FREE FIGURES AND SLAVE.

Under this heading we propose to introduce the remainder of the more important statistics of the Free and of the Slave States;—especially those that relate to Commerce, Manufactures, Internal Improvements, Education and Religion. Originally it was our intention to devote a separate chapter to each of the industrial and moral interests above-named: but other considerations have so greatly encroached on our space, that we are compelled to modify our design. To the thoughtful and discriminating reader, however, the chief statistics which follow will be none the less interesting for not being the subjects of annotations.

At present, all we ask of pro-slavery men, no matter in what part of the world they may reside, is to look these figures fairly in the face. We wish them to do it, in the first instance, not on the platforms of public debate, where the exercise of eloquence is too often characterized by violent passion and subterfuge, but in their own private apartments, where no eye save that of the All-seeing One will rest upon them, and where, in considering the relations which they sustain to the past, the present, and the future, an opportunity will be afforded them of securing that most valuable of all possessions attainable on earth, a conscience void of offence toward God and man.

Each separate table or particular compilation of statistics will afford food for at least an hour’s profitable reflection; indeed, the more these figures are studied, and the better they are understood, the sooner will the author’s object be accomplished,—the sooner will the genius of Universal Liberty dispel the dark clouds of slavery.

TABLE NO. XXVI.

TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE FREE STATES—1855.

States.	Tonnage.	Exports.	Imports.
California	92,623	$8,224,066	$5,951,379
Connecticut	137,170	878,874	636,826
Illinois	53,797	547,053	54,509
Indiana	3,698
Iowa
Maine	806,587	4,851,207	2,927,443
Massachusetts	970,727	28,190,925	45,113,774
Michigan	69,490	568,091	281,379
New Hampshire	30,330	1,523	17,786
New Jersey	121,020	687	1,473
New York	1,404,221	113,731,238	164,776,511
Ohio	91,607	847,143	600,656
Pennsylvania	397,768	6,274,338	15,300,935
Rhode Island	51,038	336,023	536,387
Vermont	6,915	2,895,468	591,593
Wisconsin	15,624	174,057	48,159
	4,252,615	$167,520,693	$236,847,810

TABLE NO. XXVII.

TONNAGE, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF THE SLAVE STATES—1855.

States.	Tonnage.	Exports.	Imports.
Alabama	36,274	$14,270,585	$619,964
Arkansas
Delaware	19,186	68,087	5,821
Florida	14,835	1,403,594	45,998
Georgia	29,505	7,543,519	273,716
Kentucky	22,680
Louisiana	204,149	55,367,962	12,900,821
Maryland	234,805	10,395,984	7,788,949
Mississippi	2,475		1,661
Missouri	60,592
North Carolina	60,077	433,818	243,083
South Carolina	60,935	12,700,250	1,588,542
Tennessee	8,404
Texas	8,812	916,961	262,568
Virginia	92,788	4,379,928	855,405
	855,517	$107,480,688	$24,586,528

TABLE NO. XXVIII.

PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE FREE STATES—1850.

States.	Val. of Annual products.	Capital invested.	Hands employed.
California	$12,862,522	$1,006,197	3,964
Connecticut	45,110,102	23,890,348	47,770
Illinois	17,236,073	6,385,387	12,065
Indiana	18,922,651	7,941,602	14,342
Iowa	3,551,783	1,292,875	1,707
Maine	24,664,135	14,700,452	28,078
Massachusetts	151,137,145	83,357,642	165,938
Michigan	10,976,894	6,534,250	9,290
New Hampshire	23,164,503	18,242,114	27,092
New Jersey	39,713,586	22,184,730	37,311
New York	237,597,249	99,904,405	199,349
Ohio	62,647,259	29,019,538	51,489
Pennsylvania	155,044,910	94,473,810	146,766
Rhode Island	22,093,258	12,923,176	20,881
Vermont	8,570,920	5,001,377	8,445
Wisconsin	9,293,068	3,382,148	6,089
	$842,586,058	$430,240,051	780,576

TABLE NO. XXIX.

PRODUCT OF MANUFACTURES IN THE SLAVE STATES—1850.

States.	Val. of Annual products.	Capital invested.	Hands employed.
Alabama	$4,538,878	$3,450,606	4,936
Arkansas	607,436	324,065	903
Delaware	4,649,296	2,978,945	3,888
Florida	668,338	547,060	991
Georgia	7,086,525	5,460,483	8,378
Kentucky	24,588,483	12,350,734	24,385
Louisiana	7,320,948	5,318,074	6,437
Maryland	32,477,702	14,753,143	30,124
Mississippi	2,972,038	1,833,420	3,173
Missouri	23,749,265	9,079,695	16,850
North Carolina	9,111,245	7,252,225	12,444
South Carolina	7,063,513	6,056,865	7,009
Tennessee	9,728,438	6,975,279	12,032
Texas	1,165,538	539,290	1,066
Virginia	29,705,387	18,109,993	29,108
	$165,413,027	$95,029,879	161,733

TABLE NO. XXX.

MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE FREE STATES—1854-1857.

States.	Canals, miles, 1854.	Railroads, miles, 1857.	Cost of Railroads, 1855.
California		22
Connecticut	61	600	$25,224,191
Illinois	100	2,524	55,663,656
Indiana	367	1,806	29,585,923
Iowa		253	2,300,000
Maine	50	442	13,749,021
Massachusetts	100	1,285	59,167,781
Michigan		600	22,370,397
New Hampshire	11	645	15,860,949
New Jersey	147	472	13,840,030
New York	989	2,700	111,882,503
Ohio	921	2,869	67,798,202
Pennsylvania	936	2,407	94,657,675
Rhode Island		85	2,614,484
Vermont		515	17,998,835
Wisconsin		629	5,600,000
	3,682	17,855	$538,313,647

TABLE NO. XXXI.

MILES OF CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE SLAVE STATES—1854-1857.

States.	Canals, miles, 1854.	Railroads, miles, 1857.	Cost of Railroads, 1855.
Alabama	51	484	$3,986,208
Arkansas
Delaware	14	120	600,000
Florida		86	250,000
Georgia	28	1,062	17,034,802
Kentucky	486	306	6,179,072
Louisiana	101	263	1,731,000
Maryland	184	597	12,654,333
Mississippi		410	4,520,000
Missouri		189	1,000,000
North Carolina	13	612	6,847,213
South Carolina	50	706	13,547,093
Tennessee		508	10,436,610
Texas		57	16,466,250
Virginia	184	1,479
	1,110	6,859	$95,252,581

TABLE NO. XXXII.

BANK CAPITAL IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES—1855.

Free States.		Slave States.
California		Alabama	$2,296,400
Connecticut	$15,597,891	Arkansas
Illinois	2,513,790	Delaware	1,393,175
Indiana	7,281,934	Florida
Iowa		Georgia	13,413,100
Maine	7,301,252	Kentucky	10,369,717
Massachusetts	54,492,660	Louisiana	20,179,107
Michigan	980,416	Maryland	10,411,874
New Hampshire	3,626,000	Mississippi	240,165
New Jersey	5,314,885	Missouri	1,215,398
New York	83,773,288	North Carolina	5,205,073
Ohio	7,166,581	South Carolina	16,603,253
Pennsylvania	19,864,825	Tennessee	6,717,848
Rhode Island	17,511,162	Texas
Vermont	3,275,656	Virginia	14,033,838
Wisconsin	1,400,000
Total	$230,100,340	Total	$102,078,948

TABLE NO. XXXIII.

MILITIA FORCE OF THE FREE AND THE SLAVE STATES—1852.

Free States.		Slave States.
California		Alabama	76,662
Connecticut	51,649	Arkansas	17,137
Illinois	170,359	Delaware	9,229
Indiana	53,918	Florida	12,122
Iowa		Georgia	57,312
Maine	62,588	Kentucky	81,840
Massachusetts	119,690	Louisiana	43,823
Michigan	63,938	Maryland	46,864
New Hampshire	32,151	Mississippi	36,084
New Jersey	39,171	Missouri	61,000
New York	265,293	North Carolina	79,448
Ohio	176,455	South Carolina	55,209
Pennsylvania	276,070	Tennessee	71,252
Rhode Island	14,443	Texas	19,766
Vermont	23,915	Virginia	125,128
Wisconsin	32,203
Total	1,381,843	Total	792,876

TABLE NO. XXXIV.

POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE FREE STATES—1855.

States.	Stamps sold.	Total Postage collected.	Cost of Trans. the mails.
California	$81,437	$234,591	$135,386
Connecticut	79,284	179,230	81,462
Illinois	105,252	279,887	280,038
Indiana	60,578	180,405	190,480
Iowa	28,198	82,420	84,428
Maine	60,165	151,358	82,218
Massachusetts	259,062	532,184	153,091
Michigan	49,763	142,188	148,204
New-Hampshire	38,387	95,609	46,631
New-Jersey	31,495	109,697	80,084
New-York	542,498	1,383,157	481,410
Ohio	167,958	452,643	421,870
Pennsylvania	217,293	583,013	251,833
Rhode Island	30,291	58,624	13,891
Vermont	36,314	92,816	64,437
Wisconsin	33,538	112,903	92,842
	$1,719,513	$4,670,725	$2,608,295

TABLE NO. XXXV.

POST OFFICE OPERATIONS IN THE SLAVE STATES—1855.

States.	Stamps sold.	Total Postage collected.	Cost of Trans. the mails.
Alabama	$44,514	$104,514	226,816
Arkansas	8,941	30,664	117,659
Delaware	7,298	19,644	9,243
Florida	8,764	19,275	77,553
Georgia	73,880	149,063	216,003
Kentucky	55,694	130,067	144,161
Louisiana	50,778	133,753	133,810
Maryland	77,743	191,485	192,743
Mississippi	31,182	78,739	170,785
Missouri	53,742	139,652	185,096
North Carolina	34,235	72,759	148,249
South Carolina	47,368	91,600	192,216
Tennessee	48,377	103,686	116,091
Texas	24,530	70,436	209,936
Virginia	96,799	217,861	245,592
	$666,845	$1,553,198	$2,385,953

TABLE NO. XXXVI.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE FREE STATES—1850.

States.	Number.	Teachers.	Pupils.
California	2	2	49
Connecticut	1,656	1,787	71,269
Illinois	4,052	4,248	125,725
Indiana	4,822	4,860	161,500
Iowa	740	828	29,556
Maine	4,042	5,540	192,815
Massachusetts	3,679	4,443	176,475
Michigan	2,714	3,231	110,455
New Hampshire	2,381	3,013	75,643
New Jersey	1,473	1,574	77,930
New York	11,580	13,965	675,221
Ohio	11,661	12,886	484,153
Pennsylvania	9,061	10,024	413,706
Rhode Island	416	518	23,130
Vermont	2,731	4,173	93,457
Wisconsin	1,423	1,529	58,817
	62,433	72,621	2,769,901

TABLE NO. XXXVII.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN THE SLAVE STATES—1850.

States.	Number.	Teachers.	Pupils.
Alabama	1,152	1,195	28,380
Arkansas	353	355	8,493
Delaware	194	214	8,970
Florida	69	73	1,878
Georgia	1,251	1,265	32,705
Kentucky	2,234	2,306	71,429
Louisiana	664	822	25,046
Maryland	898	986	33,111
Mississippi	782	826	18,746
Missouri	1,570	1,620	51,754
North Carolina	2,657	2,730	104,095
South Carolina	724	739	17,838
Tennessee	2,680	2,819	104,117
Texas	349	360	7,946
Virginia	2,930	2,997	67,353
	13,507	19,307	581,801

TABLE NO. XXXVIII.

LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE FREE STATES—1850.

States.	Number.	Volumes.
California
Connecticut	164	165,318
Illinois	152	62,486
Indiana	151	68,403
Iowa	32	5,790
Maine	236	121,969
Massachusetts	1,462	684,015
Michigan	417	107,943
New Hampshire	129	85,759
New Jersey	128	80,885
New York	11,013	1,760,820
Ohio	352	186,826
Pennsylvania	393	363,400
Rhode Island	96	104,342
Vermont	96	64,641
Wisconsin	72	21,020
	14,911	3,888,234

TABLE NO. XXXIX.

LIBRARIES OTHER THAN PRIVATE IN THE SLAVE STATES—1850.

States.	Number.	Volumes.
Alabama	56	20,623
Arkansas	3	420
Delaware	17	17,950
Florida	7	2,660
Georgia	38	31,788
Kentucky	80	79,466
Louisiana	10	26,800
Maryland	124	125,042
Mississippi	117	21,737
Missouri	97	75,056
North Carolina	38	29,592
South Carolina	26	107,472
Tennessee	34	22,896
Texas	12	4,230
Virginia	54	88,462
	695	649,577

TABLE NO. XL.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE FREE STATES—1850.

States.	Number.	Copies Printed annually.
California	7	761,200
Connecticut	46	4,267,932
Illinois	107	5,102,276
Indiana	107	4,316,828
Iowa	29	1,512,800
Maine	49	4,203,064
Massachusetts	202	64,820,564
Michigan	58	3,247,736
New Hampshire	38	3,067,552
New Jersey	51	4,098,678
New York	428	115,385,473
Ohio	261	30,473,407
Pennsylvania	309	84,898,672
Rhode Island	19	2,756,950
Vermont	35	2,567,662
Wisconsin	46	2,665,487
	1,790	334,146,281

TABLE NO. XLI.

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS PUBLISHED IN THE SLAVE STATES—1850.

States.	Number.	Copies Printed annually.
Alabama	60	2,662,741
Arkansas	9	377,000
Delaware	10	421,200
Florida	10	319,800
Georgia	51	4,070,868
Kentucky	62	6,582,838
Louisiana	55	12,416,224
Maryland	68	19,612,724
Mississippi	50	1,752,504
Missouri	61	6,195,560
North Carolina	51	2,020,564
South Carolina	46	7,145,930
Tennessee	50	6,940,750
Texas	34	1,296,924
Virginia	87	9,223,068
	704	81,038,693

TABLE NO. XLII.

ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE FREE STATES—1850.

States.	Native.	Foreign.	Total.
California	2,201	2,917	5,118
Connecticut	826	4,013	4,739
Illinois	34,107	5,947	40,054
Indiana	67,275	3,265	70,540
Iowa	7,043	1,077	8,120
Maine	1,999	4,148	6,147
Massachusetts	1,055	26,484	27,539
Michigan	4,903	3,009	7,912
New Hampshire	893	2,064	2,957
New Jersey	8,370	5,878	14,248
New York	23,241	68,052	91,293
Ohio	51,968	9,062	61,030
Pennsylvania	41,944	24,989	66,928
Rhode Island	981	2,359	3,340
Vermont	565	5,624	6,189
Wisconsin	1,459	4,902	6,361
	248,725	173,790	422,515

TABLE NO. XLIII.

ILLITERATE WHITE ADULTS IN THE SLAVE STATES—1850.

States.	Native.	Foreign.	Total.
Alabama	33,618	139	33,757
Arkansas	16,792	27	16,819
Delaware	4,132	404	4,536
Florida	3,564	295	3,859
Georgia	40,794	406	41,200
Kentucky	64,340	2,347	66,687
Louisiana	14,950	6,271	21,221
Maryland	17,364	3,451	20,815
Mississippi	13,324	81	13,405
Missouri	34,420	1,861	36,281
North Carolina	73,226	340	73,566
South Carolina	15,580	104	15,684
Tennessee	77,017	505	77,522
Texas	8,037	2,488	10,525
Virginia	75,868	1,137	77,005
	493,026	19,856	512,882

TABLE NO. XLIV.

NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE FREE STATES—1857.

States.	Senators.	Rep. in lower House Cong.	Electoral votes.
California	2	2	4
Connecticut	2	4	6
Illinois	2	9	11
Indiana	2	11	13
Iowa	2	2	4
Maine	2	6	8
Massachusetts	2	11	13
Michigan	2	4	6
New Hampshire	2	3	5
New Jersey	2	5	7
New York	2	33	35
Ohio	2	21	23
Pennsylvania	2	25	27
Rhode Island	2	2	4
Vermont	2	3	5
Wisconsin	2	3	5
	32	141	176

TABLE NO. XLV.

NATIONAL POLITICAL POWER OF THE SLAVE STATES—1857.

States.	Senators.	Rep. in lower House Cong.	Electoral votes.
Alabama	2	7	9
Arkansas	2	2	4
Delaware	2	1	3
Florida	2	1	3
Georgia	2	8	10
Kentucky	2	10	12
Louisiana	2	4	6
Maryland	2	6	8
Mississippi	2	5	7
Missouri	2	7	9
North Carolina	2	8	10
South Carolina	2	6	8
Tennessee	2	10	12
Texas	2	2	4
Virginia	2	13	15
	30	90	120

TABLE NO. XLVI.

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE FREE STATES—1856.

States.	Republican. Fremont.	American. Fillmore.	Democratic. Buchanan.	Total.
California	20,339	35,113	51,925	107,377
Connecticut	42,715	2,615	34,995	80,325
Illinois	96,189	37,444	105,348	238,981
Indiana	94,375	22,386	118,670	235,431
Iowa	43,954	9,180	36,170	89,304
Maine	67,379	3,325	39,080	109,784
Massachusetts	108,190	19,626	39,240	167,056
Michigan	71,762	1,660	52,136	125,558
New Hampshire	38,345	422	32,789	71,556
New Jersey	28,338	24,115	46,943	99,396
New York	276,907	124,604	195,878	597,389
Ohio	187,497	28,126	170,874	386,497
Pennsylvania	147,510	82,175	230,710	460,395
Rhode Island	11,467	1,675	6,580	19,722
Vermont	39,561	545	10,569	50,675
Wisconsin	66,090	579	52,843	119,512
	1,340,618	393,590	1,224,750	2,958,958

TABLE NO. XLVII.

POPULAR VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY THE SLAVE STATES—1856.

States.	Republican. Fremont.	American. Fillmore.	Democratic. Buchanan.	Total.
Alabama		28,552	46,739	75,291
Arkansas		10,787	21,910	32,697
Delaware	308	6,175	8,004	14,487
Florida		4,833	6,358	11,191
Georgia		42,228	56,578	98,806
Kentucky	314	67,416	74,642	142,372
Louisiana		20,709	22,164	42,873
Maryland	281	47,460	39,115	86,856
Mississippi		24,195	35,446	59,641
Missouri		48,524	58,164	106,688
North Carolina		36,886	48,246	85,132
South Carolina[3]
Tennessee		66,178	73,638	139,816
Texas		15,244	28,757	44,001
Virginia	291	60,278	89,826	150,395
	1,194	479,465	609,587	1,090,246

TABLE NO. XLVIII.

VALUE OF CHURCHES IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES—1850.

Free States.		Slave States.
California	$288,400	Alabama	$1,244,741
Connecticut	3,599,330	Arkansas	149,686
Illinois	1,532,305	Delaware	340,345
Indiana	1,568,906	Florida	192,600
Iowa	235,412	Georgia	1,327,112
Maine	1,794,209	Kentucky	2,295,353
Massachusetts	10,504,888	Louisiana	1,940,495
Michigan	793,180	Maryland	3,974,116
New Hampshire	1,433,266	Mississippi	832,622
New Jersey	3,712,863	Missouri	1,730,135
New York	21,539,561	North Carolina	907,785
Ohio	5,860,059	South Carolina	2,181,476
Pennsylvania	11,853,291	Tennessee	1,246,951
Rhode Island	1,293,600	Texas	408,944
Vermont	1,251,655	Virginia	2,902,220
Wisconsin	512,552
Total	$67,773,477	Total	$21,674,581

TABLE NO. XLIX.

PATENTS ISSUED ON NEW INVENTIONS IN THE FREE AND IN THE SLAVE STATES—1856.

Free States.		Slave States.
California	13	Alabama	11
Connecticut	142	Arkansas
Illinois	93	Delaware	8
Indiana	67	Florida	3
Iowa	14	Georgia	13
Maine	42	Kentucky	26
Massachusetts	331	Louisiana	30
Michigan	22	Maryland	49
New Hampshire	43	Mississippi	8
New Jersey	78	Missouri	32
New York	592	North Carolina	9
Ohio	139	South Carolina	10
Pennsylvania	267	Tennessee	23
Rhode Island	18	Texas	4
Vermont	35	Virginia	42
Wisconsin	33
Total	1,929	Total	268

TABLE NO. L.

BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES—1855.

States.	Contribu. for the Bible Cause.	Contribu. for the Tract Cause.
California	$1,900	$ 5
Connecticut	24,528	15,872
Illinois	28,403	3,786
Indiana	6,755	1,491
Iowa	4,216	2,005
Maine	5,449	2,981
Massachusetts	43,444	11,492
Michigan	5,554	1,114
New-Hampshire	6,271	1,288
New-Jersey	15,475	3,546
New-York	123,386	61,233
Ohio	25,758	9,576
Pennsylvania	25,360	12,121
Rhode Island	2,669	2,121
Vermont	5,709	2,867
Wisconsin	4,790	474
	$319,667	$131,972

TABLE NO. LI.

BIBLE CAUSE AND TRACT CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES—1855.

States.	Contribu. for the Bible Cause.	Contribu. for the Tract Cause.
Alabama	$3,351	477
Arkansas	2,950	110
Delaware	1,037	163
Florida	1,957	5
Georgia	4,532	1,468
Kentucky	5,956	1,366
Louisiana	1,810	1,099
Maryland	8,909	5,365
Mississippi	1,067	267
Missouri	4,711	936
North Carolina	6,197	1,419
South Carolina	3,984	3,222
Tennessee	8,383	1,807
Texas	3,985	127
Virginia	9,296	6,894
	$68,125	$24,725

TABLE NO. LII.

MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE FREE STATES—1855-1856.

States.	Contributions for Miss’y purposes, 1855.	Contributions for Coloniza. pur., 1856.
California	$ 192	$ 1
Connecticut	48,044	9,233
Illinois	10,040	543
Indiana	4,705	34
Iowa	1,750	3
Maine	13,929	1,719
Massachusetts	128,505	1,422
Michigan	4,935	4
New Hampshire	11,963	1,130
New Jersey	19,946	3,261
New York	172,115	24,371
Ohio	19,890	2,687
Pennsylvania	43,412	4,287
Rhode Island	9,440	2,125
Vermont	11,094	304
Wisconsin	2,216	806
	$502,174	$51,930

TABLE NO. LIII.

MISSIONARY CAUSE AND COLONIZATION[4] CAUSE IN THE SLAVE STATES—1855-1856.

States.	Contributions for Miss’y purposes, 1855.	Contributions for Coloniza. pur., 1856.
Alabama	$5,963	$1,113
Arkansas	455	1
Delaware	1,003	250
Florida	340	13
Georgia	9,846	5,323
Kentucky	6,953	4,436
Louisiana	334	871
Maryland	20,677	406
Mississippi	4,957	2,177
Missouri	2,712	313
North Carolina	6,010	969
South Carolina	15,248	129
Tennessee	4,971	1,611
Texas	349	6
Virginia	22,106	10,000
	$101,934	$27,618

TABLE NO. LIV.

DEATHS IN THE FREE STATES—1850.[5]

States.	Number of deaths.	Ratio to the Number living.
California
Connecticut	5,781	64.13
Illinois	11,619	73.28
Indiana	12,728	77.65
Iowa	2,044	94.03
Maine	7,545	77.29
Massachusetts	19,414	51.23
Michigan	4,520	88.19
New Hampshire	4,268	74.49
New Jersey	6,467	75.70
New York	44,339	69.85
Ohio	28,949	68.41
Pennsylvania	28,318	81.63
Rhode Island	2,241	65.83
Vermont	3,132	100.13
Wisconsin	2,884	105.82
	184,249	72.91

TABLE NO. LV.

DEATHS IN THE SLAVE STATES—1850.[5]

States.	Number of deaths.	Ratio to the Number living.
Alabama	9,084	84.94
Arkansas	2,987	70.18
Delaware	1,209	75.71
Florida	933	93.67
Georgia	9,920	91.93
Kentucky	15,206	64.60
Louisiana	11,948	42.85
Maryland	9,594	60.77
Mississippi	8,711	69.93
Missouri	12,211	55.81
North Carolina	10,207	85.12
South Carolina	7,997	83.59
Tennessee	11,759	85.34
Texas	3,046	69.79
Virgina	19,053	74.61
	133,865	71.82

TABLE NO. LVI.

FREE WHITE MALE PERSONS OVER FIFTEEN YEARS OF AGE

ENGAGED IN AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER OUT-DOOR LABOR IN THE SLAVE-STATES—1850.

States.	No. engaged in Agriculture.	No. engaged in other out-door labor.	Total.
Alabama	67,742	7,229	74,971
Arkansas	28,436	5,596	34,032
Delaware	6,225	4,184	10,409
Florida	5,472	2,598	8,070
Georgia	82,107	11,054	93,161
Kentucky	110,119	26,308	136,427
Louisiana	11,524	13,827	25,351
Maryland	24,672	17,146	41,818
Mississippi	50,028	5,823	55,851
Missouri	64,292	19,900	84,192
North Carolina	76,338	21,876	98,214
South Carolina	37,612	6,991	44,603
Tennessee	115,844	16,795	132,639
Texas	24,987	22,713	47,700
Virginia	97,654	33,928	131,582
	803,052	215,968	1,019,020

Too hot in the South, and too unhealthy there—white men “can’t stand it”—negroes only can endure the heat of Southern climes! How often are our ears insulted with such wickedly false assertions as these! In what degree of latitude—pray tell us—in what degree of latitude do the rays of the sun become too calorific for white men? Certainly in no part of the United States, for in the extreme South we find a very large number of non-slaveholding whites over the age of fifteen, who derive their entire support from manual labor in the open fields. The sun, that bugbear of slaveholding demagogues, shone on more than one million of free white laborers—mostly agriculturists—in the slave States in 1850, exclusive of those engaged in commerce, trade, manufactures, the mechanic arts, and mining. Yet, notwithstanding all these instances of exposure to his wrath, we have had no intelligence whatever of a single case of coup de so-leil. Alabama is not too hot; sixty-seven thousand white sons of toil till her soil. Mississippi is not too hot; fifty-five thousand free white laborers are hopeful devotees of her out-door pursuits. Texas is not too hot; forty-seven thousand free white persons, males, over the age of fifteen, daily perform their rural vocations amidst her unsheltered air.

It is stated on good authority that, in January, 1856, native ice, three inches thick, was found in Galveston Bay; we have seen it ten inches thick in North Carolina, with the mercury in the thermometer at two degrees below zero. In January, 1857, while the snow was from three to five feet deep in many parts of North Carolina, the thermometer indicated a degree of coldness seldom exceeded in any State in the Union—thirteen degrees below zero. The truth is, instead of its being too hot in the South for white men, it is too cold for negroes; and we long to see the day arrive when the latter shall have entirely receded from their uncongenial homes in America, and given full and undivided place to the former.

Too hot in the South for white men! It is not too hot for white women. Time and again, in different counties in North Carolina, have we seen the poor white wife of the poor white husband, following him in the harvest-field from morning till night, binding up the grain as it fell from his cradle. In the immediate neighborhood from which we hail, there are not less than thirty young women, non-slaveholding whites, between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five—some of whom are so well known to us that we could call them by name—who labor in the fields every summer; two of them in particular, near neighbors to our mother, are in the habit of hiring themselves out during harvest-time, the very hottest season of the year, to bind wheat and oats—each of them keeping up with the reaper; and this for the paltry consideration of twenty-five cents per day.

That any respectable man—any man with a heart or a soul in his composition—can look upon these poor toiling white women without feeling indignant at that accursed system of slavery which has entailed on them the miseries of poverty, ignorance, and degradation, we shall not do ourself the violence to believe. If they and their husbands, and their sons and daughters, and brothers and sisters, are not righted in some of the more important particulars in which they have been wronged, the fault shall lie at other doors than our own. In their behalf, chiefly, have we written and compiled this work; and until our object shall have been accomplished, or until life shall have been extinguished, there shall be no abatement in our efforts to aid them in regaining the natural and inalienable prerogatives out of which they have been so infamously swindled. We want to see no more plowing, or hoeing, or raking, or grain-binding, by white women in the Southern States; employment in cotton-mills and other factories would be far more profitable and congenial to them, and this they shall have within a short period after slavery shall have been abolished.

Too hot in the South for white men! What is the testimony of reliable Southrons themselves? Says Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky:—

“In the extreme South, at New Orleans, the laboring men—the stevedores and hackmen on the levee, where the heat is intensified by the proximity of the red brick buildings, are all white men, and they are in the full enjoyment of health. But how about Cotton? I am informed by a friend of mine—himself a slaveholder and therefore good authority—that in Northwestern Texas, among the German settlements, who true to their national instincts, will not employ the labor of a slave—they produce more cotton to the acre, and of a better quality, and selling at prices from a cent to a cent and a half a pound higher than that produced by slave labor.”

Says Gov. Hammond, of South Carolina:—

“The steady heat of our summers is not so prostrating as the short, but frequent and sudden, bursts of Northern summers.”

In an extract which may be found in our second chapter, and to which we respectfully refer the reader, it will be seen that this same South Carolinian, speaking of “not less than fifty thousand” non-slaveholding whites, says—“most of these now follow agricultural pursuits.”

Says Dr. Cartwright of New Orleans:—

“Here in New Orleans, the larger part of the drudgery—work requiring exposure to the sun, as railroad-making, street-paving, dray-driving, ditching and building, is performed by white people.”

To the statistical tables which show the number of deaths in the free and in the slave States in 1850, we would direct special attention. Those persons, particularly the propogandists of negro slavery, who, heretofore, have been so dreadfully exercised on account of what they have been pleased to term “the insalubrity of Southern climes,” will there find something to allay their fearful apprehensions. A critical examination of said tables will disclose the fact that, in proportion to population, deaths occur more frequently in Massachusetts than in any Southern State except Louisiana; more frequently in New York than in any of the Southern States, except Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas; more frequently in New Jersey, in Pennsylvania, and in Ohio, than in either Georgia, Florida, or Alabama. Leaving Wisconsin and Louisiana out of the account, and then comparing the bills of mortality in the remaining Northern States, with those in the remaining Southern States, we find the difference decidedly in favor of the latter; for, according to this calculation, while the ratio of deaths is as only one to 74.60 of the living population in the Southern States, it is as one to 72.39 in the Northern.

Says Dr. J. C. Nott, of Mobile:—

“Heat, moisture, animal and vegetable matter are said to be the elements which produce the diseases of the South, and yet the testimony in proof of the health of the banks of the lower portion of the Mississippi River, is too strong to be doubted,—not only the river itself but also the numerous bayous which meander through Louisiana. Here is a perfectly flat alluvial country, covering several hundred miles, interspersed with interminable lakes, lagunes and jungles, and still we are informed by Dr. Cartwright, one of the most acute observers of the day, that this country is exempt from miasmatic disorders, and is extremely healthy. His assertion has been confirmed to me by hundreds of witnesses, and we know from our own observation, that the population present a robust and healthy appearance.”

But the best part is yet to come. In spite of all the blatant assertions of the oligarchy, that the climate of the South was arranged expressly for the negroes, and that the negroes were created expressly to inhabit it as the healthful servitors of other men, a carefully kept register of all the deaths that occurred in Charleston, South Carolina, for the space of six years, shows that, even in that locality which is generally regarded as so unhealthy, the annual mortality was much greater among the blacks, in proportion to population, than among the whites. Dr. Nott himself shall state the facts. He says:—

“The average mortality for the last six years in Charleston for all ages is 1 in 51, including all classes. Blacks alone 1 in 44; whites alone, 1 in 58—a very remarkable result, certainly. This mortality is perhaps not an unfair test, as the population during the last six years has been undisturbed by emigration and acclimated in a greater proportion than at any former period.”

Numerous other authorities might be cited in proof of the general healthiness of the climate south of Mason and Dixon’s line. Of 127 remarkable cases of American longevity, published in a recent edition of Blake’s Biographical Dictionary, 68 deceased centenarians are credited to the Southern States, and 59 to the Northern—the list being headed with Betsey Trantham, of Tennessee—a white woman, who died in 1834, at the extraordinarily advanced age of 154 years.

TABLE NO. LVII.

NATIVES OF THE SLAVE STATES IN THE FREE STATES, AND NATIVES OF THE FREE STATES IN THE SLAVE STATES.—1850.

States.	Natives of the Slave States.	States.	Natives of the Free States.
California	24,055	Alabama	4,947
Connecticut	1,390	Arkansas	7,965
Illinois	144,809	Delaware	6,996
Indiana	176,581	Florida	1,718
Iowa	31,392	Georgia	4,219
Maine	458	Kentucky	31,340
Massachusetts	2,980	Louisiana	14,567
Michigan	3,634	Maryland	23,815
New-Hampshire	215	Mississippi	4,517
New-Jersey	4,110	Missouri	55,664
New-York	12,625	North Carolina	2,167
Ohio	152,319	South Carolina	2,427
Pennsylvania	47,180	Tennessee	6,571
Rhode Island	982	Texas	9,982
Vermont	140	Virginia	28,999
Wisconsin	6,353
	609,223		205,924

This last table, compiled from the 116th page of the Compendium of the Seventh Census, shows, in a most lucid and startling manner, how negroes, slavery and slaveholders are driving the native non-slaveholding whites away from their homes, and keeping at a distance other decent people. From the South the tide of emigration still flows in a westerly and north-westerly direction, and it will continue to do so until slavery is abolished. The following remarks, which we extract from an editorial article that appeared in the Memphis (Tenn.) Bulletin near the close of the year 1856, are worth considering in this connection:—

“We have never before observed so large a number of immigrants going westward as are crossing the river at this point daily, the two ferry boats—sometimes three—going crowded from early morn until the boats cease making their trips at night. It is no uncommon sight to see from twenty to forty wagons encamped on the bluff for the night, notwithstanding there has been a steady stream going across the river all day, and yet the cry is, still they come.”

About the same time the Cassville (Geo.) Standard spoke with surprise of the multitude of emigrants crowding the streets of that town bound for the far West.

Prof. B. S. Hedrick, late of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, says:—

“Of my neighbors, friends and kindred, nearly one-half have left the State since I was old enough to remember. Many is the time I have stood by the loaded emigrant wagon, and given the parting hand to those whose faces I was never to look upon again. They were going to seek homes in the free West, knowing, as they did, that free and slave labor could not both exist and prosper in the same community. If any one thinks that I speak without knowledge, let him refer to the last census. He will there find that in 1850 there were fifty-eight thousand native North Carolinians living in the free States of the West—thirty-three-thousand in Indiana alone. There were, at the same time, one hundred and eighty thousand Virginians living in the free States. Now, if these people were so much in love with the ‘institution,’ why did they not remain where they could enjoy its blessings?

“From my knowledge of the people of North Carolina, I believe that the majority of them who will go to Kansas during the next five years, would prefer that it should be a free State. I am sure that if I were to go there I should vote to exclude slavery.”

For daring to have political opinions of his own, and because he did not deem it his duty to conceal the fact that he loved liberty better than slavery, the gallant author of the extract above quoted was peremptorily dismissed from his post of analytical and agricultural chemist in the University of North Carolina, ignominiously subjected to the indignities of a mob, and then savagely driven beyond the borders of his native State. His villainous persecutors, if not called to settle their accounts in another world within the next ten years, will probably survive to repent of the enormity of their pro-slavery folly.

TABLE NO. LVIII.

VALUE OF THE SLAVES AT $400 PER HEAD.—1850.[6]

States.	Value of the Slaves at $400 per head.	Value of Real and Per. Estate, less the val. of slaves at $400 p. head.
Alabama	$137,137,600	$81,066,732
Arkansas	18,840,000	21,001,025
Delaware	916,000	17,939,863
Florida	15,724,000	7,474,734
Georgia	152,672,800	182,752,914
Kentucky	84,392,400	217,236,056
Louisiana	97,923,600	136,075,164
Maryland	36,147,200	183,070,164
Mississippi	123,951,200	105,000,000
Missouri	34,968,800	102,278,907
North Carolina	115,419,200	111,381,272
South Carolina	153,993,600	134,264,094
Tennessee	95,783,600	111,671,104
Texas	23,264,400	32,097,940
Virginia	189,011,200	202,634,638
	$1,280,145,600	$1,655,945,137

Tables 34 and 35 show that, on account of the pitiable poverty and ignorance of slavery, the mails were transported throughout the Southern States, during the year 1855, at an extra cost to the General Government of more than six hundred thousand dollars! In the free States, postages were received to the amount of more than two millions of dollars over and above the cost of transportation.

To Dr. G. Bailey, editor of the National Era, Washington city, D. C., we are indebted for the following useful and interesting statistics, to which some of our readers will doubtless have frequent occasion to refer:—

PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

Appointed.
March 4, 1789 " 3, 1797	}	George Washington, Virginia.

March 4, 1797 " 3, 1801	}	John Adams, Massachusetts.

March 4, 1801 " 3, 1809	}	Thomas Jefferson, Virginia.

March 4, 1809 " 3, 1817	}	James Madison, Virginia.

March 4, 1817 " 3, 1825	}	James Monroe, Virginia.

March 4, 1825 " 3, 1829	}	John Q. Adams, Massachusetts.

March 4, 1829 " 3, 1837	}	Andrew Jackson, Tennessee.

March 4, 1837 " 3, 1841	}	Martin Van Buren, New York.

March 4, 1841 " 3, 1845	}	William H. Harrison, Ohio.

March 4, 1845 " 3, 1849	}	James K. Polk, Tennessee.

March 4, 1849 " 3, 1853	}	Zachary Taylor, Louisiana.

March 4, 1853 " 3, 1857	}	Franklin Pierce, New Hampshire.

March 4, 1857 " 3, 1861	}	James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.

At the close of the term for which Mr. Buchanan is elected, it will have been seventy-two years since the organization of the present Government.

In that period, there have been eighteen elections for President, the candidates chosen in twelve of them being Southern men and slaveholders, in six of them Northern men and non-slaveholders.

No Northern man has ever been re-elected, but five Southern men have been thus honored.

Gen. Harrison, of Ohio, died one month after his inauguration. Gen. Taylor, of Louisiana, about four months after his inauguration. In the former case, John Tyler, of Virginia, became acting President, in the latter, Millard Fillmore, of New York.

Of the seventy-two years, closing with Mr. Buchanan’s term, should he live it out, Southern men and slaveholders have occupied the Presidential chair forty-eight years and three months, or a little more than two-thirds of the time.

THE SUPREME COURT.

The judicial districts are organized so as to give five judges to the slave States, and four to the free, although the population, wealth, and business of the latter are far in advance of those of the former. The arrangement affords, however, an excuse for constituting the Supreme Court, with a majority of judges from the slaveholding States.

MEMBERS.

Chief Justice—		R. B. Taney, Maryland.
Associate	Justice—	J. M. Wayne, Georgia.
"	"	John Catron, Tennessee.
"	"	P. V. Daniel, Virginia.
"	"	John A. Campbell, Alabama.
"	"	John McLean, Ohio.
"	"	S. Nelson, New York.
"	"	R. C. Grier, Pennsylvania.
"	"	B. R. Curtis, Massachusetts.
Reporter—		B. C. Howard, Maryland.
Clerk—		W. T. Carroll, D. C.

SECRETARIES OF STATE.

The highest office in the Cabinet is that of Secretary of State, who has under his charge the foreign relations of the country. Since the year 1789, there have been twenty-two appointments to the office—fourteen from slave States, eight from free. Or, counting by years, the post has been filled by Southern men and slaveholders very nearly forty years out of sixty-seven, as follows:

Appointed.
Sept. 26, 1789,		Thomas Jefferson, Virginia.
Jan. 2, 1794,		E. Randolph, Virginia.
Dec. 10, 1795,		T. Pickering, Massachusetts.
May 13, 1800,		J. Marshall, Virginia.
March 5, 1801,		James Madison, Virginia.
March 6, 1809,		R. Smith, Maryland.
April 2, 1811,		James Monroe, Virginia.
Feb. 28, 1815,		"""
March 5, 1815,		J. Q. Adams, Massachusetts.
March 7, 1825,		Henry Clay, Kentucky.
March 6, 1829,		Martin Van Buren, New York.
May 24, 1831,		E. Livingston, Louisiana.
May 29, 1833,		Louis McLane, Delaware.
June 27, 1834,		J. Forsyth, Georgia.
March 5, 1841,		Daniel Webster, Massachusetts.
July 24, 1843,		A. P. Upshur, Virginia.
March 6, 1844,		J. C. Calhoun, South Carolina.
March 5, 1845,		James Buchanan, Pennsylvania.
March 7, 1849,		J. M. Clayton, Delaware.
July 20, 1850,		Daniel Webster, Massachusetts.
Dec. 9, 1851,		E. Everett, Massachusetts.
March 5, 1853,		W. L. Marcy, New York.

PRESIDENTS PRO TEM. OF THE SENATE.

Since the year 1809, every President pro tem. of the Senate of the United States has been a Southern man and slaveholder, with the exception of Samuel L. Southard, of New Jersey, who held the office for a very short time, and Mr. Bright, of Indiana, who has held it for one or two sessions, we believe, having been elected, however, as a known adherent of the slave interest, believed to be interested in slave “property.”

SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

April, 1789 March 3, 1791	}	F. A. Muhlenberg, Penn.

Oct. 24, 1791 March 2, 1793	}	J. Trumbull, Connecticut.

Dec. 2, 1793 March 3, 1795	}	F. A. Muhlenberg, Penn.

Dec. 7, 1795 March 3, 1797	}	Jonathan Dayton, New Jersey.

May 15, 1797 March 3, 1799	}	"""

Dec. 2, 1799 March 3, 1801	}	Theodore Sedgwick, Mass.

Dec. 7, 1801 March 3, 1807	}	Nathaniel Macon, N. Car.

Oct. 26, 1807 March 3, 1811	}	J. B. Varnum, Massachusetts.

March 4, 1811 Jan. 19, 1814	}	Henry Clay, Kentucky.

Jan. 19, 1814 March 2, 1815	}	Laugdon Cheves, S. Car.

Dec. 4, 1815 Nov. 13, 1820	}	Henry Clay, Kentucky.

Nov. 15, 1820 March 3, 1821	}	J. W. Taylor, New-York.

Dec. 3, 1821 March 3, 1823	}	P. B. Barbour, Virginia.

Dec. 1, 1823 March 3, 1825	}	Henry Clay, Kentucky.

Dec. 5, 1825 March 3, 1827	}	J. W. Taylor, New-York.

Dec. 3, 1827 June 2, 1834	}	A. Stevenson, Virginia.

June 2, 1834 March 3, 1835	}	John Bell, Tennessee.

Dec. 7, 1835 March 3, 1839	}	James K. Polk, Tennessee.

Dec. 16, 1839 March 3, 1841	}	R. M. T. Hunter, Virginia.

May 31, 1841 March 3, 1843	}	John White, Tennessee.

Dec. 4, 1843 March 3, 1845	}	J. W. Jones, Virginia.

Dec. 1, 1845 March 3, 1847	}	J. W. Davis, Indiana.

Dec. 6, 1847 March 3, 1849	}	R. C. Winthrop, Mass.

Dec. 22, 1849 March 3, 1851	}	Howell Cobb, Georgia.

Dec. 1, 1851 March 3, 1853	}	Linn Boyd, Kentucky.

Dec. 1 1853 March 3, 1855	}	"""

Feb. 28, 1856 March 3, 1857	}	Nathaniel P. Banks, Mass.

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL.

Appointed—
Sept. 26, 1789,		S. Osgood, Massachusetts.
Aug. 12, 1791,		T. Pickering, Massachusetts.
Feb. 25, 1795,		J. Habersham, Georgia.
Nov. 28, 1801,		G. Granger, Connecticut.
March 17, 1814,		R. J. Meigs, Ohio.
June 25, 1823,		John McLean, Ohio.
March 9, 1829,		W. T. Barry, Kentucky.
May 1, 1835,		A. Kendall, Kentucky.
May 18, 1840,		J. M. Niles, Connecticut.
March 6, 1841,		F. Granger, New York.
Sept. 13, 1841,		C. A. Wickliffe, Kentucky.
March 5, 1845,		C. Johnson, Tennessee.
March 7, 1849,		J. Collamer, Vermont.
July 20, 1850,		N. K. Hall, New York.
Aug. 31, 1852,		S. D. Hubbard, Connecticut.
March 5, 1853,		J. Campbell, Pennsylvania.

Sectionalism does not seem to have had much to do with this Department or with that of the Interior, created in 1848-’49.

SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.

Appointed—
March 7, 1849,		T. Ewing, Ohio.
July 20, 1850,		J. A. Pearce, Maryland.
Aug. 15, 1850,		T. M. T. McKennon, Pennsylvania.
Sept. 12, 1850,		A. H. H. Stuart, Virginia.
March 5, 1853,		R. McClelland, Michigan.

ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.

Appointed—
Sept. 26, 1789,		E. Randolph, Virginia.
June 27, 1794,		W. Bradford, Pennsylvania.
Dec. 10, 1795,		C. Lee, Virginia.
Feb. 20, 1801,		T. Parsons, Massachusetts.
March 5, 1800,		L. Lincoln, Massachusetts.
March 2, 1805,		R. Smith, Maryland.
Dec. 23, 1805,		J. Breckinridge, Kentucky.
Jan. 20, 1807,		C. A. Rodney, Pennsylvania.
Dec. 11, 1811,		W. Pinkney, Maryland.
Feb. 10, 1814,		R. Rush, Pennsylvania.
Nov. 13, 1817,		W. Wirt, Virginia.
March 9, 1829,		J. McPherson Berrien, Georgia.
July 20, 1831,		Roger B. Taney, Maryland.
Nov. 15, 1833,		B. F. Butler, New York.
July 7, 1838,		F. Grundy, Tennessee.
Jan. 10, 1840,		H. D. Gilpin, Pennsylvania.
March 5, 1841,		J. J. Crittenden, Kentucky.
Sept. 13, 1841,		H. S. Legare, South Carolina.
July 1, 1843,		John Nelson, Maryland.
March 5, 1845,		J. Y. Mason, Virginia.
Oct. 17, 1846,		N. Clifford, Maine.
June 21, 1848,		Isaac Toucey, Connecticut.
March 7, 1849,		R. Johnson, Maryland.
July 20, 1850,		J. J. Crittenden, Kentucky.
March 5, 1853,		C. Cushing, Massachusetts.

SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.

The post of Secretary of the Treasury, although one of great importance, requires financial abilities of a high order, which are more frequently found in the North than in the South, and affords little opportunity for influencing general politics, or the questions springing out of Slavery. We need not therefore be surprised to learn that Northern men have been allowed to discharge its duties some forty-eight years out of sixty-seven, as follows:

Appointed—
Sept. 11, 1789,		A. Hamilton, New York.
Feb. 3, 1795,		O. Wolcott, Connecticut.
Dec. 31, 1800,		S. Dexter, Massachusetts.
May 14, 1801,		A. Gallatin, Pennsylvania.
Feb. 9, 1814,		G. W. Campbell, Tennessee.
Oct. 6, 1814,		A. J. Dallas, Pennsylvania.
Oct. 22, 1816,		W. H. Crawford, Georgia.
March 7, 1825,		R. Rush, Pennsylvania.
March 6, 1829,		S. D. Ingham, Pennsylvania.
Aug. 8, 1831,		L. McLane, Delaware.
May 29, 1833,		W. J. Duane, Pennsylvania.
Sept. 23, 1833,		Roger B. Taney, Maryland.
June 27, 1834,		L. Woodbury, New Hampshire.
March 5, 1841,		Thomas Ewing, Ohio.
Sept. 13, 1841,		W. Forward, Pennsylvania.
March 3, 1843,		J. C. Spencer, New York.
June 15, 1844,		G. M. Bibb, Kentucky.
March 5, 1845,		R. J. Walker, Mississippi.
March 7, 1849,		W. M. Meredith, Pennsylvania.
June 20, 1850,		Thomas Corwin, Ohio.
March 5, 1843,		James Guthrie, Kentucky.

SECRETARIES OF WAR AND THE NAVY.

The Slaveholders since March 8th, 1841, a period of nearly sixteen years, have taken almost exclusive supervision of the Navy. Northern men having occupied the Secretaryship only two years. Nor has any Northern man been Secretary of War since 1849. Considering that nearly all the shipping belongs to the free States, which also supply the seamen, it does seem remarkable that Slaveholders should have monopolized for the last sixteen years the control of the Navy.

SECRETARIES OF WAR.

Appointed—
Sept. 12, 1789,		Henry Knox, Massachusetts.
Jan. 2, 1795,		T. Pickering, Massachusetts.
Jan. 27, 1796,		J. McHenry, Maryland.
May 7, 1800,		J. Marshall, Virginia.
May 13, 1800,		S. Dexter, Massachusetts.
Feb. 3, 1801,		R. Griswold, Connecticut.
March 5, 1801,		H. Dearborn, Massachusetts.
March 7, 1802,		W. Eustis, Massachusetts.
Jan. 13, 1813,		J. Armstrong, New York.
Sept. 27, 1814,		James Monroe, Virginia.
March 3, 1815,		W. H. Crawford, Georgia.
April 7, 1817,		G. Graham, Virginia.
March 5, 1817,		J. Shelby, Kentucky.
Oct. 8, 1817,		J. C. Calhoun, South Carolina.
March 7, 1825,		J. Barbour, Virginia.
May 26, 1828,		P. B. Porter, Pennsylvania.
March 9, 1829,		J. H. Eaton, Tennessee.
Aug. 1, 1831,		Lewis Cass, Ohio.
March 3, 1837,		B. F. Butler, New York.
March 7, 1837,		J. R. Poinsett, South Carolina.
March 5, 1841,		James Bell, Tennessee.
Sept. 13, 1841,		John McLean, Ohio.
Oct. 12, 1841,		J. C. Spencer, New York.
March 8, 1843,		J. W. Porter, Pennsylvania.
Feb. 15, 1844,		W. Wilkins, Pennsylvania.
March 5, 1845,		William L. Marcy, New York.
March 7, 1849,		G. W. Crawford, Georgia.
July 20, 1850,		E. Bates, Missouri.
Aug. 15, 1850,		C. M. Conrad, Louisiana.
March 5, 1853,		Jefferson Davis, Mississippi.

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.

Appointed—
May 3, 1798,		G. Cabot, Massachusetts.
May 21, 1798,		B. Stoddart, Massachusetts.
July 15, 1801,		R. Smith, Maryland.
May 3, 1805,		J. Crowninshield, Massachusetts.
March 7, 1809,		P. Hamilton, South Carolina.
Jan. 12, 1813,		W. Jones, Pennsylvania.
Dec. 17, 1814,		B. W. Crowninshield, Massachusetts.
Nov. 9, 1818,		Smith Thompson, New York.
Sept. 1, 1823,		John Rogers, Massachusetts.
Sept. 16, 1823,		S. L. Southard, New Jersey.
March 9, 1829,		John Branch, North Carolina.
May 23, 1831,		L. Woodbury, New Hampshire.
June 30, 1834,		M. Dickerson, New Jersey.
June 20, 1838,		J. K. Paulding, New York.
March 5, 1841,		G. F. Badger, North Carolina.
Sept. 13, 1841,		A. P. Upshur, Virginia.
July 24, 1843,		D. Henshaw, Massachusetts.
Feb. 12, 1844,		T. W. Gilmer, Virginia.
March 14, 1844,		James Y. Mason, Virginia.
March 10, 1845,		G. Bancroft, Massachusetts.
Sept. 9, 1846,		James Y. Mason, Virginia.
March 7, 1849,		W. B. Preston, Virginia.
July 20, 1850,		W. A. Graham, N. Carolina.
July 22, 1852,		J. P. Kennedy, Maryland.
March 3, 1853,		J. C. Dobbin, N. Carolina.

RECAPITULATION.

Presidency.—Southern men and Slaveholders, 48 years 3 months; Northern men, 23 years 9 months.

Pro. Tem. Presidency of the Senate.—Since 1809, held by Southern men and Slaveholders, except for three or four sessions by Northern men.

Speakership of the House.—Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-three years, Northern men, twenty-five.

Supreme Court.—A majority of the Judges, including Chief Justice, Southern men and Slaveholders.

Secretaryship of State.—Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty years, Northern, twenty-seven.

Attorney Generalship.—Filled by Southern men and Slaveholders forty-two years, Northern men, twenty-five.

War and Navy.—Secretaryship of the Navy, Southern men and Slaveholders, the last sixteen years, with an interval of two years.

William Henry Hurlbut, of South Carolina, a gentleman of enviable literary attainments, and one from whom we may expect a continuation of good service in the eminently holy crusade now going on against slavery and the devil, furnished not long since, to the Edinburgh Review, in the course of a long and highly interesting article, the following summary of oligarchal usurpations—showing that slaveholders have occupied the principal posts of the Government nearly two-thirds of the time:—

Presidents		11 out of 16
Judges of the Supreme Court		17 out of 28
Attorneys General		14 out of 19
Presidents of the Senate		61 out of 77
Speakers of the House		21 out of 33
Foreign Ministers		80 out of 134

As a matter of general interest, and as showing that, while there have been but 11 non-slaveholders directly before the people as candidates for the Presidency, there have been at least 16 slaveholders who were willing to serve their country in the capacity of chief magistrate, the following table may be here introduced:—

RESULT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 1796 TO 1856.

Year.		Name of Candidate.	Elect’l vote.
1796	{	John Adams	71
1796	{	Thomas Jefferson	68

1800	{	Thomas Jefferson	73
1800	{	John Adams	64

1804	{	Thomas Jefferson	162
1804	{	Charles C. Pinckney	14

1808	{	James Madison	128
1808	{	Charles C. Pinckney	45

1812	{	James Madison	122
1812	{	De Witt Clinton	89

1816	{	James Monroe	183
1816	{	Rufus King	34

1820	{	James Monroe	218
1820	{	No opposition but one vote

1824	{ {	Andrew Jackson[7]	99
		John Q. Adams	84
		W. H. Crawford	41
		Henry Clay	37

1828	{	Andrew Jackson	178
1828	{	John Q. Adams	83

1832	{ {	Andrew Jackson	219
		Henry Clay	49
		John Floyd	11
		William Wirt	7

1836
	{	Martin Van Buren	170
	{	William H. Harrison	73
		Hugh L. White	26
	{	Willie P. Mangum	11
	{	Daniel Webster	14

1840	{	William H. Harrison	234
1840	{	Martin Van Buren	60

1844	{	James K. Polk	170
1844	{	Henry Clay	105

1848	{	Zachary Taylor	163
1848	{	Lewis Cass	127

1852	{	Franklin Pierce	254
1852	{	General Winfield Scott	42

1856	{	James Buchanan	174
		John C. Fremont	114
		Millard Fillmore	8

AID FOR KANSAS.

As a sort of accompaniment to tables, 50, 51, 52 and 53, we will here introduce a few items which will more fully illustrate the liberality of Freedom and the niggardliness of Slavery.

From an editorial article that appeared in the Richmond (Va.,) Dispatch, in July, 1856, bewailing the close-fistedness of slavery, we make the following extract:—

“Gerrit Smith, the Abolitionist, has just pledged himself to give $1,500 a month for the next twelve months to aid in establishing Freedom in Kansas. He gave, but a short time since, at the Kansas relief meeting in Albany, $3,000. Prior to that, he had sent about $1,000 to the Boston Emigrant Committee. Out of his own funds, he subsequently equipped a Madison county company, of one hundred picked men, and paid their expenses to Kansas. At Syracuse he subscribed $10,000 for Abolition purposes, so that his entire contributions amount to at least $40,000.”

An Eastern paper says:—

“The sum of $500 was contributed at a meeting at New Bedford on Monday evening, to make Kansas free. The following sums have been contributed for the same purpose: $2,000 in Taunton: $600 in Raynham: $800 in Clinton: $300 in Danbury, Ct. In Wisconsin, $2,500 at Janesville: $500 at Dalton: $500 at the Women’s Aid Meeting in Chicago: $2,000 in Rockford, Ill.”

A telegraphic dispatch, dated Boston, January 2, 1857, informs us that—

“The Secretary of the Kansas Aid Committee acknowledges the receipt of $42,678.”

Exclusive of the amounts above, the readers of the New-York Tribune have contributed about $30,000 for the purpose of securing Kansas to Freedom; and, with the same object in view, other individuals and societies have, from time to time, made large contributions, of which we have failed to keep a memorandum. The legislature of Vermont has appropriated $20,000; and other free State legislatures are prepared to appropriate millions, if necessary. Free men have determined that Kansas shall be free, and free it soon shall be, and ever so remain. Harmoniously the work proceeds.

Now let us see how slavery has rewarded the poor, ignorant, deluded, and degraded mortals—swaggering lickspittles—who have labored so hard to gain for it “a local habitation and a name” in the disputed territory. One D. B. Atchison, Chairman of the Executive Committee of Border Ruffians, shall tell us all about it. Over date of October 13th, 1856, he says:

“Up to this moment, from all the States except Missouri, we have only received the following sums, and through the following persons:—

A. W. Jones, Houston, Miss.,		$152
H. D. Clayton, Eufala, Ala.,		500
Capt. Deedrick, South Carolina,		500
		$1,152.”

On this subject, further comment is unnecessary.

Numerous other contrasts, equally disproportionate, might be drawn between the vigor and munificence of freedom and the impotence and stinginess of slavery. We will, however, in addition to the above, advert to only a single instance. During the latter part of the summer of 1855, the citizens of the niggervilles of Norfolk and Portsmouth, in Virginia, were sorely plagued with yellow fever. Many of them fell victims to the disease, and most of those who survived, and who were not too unwell to travel, left their homes, horror-stricken and dejected. To the horror of mankind in general, and to the glory of freemen in particular, contributions in money, provisions, clothing, and other valuable supplies, poured in from all parts of the country, for the relief of the sufferers. Portsmouth alone, according to the report of her relief association, received $42,547 in cash from the free States, and only $12,182 in cash from all the slave States, exclusive of Virginia, within whose borders the malady prevailed. Including Virginia, the sum total of all the slave State contributions amounted to only $33,398. Well did the Richmond Examiner remark at the time—“we fear that generosity of Virginians is but a figure of speech.” Slavery! thy name is shame!

In connection with tables 44 and 45 on page 292, it will be well to examine the following statistics of Congressional representation, which we transcribe from Reynold’s Political Map of the United States;—

UNITED STATES SENATE.

16 free States, with a white population of 13,238,670, have 32 Senators.

15 slave States, with a white population of 6,186,477, have 30 Senators.

So that 413,708 free men of the North enjoy but the same political privileges in the U. S. Senate as is given to 206,215 slave propagandists.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The free States have a total of 144 members.

The slave States have a total of 90 members.

One free State Representative represents 91,935 white men and women.

One slave State Representative represents 68,725 white men and women.

Slave Representation gives to slavery an advantage over freedom of 30 votes in the House of Representatives.

CUSTOM-HOUSE RECEIPTS.—1854.

Free States,		$60,010,489
Slave States,		5,136,969
Balance in favor of the Free States,		$54,873,520

A contrast quite distinguishable!

That the apologists of slavery cannot excuse the shame and the shabbiness of themselves and their country, as we have frequently heard them attempt to do, by falsely asserting that the North has enjoyed over the South the advantages of priority of settlement, will fully appear from the following table:—

FREE STATES.

1614. New-York first settled by the Dutch.
1620. Massachusetts settled by the Puritans.
1623. New-Hampshire settled by the Puritans.
1624. New-Jersey settled by the Dutch.
1635. Connecticut settled by the Puritans.
1636. Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams.
1682. Pennsylvania settled by William Penn.
1791. Vermont admitted into the Union.
1802. Ohio admitted into the Union.
1816. Indiana admitted into the Union.
1818. Illinois admitted into the Union.
1820. Maine admitted into the Union.
1836. Michigan admitted into the Union.
1846. Iowa admitted into the Union.
1848. Wisconsin admitted into the Union.
1850. California admitted into the Union.

SLAVE STATES.

1607. Virginia first settled by the English.
1627. Delaware settled by the Swedes and Fins.
1635. Maryland settled by Irish Catholics.
1650. North Carolina settled by the English.
1670. South Carolina settled by the Huguenots.
1733. Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe.
1782. Kentucky admitted into the Union.
1796. Tennessee admitted into the Union.
1811. Louisiana admitted into the Union.
1817. Mississippi admitted into the Union.
1819. Alabama admitted into the Union.
1821. Missouri admitted into the Union.
1836. Arkansas admitted into the Union.
1845. Florida admitted into the Union.
1846. Texas admitted into the Union.

In the course of an exceedingly interesting article on the early settlements in America, R. K. Browne, formerly editor and proprietor of the San Francisco Evening Journal, says:—

“Many people seem to think that the Pilgrim Fathers were the first who settled upon our shores, and therefore that they ought to be entitled, in a particular manner, to our remembrance and esteem.

“This is not the case, and we herewith present to our readers a list of settlements made in the present United States, prior to that of Plymouth:

1564. A Colony of French Protestants under Ribault settled in Florida.

1565. St. Augustine[8] founded by Pedro Melendez.

1584. Sir Walter Raleigh obtains a patent and sends two vessels to the American coast, which receives the name of Virginia.

1607. The first effectual settlement made at Jamestown, Va., by the London Company.

1614. A fort erected by the Dutch upon the site of New-York.

1615. Fort Orange built near the site of Albany, N. Y.

1619. The first General Assembly called in Virginia.

1620. The Pilgrims land on Plymouth Rock.”

FREEDOM AND SLAVERY AT THE FAIR.

WHAT FREEDOM DID.

At an Agricultural Fair held at Watertown, in the State of New-York, on the 2d day of October, 1856, two hundred and twenty premiums, ranging from three to fifty dollars each, were awarded to successful competitors—the aggregate amount of said premiums being $2,396, or an average of $10.89 each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we make the following extracts:—

	Best Horse Colt,	George Parish,	$25.00
	Best Filly,	J. Staplin,	20.00
	Best Brood Mare,	A. Blunt,	25.00
	Best Bull,	Wm. Johnson,	25.00
	Best Heifer,	A. M. Rogers,	20.00
	Best Cow,	C. Baker,	25.00
	Best Stall-fed Beef,	J. W. Taylor,	10.00
	Best sample Wheat,	Wm. Ottley,	5.00
	Best sample Flaxseed,	H. Weir,	3.00
	Best sample Timothy Seed,	E. S. Hayward	3.00
(Highest)	Best Team of Oxen,	Hiram Converse,	50.00
(Lowest)	Best sample Sweet Corn,	L. Marshall,	3.00
Aggregate amount of twelve premiums,			$214.00
An average of $17.83 each.

WHAT SLAVERY DID.

At the Rowan County Agricultural Fair, held at Mineral Springs, in North Carolina, on the 13th day of November, 1856, thirty premiums, ranging from twenty-five cents to two dollars each, were awarded to successful competitors—the aggregate amount of said premiums being $42, or an average of $1.40 each. From the proceedings of the Awarding Committee we make the following extracts:—

	Best Horse Colt,	T. A. Burke,	$2.00
	Best Filly,	James Cowan,	2.00
	Best Brood Mare,	M. W. Goodman,	2.00
	Best Bull,	J. F. McCorkle,	2.00
	Best Heifer,	J. F. McCorkle,	2.00
	Best Cow,	T. A. Burke,	2.00
	Best Stall-fed Beef,	S. D. Rankin,	1.00
	Best Sample Wheat,	M. W. Goodman,	50
	Best lot Beefs,	J. J. Summerell,	25
	Best lot Turnips,	Thomas Barber,	25
(Highest)	Best pair Match Horses,	R. W. Griffith,	2.00
(Lowest)	Best lot Cabbage,	Thomas Hyde,	25
Aggregate amount of twelve premiums,			$16.25
An average of $1.36 each.

Besides the two hundred and twenty premiums, amounting in the aggregate to $2,396, freedom granted several diplomas and silver medals; besides the thirty premiums amounting in the aggregate to $42, slavery granted none—nothing. While examining these figures, it should be recollected that agriculture is the peculiar province of the slave States. If commerce or manufactures had been the subject of the fair, the result might have shown even a greater disproportion in favor of freedom, and yet there would have been some excuse for slavery, for it makes no pretensions to either the one or the other; but as agriculture was the subject, slavery can have no excuse whatever, but must bear all the shame of its niggardly and revolting impotence; this it must do for the reason that agriculture is its special and almost only pursuit.

The reports of the Comptrollers of the States of New York and North Carolina, for the year 1856, are now before us. From each report we have gleaned a single item, which, when compared, the one with the other, speaks volumes in favor of freedom and against slavery. We refer to the average value per acre of lands in the two States; let slavocrats read, reflect, and repent.

In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of

NEW YORK,

Acres of land		30,080,000
Valued at		$1,112,133,136
Average value per acre		$36.97

In 1856, there were assessed for taxation in the State of

NORTH CAROLINA,

Acres of land		32,450,560
Valued at		$98,800,636
Average value per acre		$3.06

It is difficult for us to make any remarks on the official facts above. Our indignation is struck almost dumb at this astounding and revolting display of the awful wreck that slavery is leaving behind it in the South. We will however, go into a calculation for the purpose of ascertaining as nearly as possible, in this one particular, how much North Carolina has lost by the retention of slavery. As we have already seen, the average value per acre of land in the State of New York is $36.97; in North Carolina it is only $3.06; why is it so much less, or even any less, in the latter than in the former? The answer is, slavery. In soil, in climate, in minerals, in water-power for manufactural purposes, and in area of territory, North Carolina has the advantage of New York, and, with the exception of slavery, no plausible reason can possibly be assigned why land should not be at least as valuable in the valley of the Yadkin as it is along the banks of the Genesee.

The difference between $36.97 and $3.06 is $33.91, which, multiplied by the whole number of acres of land in North Carolina, will show, in this one particular, the enormous loss that Freedom has sustained on account of Slavery in the Old North State. Thus:—

32,450,560 acres a $33,91

$1,100,398,489.

Let it be indelibly impressed on the mind, however, that this amount, large as it is, is only a moity of the sum that it has cost to maintain slavery in North Carolina. From time to time, hundreds upon hundreds of millions of dollars have left the State, either in search of profitable, permanent investment abroad, or in the shape of profits to Northern merchants and manufactures, who have become the moneyed aristocracy of the country by supplying to the South such articles of necessity, utility, and adornment, as would have been produced at home but for the pernicious presence of the peculiar institution.

A reward of Eleven Hundred Millions of Dollars is offered for the conversion of the lands of North Carolina into free soil. The lands themselves, desolate and impoverished under the fatal foot of slavery, offer the reward. How, then, can it be made to appear that the abolition of slavery in North Carolina, and, indeed, throughout all the Southern States—for slavery is exceedingly inimical to them all—is not demanded by every consideration of justice, prudence, and good sense? In 1850, the total value of all the slaves of the State, at the rate of four hundred dollars per head, amounted to less than one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars. Is the sum of one hundred and sixteen millions of dollars more desirable than the sum of eleven hundred millions of dollars? When a man has land for sale, does he reject thirty-six dollars per acre and take three? Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests! Many of you have lands; comparatively speaking, you have nothing else. Abolish slavery, and you will enhance the value of every league, your own and your neighbors’, from three to thirty-six dollars per acre. Your little tract containing two hundred acres, now valued at the pitiful sum of only six hundred dollars, will then be worth seven thousand. Your children, now deprived of even the meagre advantages of common schools, will then reap the benefits of a collegiate education. Your rivers and smaller streams, now wasting their waters in idleness, will then turn the wheels of multitudinous mills. Your bays and harbors, now unknown to commerce, will then swarm with ships from every enlightened quarter of the globe. Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!

Would the slaveholders of North Carolina lose anything by the abolition of slavery? Let us see. According to their own estimate, their slaves are worth, in round numbers, say, one hundred and twenty millions of dollars. There are in the State twenty-eight thousand slaveholders, owning, it may be safely assumed, an average of at least five hundred acres of land each—fourteen millions of acres in all. This number of acres, multiplied by thirty-three dollars and ninety-one cents, the difference in value between free soil and slave soil, makes the enormous sum of four hundred and seventy-four millions of dollars—showing that, by the abolition of slavery, the slaveholders themselves would realize a net profit of not less than three hundred and fifty-four millions of dollars!

Compensation to slaveholders for the negroes now in their possession! The idea is preposterous. The suggestion is criminal. The demand is unjust, wicked, monstrous, damnable. Shall we pat the bloodhounds of slavery for the sake of doing them a favor? Shall we fee the curs of slavery in order to make them rich at our expense? Shall we pay the whelps of slavery for the privilege of converting them into decent, honest, upright men? No, never! The non-slaveholders expect to gain, and will gain, something by the abolition of slavery; but slaveholders themselves will, by far, be the greater gainers; for, in proportion to population, they own much larger and more fertile tracts of land, and will, as a matter of course, receive the lion’s share of the increase in the value of not only real estate, but also of other genuine property, of which they are likewise the principal owners. How ridiculously absurd, therefore, is the objection, that, if we liberate the slaves, we ruin the masters! Not long since, a gentleman in Baltimore, a native of Maryland, remarked in our presence that he was an abolitionist because he felt that it was right and proper to be one; “but,” inquired he, “are there not, in some of the States, many widows and orphans who would be left in destitute circumstances, if their negroes were taken from them?” In answer to the question, we replied that slavery had already reduced thousands and tens of thousands of non-slaveholding widows and orphans to the lowest depths of poverty and ignorance, and that we did not believe one slaveholding widow and three orphans were of more, or even of as much consequence as five non-slaveholding widows and fifteen orphans. “You are right,” exclaimed the gentleman, “I had not viewed the subject in that light before; I perceive you go in for the greatest good to the greatest number.” Emancipate the negroes, and the ex-slaveholding widow would still retain her lands and tenements, which, in consequence of being surrounded by the magic influences of liberty, would soon render her far more wealthy and infinitely more respectable, than she could possibly ever become while trafficking in human flesh.

The fact is, every slave in the South costs the State in which he resides at least three times as much as he, in the whole course of his life, is worth to his master. Slavery benefits no one but its immediate, individual owners, and them only in a pecuniary point of view, and at the sacrifice of the dearest rights and interests of the whole mass of non-slaveholders, white and black. Even the masters themselves, as we have already shown, would be far better off without it than with it. To all classes of society the institution is a curse; an especial curse is it to those who own it not. Non-slaveholding whites! look well to your interests!

FREE FIGURES AND SLAVE.

CHAPTER IX.