INDEX

ABBEVILLE, bridge at and road convergence, [25]
ACT OF UNION (Pitt’s) and effect on the Holyhead Road, [187]
ADUR, RIVER, crossing of at Bramber, [130]
ALEXANDRIA, [70]
ALFOLDEAN BRIDGE, [76], [153];
effect of breakdown of, [166];
and Stane Street, [167]
ALPS, the, passes of, [44];
Roman roads in, [138]
ANGEVINS, the, and Sussex, [132]
ANTWERP, [31]
ANTIOCH, [70]
APENNINES, the, Roman roads in, [138]
AQUILEA, [103]
ARDENNES, the, Roman roads in, [138]
ARMIES, necessity of road for, [74-6]
ARTERIAL ROADS confined to motor traffic, need for, [195]
ARTERIAL ROAD, example of a typical, from London to Birmingham, and how used, [196-7]
ARTERIAL ROADS, five essentials of, [198-200];
problem of exit from dense urban centres, [200-01];
suggested finance of, and legislation regarding, [201-5]
ARUN, RIVER, effect of marshes of, [17-18];
lowest bridge over, at Arundel, [97];
crossed by the southern track, [130];
crossing of at Houghton, [130];
at Burgh Hill, [139];
at Romans Wood, [153], [166];
at Pulborough, [166]
ARUNDEL, road from Pulborough to, [17], [18];
crossing of Arun at, [97], [99], [130]
ARUNDEL HILL, [169]
ASHURST, Roman road on sand at, [156]
ATHENS, [70]
AULUS PLAUTIUS, [104]
AUTUN, [70]
AVON, Bristol, the, and British trackways, [129]

BALHAM and Stane Street, [167]
BALKAN PENINSULA, the, political chaos due to decay of Roman trunk roads, [76-7]
BARI, road planning in, [58]
BATH and the Fosse Way, [39]
BEECH, woods, and chalk, [119]
BELFORT, [44], [45], [46]
BELGIUM, Roman road building in, [136]
BERKSHIRE DOWNS, the trackway on, [120]
BIGNOR and Stane Street, [138], [169]
BILLINGSHURST and Stane Street, [169]
BLACK DEATH, the, a date in English road history, [81-2]
BLACKPOOL, a “reserve” town, [68]
BOARD OF WORKS and macadam, [190]
BORDEAUX, [31]
BOROUGH, the, and Stane Street, [167]
BOSHAM during the Dark Ages, [165]
“BOULEVARD” movement, [194]
BOULOGNE, harbour of, [73]
BOUNDARY, road as a, [77];
instanced, [77-8]
BRAMBER, causeway at, [18];
crossing of Adur at, [99], [130]
BRANCASTER, Roman station at, and Peddars Way, [176]
BREYDON WATER, change from estuary to a broad, [176]
BRIDGE, the, and road development, [12];
building of at different periods, [22-3];
significance of term in some languages, [22-3];
cost of and effect, [22-3];
architecture of, [23];
function in making inland ports, [30-31];
marshes created by disrepair of, [65], [158-9];
at Cologne, [75];
lowest on river, effect of, on sea traffic, [96-7];
normal origin of, [20];
instanced at London, Cologne, Rouen, Isle of Paris, [21];
of piles, [21];
of boats, [21];
object of, [21-2];
high gradients of some, [23-4];
effect of change from pile to stone, [24];
convergence of roads towards, [25];
military importance of, [25];
payments of toll at, [26];
creation of a nodal point at, [26-31];
on English roads, [89]
BRIDGE HEAD, the term, [25]
BRIGHTON, a “reserve” town, [68]
BRINDISI, [70], [77]
BRITAIN, its place in the Roman Empire, [113]
BURFORD BRIDGE and Stane Street, [170]
BURGH HILL, [139]
BURGHLEY PARK, near Stamford, [154]
BURY, [169]
CAEN, bridge at, and road convergence, [25]
CANTERBURY and Christianity, [70];
lowest bridge over Stour at, [97];
and Richborough, [98];
and Colchester, [103];
and the early trackways, [120], [121], [122];
as nucleus of Channel ports, [163]
CHALK, road courses over, [34-5];
characteristics of, [119];
distribution in England, [119-20];
and the early trackways, [119-20], [130], [131]
CHALONS, disuse of Roman road from Rheims to, [157]
CHANNEL, English (see English Channel)
CHESHIRE PLAIN, the, [128]
CHESTER, terminal of north-west road, [70], [121];
Roman garrison town, [71];
road from to Penkridge, [72], [148], [161], [173];
bridge at, [97];
and early trackways, [129]
CHICHESTER and Stane Street, [132], [139-40], [160], [166];
harbours and Stane Street, [132]
CHILTERNS, the, early trackway on, [120]
CHRISTIAN RELIGION, spread of, along Roman roads, [70];
in West Sussex, [153]
CLAPHAM COMMON and Stane Street, [173]
CLAY, effect of weather on, [11-12];
road courses over, [33];
Roman road-building on, [54];
in the Weald, effect of on communications, [131-2], [165];
and on West Sussex during Dark Ages, [153]
CLIFTON GORGE, [129]
CLIMATE, dampness of English, [105]
COAST ROADS, features of on south coast of England, [98-9]
COLCHESTER, [103];
trackway from London to, [122]
COLOGNE, bridge at, [21], [29], [75];
Roman road from Paris to, [140]
CONSTANTINOPLE, [77]
COST, factor of in influencing number, size, and course of roads, [56-60];
and the “strangling of communication,” [57]
COTSWOLDS, the early trackway on, [120], [126]
CRETE, [93]
CYPRUS, [93]
DAMASCUS, [70]
DANES, the, in Sussex, [76]
DARENTH, RIVER, [19]
DARK AGES, the, use of Roman roads in, [147-8];
disappearance of sections of road during, [148-50];
breakdown of Roman river crossings during, [150-55];
Roman roads on Continent during, [156-7];
formation of disrepair of roads during, [158-9];
pirates’ raids during, [162-3];
disuse of Peddars Way in, [175];
and the growth of a local road system, [177]
DEE, RIVER, bridge over, at Chester, [97]
DEVON, roads along south coast of, [98], [138];
and the Fosse Way, [127];
and traffic during Dark Ages, [132]
DORCHESTER (Oxon), bridge over Thames at, [102];
a wheat-growing centre, [128]
DORKING and Stane Street, [166], [169-70]
DORSET, trackway from Salisbury Plain to, [119];
derivation of name, [119];
and the Fosse Way, [127], [138];
and traffic during Dark Ages, [132]
DOVER, Roman road to Richborough from, [98];
port for Roman troops, [103];
and London, [108];
early trackway through Canterbury to, [122];
Straits of (see Straits of Dover)
DOWN BARN, near Andover, loop in road at, [138]
DOWNS, Sussex, Wiltshire, &c., (see under these names)
DUNCTON HILL and Stane Street, [167]
DUNWICH and coastal erosion, [176]
DURAZZO, road from Constantinople to, [77]
DURHAM, [125]
EARTHAM and Stane Street, [51], [167]
EAST ANGLIA, Roman campaigns in, [102];
wheat growing in, [128];
and Peddars Way, [174-5]
EDGWARE ROAD, site of trackway, [121]
EGYPT, Roman trunk road from to Northumberland, [70]
“ENCLOSURE,” effect of on roads, [90]
ENGLAND, north and south, tendency of division into, [127-8]
ENGLISH CHANNEL, the, and the Chalk ridges, [35], [126]
ENGLISH ROADS on south coast, [62];
phases in the history of, [81-4];
characteristics of, [84-91];
and the French road compared, [84-6];
the, effect of political history on, [89-90];
and the Industrial Revolution, [90], [91];
the, “blindness” of, [92];
diversion and interruption of by waterways, [93-9];
effect of absence of strategy on, [99-105];
the, and dampness of climate, [105];
and diversity of soil, [105-6];
and increasing density of population, [106];
and legislation, [106];
the, effect of “potential” in its development, [107-9];
its five stages of development, [109-15];
British pre-Roman trackways, [110], [116-32];
the, and the Roman road system, [133-46];
during the Dark Ages, [147-77];
during the Mediaeval period, [177-8];
the, turnpike system of, [183-5];
1810 a pivotal date of, [185-6];
and Telford, [186-9];
improvement of surface of, by Macadam, [189-91];
effect of railroads upon, [192-3];
the, present need for new arterial roads (q.v.), [194-5]
EPHESUS, [70]
EPSOM and Stane Street, [170]
EPSOM DOWNS, [170]
EPSOM RACE-COURSE, gap in Roman road between Merton and, [103], [149]
ERITH, [121]
EXE RIVER, importance of bridge at Exeter, [97-8];
trackway from to Humber, [117], [126], [129]
EXETER and the Exe, [97-8]
FAL, RIVER, [97]
FARNHAM, road to in Wey Valley, [34];
to Guildford, [35];
and the Pilgrims’ Way, [131]
FENS, the, former absence of main roads in, [53-4];
and trackway to the north, [125]
FERRIES, use of by Romans, [102]
FERRY, the, rather than ford precedes bridges, [20-21]
FLEET, RIVER, [122]
FLINT, use of in road construction, [55];
disadvantages to motor traffic, [55]
FORD, and the bridge, [12], [20];
etymology of term, [19];
significance of as particle with “stone” and “street” in place-names, [154]
FOREST, influence of on course of road, [47-51];
of Mormal, [49];
in the tropics, [49];
and the railroad, [50];
and the Roman road, [50-51]
FOSSE WAY, the, gradients of in Somerset, [38-9];
survival of early trackway from Exe to Humber, [126-7];
alluded to, [138];
use of in Dark Ages, [177]
FOWEY, RIVER, [97]
FRANCE, Northern, Roman roads in, [147-8]
FRENCH ROAD, the, characteristics of, [84-6]
FUEL, taxation of;
simplest method of collecting a road tax, [202-3]
GABAS, valley of, [44]
GAINSBOROUGH, bridge at, [97]
GALLEGO, [44];
bridge over near Huesca, [24]
GARGANO, isolation of by marsh, [15]
GAUL, military roads of, [75-6];
Roman road building in, [136-7]
GENOA, [67]
GLASGOW, [31]
GLOUCESTER, bridge of, [74];
function of in making an inland port, [30];
and the Severn crossing, [98];
road from Winchester to, [138]
GRADIENTS of bridges, [23];
factors determining, [37-8];
of the Fosse Way in Somerset, [38-9];
of the roads in the Jura, [40];
and of the Vosges, [41];
of railroads, [41-2];
and the internal-combustion engine, [42];
at Lynton and Lynmouth, [42];
of the mountain pass, [43-6];
of English roads, [89];
straightness of Roman roads modified by, [138]
GRANITE, use of in road construction, [54-5]
GRAVEL, road courses over, [33-4];
example in Wey Valley, [34]
GRAVESEND, [164]
GRAYS, [121]
GREAT NORTH ROAD, [50], [163], [191]
GUILDFORD, [35], [130]
HAMPSHIRE, chalk ridge of, [119];
ease of communication through, [130-31]
HAMPSHIRE DOWNS, [130]
HARDHAM and Stane Street, [139], [168]
HASTINGS, [99]
HAVRE, [74]
HIGHLANDS ROADS COMMISSION and Telford, [187]
HILLS, effect of on course of roads, [7-11]
HIPPO, [103]
HOG’S BACK, the, track over, [35]
HOLLAND, roads of, [53-4]
HOLMES, RICE, [98]
HOLYHEAD ROAD, the, [71-2];
and Telford, [186-9];
completion of, [192-3]
HOUGHTON, [130]
HUESCA, bridge near, [24]
HUMBER crossed by Roman road, [98], [102];
strategical consideration of, [100-01], [104];
trackway from Exe to, [117], [125-6], [129]
HYDE PARK, [78]
ICELAND, [93]
ICENI, the, [174]
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION, the, and the turnpike road, [90]
INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINE and gradients, [42];
makes a crisis in road building, [91];
and the need for new roads, [180], [195-6];
danger of crossing roads confined to, and solution of difficulty, [198-9]
IRELAND, Chester once the port for, [70]
IRON INDUSTRY, the Wealden, [131]
ISLAM, Western, influence of drift sand on roads of, [36]
ITALY, marshes created by the Road in, [65]
JERUSALEM, [70]
JUNIPER HILL, near Dorking road, [149]
JURA, the, gradients of roads in, [40]
KENT, Roman road system in, [98];
Roman campaigns in, [102-3];
early trackways through, [120-29];
approach to London from, [121]
LAMBETH, crossing of Thames at, [121];
and early trackway, [129]
LANCASHIRE, effect of marsh on, [15];
plain of, [105], [126];
communication of with main trackway, [122]
LANDES, the, scarcity of roads in, [53]
LEA, RIVER, [122]
LEATHERHEAD and Stane Street, [170]
LEGISLATION, road, [60-61], [83], [106], [115], [186-8];
suggested for arterial roads, [201-5]
LEITH HILL and Stane Street, [139], [166], [169]
LEWES, lowest old bridge at, [97];
and the south coast road, [99]
LINCOLN, [35]
LINCOLNSHIRE, [125]
LITTLEHAMPTON, swing bridge at, [98-9]
LIVERPOOL, [129]
LIVERPOOL STREET STATION, [68]
LOCOMOTIVE (see Railroad)
LONDON, crossing of Thames at, [15];
plans for rebuilding after Great Fire, [58-9];
growth of due to railroads, [67-8];
and spread of Christianity, [70];
potential between Dover and, [108];
centre of a series of trackways, [116-7], [120-2], [129];
and Stane Street, [132], [165-6];
and Watling Street, [140], [162-4];
road entries into, [201];
and Chester, [70], [72], [148];
lack of potential between, [164]
LONDON BRIDGE, old, [21];
avoidance of high gradient and result, [24];
convergence of roads to, [25];
effect of on development of the city, [29];
function of in making an inland port, [30];
lowest old bridge on the Thames, [97];
and necessity of detours by Roman troops, [103];
advantage of site of, [122]
LYME REGIS, [98]
LYNTON AND LYNMOUTH, gradients at, [42]
LYONS, double crossing of streams at, [32];
spread of Christian religion to, [70]
MACADAM, [90];
and the improvement of road surface, [189-90]
MAESTRICHT, [29]
MANCHESTER, [122]
MARBLE ARCH and Watling Street, [164]
MARSH, effect of on course of roads, [7-10];
impassability of, [14-15];
divided Lancashire from Southern England, [15];
Thames estuarine, [15];
protected Venice, [15];
and Russian Church, [15];
and Russian Revolution, [15];
isolation of Gargano due to, [15];
effect of on course of road from Pulborough to Arundel, [17];
and Eastern and Western European civilisation, [15];
at Bramber, [18];
created by roads, [64-5];
Pinsk, [76-7];
of Thames estuary, [121-2];
effect of on Roman roads, [103-4];
formation of during Dark Ages by disrepair of Roman road at river crossings, [158-9]
MARSHES, disappearance of section of Roman roads in during Dark Ages, [149-55]
MATERIAL for road construction, influence of proximity on course and number of roads, [14], [52-5];
diversity of in England, [105-6]
MEDWAY, the, [19];
crossing of at Snodland, [130];
at Rochester, [130]
MELUN, double crossing of streams at, [32]
MENAI STRAITS, suspension bridge over, [188]
MENDIPS, lead mines of, [98];
trackway to, [120]
MERSEY, RIVER, marshes of, [122]
MERTON, gap in Roman road between Epsom race-course and, [149];
and Stane Street, [166-70]
MICHELHAM and Stane Street, [170]
MIDDLE AGES, the, and bridge building, [22];
and the bridge as a place of toll, [26];
road system of, [114], [154], [177-8]
MIDHURST, [131]
MILITARY ROADS, Roman roads designed as, [133-7];
in U.S.A., [75];
on the Rhine, [75];
Alpine, [75]
MOLE, RIVER, [19];
crossing of by Pilgrims’ Way, [131]
MONTREUIL, [31]
MOROCCO, effect of “nullahs” in, [36-7]
MOSELLE, valley of, [44-6]
MOTOR VEHICLE, the (see Internal-combustion Engine)
NAPLES, [70]
NERO, [102]
NEWCASTLE, bridge of, [97];
function in making an inland port, [30]
NEWHAVEN, swing bridge at, [99]
Nodal Points, definition of, [26];
creation of by bridges, [26-9];
and military strategy, [29];
and markets, [29-30]
Nore Wood and Stane Street, [51]
NORFOLK, trackway to, [125];
and Peddars Way, [174]
NORMAN CONQUEST, the, and Sussex, [132]
NORTHUMBERLAND, Roman wall in, end of road from Egypt, [70]
NORTON PARK (Northants), example of marsh formation through breakdown of culvert, [158-9];
map, [159]
“NULLAHS,” effect of on road building, and example in Morocco, [36-7]
OAKENGATES (Shropshire) and Watling Street, [164]
OCKLEY and Stane Street, [153-69];
Battle of, [76]
Odds and Evens, method of in planning long stretches of straight road, [141-5];
sketch plans, [141-3]
ORFORD, decay of, [176]
OUSE, Sussex, crossing of at Lewes, [97], [130]
PARIS, effect of bridge on development of, [29];
road planning of under Napoleon III., [58-9];
St. Lazare Station, [68];
Roman road from to Cologne, [140];
Island of, bridges of, [21]
PARK LANE, site of trackway, [121]
PARLIAMENT, [61], [106]
PARNELL (Lord Congleton) and the Holyhead road, [187-8]
PASSES, Alpine, roads due to military necessity, [75];
mountain, gradients of, [43-6];
of the Alps, [43];
Pass of Sallent, [44-5];
from Valley of Moselle to Belfort, [44-6]
PEDDARS WAY, [161];
problem of its building, [173-4];
disuse during Dark Ages, [175];
its terminal point on the Wash, [175-6]
PENKRIDGE, Roman road to Chester from, [72], [148];
local system developed from, [161];
disappearance of, [173]
PENNINES, the, [105], [122];
trackways of, [125-6]
PETERBOROUGH to York, Telford’s suggested reform of road from, [191]
PETWORTH and Stane Street, [167]
PHILADELPHIA, [31]
PILGRIM’S WAY, the, [19], [131]
PINSK MARSHES, the, [15], [76-7]
PIRATES, raids of on England during Dark Ages, [162-3]
PIXHAM, near Dorking, [130]
PLYMOUTH SOUND, [97]
POLISH and Russian civilisations, differences due to marsh, [15]
POOLE, [129]
POPULATION, effect of increasing density on road system, [106]
PORTS, preservation of unsuitable by roads, [73];
instanced in Boulogne, [73-4]
PORTSMOUTH, [99]
PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR and Stane Street, [165]
POST OFFICE and appointment of Telford, [186]
“POTENTIAL,” definition of term, [107-8];
as applied to development of road system, [108-9];
change of instanced in Fosse Way, [126-7];
example of in Channel ports, [163-4]
PRIMITIVE SOCIETIES and bridge building, [22-3]
PUBLIC AUTHORITIES, powers of with regard to road construction, [60-61]
PULBOROUGH, [17], [139];
and Stane Street, [166-9]
Pulse, the, of a modern city, [68-9]
PYRENEES, the Pass of Sallent in, [44];
Roman roads in, [138]

RAILROAD, effect of gradients on construction of, [40-2];
and forest regions, [50];
and growth of London, [67-8];
effect of on development of road system, [192-3]
READING, double crossing of streams at, [32]
REFORMATION, THE, in England, economic effects of, [82-3]
RHEIMS, disuse of Roman road to Chalons from, [157]
RHINE, RIVER, [75]
RICHBOROUGH and the crossing of the Wansum, [98]
RIVER CROSSINGS, effect of on course of roads, example, [7-10];
general effect in England, [93-9];
on the Thames, [121];
and British trackways, [129-30];
fate of Roman roads at during the Dark Ages, [150-53];
instanced by Arun at Romans Wood, [153];
new crossings made, [153-4];
during Middle Ages, [154];
significance of particle “street” or “stone” in place-names at, [154];
instanced by Stamford (Northants), [154-5]
ROAD, THE, purpose of, [4];
trajectory or course of, [4];
statement of formula for, [5], [6], [11-13];
effect of surface and gradient, [5];
weather and surface, surface and type of load, gradients and character of traffic, [6];
difference between civilian and military needs, [6];
experimental growth on planning, [7];
instanced, [7-12];
design or growth, [11];
physical factors influencing course of, [12];
and the bridge, [21];
avoids a double crossing, [32];
influence of soils on course of, [33-7];
and the factor of gradient, [37-46];
influence of forest on course of, [47-51];
influence of intermittent vegetation on course of, [51-2];
proximity of material for, [52-5];
effect of cost on course of, [56-60];
the powers of public authorities regarding, [60-61];
influence of privileges upon, [61];
physical effects of in creating marsh, [63-5];
compels communication to follow it, [65-6];
and density of population, [66];
and the growth of towns, [67-8];
cause of differentiation between rural and urban life, [67-8];
and “canalization” of traffic, [70-76];
and the communication of ideas, [69-70];
instanced by spread of Christian religion, [70];
effects of decay or breakdown, [76-7];
use as a boundary, [77-8];
and idea of “potential,” [163-4]
ROAD MAINTENANCE, [83-4]
ROAD-MAKING, modern, conflict of principle regarding, [11]
ROADS, arterial (see Arterial roads);
convergence of at bridges, [25];
English (see English roads);
military (see Military roads);
Roman (see Roman roads)
ROBERTSBRIDGE, [99]
ROCHESTER, [31], [104], [121], [130];
and Watling Street, [140]
ROMAN EMPIRE, extent of, [113]
ROMAN ROAD, the, and forest, [50-51];
London to north-west, used as a boundary between Wessex and the Danelagh, [78];
as a boundary in Westminster, [78];
recovered from parish boundaries, [78];
and the Humber, [98];
to lead mines of Mendips and the Severn, [98];
the, in Britain, military nature of, [134-5];
straightness of, [136-7];
straightness of, modified by existing tracks, [137];
by hilly country, [137-8];
by steep gradients, [138];
the planning of, in straight limbs, [138-140];
on hard sand, permanence of, [155-6];
the, divergent developments of our modern road system from, [160-61];
system, [95];
and streams, [97-8];
system of Kent, and the R. Wansum, [98];
system in England, [110-14];
map, [135]
ROMAN ROADS, and spread of the Christian religion, [70];
in Balkan Peninsula, [76-7];
military basis of and resulting directness, [101-2];
and ferries, [102-4];
during Dark Ages, breakdown of river crossings on, [150-54];
instanced in Stamford, [154-5];
map, [155];
use of in Dark Ages, [147-8];
sectional disappearance of, [148];
instanced in Penkridge to Chester, Epsom race-course to Merton, [148-9];
theories to account for disappearance, [149-50];
during the Dark Ages, sectional disappearance of on the Continent, [156-7];
Watling Street, [72], [158], [161-4];
Stane Street, [132], [164-73];
Penkridge to Chester, [173];
Peddars Way, [173-6]
ROMANS, THE, and bridge building, [22];
and the bridge as a place of toll, [26];
as road builders, [53-4];
and Wales, [71-2]
ROMANS WOOD, crossing of Arun at, [153], [166], [169]
ROME, [70], [77];
bridge of, and function in creating an inland port, [30]
ROMNEY MARSH, [62]
ROTHER, the, valley of, [131], [139]
ROUEN, bridge at, [21], [29]
RUSSIAN and Polish civilisations due to marsh, [15];
Orthodox Church, the, and the Pinsk Marshes, [15];
Revolution and the Pinsk Marshes, [15]
RYE, [99]
ST. ALBANS, [70]
ST. CATHERINE’S CHAPEL, [35], [130]
SALISBURY PLAIN and the chalk ridges, [35];
centre of a system of trackways, [117-20], [126]
SALLENT, Pass of, [44]
SAND, road courses over, [33];
drifts in Western Islam, [36];
in Sussex Weald, discontinuous nature of, and influence on iron industry, [131-2];
hard, permanence of Roman roads cut in, [156]
SARAGOSSA, bridge at, and road convergence, [25]
SARDINIA, [93]
SEAFORD, [99]
SELSEY, [62]
SEVERN, bridged at Gloucester, [74];
tunnel, [74];
use of in Middle Ages, [94], [129];
crossing by Roman road, [98];
strategical consideration of, [101];
estuary of, and the Romans, [102];
traffic over lower, in event of invasion, [104]
SHIPLEY, [126]
SHIRES, origin of, [119] (note), [174]
SHOOTERS’ HILL, [121]
SHOREHAM, [18];
bridge at, [98-9]
SHREWSBURY and the Holyhead road, [71-3];
and Roman road London to Chester, [148]
SICILY, [93]
SILCHESTER, [103], [165]
SNODLAND, [130]
SOILS, effect of on course of road, [33-7];
diversity of in England, [105-6]
(see also under Chalk, Gravel, Clay, and Sand)
SOUTHAMPTON WATER and the trackway from Salisbury Plain, [119], [129];
traffic to during Dark Ages, [132]
SPAIN, high-gradient bridges in, [24]
STAGE COACHES, [186]
STAINES, [102], [165]
STAMFORD and the Great North Road, [50];
instance of new track replacing older one on river crossing at, [154-5];
map, [155]
STANE STREET, example of hindrance of vegetation at Nore Wood on, [51];
and the Wealden clay, [132];
curve on at Bignor Hill, [138];
example of Roman road as basis of modern local system, [160];
motive of, [164-5];
and the Weald, [165];
stages of, [166];
development of local systems from, [167-73];
the, Mr. H. Belloc’s references to, [139], [164]
STEPHENSON and the railroad, [192]
“STONE,” significance of, coupled with “ford” as a particle in place-names, [154]
STONEHENGE, [19]
STOUR, bridge over at Canterbury, [97]
STRAIGHTNESS OF ROMAN ROADS, characteristics, [134-7];
modifications of, [137-8];
planning, [138-40];
method of planning, [139-45]
STRAITS OF DOVER, [19], [35], [105], [132]
“STRANGLING OF COMMUNICATION,” [57]
STRATEGY, MILITARY, and the English road system, [99-101];
(see also Military roads)
STRATFORD ST. MARY’S, origin of Peddars Way, [174]
STREATHAM and Stane Street, [167]
STREATLEY, Thames valley at, [35]
“STREET,” significance of, coupled with “ford” as a particle in place-names, [154]
SUFFOLK and Peddars Way, [174]
SURFACE (see under Soil, Chalk, Clay, Gravel, Sand)
SUSSEX, effects of decay of main road in, [76];
coast of, [98];
trackways through, [120];
Downs, [17], [130];
Weald, the, sand ridges in, [131];
iron industry in, [131];
clay in, [131];
isolation of from the North, [166];
West, isolation of during the Dark Ages due to breakdown of Roman bridge over the Arun, [153];
coast, an example of road diversion due to waterways, [99];
and raids, [99]
TELFORD, THOMAS, [90];
and the road from London to Holyhead, [186-9];
and the Great North Road, [191]
TEMPLE BAR, [59]
TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, [59]
THAMES, RIVER, and its crossing at London, [29], [97], [121-2];
provides easy means of penetration into England, [94];
strategical considerations of, [100-01];
and the trackways, [117], [126];
and communication with south coast, [132], [165];
and Gravesend during the Dark Ages, [164];
estuary of, effect of marshes in, [15], [102-4]
TIBER, RIVER, current of, [31]
TILBURY, temporary bridge at during the Great War, [100];
hard approach to Thames at, [121]
TOLL, payment of at bridges, [26]
TOWNS, problem of road congestion in, [57-60];
“reserve,” [68]
TRACKWAYS, BRITISH, PRE-ROMAN, the Pilgrim’s Way, [19];
the first stage of road development, [110];
Exe to Humber, [117], [126-7];
from Salisbury Plain, [117], [118-20], [126];
from London, [120-22];
to centre of Norfolk, [125];
to the Tyne, [125];
by Shipley, [126];
and position of wheat lands, [128];
and the ports, [129];
and river crossings, [129-30];
and chalk, [130-31];
and sand, [131-2]
TRENT, RIVER, [93-4], [102];
old lowest bridge over, [97]
TURIN, rebuilding of, [59]
TURNPIKE SYSTEM, [115], [180];
made the modern English road, [183];
basis of, [184];
early resentment against, [184];
not a national system, [185]
TYNE, RIVER, crossing of by Romans, [102];
and the trackways, [125], [129]
U.S.A. and military roads, [75]
URICONIUM, [71], [103]
VEGETATION (see Forest);
intermittent, influence of on course of road, [51-2]
VENICE, protection by marsh, [15];
limitation of growth by marsh, [67]
VICTORIA STATION, London, [68]
VOSGES, the, gradients of roads in, [41];
Valley of Belfort in, [44-5]
WALES, Roman campaigns in, [71-2];
South, riots against turnpikes in, [184]
WALL, the Roman (Hadrian’s), [70-71]
WANDLE, RIVER, marshes of, disappearance of Roman causeway in during Dark Ages, [149]
WANSUM, RIVER, crossed by Roman road, [98]
WASH, THE, trackway to, [120], [126];
and Peddars Way, [174-5]
WATER COURSES, first crossings of, fords, [18-20];
taking-off places, [18-19];
effect of rate of current, [19-20];
ferries, [20];
bridges, [20-32];
double crossings at, [31-2]
(see also River Crossings)
WATLING STREET, at Penkridge, [72];
between Rochester and London, [140];
at Norton Park, [158];
as the basis of a modern road, [160];
causes of preservation of, [161-4];
use of during Dark Ages, [177]
WEALD, the, as an obstacle to communication, [165-6]
WELLAND, RIVER, [50]
WENLOCK EDGE, [94]
WESTMINSTER, northern boundary of, a Roman road, [78]
WEY, RIVER, and Pilgrim’s Way, [19];
road in Valley of Upper, [33];
crossing at St. Catherine’s Chapel, [130];
at Guildford, [130]
WHEAT LANDS and early trackways, [128]
WHEELED TRAFFIC, sudden increase of at end XVII century, [180]
WILTSHIRE, [120]
WINCHESTER, and the Pilgrim’s Way, [19];
as centre of wheat growing, [128];
to Gloucester, road from, [138];
to London, Roman road from, [165]
WREN, SIR CHRISTOPHER, [59]
YARMOUTH, growth of, [176]
YORK, Telford’s suggested reform of road to Peterborough from, [191]