [488].

Habit, change of, in plants, I, [308].
Hæmal, term applied to female element, I, [594–5].
Hairs: non-conductors of heat, I, [526];
vegetal, and natural selection, I, [532];
development, II, [314–6];
tactual organs, II, [317].
Hand: embryogeny, I, [169];
heredity and size of, I, [311];
distribution of veins, I, [364].
Hardy, W. B., I, [vii]; II, [vi].
Hare: activity and muscular colour, II, [365];
expenditure and genesis, II, [472].
Hart, J. A., on “Parasol” ants, I, [687–8].
Havilland, G. D., collection of Termites, I, [687].
Haystack, chemical action in, I, [74].
Head, structural influence of size, I, [512], [537].
Hearing: the sense of, I, [54];
multiplying agencies, I, [75].
Heart (see [Vascular System]).
Heat: action on di- and tri-atomic compounds, I, [7–8], [10–12], [23], [24];
on colloids and crystalloids, I, [26];
organic changes from evaporation, I, [29];
chemical decomposition by, I, [33];
organic oxidation, I, [46–9], [60];
growth and organic, I, [152–3];
animal, vegetal, and environment, I, [174–5], [177];
alloy melting points, I, [339];
organic effects of rhythm in terrestrial, I, [498], [557];
effect on physiological units, I, [705];
respiration in fishes, II, [337];
animal preservation, II, [434];
vertebrate expenditure and genesis, II, [468–9], [474];
insect genesis, II, [476];
seasonal variations and genesis, II, [484–5];
in germination, II, [615].
Hebrew idea of creation, I, [421].
Hectocotylus, individuality, I, [250].
Hellin, D., on multiparity and twin-births, II, [457].
Hen, what prompts her to pick up egg-shell fragments? I, [120].
Henslow, Rev. G., inheritance of functionally-produced changes, I, [560].
Hepaticæ: Schleiden on, II, [51], [52];
continuous and discontinuous development, II, [52];
phyletic homologies, II, [80–4];
meaning of so-called alternating generation, II, [84];
vascular system, II, [280];
genesis and development, II, [463].
Heredity: structural modification, I, [232];
function of cell-nucleus in, I, [258–59];
general truths, I, [301–4];
transmission of congenital peculiarities, I, [304–7];
structure and altered function, I, [307–13], [318–9] (see also [Acquired Characters]);
atavism, or recurrence of ancestral traits, I, [314];
sex limitation, I, [314–6];
physiological units, résumé, I, [350–5]; II, [612–6];
Darwin’s and Weismann’s theories examined, I, [356] et seq., [559–61]; II, [622];
true theory must include plants, I, [358];
inadequacy of theory of physiological units, I, [360–1];
sociological parallel, I, [366–8];
natural selection (q. v.), I, [545–7], [553], [557];
ethnology and natural selection, I, [553];
unsolved problems, I, [573–4];
mutilations, I, [631];
ultimate process incomprehensible, I, [695];
cell-doctrine, II, [19];
physiological development, II, [242];
wood formation, II, [287];
tissue differentiation, II, [304], [312–4];
respiratory system, II, [311];
osseous differentiation, II, [351];
muscular adaptation, II, [367];
persistence of force and physiological adaptation, II, [394];
vegetal vascular system, II, [574], [582], [588], [596].
Hermaphrodism, I, [340–3].
Hertwig, O.: on Weismann’s germ-plasm theory, I, [690];
cell characters, I, [691];
meaning of fertilization, II, [613].
Hertwig, R., classification of tissues, I, [189].
Heterochrony of development, I, [655].
Heterogeneity: in chemical evolution, I, [23–4];
of vital changes, I, [84–90];
of development, I, [170], [178];
functional, I, [204–8], [211–2];
of organic matter, I, [350–5];
organic and instability of homogeneous, I, [509–11], [517], [549], [557];
segregation accompanying, I, [514–6], [517–8], [550].
Heterogenesis: occurrence, I, [270], [272–5], [336];
animal nutrition, I, [289–91], [295–7];
natural selection, I, [295–8];
heredity, I, [301].
Hindus: food, I, [68];
dwarf family, I, [316].
Histology (see [Physiology]).
Hofmeister, sporophytic generation of Archegoniates, II, [80].
Hollyhock, floral symmetry, II, [167], [169], [170].
Homogeneous, instability of the: variation, I, [330], [334], [342];
evolution, I, [509–11], [517], [549], [557];
morphological development, II, [7–9], [234];
direction of vegetal growth, II, [181];
radial symmetry, II, [190];
physiological differentiation, II, [384], [392].
Homogenesis (see [Gamogenesis]).
Homology, simulation of, by analogy, II, [14].
Hooker, Sir J. D., I, [ix];
European plants in New Zealand, I, [477];
plant distribution, I, [479];
adaptation of plants to varied media, I, [484];
plant growth, II, [56];
Balanophoræ and Raffiesiaceæ, II, [274];
structural complexity, II, [295], [297];
relative antiquity and distribution of plants and animals, II, [297];
bean vascular system, II, [574].
Hooker, Sir W., on fructification in Jungermanniaceæ, II, [52].
Horns, natural selection and correlated variation, I, [537], [567], [674], [677].
Horse: ancestral types, I, [409];
fertility, I, [598];
weight of brain, I, [599];
quagga markings, I, [624], [627].
Husbandry, co-ordination of actions in, I, [96], [579].
Hutchinson, Sir J., hereditary syphilis, I, [623].
Huxley, T. H., I, [ix];
“continuous” and “discontinuous” development, I, [164];
classification of development, I, [276];
hermaphrodism, I, [344];
zoological classification, I, [383];
on “Persistent Types,” I, [408–9];
ancestral equine types, ib.;
segmentation of articulates, I, [468–9]; II, [113];
agamic multiplication of Aphis and Entozoa, I, [640–1]; II, [476];
cell-doctrine, II, [21];
vertebrate embryo, II, [119], [120];
molluscan symmetry, II, [202];
tegumentary organs, II, [314], [315];
vertebrate sensory organs, II, [318], [319];
Chondracanthus, II, [487];
Owen’s vertebrate theory, II, [563].
Hyacinth: lateral spike, II, [42];
symmetry, II, [141], [162].
Hybernation, waste and repair in, I, [214–5].
Hybrids, separation of ancestral traits in, II, [616–7].
Hydro-carbons: properties, I, [6–9];
the term carbo-hydrates (q. v.), I, [10].
Hydrochloric acid, in gastric juice, I, [69].
Hydrogen: chemical and physical properties, I, [3–5];
compounds, I, [6], [8], [9], [10–12], [12–13].
Hydrozoa (see [Cœlenterata]).
Hymenoptera (see [Insects]).
Hypertrophy (see [Disease]).
Hypospadias, telegonic transmission, I, [646].
Hypostasis of a relation, exemplified in explanations of fertilization, II, [613].

Ideas (see [Psychology]).
Individuality: the botanical, I, [244–6];
the zoological, I, [246–7];
the fertilized germ product, I, [248–9];
definition of life, I, [250].
Individuation: and genesis, I, [583–4]; II, [428–30], [499];
total cost, II, [435–7];
genesis and evolution, II, [501–5], [529], [530].
Infusoria: functional specialization, I, [391];
primary aggregate, II, [87];
asymmetry, II, [187], [188];
differentiation, II, [299], [385];
genesis, II, [442], [446], [452].
Injuries, repair of animal, I, [219], [222–4], [316]; II, [102], [611].
Insanity, inherited, I, [314].
Insects: temperature, I, [47], [174];
phosphorescence, I, [49];
self-mobility, I, [175];
parthenogenesis, I, [274–5], [277], [294], [592], [640];
growth and reproduction, I, [292];
species distribution determined by presence of, I, [396–7];
eyes of cave-inhabiting, I, [309], [612–3], [614], [647–9], [693];
persistent types, I, [408];
retrograde development, I, [458];
segmentation, I, [468–9]; II, [114];
aborted organs, I, [474];
East Indian distribution, I, [478];
floral fertilization, I, [525]; II, [168–9], [406–7], [608];
appliances for cleaning antennæ, I, [651];
eyes, I, [658]; II, [318];
integration and homology, II, [111–3], [121];
bilateral symmetry, II, [198];
sexual selection, II, [269];
eyes, II, [318];
environment, II, [433];
cost of genesis, II, [436], [437];
development and genesis, II, [461];
nutrition and genesis, II, [476], [490–2].
Insects, Social, origin of caste gradations in, I, [654–65], [670], [674], [675], [678–84], [686–8].
Instability of the homogeneous (see Homogeneous).
Instinct: organic evolution and co-ordination of, in mason-wasp, I, [574];
a vital attribute, I, [578];
loss of self-feeding, in Amazon ants, I, [660–1], [663–4].
Integration: in chemical evolution, I, [23];
morphological composition, II, [4–6];
arthropod, II, [111–4], [121];
physiological, in plants, II, [292–5], [295–8], [390];
of organic world, II, [396–408];
genesis, II, [424], [426–9].
Intelligence, a vital attribute, I, [579].
Internodes: varied development, II, [45];
nutrition and length, II, [178–9].
Intestine (see [Alimentary Canal]).
Intra-selection, Roux’s theory of, I, [562], [676–8].
Irish, nutrition and genesis, II, [510].
Iron: colloidal form of peroxide, I, [17], [20];
molecular re-arrangement, I, [337], [704];
vegetal absorption, II, [573].
Iron industry, interdependence of social function, I, [237–41].
Isolation, and species differentiation, I, [568–9].
Isomerism: of organic constituents, I, [4], [9], [25];
tri- and poly-atomic compounds, I, [11], [13], [25];
muscular action, I, [59];
organic evolution, I, [700], [703];
differentiation of nerve tissue, II, [356–60], [361];
of muscular tissue, II, [361–4].

Jackson, J. Hughlings, on inheritance of nervous peculiarities, I, [313], [694].
Jaundice (see [Disease]).
Jaws, of uncivilized and civilized, I, [541–2], [612], [693].
Johnson, G. Lindsey, on inherited myopia, I, [694].
Jones, T. Rymer, on fission, I, [585], [590].
Julin, C., on “castration parasitaire” in Crustaceans, II, [493–6].
Jungermanniaceæ: morphology, II, [33–4];
relations of high and low types, II, [35], [55];
continuous and discontinuous development, II, [52–5], [92];
tubular structure, II, [58], [62];
proliferous growth, II, [67], [91];
colour, II, [75], [265];
symmetry, II, [140];
fertility and growth, II, [441].
Jussieu, A. de, plant classification, I, [378].

Karyokinesis, I, [257], [259], [263–5].
Kerner, A., on cauline buds, I, [358];
plant classification in Natural History of Plants, I, [378–9].
Kidd, Benj., his acceptance of Weismannism, I, [690].
Kitto, Dr., his visual memory and deafness, I, [230].
Klebs, on Hydrodictyon, I, [288];
Vaucheria, II, [84].
Klein, E., multiplication of Bacteria, II, [443].
Korschelt, E., annulose segmentation, II, [103], [601–3], [605];
Arenicola larvæ, II, [109].

Labour, physiological division of, I, [204], [207], [591]; II, [373];
its meaning and Weismann’s fallacious interpretation, I, [634–5].
Lacaze-Duthiers, on origin of annulose type, II, [110].
Lamarck: zoological classification, I, [382];
opinions of E. Darwin and, I, [491], [493–7];
neo-Darwinists and, I, [630–1].
Laminariaceæ: pseudo-foliar and axial development, II, [30];
tissue, II, [247], [256], [272].
Language: and evolution, I, [442], [444], [446];
perceptiveness of tongue-tip, I, [607].
Lankester, Sir E. Ray, absence of nucleus in Archerina, I, [183];
diversity of Protozoa, ib.;
zoological classification, I, [387];
blindness of cave-animals, I, [647–8], [649].
Laugh, definition of life and, I, [112].
Laurel, leaves of, II, [149], [249].
Leaves: growth of shoot, I, [168];
development and aggregation, II, [37–42], [76];
stem-like stalks, II, [41];
homologies, II, [42], [75–7], [83];
nutrition and compound, II, [42];
foliar and axial development, II, [46–50], [541–7];
“adnate,” II, [58];
proliferous growth, II, [67], [91];
nutrition and development, II, [76–8];
symmetry, and of branches, II, [148–50], [151];
size and distribution of leaflets, II, [152–5];
transition from compound to simple, II, [155–8];
unsymmetrical form, II, [158–9];
natural selection and distribution, II, [179];
morphological summary, II, [234–5];
tissue differentiation, II, [247];
distribution, II, [249];
outer tissues of stem and, II, [256–9], [270], [386];
distribution of stomata, II, [260–1];
wax deposit on, II, [260], [261];
light and colour, II, [261–2];
superficial differentiation, II, [263–5], [270], [387];
abortive in parasitic plants, II, [274];
submerged, in aquatic plants, II, [274–5];
inner tissue differentiation, II, [278], [388];
vascular tissue differentiation, II, [286], [288], [388];
dye absorption and circulation, II, [570–4], [577];
vascular system, II, [588–92], [596];
arrangement, II, [608–11].
Lepidoptera (see [Insects]).
Lepidosiren: ossification, II, [218];
respiration, II, [338];
skeleton, II, [553], [555], [560].
Lepidosteus: armour, I, [526];
air-bladder, II, [334].
Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre, on Australian miners’ usages, I, [364].
Lessonia: Hooker on growth, II, [56];
branch symmetry, II, [146].
Lewes, G. H., definition of life, I, [80].
Lichens: tissue, I, [586];
cell multiplication, II, [27];
Hooker on growth, II, [56];
tubular structure, II, [57];
integration, II, [293];
dual nature, II, [399];
reproduction, II, [450].
Liebig, Baron, nitrogenous food stuffs, I, [47–8].
Life: co-ordination of actions, I, [79], [89], [577–80];
defined by Schelling, I, [78], [178];
Richeraud, I, [79];
De Blainville, I, [79], [93];
Lewes, I, [80];
definition yielded by contrasting most unlike kinds, I, [81–8];
changes showing, I, [91];
vital actions and environment, I, [92–3];
resulting addition to conception, I, [93], [326];
Comte’s definition, I, [93];
correspondence of external and internal relations, I, [93–6], [100]; II, [523];
continuous adjustment of such relations, I, [99];
completeness proportionate to correspondence, I, [101–4], [109], [349];
length and complexity, I, [103];
complexity of environment and degree of, I, [104–6];
definitions of evolution and, I, [107–10];
deficiencies of formula, I, [112–3];
activity the essential element, I, [113];
hypothesis of independent vital principle examined, I, [114–7];
difficulties of physico-chemical theory, I, [117–20];
ultimate incomprehensibility, I, [120–3], [373];
validity of conclusions reached, I, [123];
is organization produced by? I, [197];
precedes organization, I, [210];
definitions of individuality and, I, [250];
effect of incident forces on, I, [348–9], [355];
length in individuals and species, I, [422];
equilibration of, I, [547], [557];
final formulation of definition, I, [580];
co-ordination of actions and sexual differentiation, I, [593];
“absolute” commencement of, I, [699], [702];
integration and augmentation, II, [426];
prospective human, II, [522–5].
Light: influence on organisms, I, [30–6]; II, [433];
nitrogenous plants, I, [40];
organic phosphorescence, I, [49];
heliotropism, I, [92]; II, [160];
effects on organic matter, I, [149];
plant adaptation, I, [227];
rhythmical variation of, and organic life, I, [499], [557];
vegetal influences, II, [130], [131], [147], [149], [158];
influence on flowers, II, [167–8], [608–11];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [253–5], [258], [259];
action on leaves, II, [260–4];
on plant vascular system, II, [288], [297], [586];
development of sensory organs, II, [320].
Liliaceæ, floral symmetry, II, [170].
Lime, leaf forms, II, [158], [159].
Lindley, J., plant classification, I, [377].
Linnæus, C., classificatory system, I, [377], [380].
Linnet, contrasted with blackbird in development, II, [503].
Liver: metabolic processes, I, [69], [70];
vitality of excised, I, [111];
development, II, [329–33].
Liver-fluke (see [Distoma]).
Liverworts (see [Hepaticæ]).
Lizard, regeneration of lost tail, I, [360].
Locomotion (see [Motion]).
Logic, reasoning and definition of life, I, [81–6].
Logwood, vegetal staining, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584].
Longevity, and complexity of life, I, [102–3].
Lubbock, Sir J.: on growth and genesis in insects and crustaceans, I, [292];
aquatic flies, I, [400].
Lungs (see [Respiratory System]).
Lymphatic system: amœboid cells, I, [187];
structural traits, I, [192], [193].

MacBride, E. W., I, [vi]; II, [vi];
zoological phyla, I, [386–7];
arthropod segmentation, II, [114];
ctenidia of slug, II, [117];
conjugation of Paramæcium, II, [452].
Macrocystis pyrifera, gigantic seaweed, I, [121].
Magenta, vegetal staining, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584].
Magnetism: muscular action, I, [59];
incomprehensibility, I, [121].
Maillet, B. de, modifiability of organisms, I, [490], [496].
Mammalia: temperature and molecular change, I, [30];
nutrition and growth, I, [141];
expenditure of force, I, [142], [156];
flesh constituents, I, [154];
temperature, I, [174], [177];
self-mobility, I, [175];
functional and structural differentiation, I, [201];
heart-function, I, [206];
viviparous homogenesis, I, [271];
variation and uterine environment, I, [327];
classification, I, [392];
cervical vertebræ, I, [394]; II, [564];
aquatic types, I, [400];
fossil remains and rate of evolution, I, [407];
ancient and modern forms contrasted, I, [408–10];
embryonic respiratory system, I, [456];
suppression of teeth, I, [457];
arrested development, I, [473–4];
simulated homologies, I, [485];
natural selection and inactive parts, I, [534];
re-development of rudimentary organs, I, [563];
location of testes and current theories, I, [573];
fertility and development, I, [583]; II, [465];
fertility and nervous development, I, [598–9];
locomotion and elongated form, II, [15];
symmetry, II, [204];
tegumentary structure, II, [314];
circulation, II, [340];
vascularity and ova-maturation, II, [342–3];
activity and muscular colour, II, [365–9];
functional integration, II, [375];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [387];
growth and genesis, II, [456], [459];
comparative fertility, II, [465], [470];
heat expenditure and genesis, II, [467–9];
activity and fertility, II, [472];
nutrition and genesis, II, [479–80].
Man: effect of climate on vigour, I, [30];
flesh and grain eaters compared, I, [68];
longevity and life, I, [103];
complex environment, I, [105];
embryogeny of arm, I, [169];
fertility and conditions affecting it, I, [300], [570], [583]; II, [484], [506–21];
inheritance of functionally-produced changes, I, [310–3], [541], [605], [608], [612], [652], [673], [689], [693–4];
heredity and sex, I, [315–6];
function of bilirubin, I, [330];
cousin-marriages, I, [346]; II, [615];
primitive notions, I, [417–9];
inutility of Appendix vermiformis, I, [474];
diminution of jaw, I, [541], [612], [693];
co-ordination of actions greatest in, I, [579];
fundamental traits of sex, I, [594–7];
obesity, I, [594];
substance and weight of brain, I, [596], [599];
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [602–8], [665–6], [672–3], [692];
telegony, I, [625], [644–5];
degradation of little toe, I, [652], [673];
transmitted osteological peculiarities of Punjabis, I, [689];
traits of twin-bearing women, II, [457];
comparative mammalian fertility, II, [465];
future evolution, II, [522–37].
(See also [Language] and [Sociology].)
Manatee, nailless paddles, I, [473].
Manx cats, I, [303].
Marchantiaceæ: symmetry, II, [140];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [252].
Marmot, hybernation and waste, I, [214–5].
Marriage (see [Multiplication]).
Marsh, O. C., on telegony, I, [644].
Masters, M. T., on foliar homology, II, [46–7];
selection of inconspicuous variations in plants, II, [298], [621];
separation of ancestral constitutions in plant hybrids, II, [616];
single and double stocks, II, [622].
Matter, incomprehensibility of interactions, I, [121–2].
Mechanics: transverse strains, II, [209–12];
genesis of vertebrate axis, II, [212–6], [216–8], [224], [225–7];
osseous differentiation, II, [345–51];
disintegrated motion, II, [375];
analogy from locomotive, II, [517–9];
future human evolution, II, [524];
strain and vegetal structure, II, [574–88], [592–6].
Medusæ: contractile functions, I, [58]; II, [374];
individuality, I, [248];
heterogenesis, I, [273];
fertility, I, [582];
strobilization, I, [592];
symmetry, II, [188–91].
Mehnert, E., on feet of pentadactyle vertebrates, I, [461].
Mensel’s salt, temperature and isomerism, I, [77].
Metabolism: antithesis between plants and animals, I, [62–3];
evolution hypothesis and primordial, I, [63–4];
in plants, I, [64–7];
animals, I, [67–77];
nervo-muscular activities, I, [71–7];
summary, I, [77];
cell processes, I, [261].
Metals: remarkable interactions of some, I, [121];
melting of alloys, I, [339];
atomic re-arrangement, I, [352].
Metamerism (see [Segmentation]).
Metazoa: cellular structure, I, [184], [194]; II, [21];
subordination of units, I, [185–7];
general characters of tissues, I, [188–9];
protoplasmic continuity, I, [190–2], [194], [628];
genesis of food-cavity and visual organ, I, [195];
Weismann’s differentiation theory, I, [637–43].
Meteorology: non-vital changes shown in, I, [82], [84];
crystallization of “storm glass,” I, [96];
special creation, I, [419];
rhythm in, and organic change, I, [499–501], [557];
variations due to geologic change, I, [503].
Microstomida, segmental reproduction, II, [102].
Migration: of animal species, I, [396–401], [411];
solar influences, I, [500];
part played by, in organic evolution, I, [568];
causes of, II, [533–4].
Milk, heat and supply of, II, [468].
Milne-Edwards, H., “physiological division of labour,” I, [204];
Weismann’s erroneous application of it, I, [634];
on ocular structure, II, [318].
Mind (see [Psychology]).
Mitosis (see [Karyokinesis]).
Mobility, molar and molecular, I, [14];
environment and self-mobility, I, [177].
Mohl, on phænogamic growth, II, [82].
Mole, modifications due to habits, II, [391].
Molecules: mechanically considered, I, [14];
stability, I, [337–40];
nerve differentiation, II, [355–61], [379–82].
Mollusca: axial development, I, [165];
genesis, I, [271]; II, [444];
hermaphrodism, I, [341];
classificatory traits, I, [392];
distribution in time, I, [405], [408], [410], [446–7];
trochophore and its relationships, I, [447]; II, [108], [109], [115];
development, I, [460];
amphibious and terrestrial, I, [481];
indirect equilibration, I, [534];
secondary aggregation, II, [115–7];
symmetry, II, [201–3];
outer tissue, II, [310], [387];
alimentary system, II, [325];
vascular system, II, [340–1].
Molluscoida, II, [598].
(See [Polyzoa] and [Tunicata].)
Monocotyledons: growth, I, [138], [139], [143];
uniaxial development, I, [165];
cotyledonous germination and endogenous growth, II, [59–62], [69–72], [82–3], [181–2];
absence of helical phyllotaxy in Ravenala, II, [182];
surface contrasts, II, [257];
outer leaf tissue, II, [263];
wood formation, II, [278];
growth and genesis, II, [451].
Monstrosities, in plants, II, [78], [541], [546];
vertebrate, II, [118].
Morgan, T. H., on regeneration of Planaria, II, [102], [611].
Morphology: facts comprised in, I, [125–6];
morphological units, I, [190–2], [225];
rudimentary organs, I, [472–5], [556];
structural and functional co-operation, II, [3], [239];
integration, II, [4–6], [181–96];
change of shape, II, [6];
formula of evolution, II, [7–9];
as interpreted by phylogeny, II, [10–6];
evolution and cell-doctrine, II, [17–21].
Morphology, Animal: evolution and segmentation of Articulata, I, [468–9];
vertebral column development, I, [470];
simulated homologies, II, [14–5];
primary aggregates, II, [85–8], [123–4];
secondary, II, [88–91], [124];
tertiary, II, [91–3];
integration and independence of individuality, II, [93–9], [124];
annulose segmentation, II, [98–101], [106–10], [125–7], [602–7];
progressive annulose integration, II, [100–5], [111–5], [121], [124], [223];
unintegrated molluscan form, II, [115–7];
vertebrate segmentation and integration, II, [117–23], [124–7], [223–4], [602], [606–7];
motion and symmetry, II, [183–5];
symmetry of primary and secondary aggregates, II, [186], [187–91];
of compound Cœlenterata, II, [192–4];
simulation of plant shapes, II, [192];
symmetry of Polyzoa and Tunicata, II, [194];
of Platyhelminthes and Echinoderms, II, [195–7];
of Annulosa, II, [197–201];
of molluscs, II, [201–3];
of vertebrates, II, [203–6], [208];
similarity of animal and plant, II, [206];
cell-shapes, II, [228–30];
evolution and generalizations summarized, II, [231–5].
(See also [Structure].)
Morphology, Vegetal: simulated homologies, II, [13–4];
unicellular plants, II, [21];
aggregation and integration, II, [22–6], [78–9];
pseudo-foliar development, II, [26–8];
pseudo-axial, II, [28–9];
pseudo-foliar and axial, II, [30–2];
composition of Archegoniates, II, [33–5];
leaf development and aggregation, II, [37–42], [75–8];
foliar homologies, II, [42–6], [75–8];
foliar and axial development, II, [46–50], [541–7];
growth and development of Archegoniates, II, [50–6];
of Phænogams, II, [56–64], [78–80];
axillary bud development, II, [65–9];
phænogamic modes of growth, II, [69–72];
homologies, II, [73–5], [80–4];
development of foliar into axial organs, II, [75–8];
résumé, II, [78–80];
criticisms and replies, II, [80–4];
can plant shapes be formulated? II, [128];
growth and differentiation, II, [129–31];
kinds of symmetry, II, [131–3];
symmetry of primary aggregates, II, [134–7];
of secondary, II, [137–40];
tertiary, II, [140–3];
symmetry and environing influences, II, [143–4];
symmetry of branches, II, [145–8];
leaf and branch symmetry, II, [148–50];
phænogamic unit homology, II, [151];
size and distribution of leaflets, II, [152–5];
transition from compound to simple leaves, II, [155–8];
unsymmetrical leaf development, II, [158–9];
differentiation of homologous units, II, [159–60];
floral symmetry, II, [161–74];
cell-differentiation and metamorphosis, II, [175–7];
nutrition and differentiation, II, [178];
and inflorescence, II, [179];
helical growth of phænogams, II, [180–1];
summary of symmetry, II, [234];
stress and structure, II, [275–9], [388].
(See also [Structure].)
Morton, Lord, quagga-marked foal, I, [624].
Moser, impressions produced by light on metals, I, [352].
Mosses: varied development, II, [501], [52];
homologies, II, [80], [81];
indefiniteness, II, [296];
multiplication, II, [441].
Moth, clothes, food of larva, I, [77].
Motion: organic, and environment, I, [75–7], [175–8], [196];
of animals and waste, I, [214], [220];
simulation of locomotive structures, II, [15].
Motor organs, differentiation of, I, [262].
Mountains: climatic effects, I, [504];
growth of trees on, II, [142].
Mouse: fertility of, II, [421], [473];
tapeworm parasitism, II, [490];
compared with rat, II, [503–4].
Mucor, II, [22], [123].
Mucous membrane, differentiation, II, [321–2], [389].
Multiplication: decline of fertility with evolution, I, [103]; II, [431];
vitalism, I, [116];
phenomena classified, I, [130];
the term “genesis,” I, [269];
processes classified, I, [270–6], [336], [583];
a process of disintegration, I, [276];
reproductive tissue in gamogenesis, I, [278–84];
nutrition and growth, I, [285–94], [295–7], [299];
natural selection, I, [295–8];
hermaphrodism, I, [340–4];
in-and-in breeding, I, [344–7];
physiological units, I, [350–5];
law of race-maintenance, I, [581]; II, [420–3], [430];
effect of mental application, I, [597]; II, [511–4], [516–9], [530];
individuation antagonistic to, I, [598–600]; II, [428–30], [435–7], [499], [501–5];
checks put by carnivores on, II, [405];
four factors in rate of, II, [416], [435];
destructive and preservative forces, II, [417–20];
rhythm of species, II, [419];
nutrition and disintegration of, II, [424], [425], [430];
integration and genesis, II, [426–8];
influence of environment, II, [432–3];
and variations of expenditure, II, [433–5];
growth and asexual genesis, II, [439–46];
asexual and sexual distinguished, II, [448];
sexual genesis and growth, II, [448–58], [495];
and development, II, [461–5];
plant expenditure, II, [467];
animal expenditure, II, [468–72];
nutrition in plants, II, [475], [511];
in animals, II, [476–84], [511];
seasonal variations, II, [484–5];
nutrition, résumé, II, [486], [497–9];
nutrition and parasitic, II, [486–90];
reversion to agamogenesis, II, [490–2];
human fertility, II, [506–10];
Doubleday on, II, [510–2];
civilized and uncivilized, II, [514–6];
human evolution and decline in, II, [529–31];
the future of population, II, [532–7];
equilibration and evolution, II, [537].
Muscle: electrical contrasts, I, [50];
action of, I, [59];
metabolism, I, [70], [71–4];
definition of life and actions of, I, [112–3];
growth and function, I, [151], [155];
development, I, [170];
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, I, [189];
functional differentiation, I, [203–4];
waste and repair, I, [215–7];
modifiability and adaptability, I, [228–9], [230], [232];
correlated variations, I, [536–9], [614–21], [676], [693];
resistance to strains, I, [639];
action on bones in Punjabis, I, [689];
differentiation, II, [361–9];
activity and colour, II, [365–9];
integration, II, [376], [382];
equilibration in action, II, [393];
activity and fertility in birds, II, [470–2];
future human evolution, II, [523];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [598–600].
Music: limited adaptability of voice and ear, I, [231];
inheritance of faculty, I, [311–2], [694].
Mutilations, the question of their inheritance, I, [631].
Mycetozoa, growth and reproduction, I, [298–9].
Myocommata (myotomes), and vertebrate skeleton, II, [216], [217–8], [222].
Myopia, inheritance of, I, [306], [694].
Myrianida fasciata, I, [361]; II, [445].
Myriapoda: gemmation, I, [589];
segmentation, I, [590]; II, [113], [114], [601];
degenerated eyes of cave-inhabiting, I, [649];
integration and homology, II, [111–4];
genesis, II, [445].
Myxothallophyta, I, [378].

Nails, mammalian, I, [473].
Nais: regeneration of detached parts, I, [219], [361].
Narcissus, separation of ancestral traits in hybrids, II, [617].
Natural selection: structural modification, I, [211];
in cell processes, I, [263–4];
multiplication, I, [295–8];
aided by function, I, [308–10];
special creation, I, [426–7];
the term “survival of the fittest,” I, [530];
indirect equilibration, I, [530–5], [552–3], [557], [571];
changes unexplained by, I, [535–42], [571]; II, [371];
tendency to economy, I, [536], [562];
decrease of jaw, I, [541], [693];
general doctrine of evolution, I, [543–8], [557];
unceasing operation, I, [552];
human races, I, [553];
current views, I, [559–60];
panmixia and cessation of selection, I, [560–3];
intra-selection, I, [562], [676–8];
Eimer’s theory of orthogenesis, I, [564];
Mr. Cunningham’s criticism, I, [565–6];
location of mammalian testes, I, [573];
co-ordinated instincts of mason-wasp, I, [574];
tactual perceptiveness, I, [603–8], [633], [646], [665], [671], [672], [692];
erroneously identified with artificial selection, I, [609], [695];
reversed selection, I, [611];
blindness of cave-animals, I, [613], [614], [647–8], [693];
co-adaptation of co-operative parts, I, [614], [621], [663–5], [670], [674], [675], [689], [692];
where operative, I, [632];
Weismann on conceivability of process, I, [651];
degeneration of little toe, I, [652–3], [673];
genesis of caste gradations In social insects, I, [654–60], [663], [670], [675], [684];
self-feeding instinct in ants, I, [660–2], [670];
rudimentary organs, I, [667–9], [671], [692];
horns of stag, I, [676–8], [692];
musical faculty, I, [694];
the neo-Darwinian position reviewed, I, [694–5];
vegetal nutrition, II, [51–2];
upright vegetal growth, II, [56–7];
endogenous growth, II, [57–8];
exogenous, II, [64];
Navicula symmetry, II, [135];
foliar, II, [158];
foliar distribution, II, [167], [179];
floral fertilization and symmetry, II, [168–70], [608–11];
helical phænogamic growth, II, [181];
Echinodermata and bilateral symmetry, II, [197];
vertebrate structure, II, [214–20], [227];
phænogamic tissue differentiation, II, [248];
physiological differentiation, II, [252], [256];
rootlets of ivy, II, [254];
stomata and foliar surfaces, II, [261], [262];
floral fertilization, II, [268–9];
sexual selection, II, [269];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [279];
wood formation, II, [287–8], [290];
animal tissue differentiation, II, [304–8];
evolution of nervous system, II, [307–8];
respiratory system, II, [311];
dermal callosities, II, [312–4];
sensory organ complexities, II, [321];
skin and mucous membrane differentiation, II, [322];
localization of excretion, II, [333];
respiratory organs of fishes, II, [335–8];
heart and vascular system, II, [341], [344];
osseous differentiation, II, [355];
also muscular, II, [363], [368–9];
“false joints,” II, [371];
insect nutrition and genesis, II, [499];
economics of evolution, II, [501–5];
author’s enunciation of survival of the fittest in 1852, II, [528–9];
evils of interference with, in man, II, [532–3];
vegetal tissue formation, II, [582], [594–6];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [599].
Nature, more complex than supposed, I, [252], [450].
Navicula, symmetry, II, [134–5].
“Nebular Hypothesis,” I, [23].
Negation, inconceivability of, the ultimate test of truth, I, [675].
Negroes, telegony In United States, I, [644–5].
Nemertidæ: continuing vitality of pilidium, I, [250];
bilateral symmetry, II, [195].
Neo-Darwinists, and Lamarck, I, [630];
their position reviewed, I, [694–5].
Nerves: electrical phenomena, I, [51];
generation of nerve force, I, [52–6], [60];
corpuscula tactus, I, [75];
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, I, [189];
structural traits, I, [192], [193];
environment and structure, I, [196];
differentiation, I, [203]; II, [355–61];
vasomotor system, I, [206];
vicarious function, I, [209];
activity and waste, I, [216];
adaptability, I, [229], [232], [236];
parallelism in cell processes, I, [260–2];
heredity, I, [313];
effects of severance, I, [349];
relative development in men and women, I, [594];
analysis of brain substance, I, [596];
individuation and development of, I, [598], [599], [600];
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [603–8], [633], [646], [665–6], [671], [672], [692];
alleged costliness of tissue, I, [662];
instinct degeneration in ants, ib.;
“sensation areas,” I, [666];
segmentation in Annelids, II, [125];
ectodermal derivation, II, [303–4];
co-operating factors in evolution of, II, [307–8];
differentiation from muscle, II, [363].
(See also [Psychology].)
Nervousness, hereditary transmission, I, [307].
Neurine, I, [594], [597].
Neuter insects (see [Insects]).
New Zealand: invasion of alien species, I, [477];
kinship of past and present forms, I, [489].
Nitrogen: properties, I, [3–5], [20], [24];
compounds and their properties, I, [6], [8], [9], [12–14], [25–6], [39], [41], [42–3]; II, [250];
organic importance, I, [42–3];
evolution of heat and oxidation, I, [47];
violent organic effects of compounds, I, [54–5];
function in metabolism, I, [63–4], [66], [68–76];
presence in protoplasm, I, [66];
action in digestion, I, [69];
fat accumulation and fertility, II, [483].
Nitro-glycerine, violent effects of, I, [55], [122].
Notochord: segmentation, II, [125], [218–22];
formation, II, [217–8], [600];
in Permian vertebrates, II, [225].
Noumenon, life not manifested as, I, [580].
Nuclein, II, [21].
Nucleus: central development, I, [163];
in simple organisms, I, [183];
phenomena exhibited by, I, [255–8];
current hypotheses of function, I, [258–9];
properties and function of chromatin, I, [259–65];
fusion in fertilization, I, [283–4];
function in unicellular reproduction, I, [595–6];
absence of, II, [20–1];
diffused form, II, [85];
macro- and micronucleus in conjugation, II, [452].
Nutrition: organic molecular re-arrangement, I, [36];
nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous, I, [47–8], [68], [71–4], [77]; II, [362];
food assimilation and reasoning, I, [81];
needful for vital change, I, [94];
relation to growth, I, [140], [143], [144], [147–9], [150], [157], [161];
expenditure of energy, I, [157], [391];
fluid, I, [208];
vegetal fructification, I, [267]; II, [266];
vegetal growth and genesis, I, [293], [294–7], [336];
animal growth and genesis, I, [289–93], [295–7], [336];
conditions qualifying antagonism of growth and genesis, I, [299];
competition among parts of an organism for, I, [562], [566], [676];
sex differentiation, I, [594–5];
cell multiplication, I, [638];
differentiation of neuter insects, I, [655–60], [670], [674], [686–8];
monstrous ant forms, I, [683–4];
leaf development, II, [39], [42], [73–8];
vegetal development, II, [51–2], [178], [276];
axillary buds, II, [65–9], [73–4];
effect on animal aggregation, II, [93];
internodes and inflorescence, II, [178–80];
helical phænogamic growth, II, [181];
action of bile, II, [330];
osseous development, II, [349], [353];
genesis, II, [419], [422], [427], [435–7], [452];
parental loss in feeding young, II, [424], [429];
diverse sources, II, [433];
Carpenter on reproduction and, II, [460];
animal development and genesis, II, [465];
expenditure and genesis, II, [468];
variations of genesis, II, [475–80], [511];
obesity and genesis, II, [480–4], [511];
general doctrine of genesis, II, [486];
genesis and vegetal parasitism, II, [486];
also animal, II, [487–90], [495];
insect genesis, II, [490–2];
genesis, résumé, II, [497–9];
and evolution, II, [501–4];
of blackbird and linnet, II, [503];
genesis in human race, II, [508–10], [514–6];
Doubleday on, II, [510–2];
future human evolution, II, [526], [531];
floral monstrosities, II, [542], [546], [547].

Obesity, nutrition and genesis, II, [480–4], [511].
Odoriferous glands, natural selection and, I, [534].
Odours: floral fertilization, II, [268–9];
animal protection, II, [434].
Offspring: parental loss entailed by nurture, II, [424], [429];
influence of age on, II, [507].
Oken, L., archetypal hypothesis, II, [122];
theory of supernumerary bones, II, [223];
on the skull, II, [561].
Oliver, F. W., classification of plants, I, [378–9].
Ophryotrocha puerilis, ciliation of segments, II, [109].
Orchids: pollen propulsion, I, [57];
leaf formation in Dendrobium, II, [60–1];
aërial roots and physiological differentiation, II, [255], [257];
foliar surface, II, [264].
Organic matter: properties of elements, I, [3–5], [22];
of compounds, I, [5–13], [25];
molar and molecular mobility, I, [12–14];
colloid and crystalloid form, I, [15–8], [25];
their diffusibility, I, [18–21], [26];
extreme complexity, I, [21];
laws of evolution and genesis of, I, [22–4];
modifiability, I, [27], [44];
capillarity and osmosis, I, [28];
effects of heat, I, [29];
of light, I, [30–4];
nitrogenous, I, [39–43];
oxidation and evolution of heat, I, [46], [60];
genesis of electricity, I, [50–2], [60];
sensible motions in, I, [59];
transformations and persistence of force, I, [61];
metabolism, I, [62–77];
artificial production of compounds, I, [64];
contrasted with inorganic matter, I, [107–8];
incomprehensibility of vital changes in, I, [122];
instability, I, [149], [508];
phosphorus in cell-organization, I, [260–1];
heterogeneity, I, [350–5];
“spontaneous generation” and evolution of, I, [696–701];
cell-doctrine and evolution of, II, [17–21].
Organization (see [Structure]).
Ormerod, Dr., on sex and nutrition in wasps, I, [656].
Orthogenesis, Eimer’s theory of, I, [563–4].
Osmosis: organic effects, I, [28], [29];
in animals, I, [58];
in vascular system, II, [339];
in vegetal tissue, II, [568], [575], [577], [585], [592–6].
Osteology (see [Bone]).
Ovum (see [Egg] and [Fertilization]).
Owen, Sir R.: metagenesis and parthenogenesis, I, [273–4];
fossil mammals, I, [410];
human parasites, I, [427];
continuous operation of creative power, I, [492];
fission in Infusoria, I, [584], [585], [595–6];
parthenogenesis, I, [592];
theory of vertebrate skeleton, II, [123], [548–66];
theory of supernumerary bones, II, [223];
Eschricht on Ascaris, II, [488].
Oxalis: radial symmetry, II, [152];
foliar surface, II, [264].
Oxen: comparison with sheep, I, [158], [160];
cerebro-spinal system, I, [508].
Oxidation (see [Oxygen]).
Oxygen: properties, I, [3–5], [20], [22];
compounds, I, [6–7], [10–13], [22], [24–5];
a crystalloid, I, [21];
combining power and atomic weight, I, [33];
organic change from, I, [37];
heat generation, I, [46–9];
phosphorescence, I, [49];
nerve force dependent on, I, [53];
animal metabolism, I, [72], [73];
necessary to animal life, I, [94–5], [577];
activity and amount inhaled, I, [214].

Packard, A. S., on eyes of cave-animals, I, [648–9], [693].
Paget, Sir J., blood changes in small-pox and scarlatina, I, [221], [701].
Palæontology: distribution in time, I, [404–11], [412];
special creation, I, [425];
congruity with evolution hypothesis, I, [485–9], [556];
relations of present to extinct species, II, [10–11];
scarcity of remains, II, [34–5];
secondary thickening in plants, II, [56];
Cope on osteology of Permian Vertebrates, II, [225–6].
Pangenesis, Darwin’s theory of, I, [356], [357], [359], [360], [362], [372].
Panmixia, Weismann’s hypothesis of: Its relation to Romanes’ “cessation of selection,” I, [560];
alleged selective process denied, I, [561–3], [667], [685];
distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [608];
rudimentary eyes of cave fauna, I, [612–3], [647];
Romanes on process, I, [649], [667];
degeneration of self-feeding instinct In Amazon ants, I, [660–2], [670];
rudimentary limbs of whale, I, [668–9], [685];
a pure speculation, I, [671];
markings on leg-bones of Punjabis, I, [689].
Paramœcium: parasite infesting, I, [427];
reproduction, II, [443], [452].
Parasites: sexual dimorphism, I, [315];
limits to distribution, I, [397];
special creation and, I, [427–9], [438];
retrograde development, I, [457]; II, [12];
aphis and ant, I, [660–1]; II, [403], [405];
as an integrating agency, II, [402–4];
its comparative recency, II, [404];
nutrition and genesis in vegetal, II, [486];
in animal, II, [487–90], [493];
“castration parasitaire” in crustaceans, II, [493–6].
Parasol Ants, origin of classes, I, [687–8].
Parthenogenesis: occurrence, I, [274–5];
alternating with gamogenesis, I, [289–91];
Owen on, I, [592];
laws of multiplication, II, [415];
in articulate animals, II, [445].
Pasteur, L., silkworm diseases, I, [622–3].
Peacock: theories of heredity and structure of tail feather, I, [372–3], [695]; II, [618–9].
Pear, foreright shoots, I, [287].
Peloria: in gloxinia, II, [166];
phænogams, II, [180].
Penguin, dermal structure, II, [314].
Pepsin, I, [69].
Pericyclic fibres of monocotyledons, II, [278].
Peripatus capensis, protoplasmic continuity, I, [629].
Peri-visceral sac, function and differentiation, I, [391].
Perkin, W. H., I, [vi].
Persistence of force, corollaries from: properties of compounds, I, [3];
organic transformation, I, [60];
growth, I, [150];
organic energy, I, [220];
variation, I, [335];
genesis, heredity, and variation, I, [354–5];
morphological summary, II, [235];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [245];
physiological development, II, [394].
Petals: foliar homology, II, [43–6];
“adnate,” II, [58].
Petrels, Darwin on, I, [455].
Phænogams: production of spermatozoids, I, [186];
morphological composition, II, [37–79];
leaf transitions, II, [37–42];
foliar homologies, II, [42–9];
origin of type, II, [49–84];
vertical growth, II, [56–64];
axillary buds, II, [66];
cotyledonous germination and endogenous growth, II, [69–72];
axial homologies, II, [73–5];
irregular development, II, [75–8];
degree of composition, II, [78];
reproductive homology, II, [80–4];
uni- and multiaxial symmetry, II, [141–3];
unit of composition, II, [151];
helical growth, II, [181];
secondary thickening, II, [247];
tissue and leaf differentiation, II, [247–9], [387];
also bark and cambium, II, [249–50], [386];
also outer tissue, II, [252], [256–9], [270], [386–7];
wax deposit on leaves, II, [260–2];
differentiation of inner tissues, II, [273–5], [388];
vascular system development, II, [280–4], [388];
integration, II, [293–5], [296], [390];
insect fertilization, II, [407];
multiplication, II, [441], [442];
genesis and growth, II, [451], [457];
and development, II, [464];
and nutrition, II, [476], [477], [511];
substitution of axial for foliar organs, II, [541–7].
Phenomenon, life manifested as, I, [580].
Philology (see [Language]).
Phoronis, individuality, II, [444].
Phosphorescence, organic, I, [49].
Phosphorus: allotropic, I, [4];
in cell physiology, I, [259–62];
cerebral activity, I, [596–7];
organic evolution, I, [703].
Photogenes, visibility of, I, [218].
Phylogeny: as interpreting morphology, II, [10–12];
difficulties of affiliation, II, [34–5].
(See [Embryology] and [Evolution].)
Physiological Units: definition, I, [226];
genesis, I, [280–1], [316];
heredity, I, [315–9];
variation, I, [330], [331–2], [333]; II, [619];
stability, I, [340]; II, [614];
self-fertilization, I, [342–4], [353];
interbreeding, I, [345], [353]; II, [615];
recapitulation of hypothesis, I, [350–5]; II, [612–7];
structural proclivities, I, [362], [364], [369–71]; II, [613], [622];
sociological analogy, I, [364]; II, [620];
complexity in organized types, I, [368–70];
re-named “constitutional units,” I, [369];
telegony, I, [650];
“mechanical theory,” I, [701–6];
morphological development, II, [7–9];
cell-doctrine, II, [17–21];
development, II, [76];
“false joints,” II, [371–2];
dissociation of ancestral traits in hybrids, II, [616–7];
inheritance of acquired characters, II, [618–23].
Physiological division of labour (see [Labour]).
Physiological Selection, I, [569–71].
Physiology: and psychology, I, [127];
subdivisions, I, [128];
vicarious function, I, [208];
primitive interpretations, I, [417];
multiplication of effects exemplified, I, [512]; II, [390];
relations to morphology, II, [3], [239–41];
evolutionary interpretation of phenomena, II, [241–5], [384–95];
ultimate inconceivability of processes, II, [372];
correlated integration and differentiation, II, [373].
Physiology, Animal: metabolism, I, [67–77];
vertebrate internal symmetry, II, [108];
tissue differentiation in Protozoa, II, [299], [385];
primary tissue differentiation, II, [300–2], [382], [389];
natural selection and tissue differentiation, II, [304–8];
outer tissue in Cœlenterata, II, [309–10];
respiratory organs, II, [310–1], [333–8];
differentiation of animal epidermic tissue, II, [312–4], [387];
development of tegumentary organs, II, [314–6];
of sensory, II, [317–20];
inner and outer tissue transition, II, [321–2], [389];
alimentary canal differentiation, II, [323–5];
gizzard development in birds, II, [325];
alimentary canal of ruminants, II, [327–9];
differentiation of liver, II, [329–33];
of animal vascular system, II, [339–44];
of osseous system, II, [344–55];
of nerve tissue, II, [355–61];
of muscle, II, [361–9];
differentiation and integration, II, [373–6];
in vascular system, II, [376–9], [383];
in nerves, II, [379–82];
origin of development, II, [384];
differentiation and instability of homogeneous, II, [384–9], [392];
summary of development, II, [384–94];
multiplication of effects, II, [390–1], [392];
equilibration, II, [391–4].
(See also [Function].)
Physiology, Plant: metabolism, I, [62–7];
tissue differentiation in secondary aggregates, II, [246], [385];
in phænogams, II, [247–9], [386];
in bark and cambium, II, [249–50], [386];
in free and fixed surfaces, II, [251–6], [270], [386];
outer stem and leaf tissue, II, [256–9], [270], [386];
superficial differentiation in leaves, II, [260–4], [270], [387];
floral tissue differentiation, II, [265–9];
outer tissue, résumé, II, [270];
inner tissue differentiation, II, [273–5], [388];
supporting tissue, II, [275–9], [285–8], [388];
vascular system development, II, [273–5], [279–84], [285–8], [388];
inner tissue, summary, II, [288–91], [388];
integration, II, [292–8];
differentiation and instability of homogeneous, II, [384–9], [392];
multiplication of effects, II, [390–1], [392];
equilibration, II, [391–4];
circulation and wood formation, II, [564–97];
dye permeability, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584], [586].
(See also [Function].)
Pickering, J. W., on artificial proteids, I, [39].
Pig: colour of muscles, I, [365–6];
telegony, I, [627];
fertility of domestic and wild sow, II, [479–80].
Pigeons: food of starving, I, [215];
heredity and variation, I, [305], [321], [615];
atavism, I, [314];
fertility, II, [471–2], [478].
Pike, unceasing growth, I, [154], [292].
Pique-gouffe, commensal relations with buffalo, II, [403].
Plagiochila, evolution of stem, II, [62].
Planaria: integration, II, [101–2];
Morgan on regeneration, II, [102], [611];
segmentation, II, [107];
symmetry, II, [195];
unintegrated function, II, [373].
Plants: influence of heat, I, [29];
effect of solar rays, I, [31–6], [500], [557];
chemical composition, I, [40–1];
heat generation, I, [47];
phosphorescence, I, [49];
electricity, I, [51];
sensible motion, I, [56–7], [58];
metabolism, I, [62–7], [70];
vital changes, I, [86], [87], [91], [94];
simulation by crystals, I, [96];
vital adjustments, I, [102];
length and complexity of life, I, [103–4];
biological classification, I, [125];
growth, I, [136], [138], [140], [143], [145–9], [153], [160–1]; II, [401–2];
development, I, [163–5], [167–70], [272];
weight, temperature, and self-mobility, I, [174];
function, I, [174–8];
structure, I, [194–6]; II, [21];
animal structure contrasted, I, [196];
function and structure, I, [200];
vicarious function, I, [208–9];
waste and repair, I, [213], [220];
physiological units, I, [225–6], [317], [360];
adaptation, I, [227];
what is an individual? I, [244–6], [250–1];
genesis, I, [270], [271], [272–3], [274], [276–8], [279–85];
relation of nutrition to growth and genesis, I, [284–9], [294], [295–300], [642]; II, [39];
ovule homologues, I, [288];
natural selection, I, [294–8], [532], [533]; II, [51];
heredity, I, [301–4], [308], [358–60];
variation, I, [320], [323–4], [325–6];
fertilization, I, [340–5];
classification, I, [377–80], [389–90];
distribution, I, [396–400], [401–3], [404–12], [478–9], [556];
special creation and parasitism, I, [428];
evolution hypothesis, I, [434], [443], [449–50];
rudimentary organs, I, [474], [475], [556];
varied media, I, [484]; II, [32];
alien and native species in New Zealand, I, [477];
E. Darwin and Lamarck on evolution of, I, [490–8];
geologic changes affecting, I, [501–3], [557];
interdependence of animals and, I, [504–6], [514]; II, [398];
complexity of influences affecting, I, [506];
direct equilibration, I, [523–5];
indirect, I, [532], [533];
seed distribution, I, [546];
wood development, II, [285–7], [289], [567–97];
interdependence, II, [402–3], [404];
insect relations, II, [406–7];
adaptation and multiplication, II, [411–6];
rhythm in numbers, II, [419];
growth and asexual genesis, II, [439–42];
growth and sexual genesis, II, [448–51];
expenditure, II, [467];
horticulture, nutrition, and genesis, II, [477];
tree development, II, [553];
circulation and wood formation, II, [567–92];
dye permeability and circulation, II, [569–74], [577–81], [584], [586];
résumé on circulation and wood formation, II, [592–7].
(See also [Multiplication], [Morphology], and [Physiology].)
Plasmodium, dissolution of, I, [185].
Plato, ἰδέα of, II, [550].
Platyhelminthes: transverse fission, II, [101];
segmented and non-segmented types, II, [102], [107];
symmetry, II, [195], [197];
multiplication and growth, II, [488–9].
Plethora, fertility and, II, [480–4], [511].
Pleurococcaceæ, unicellular form, II, [21], [134].
Pleuronectidæ: symmetry and location of eyes, II, [205];
outer tissue, II, [387].
Plumatella: metagenesis, I, [277];
symmetry, II, [195].
Podostemaceæ, undeveloped circulatory system, II, [274].
Polar bodies, hypothesis concerning extrusion of, I, [266–8].
Polarity, organic, of physiological units, I, [226], [315], [317], [332], [350–1], [701–6].
Polyatomic compounds (see [Chemistry]).
Polychætæ, anomalous development in Myrianida, I, [361].
Polycytharia, integration, II, [90], [124].
Polygastrica, aggregation, I, [586].
Polymerism: of compounds, I, [9], [11], [25];
nerve tissue, II, [356].
Polypori, symmetry and environment, II, [139].
Polyps (see [Cœlenterata]).
Polyzoa: size, I, [140];
multiaxial development, I, [165];
structural indefiniteness, I, [173];
functional differentiation, I, [202];
trochophoral kinship, I, [447];
integration, II, [93–4], [96], [124];
symmetry, II, [194], [207];
vascular system, II, [340];
gemmation, II, [444].
Poor Laws, and natural selection, II, [532].
Population, A Theory of, I, [265], [577–601]; II, [411].
Potato: simulated growth, I, [136];
vicarious function of tuber, I, [209]; II, [255];
sub-species, I, [302];
dye absorption, II, [279].
Preservation: fertility and self-, I, [581]; II, [423], [430];
nutrition, II, [493].
“Progress; its Law and Cause,” theory of species differentiation, I, [568].
Projectiles, factors in flight of, I, [450–1].
Proteids: metabolic function, I, [67], [68], [69], [72], [76];
complexity of molecule, I, [122].
Protein: evolution, I, [23], [24];
isomerism, I, [700], [703], [704].
Proteus, degeneration of eye, I, [613].
Protodrilus, intestine segmentation, II, [125].
Protophyta: internal movements, I, [56];
limit of growth, I, [138];
development, I, [164];
structure, I, [173], [181–3];
self-mobility, I, [175];
individuality, I, [245];
multiplication, I, [270], [276], [279], [581], [584–5]; II, [439], [462];
genesis and nutrition, I, [295];
unicellular, II, [21];
central aggregation, II, [24];
symmetry, II, [134];
tissues, II, [244], [249];
primary differentiation, II, [385];
primordial type, II, [398];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Protoplasm: self-increasing function of primordial, I, [63–4];
plant metabolism, I, [65–7];
complexity, I, [122], [253–5];
differentiation in simple organisms, I, [182–3];
continuity and inter-circulation, I, [190–2], [371], [629]; II, [21], [620];
“streaming,” I, [253];
structure, I, [253–5].
(See also [Cell].)
Protozoa: inorganic components, I, [17];
locomotion, I, [58], [175]; II, [14];
vital changes shown by, I, [94];
limitation of growth, I, [138];
development, I, [164];
structure, I, [173], [181–3];
incipient differentiation, I, [198], [391]; II, [299], [309];
multiplication, I, [270], [276], [279], [280], [582], [584]; II, [442], [451–2];
genesis and nutrition, I, [295];
distribution, I, [396];
parasites infesting, I, [427];
Weismann’s hypothesis of immortality, I, [637];
“spontaneous generation,” I, [697–701];
non-nucleated, II, [20];
primary aggregate, II, [86–7], [124];
progressing integration, II, [89–91], [124];
symmetry, II, [186];
primordial plant-animal type, II, [397–8];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Protyle, hypothetical chemical unit, I, [22], [23].
Pseud-axial development, vegetal, II, [28–9], [30].
Pseudo-foliar development, vegetal, II, [26–8], [30].
Psychidæ: parthenogenesis, I, [275];
sexual dimorphism, I, [683].
Psychology: reasoning and definition of life, I, [81–8];
correspondence shown by recognition, I, [95];
contrasted with physiology, I, [127];
departments of, I, [127–8];
vicarious function, I, [209];
waste and repair in sensory organs, I, [217];
sensory adaptability, I, [229], [231], [232];
inheritance of sensory defects, I, [306];
musical talent, I, [311–2];
intellectual progress and special creation hypothesis, I, [417];
special creation a pseud-idea, I, [420], [429], [433], [554];
legitimacy of evolution hypothesis, I, [433–5], [439], [554];
embryology of ideas, I, [450], [457];
persistent formative power unrepresentable, I, [492];
E. Darwin’s and Lamarck’s theory of desires, I, [494];
natural selection and brain evolution, I, [553];
genesis and cerebral activity, I, [594]; II, [512–4], [516–9], [530];
heredity and distribution of tactual perceptiveness, I, [602–8], [646], [665–6], [672], [692];
inconceivability of the negation, I, [675];
vitiation of evidence, II, [88];
repetition and perception, II, [143];
differentiation of sensory organs, II, [317–20];
differentiation of nerve tissue, II, [355–61];
functional integration, II, [376];
also integration, II, [380–2];
equilibration of nerve discharge, II, [393];
human fertility and nerve development, II, [466], [532];
future human evolution, II, [523–5], [527];
human evolution and genesis, II, [529–31];
future mental development, II, [535];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [598–600].
Pteridophyta: size attained by, I, [138], [139];
homologies, II, [80–1], [82];
frond surface differentiation, II, [260].
Pteropoda: bilateral symmetry, II, [201];
dermal respiration, II, [310].
Ptyaline, metabolic function, I, [69].
Punjabis, inheritance of acquired osteological peculiarities, I, [689].
Pyrosomidæ: phosphorescence, I, [47];
integration, I, [588]; II, [97].

Quagga, telegonic transmission of markings to offspring of mare, I, [624], [627], [646].
Quills, development, II, [314–6].

Rabbit: activity and muscle colour, II, [365];
over-running checked by weasels, II, [405];
expenditure and genesis, II, [472].
Radial, definition, II, [148].
Radiolaria: unicentral development, I, [163];
secondary aggregation, II, [88];
symmetry, II, [187].
Radula, development of roots from leaflets, II, [34].
Rafflesiaceæ: homogenesis, I, [272];
tissue differentiation, II, [274];
nutrition and genesis, II, [486].
Rat (see [Rodentia]).
Rathke, H., on vertebrate embryo, II, [119].
Ray, J., plant classification, I, [378].
Reasoning, compared with assimilation, I, [81–7].
Recapitulation, embryological, I, [453].
Regeneration (see [Repair]).
Rejuvenescence, and sexual fertilization, I, [637]; II, [613].
Remak, R., vertebrate embryo, II, [120].
Repair: continuity of, I, [216–9];
animal injuries, I, [219], [222–4]; II, [102], [611];
deductive interpretation, I, [221–2];
theories of heredity and regenerative phenomena, I, [360–1].
Repetition of like parts, II, [126].
Reproduction (see [Multiplication]).
Reptilia: growth and expenditure of force, I, [142];
sizes of ova and adult, I, [144];
longevity of crocodile, I, [154];
temperature, I, [174];
waste, I, [214];
distinctive characters, I, [392];
distribution in time, I, [409], [412];
vertebral segmentation, I, [470];
rudimentary limbs of snakes, I, [473];
fertility and development, I, [583], [598], [599];
regeneration, I, [589];
elongated form, II, [15];
supernumerary vertebræ, II, [123], [564];
bilateral symmetry, II, [203], [204];
Cope on segmentation in extinct, II, [225], [226];
activity and muscular colour, II, [365];
functional integration, II, [375];
outer tissue differentiation, II, [387];
Owen on skeleton, II, [560].
Resistance of media to locomotion, II, [15].
Respiratory System: effect of light, I, [31];
organic re-arrangement, I, [37];
cutaneous, I, [209];
air-cells of lungs, I, [254];
embryonic branchiæ of salamander, I, [457];
differentiation, II, [310–1], [333–8];
physiological integration, II, [374–5], [382];
vascular differentiation and integration, II, [377].
Retrograde metamorphoses, in animals, II, [12].
Retzius, G., superficial nerve-endings, I, [666].
Reversed Selection, I, [611], [612].
Rhabdospheres, calcareous armour and dynamic element in life, I, [119].
Rhizoids, foliar expansions, II, [50].
Rhizopoda: structure, I, [173];
undifferentiated function, I, [200];
a primary aggregate, II, [86];
symmetry, II, [186];
tissue differentiated, II, [299], [385];
motion of sarcode, II, [356];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Rhythm: astronomic and organic, I, [499], [557];
law of equilibration, I, [520–1];
in multiplication, II, [419].
Richeraud, Baron A., definition of life, I, [79].
Riley, C. V., on telegony, I, [645];
Termites, I, [680], [681];
pouch of Honey-ants, I, [684].
Rodentia: incursions, I, [399];
American types, I, [403];
fertility and development, I, [583], [599].
Rivinus, plant classification, I, [377].
Rokitansky, on false joints, I, [230].
Romanes, G. J.: on “cessation of selection,” I, [560–2];
isolation and species differentiation, I, [569];
“physiological selection,” I, [569–71];
panmixia, I, [649], [667];
influence of a previous sire on progeny, I, [649].
Röntgen rays, I, [121]; II, [621].
Roots: developed from leaflets, II, [34];
physiological differentiation, II, [253–5], [270];
nutrition from leaves, II, [274];
size and function, II, [276].
Rotiferæ: latent vitality of desiccated, I, [117];
trochopore, II, [108], [109];
molluscan relationship, II, [115];
fertility and size, II, [453], [459].
Roux, W.: “intra-selection,” I, [676];
functional adaptation, II, [354].
Rudimentary organs: the definition of life and, I, [112];
natural selection and eyes of cave fauna, I, [309], [612–4], [647–9], [693];
evolution hypothesis, I, [472–5], [556];
limbs of whale, I, [668–9], [685], [693].
Ruminants, alimentary canal development, II, [327–9].

Salamander, embryonic branchiæ, I, [457].
Salmonidæ, reproduction and growth, I, [291–3]; II, [454].
Salpidæ: heterogenesis, I, [272], [277];
integration, I, [588]; II, [97].
Sap (see [Vascular system]).
Sarcina: central aggregation, II, [24];
fertility, II, [440].
Savage, Dr., on “Heredity and Neurosis,” I, [313].
Scenedesmus, individuation, II, [24].
Scent: natural selection and keenness of, I, [610];
floral fertilization, II, [268–9];
animal protection, II, [434].
Schelling, E. W. J. von, definition of life, I, [78], [178].
Schleiden, J. M., on individuality, I, [245];
on liverworts, II, [50], [52];
algal indefiniteness, II, [296].
Science, complex revelations of, I, [252], [369], [450].
Scyphomedusæ, strobilization, II, [108].
Sea: changes and movements in, I, [83];
life in, lower than terrestrial, I, [104];
distribution, I, [396], [517];
change of media caused by, I, [481];
geologic influence, I, [502].
Seals: nail-bearing toes, I, [473];
vibrissæ, II, [317].
Seasons: reproductive periodicity, I, [299];
variations of genesis with, II, [484–5].
Sedgwick, Adam: on continuity of protoplasm in animals, I, [190], [629]; II, [21];
zoological classification, I, [387];
discrimination of species in embryonic stages, I, [461];
persistence of ancestral traits, I, [463–4];
Archiannelidan segmentation, II, [109].
Sedgwick, Wm.: heredity and sex, I, [305], [314];
telegonic transmission of hypospadias, I, [646].
Seeds: nitrogenous, I, [40];
temperature of germinating, I, [47]; II, [615];
vitalism and latent vitality of, I, [116–7];
variation in environment, I, [327];
natural selection among, I, [532].
Segmentation (metameric): special creation hypothesis, I, [468–9];
Huxley on number of somites in higher articulates, ib.;
in annulose animals, II, [98–110], [111–5], [601–5];
simulated molluscan, II, [116];
in vertebrates, II, [125–7], [225–7], [606–7];
in elasmobranchs, II, [126].
Segregation: of growth, I, [136];
of like units, I, [179];
organic repair, I, [221];
variation, I, [331], [334];
heterogeneity, and definiteness of evolution, I, [514–6], [517–8];
morphological development, II, [7–9];
physiological units, II, [616].
Self-fertilization, animal and vegetal, I, [341–4], [353].
Senses, the (see [Psychology]).
Sex: in Ascidian colonies, I, [247];
limitation of heredity by, I, [314–6];
correlated traits, I, [371–2], [513];
nutrition and determination of, in social insects, I, [655–60], [678–84], [686–9];
neural and hæmal traits, I, [683];
differentiation of organs, II, [303];
castration and growth, II, [459];
Julin on “castration parasitaire” in crustaceans, II, [493–6];
the object of fertilization, II, [613].
(See also [Fertilization].)
Sexual Selection (see [Natural Selection]).
Sharp, D.: on insect somites, I, [469];
food habits of Termites, I, [686–7].
Sheep: contrasted with oxen, I, [158], [160];
crossing of English and French breeds, I, [625];
nutrition and genesis, II, [480].
Sherrington, Prof., on effects of nerve severance, I, [349].
Ship-building, interdependence of social functions, I, [237–9], [241].
Shipley, A. E.: segmentation of Microstomida, II, [102];
Protodrilus, II, [125].
Silica, colloid and crystalloid, I, [16].
Silicic acid: properties, I, [16];
isomerism, I, [59].
Silicon, allotropic, I, [4].
Silkworm disease, I, [622–3].
Simulation: of homology by analogy, II, [14], [485];
of segmented structure by molluscs, II, [116].
Siphonophora, specialization of component polyps, II, [95].
Sirenia, simulated fish form, I, [485].
Size (see [Growth]).
Skeleton, vertebrate (see [Vertebrata]).
Skin: respiratory function, I, [209];
adaptability, I, [228]; II, [312–4], [387];
transmitted peculiarities, I, [306];
Wallace on distribution of sensitiveness, I, [646–7];
differentiation, II, [215], [217], [304–7];
tegumentary development, II, [314–6], [387];
differentiation of sensory organs, II, [317–20];
and mucous membrane, II, [303–4], [321–2], [389].
“Skin friction,” and locomotion of aquatic animals, I, [156].
Skull (see [Vertebrata]).
Sleep, repair favoured by, I, [216].
Small-pox, blood changes from, I, [221].
Smith, Prof. W., on fertility of diatomaceæ, II, [440].
Smith, W. P., on telegony in calves and foals, I, [645].
Smith, W. W., on habits of Tetramorium, I, [660].
Snakes (see [Reptilia]).
“Social organism,” author’s essay on, I, [363], [676].
Sociology: environment and degree of life, I, [105–6];
functional differentiation, I, [204];
division of labour, I, [207], [363–4], [367];
functional interdependence, I, [237–9], [240–2];
autogenous development of units in colonies, I, [364], [367–8]; II, [620];
belief in social evolution, I, [432];
natural selection, I, [553]; II, [532];
integration and differentiation, II, [378–9];
effects of population, II, [535–6];
equilibration, II, [537].
Soil, dependence of plant evolution on, II, [402].
Solanum jasminoides, organs of attachment, II, [276].
Solar system, autogenous development illustrated by distribution of forces in, I, [366].
Sole, symmetry and location of eyes, II, [205].
Soma-plasm, Weismann’s theory of differentiation from germ-plasm, I, [357], [622], [628–30], [633–44].
Somites (see [Segmentation]).
Special creation: and evolution, I, [412], [415], [431];
improbabilities, I, [418–9], [430], [439], [554];
inconceivability, I, [420], [429], [431], [554];
of individuals and species, I, [421–4];
the implication of beneficence, I, [425–9];
summary, I, [429], [554];
Von Baer’s formula, I, [451–6];
vertebrate skeleton, II, [551], [556], [565].
Species: adaptation and stability, I, [242];
hereditary transmission, I, [301–4];
variation in wild and cultivated, I, [323–5], [326], [693];
gamogenesis and life of, I, [347–9];
physiological units, I, [362], [364], [369–71], [458]; II, [613];
indefiniteness, I, [389], [445], [572];
special creation, I, [422–4];
instability of homogeneous, and differentiation of, I, [509–11], [515], [517–8], [550], [557];
persistence of, I, [516], [518]; II, [10–11];
natural selection and equilibration, I, [543–8], [553], [557];
non-adaptive characters, I, [565];
morbid products as marks of, I, [567];
migration and isolation as causes of differentiation, I, [568–9];
increasing multiformity of aggregate, II, [396].
Specific gravity, of organisms and environment, I, [174], [177].
Spermatozoa |
Sperm-cell | (see [Fertilization]).
Sphere: tendency of units to form, I, [15];
the embryonic form, I, [177];
symmetry, II, [131].
Spheroid, symmetry, II, [132].
Spiders (see [Arachnida]).
Spine (see [Vertebrata]).
Sponge: structure and dynamic element in life, I, [119];
multicentral development, I, [164];
units and aggregate, I, [185];
reproductive tissue, I, [283];
integration, I, [586]; II, [90], [383];
physiological differentiation, II, [300], [386];
development and genesis, II, [463];
analogy from, II, [576].
Spontaneous generation: and heterogenesis, I, [270];
and evolution, I, [696–701], [703].
Stag, horns and correlated structures, I, [567], [670], [676–7], [692].
Stamens, and foliar homology, II, [44].
Starches: properties, I, [11];
transformations, I, [66], [68], [69], [70]; II, [593].
Star-fishes (see [Asteroidea]).
Statoblasts, of Plumatella, I, [277].
Steenstrup, on “Alternate Generation,” I, [592].
Sterility (see [Multiplication]).
Stickleback: ova, II, [454];
bothriocephalus in, II, [490].
Stomach (see [Alimentary Canal]).
Stomata, distribution, II, [260–1].
Straight line, and evolution hypothesis, I, [433].
Strain: compression and tension of, I, [151]; II, [209–12];
relation to mass, I, [155–7];
vegetal structure, II, [574–88], [592–6];
origin of vertebrate type, II, [600].
Strawberry: multiaxial development, I, [166];
multiplication, II, [441].
Strength, a vital attribute, I, [578].
Structure: appliances for generating motion, I, [75–7];
biological classification, I, [125–7], [129];
size and organic, I, [137];
growth and complexity, I, [138], [145], [161];
relation to environment, I, [172–8], [195–6];
of unicellular organisms, I, [181–3];
multicellular, I, [183–96];
Hertwig’s classification of tissues, I, [189];
continuity of units, I, [190–2];
systems of organs, I, [192];
division into universal and particular, I, [193–4];
general truths, I, [194–5];
plant and animal, contrasted, I, [195–6];
precedence of function or, I, [197], [211];
correlative complexity of function and, I, [200], [211];
progressive concomitant differentiation, I, [201–4];
physiological units, I, [225–6], [362], [364], [369–71]; II, [613];
social and organic interdependence, I, [235–42];
varied by function, I, [334], [535]; II, [217] (see [Acquired Characters]);
zoological classification, I, [390–2];
equilibration, I, [521], [557];
progress of, and genesis, I, [590–1]; II, [462];
co-operation with function, II, [3];
evolution and increased, II, [4];
retrograde metamorphosis, II, [12];
simulated homologies, II, [13–14];
earliest organic forms, II, [19];
cylindrical vegetal, II, [57–62];
permanence and complexity, II, [295], [296];
function and epidermic, II, [312–4], [387];
and muscular, II, [369], [391];
adaptation and equilibration, II, [392];
persistence of force and physiological adaptation, II, [394];
evolution, II, [501–4].
(See also [Morphology].)
Struggle, for nutriment among components of an organism, I, [562], [676];
for existence (see [Natural Selection]).
Struthers, Sir J.: on heredity, I, [305], [314];
digital variation, I, [321];
rudimentary limbs of whale, I, [668].
Strychnine, effects of, I, [54], [55].
Sturgeon, size of ova and adult, I, [144].
Sugars: properties, I, [10–11];
transformations, I, [38], [40], [66], [69], [70]; II, [593].
Suicide, hereditary tendency to, I, [307].
Sulphur: allotropic, I, [4], [59];
organic evolution, I, [703].
Sun (see [Light]).
Survival of the Fittest, the expression, I, [530], [610].
(See [Natural Selection].)
Swan, vertebræ of neck, II, [123].
Swiftness, a vital attribute, I, [578].
Syllis ramosa, lateral branching, I, [166], [361]; II, [105], [108].
Symbiosis, II, [399], [400].
Symmetry (see [Morphology]).
Syphilis, hereditary transmission, I, [623].

Tactual, Perceptiveness, heredity and the distribution of, I, [602–8], [633], [665], [666], [672], [692].
Tænia (see [Entozoa]).
Tansley, A. G., I, [vi]; II, [vi];
adaptation of reproductive activity to conditions in Algæ, I, [288–9];
shapes of Caulerpa, II, [22];
stem-thickening in extinct Thallophytes, II, [56];
natural selection and leaf-distribution, II, [179].
Tape-worm (see [Entozoa]).
Taste, dependent on chemical action, I, [54].
Teeth: hereditary transmission, I, [306];
suppression of mammalian, I, [457];
of uncivilized and civilized, I, [541], [693].
Tegumentary organs, origin of, I, [314–6].
Telegony, or the Influence of a previous sire on offspring, I, [624–7], [644–6], [649–50].
Temperature (see [Heat]).
Tension (see [Strain]).
Termites: fertility, I, [583]; II, [493];
late development of sexual organs, I, [680];
nutrition and differentiation of forms, I, [681].
Tetramorium, utilization of aphides by, I, [660–1].
Thallophyta: size, I, [138], [139];
low co-ordination of parts, I, [164];
pseudo-foliar, II, [28];
“transition place,” II, [30];
simulation of higher types, II, [32];
secondary thickening in extinct species, II, [56];
sexual and asexual genesis, II, [84].
(See also [Algæ].)
Tickling, physiology of, I, [76].
Tide (see [Sea]).
Time, as a factor in growth, II, [77].
Tissue, Hertwig’s classification, I, [189].
(See [Physiology].)
Tongue, perceptiveness of tip, I, [606–8], [665], [672–3].
Tortoise: contrasted life of dog and, I, [103–4];
natural selection and carapace, I, [534].
“Transcendental Physiology,” I, [176].
Tree, as symbolizing phylogeny, I, [428], [452–3].
(See [Plants].)
Trematoda: agamogenesis, I, [277];
parasitism, I, [428];
alternate generation, I, [592].
Trembley, A., on the polyp, I, [223].
Trichinosis, in Germany, I, [428].
Trochophore, phyletic relationships shown by, I, [447]; II, [108–9].
Tubicolæ: development, II, [100];
bilateral symmetry, II, [197].
Tunicata: gemmation, I, [588]; II, [445];
alternate generation, I, [592];
integration, II, [93–4];
tertiary aggregation, II, [124];
symmetry, II, [194–5].
Tunny, size of ova and adult, I, [144].
Turbellaria: segmentation, II, [102];
symbiosis, II, [400].
Turnip: chlorophyll in roots, I, [209]; II, [254];
vascular system, II, [281], [284], [578], [591], [596].
Twins: similarity of, I, [324];
traits of women bearing, II, [457].
“Types, persistent,” Huxley on, I, [408].

Ulcer, dermal structure, II, [306].
Ultimate Reality, incomprehensibility of, I, [120].
Ulva: cell multiplication, II, [26];
outer tissue, II, [256].
Umbelliferæ: floral symmetry, II, [171];
axial and foliar organs, II, [541–6].
United States: cases of telegony, I, [644–5];
birth-rate, II, [520].
Units: differentiation and dissimilarity, I, [20];
“protyle,” I, [22–3];
shapes in higher types, I, [164];
differential assimilation, I, [180];
primordial organic, I, [181];
morphological composition, I, [184–7], [194], [252]; II, [5], [7–9], [21], [79], [85–6];
segregation and organic repair, I, [221–2], [222–6];
chemical, morphological, and physiological, I, [225–6]; II, [612];
stability, I, [339];
instability and heterogeneity of organic, I, [350];
Darwin’s gemmules, I, [356–60], [362], [372];
Weissmann’s germ-plasm (q. v.) ib.;
sociological comparison, I, [363–8];
specific proclivities in embryogeny, I, [458];
phænogamic, II, [73], [151];
annulose, II, [105];
incident force and homologous, II, [159];
morphological summary, II, [233].
(See also [Physiological Units].)
“Universal Postulate,” I, [675].
Unsymmetrical, definition, II, [131].
Urea, muscular energy and excretion, I, [72].

Van Beneden, P. J., on Tænia, II, [103].
Variation: digital, I, [331];
effects of parental conditions, I, [324];
of altered function, I, [325], [334], [693];
dissimilarity of initial conditions, I, [327–32], [333];
“spontaneous,” I, [328], [513], [697]; II, [529];
persistence of force, I, [335];
physiological units, I, [348–54], [360], [369], [371–3]; II, [614–7], [622–3];
Weismann’s germ-plasm theory, I, [357–8], [372–3], [671], [677]; II, [622];
equilibration and vegetal, I, [523–5];
Weismann’s panmixia theory, I, [561–3], [649], [667–9], [671], [685];
reproductive organs, I, [570];
natural selection and concomitant, I, [614–21], [653], [664], [674], [692];
and disused organs, I, [648], [668];
plus and minus. I, [667], [685];
Masters on correlated, in plants, II, [298], [621–2];
equilibration of favourable, II, [394].
Vascular System: effects of vegeto-alkalies, I, [55];
nutrition, I, [146], [148];
embryonic development, I, [169];
structural traits, I, [192], [193];
function, I, [199];
of Ascidians. I, [202];
functional differentiation and integration, I, [205–6];
organic repair, I, [217], [221–2];
effect of function, I, [229], [234–5], [236];
equilibration, I, [535];
community in compound organisms, I, [588];
development of vegetal, II, [273–5], [279–84], [285–8], [388];
differentiation of, summary, II, [288–90], [388];
differentiation of animal, II, [339–44];
osseous development, II, [347–51];
muscularity, II, [364];
muscular colour, II, [365–9];
heart-motor apparatus, II, [374];
differentiation and integration in animal, II, [376–9], [383];
wood formation, II, [567–92];
résumé of wood formation, II, [592–7].
Vaucheria, reproduction, I, [279], [289].
Vegetative System, co-ordination of actions in, I, [578].
Vegeto-alkalies, physiological effects of, I, [54–5].
Velocity, of moving bodies, II, [219–20].
Vertebrata: size, I, [139];
size at birth and maturity, I, [144];
axial structure, I, [165];
embryonic development and self-mobility, I, [175];
functional differentiation, I, [206], [591];
reparative power, I, [219], [223], [589];
homogenesis universal, I, [271];
distinctive traits, I, [392]; II, [35];
distribution in time, I, [408];
classificatory value, I, [446];
embryonic mammalian respiratory system, I, [456];
embryological pre-adaptation, I, [461];
evolution and vertebral column, I, [470];
rudimentary organs, I, [473];
evolution and varied media, I, [479–85];
size of head and vertebræ, I, [512], [537];
segregation and evolution of vertebræ, I, [515];
fertility and development, I, [583], [598–9];
Weismann on reproductive cells, I, [635];
limb locomotion, II, [15];
adaptive segmentation, II, [117–23], [125–7], [223], [602], [605–7];
supernumerary vertebræ, II, [123];
bilateral symmetry, II, [203–6];
internal organic symmetry, II, [208];
genesis of rudimentary axis, II, [212–6];
natural selection and genesis of structure, II, [216], [227];
origin of notochord, II, [216–8];
spinal segmentation, II, [218–22], [224];
skull development, II, [222], [227];
résumé of axis development, II, [224];
Cope on author’s theory, II, [225–7];
nerve differentiation, II, [304];
sensory organs, II, [318];
air-chambers, II, [334];
osseous differentiation, II, [344–55];
activity and muscular colour, II, [365–9];
heart-motor apparatus, II, [374];
cost of genesis, II, [436];
agamogenesis unknown, II, [445];
growth and genesis, II, [454];
heat expenditure and genesis, II, [468–9], [474];
Owen, theory of skeleton, II, [548–66];
evolution of vertebræ, II, [563–6];
origin of type, II, [598–600].
Vestiges of Creation, I, [491].
Vibrissæ, function of, I, [75].
Vitalism, hypothesis examined, I, [114–7].
Vittadini, C., on silkworm disease, I, [622–3].
Viviparons genesis, I, [271], [274–5], [278].
Voice, correlated sexual traits, I, [371–2].
Volcano, definition of life and, I, [85], [89].
Volvocineæ: unicentral development, I, [163];
individuality, I, [245];
disintegration of genesis, I, [276], [587];
spherical aggregation, II, [24];
symmetry, II, [137], [187];
fertility, II, [441].
Vomiting, alimentary canal development, II, [328].
Vorticella: secondary aggregate, II, [90];
symmetry, II, [188].

Wallace, A. R.: “The Origin of the Human Races,” I, [553];
the expression “Survival of the Fittest,” I, [530];
his association of natural with artificial selection, I, [609];
co-adaptation in giraffe, I, [615];
skin sensitiveness, I, [646].
Wasp: co-ordination of instincts in Mason-, I, [574], [679–80];
genesis of worker, I, [654–7].
Waste, animal, I, [69], [213–5], [228];
relation to activity, I, [196], [220–1];
in plants, I, [213], [220].
Water: properties, I, [7], [9];
colloidal affinity for, I, [28];
organic change from, I, [29];
organic need for, I, [147];
proportion in mammalian adult and fœtus, I, [154];
motion through, I, [156];
organic development and environment, I, [173], [177], [479];
terrestrial organisms inhabiting, I, [400];
adaptation of organisms to change of media, I, [479–85];
vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [253];
molecular re-arrangement, II, [359];
colloidal contraction, II, [361–2].
Water-weed, American, invasion of, I, [399].
Watts, Dr., on The Principles of Biology, I, [ix].
Wax, foliar deposit, II, [260–1].
Weber, on tactual discriminativeness, I, [602].
Weight: relation to environment of organic, I, [174], [177];
varying as cube of dimensions, I, [151]; II, [434], [470].
Weismann, Aug.: reproductive tissue in Medusæ, I, [281];
in Daphnidæ, I, [290];
his theory of the differentiated germ-plasm and its fundamental units, I, [357], [622–3], [628–30], [633–44], [646]; II, [618–9], [622];
the alleged differentiation and plant-phenomena, I, [359–60];
and regenerative processes, I, [360];
false joints, I, [362];
implied complexity of determinants, I, [370];
theory inadequate to explain correlation of sexual traits, I, [372];
and variations in peacock’s tail feather, I, [372–3], [695]; II, [618];
his view of natural selection as sole factor in organic evolution, I, [559];
the doctrine of panmixia, I, [561–3], [612], [632], [649], [667–9], [671], [685], [689];
arguments against inheritance of acquired characters, I, [612–3], [651–65], [669–71];
blindness of cave-animals, I, [613];
current acceptance of his views, I, [631], [690];
cannot explain the process of natural selection, I, [651];
the degradation of the little toe in man, I, [652], [669], [673];
caste gradations of social insects, I, [654], [658–65], [670], [675], [678–84], [685];
food-seeking instinct in Amazon ants, I, [660], [670];
the co-adaptation of co-operative parts, I, [663–4], [670], [674], [675], [676];
tactual discriminativeness, I, [665], [672];
intra-selection, I, [676–8];
effect of nutrition on fertility of blow-fly, I, [678–9].
Whale: weight of brain, I, [599];
rudimentary limbs, I, [668–9], [685], [693].
Wheat, adaptive variations, II, [298].
Whistling, definition of life and, I, [112].
White-Cooper, Mr., on inheritance of abnormal vision, I, [306].
Willow, nutrition and growth, I, [294].
Wilson, E. B.: composition of chromatin, I, [260];
separation of segmentation spheres of Amphioxus ovum, I, [691].
Wind: and vegetal bilateral symmetry, II, [142];
and inner vegetal tissue differentiation, II, [275–9], [285], [288], [388];
and proliferation of Bryophyllum, II, [295];
and vegetal sap movement, II, [583], [584], [587];
résumé, [592–6].
Wolff, C.: vegetal fructification and nutrition, I, [283]; II, [179–80];
vegetal vascular system, II, [283].
Women (see [Man]).
Wood (see [Plants]).

Yeast: fermentation, I, [38];
fertility, I, [581]; II, [440];
linear aggregation, I, [587]; II, [23].

Zebra marks in horses, I, [314].
Zoology, classification, I, [124–5], [380–9].
Zoophytes, structural indefiniteness, I, [173].
Zoospores, unit-life of, I, [185].
Zygote, of conjugating Algæ, I, [283].

THE END.