What I know of farming: / a series of brief and plain expositions of practical agriculture as an art based upon science

by Horace Greeley

INDEX.

• ACCOUNTS—Accounts in Farming, chap. xxxv, [207];
  • the causes of pecuniary failure, [207];
  • loss from waste of time, [207];
  • the author has found all successful farmers rigid economists of time, [208];
  • farmers urged to keep a rigid account of how they dispose of their time, [208];
  • keeping a diary recommended, [208];
  • what it should contain, [209];
  • accounts with neighbors, [209];
  • the farmer should keep an account of the expenses of his farm, and the receipts therefrom, [209];
  • importance of keeping an account with the several fields and crops, [210];
  • complication and uncertainty in account-keeping considered, [210-211];
  • the advantage of keeping careful accounts, [211].
• AGRICULTURE. See Farming: books on practical, referred to, [30].
• ALABAMA, [50].
• ALDER, [53].
• ALKALIS, as fertilizers. See Fertilizers, Commercial.
• ALLEGHANY RIDGE, [39].
• ALLEGHANIES, the, [45], [49], [79], [81], [156].
• ALPS, [75].
• ALPS, AUSTRIAN, [75].
• AMERICA, [44], [170].
• AMHERST. N. H., [52].
• AMMONIA, [104], [306].
• AMMONOOSUC, the river, [194].
• ANTELOPE, [278].
• APENNINES, [267].
• APPLE, the, [53], [118], [129].
  • Fruit-Trees. The Apple, chap. xxix, [139];
    • fruit-trees form a distinguishing feature of Northern farms and holdings, [139];
    • unequaled in that respect elsewhere, [140];
    • our country north of the Potomac excels, in its supply of tree-fruits, all other portions of the earth's surface of equal area, [140];
    • the Northern States admirably adapted to the apple and kindred fruit-trees, [140];
    • effects of such adaptability, [140];
    • give an orchard the northern slope of a hill where possible, [140];
    • the one which blossoms latest, yields, on the average, most fruit, [141];
    • storing ice to place under trees, not recommended, [141];
    • importance of drainage, [145];
    • some reasons for choosing sloping ground for an apple-orchard, [141];
    • the soil for such, [142];
    • preparation of the soil, [142-3];
    • treatment and care of the land devoted to an orchard, [143-4];
  • More about Apple Trees, chap. xxv, [145];
    • apple trees are planted too far apart, and allowed to grow too tall, [145];
    • consequences, [145-6];
    • trees should be set diamond fashion, [146];
    • pruning should be attended to annually, [146];
    • sprouts valueless, [147];
    • the demands which apple-trees make on the soil should be supplied, [147];
    • apple-trees in the township of Newcastle, Westchester, N. Y., [147];
    • causes of their unproductiveness, [147-8];
    • caterpillars and their ravages, [148];
    • duties of farmers and fruit growers, [149];
    • the abundant apple-crop of 1870, [149];
    • establishes the capacity of our regions to bear Apples, [149], [191], [232], [291], [294];
    • the apple-crop of 1870, as an illustration of the imperfect means of exchanging farm products, [297-8]-9;
    • loss to consumers and producers, [299-300].
• ARIZONA, [48].
• ARKANSAS, State of, [25], [36];
  • the river, [73], [261];
  • the upper river, [274].
• ARTESIAN WELLS, [77], [277-8], [316].
• ASHES as fertilizers, [108-9], [127], [128];
  • use in preparing for an orchard, [142], [174].
  • See also Fertilizers, Commercial.
• ATLANTIC, the coast, [156], [178];
  • seaboard, [220];
  • slope, [76], [157], [213].
• AUSTIN, [46].
• AUSTRALIA, [138], [200], [238].
• AUTUMN, [89], [97], [99], [116], [124], [173], [178], [179], [192], [193], [202], [262].
  
• BABYLON, [266].
• BALSAM FIR, [58].
• BALTIMORE, [165].
• BARLEY, [245], [265].
• BARN, the use of stone recommended in building a, [216]
• BATAVIA YAMS, [271].
• BATTENKILL, [75].
• BEANS, [210], [271], [296].
• BEECH, [19], [53], [60], [287].
• BEEF, [37], [118], [220], [294].
• BEETS. see ROOTS, also [143], [232], [264], [271].
• BELGIUM, [70], [238].
• BERRIES, [90].
• BIRCH, [60].
• BIRDS—Insects, Birds, chap. xxii, [129];
  • birds our best allies against insects, [129];
  • the destruction of birds not the sole cause of insect ravages, [130];
  • birds should be protected and kindly treated, [132];
  • associations should be formed to do so, [132];
  • artificial nests, [133];
  • legal measures to protect birds, [133].
• BLACK ASH, [30].
• BLACKBERRIES, [90], [158].
• BLACK WALNUT, [314].
• BLACKWELL'S ISLAND, [87].
• BLUE RIDGE MOUNTAINS, [81].
• BOARD OF WORKS (London), [269].
• BOISSIÈRE, E. V, DE, [253-4].
• BONES. See Commercial Fertilizers, also [118], [119], [192], [317].
• BONE-DUST, [174].
• BONES, flour of, [121].
• BONE FLOUR, [167].
• BONES, raw, [317].
• BOSTON, farm near, [15], [289].
• BOTANY, [30].
• BUCKEYE, [260].
• BUCKWHEAT, [21], [189], [191], [210].
• BUFFALO, [278].
• BUFFALO GRASS, [153].
• BURLINGTON, N. J., [166].
• BUTTER, [38], [164], [167].
• BRIDGES, [250].
• BRITISH ISLES, [178], [245].
• BROCCOLI, [271].
  
• CABBAGES, [264], [271], [296], [300].
• CACHE-LA-POUDRE, the river, [82], [262], [263].
• CALIFORNIA, [26], [76], [80], [159], [181], [260].
• CANADA, [48], [165], [289];
  • creek, [75].
• CANALS, [105].
• CAROLINAS, the, [166], [315].
• CARROTS. See Roots, also [143], [271].
• CARSON, the river, [81], [83].
• CATTLE, [15];
  • Pasturing, [19-20];
  • Soiling, [20];
  • treatment of herds of, in the Mississippi and Missouri Valleys, [20];
  • rearing of, referred to, [35], [132], [150], [157], [219], [220], [224], [293].
• CATSKILLS, the, [172].
• CENSUS: the Seventh, [150];
  • the Eighth, [150];
  • the, of 1870, [286].
• CHAMPLAIN, the, basin, [72];
  • lake, [279].
• CHAPPAQUA, [62].
• CHAUTAUQUA Co., N. Y., [287], [288].
• CHEESE, [38], [164], [167].
• CHEMISTRY, [30], [119], [196], [231].
• CHERRIES. See Fruits, also [129], [139], [294].
• CHESTER CO., Penn., [110].
• CHESTNUT, [54], [55], [60], [135], [136], [215], [314].
  • See also, Trees.
• CHEYENNE, [262].
• CHICAGO, [164].
• CHICKENS, [295].
  • See Fowls.
• CHLORINE, [114], [235].
• CHLORIDE OF LIME, [128].
• CHOLERA, [268].
• CHURCHES, [250].
• CINCINNATI, [156].
• CLIMATES, American, for the finer fruits, [156].
• CLOVER, [120], [153], [167], [318].
• CLUBS. See Farmers' Clubs.
• COAL, [109], [288].
• COLONIES, advantage of settling in, [28];
  • the course to adopt in organizing one, [28];
  • Union Colony, [262];
  • its location, [262];
  • the City of Greeley, its nucleus, [262];
  • irrigation canals of, [262-4];
  • fertility of the soil at, [264].
• COLONISTS, English, [171].
• COLORADO, [181], [206], [317];
  • river, [46].
• CONGRESS, [46].
• CONNECTICUT, [27], [171], [299];
  • river, [194], [279];
  • valley of the, [317].
• COMO, lake, [75].
• COMMON SCHOOLS, [196-7].
• COMMUNISM: Differs radically from Co-operation, [248].
• CONCLUSIONS, General, Summing up, chap. lli, [308];
  • the facts set forth in the essays, [308];
  • common misrepresentations, [308-9];
  • object of the author in writing these essays, [309];
  • the propositions sought to be established therein, [310];
  • good farming must ever be a paying business, [310];
  • thorough tillage advocated, [310];
  • a location should be permanent, [310];
  • the too great haste in incurring responsibilities, [311];
  • the greed for land, [310];
  • common abuses in fencing and cattle-raising, [312-13];
  • tree-cutting and tree-planting, [314-15];
  • underdraining, [315];
  • irrigation, [316];
  • commercial fertilizers, [317-8]-9;
  • shallow culture, [319-20];
  • the need for study and inquiry, [320-21];
  • concluding remarks, [321].
• CO-OPERATION, reference to, in regard to wild lands, [24];
  • Co-operation in Farming, chap. xlii, [248];
    • Co-operation is the word of hope and cheer for labor, [248];
    • its meaning, [248];
    • differs radically from communism, [248];
    • the difficulties of a young farmer who migrates to Kansas, Minnesota or one of the Territories, [248-9];
    • the different circumstances consequent on settlement by co-operation, [250];
    • advantages of co-operation not limited to colonizing distant tracts, [250];
    • would benefit colored men, [250-1];
    • fencing as an illustration of the loss consequent on want of co-operation, [251-2];
    • how co-operation would remedy it, [252];
    • further application of the system, [252-3];
    • Mr. E. V. de Boissière's co-operative farming, [254-5].
• CORN, [20], [21], [22]
  • growing of bread-corn eastward of the Hudson, [37], [43], [67], [68], [81], [86], [88], [92], [94], [99], [103], [107], [113], [114], [115], [118], [147].
  • Grain Growing—East and West—chap. xxviii, [162];
    • hoeing is of no use to Corn, [162];
    • the best and cheapest way to cultivate corn, [162];
    • the fields of the Mississippi Valley are the most productive in the world, [163];
    • the tillage, in some places, seemed susceptible of improvement, [163];
    • the West is the granary of the East, [163];
    • a change imminent, [163];
    • changes since twenty-three years ago when the author visited Illinois, [164];
    • the course the West will ultimately adopt, [164];
    • exhaustion of the soil in New England and Eastern New York, [164];
    • in the Genesee Valley, [165];
    • Eastern Pennsylvania profits by a provident system of husbandry, [165];
    • the States this side of the Delaware will yet have to grow a large share of their breadstuffs, [165];
    • can it be done with profit now, considering, also, if the East has wisely, so largely abandoned grain-growing, [165-9];
    • the places not taken into account, [165];
    • the "Pine Barrens" of New Jersey selected to illustrate the profits of grain-growing in the East, [168];
    • their nature, [168];
    • estimate of expenses thereon, [167];
    • the product anticipated, [167];
    • the favorable conditions the cultivator would enjoy, [168];
    • the money value of his crop, [168];
    • great economy could be achieved in the cost of cultivating, [169];
    • conclusions, [169];
    • also [177], [191], [192], [193], [210], [228], [238], [242], [246-7], [264], [265], [271-2], [290].
• COTTON, [107], [200].
• COTTON-GROWERS, Southern, [118].
• COTTONWOOD, [261].
• CREDIT, buying a farm on, [25].
• CROPS, Fall, [97].
• CURRANTS, [129].
  
• DAIRYING, [288].
• DANA'S MUCK MANUAL, [199].
• DELAWARE, the State of, [165];
  • the river, [152], [165].
• DENVER, [264], [277];
  • Pacific Railroad, the, [262].
• DEPOPULATION, (RURAL)—Rural Depopulation, chap. xlviii, [286];
  • the alleged decrease in the relative population of rural districts, [286];
  • no increase since 1859 in the number of farmers in the State of New York, [286];
  • probable slight decrease in that of New England, [286];
  • consolidating farms, [286];
  • small farmers are selling out and migrating, [287];
  • reasons therefore, [287];
  • the changed character of the tillage, [287-8];
  • the general use of coal has reduced the demand for labour, [288];
  • labour-saving implements, [288-9];
  • the supposed degeneracy of the New England Puritan stock, [289];
  • the migration from New England, [289-90];
  • the assumption that Americans prefer other pursuits to farming, [291];
  • the rock and bog of New England form a discouraging impediment to agricultural progress, [290];
  • compensation therefor, [291].
• DIARY, the keeping of one recommended, [31].
• DICKINSON, Andrew B., [105], [106].
• DISTRIBUTION (of farm products). See Exchange.
• DOCK, [232].
• DOGWOOD, [314].
• DOGS; their depredations on sheep, [203-4].
• DRAINING—
  • Draining—My Own, chap. x, [62];
    • the author's farm, [62];
    • situation of the land thereon requiring drainage, [62-3];
    • difficulties it presented, [63];
    • blunders, [66];
    • how repaired, [66];
    • condition of the marsh before draining it, [61];
    • how success was retarded, [67];
    • evidence of success, [67];
    • the crops of 1870 on the reclaimed land, [68];
  • Draining Generally, chap. xi, [69];
    • general conclusions from the author's experience, [69];
    • extent of land to be drained, [69];
    • all swamp lands and nearly all of some other kinds must be drained to be well tilled, [69];
    • the many uses of underdrains, [69-70];
    • no one should run into debt for draining, [70];
    • tile and stone drains, [71];
    • draining by a Mole Plow, [72];
    • general direction, [72-3];
    • covered mains recommended, [73];
    • the question of labor, [73];
    • a case where the rudest surface drains would have changed bog into decent meadows, [152];
    • the stone drains on the author's farm, [214];
    • the author's summing up on, [315].
• DROUTH—habitually shortens our Fall crops, [98];
  • a Lesson of To-day (1870), chap. xxxii, [189];
    • the popular view of hot and cold seasons, [189];
    • the Summer of 1870, effects of the drouth, [189-190];
    • general character of each Summer, [190];
    • proof that drouth need not be feared by those who farm prudently, [190];
    • the author's observations during a trip through Warren Co., N. Y., [191-2];
    • results to be attained there by right cultivation, [192];
    • the inquiry: how are the people there to obtain fertilizers? [192];
    • answered, [193];
    • irrigation might be applied profitably, [194].
• 
  
• EARTH CLOSET, [123].
• EASTERN STATES, pasturing in, [19].
• EASTERN STATES, the, [23], [25-6], [37], [179], [189], [204], [215], [279], [311].
• EDINBURGH, [269].
• EGGS, [294-5].
• EGYPT, [164], [167].
• ELECTRICITY, [285].
• ELK, [278].
• ELM, [59].
• EMERSON, R. W., [44].
  • (Western) [170], [178], [268].
• ENGLAND, [70], [89], [164];
• ERIE Co., Pa., [23].
• EUROPE, [35], [74], [156], [163], [170], [171], [178], [180], [219], [238].
  • the machinery for disposing of surplus farm products imperfect, [297];
  • the abundant apple crop of 1870 as an illustration thereof, [297-8]-9;
  • apples should have been as common as bread or potatoes, [298];
  • the actual facts, [298];
  • cause of both the waste and dearness of apples, [299-300];
  • consequent loss to producers and consumers, [299-300];
  • turnips as a further illustration, [300];
  • disappointments of inexperienced farmers, [300-1];
  • hucksters and middlemen, [301];
  • suggestion to have a railroad purchase and sell farm products, [301-2];
  • results to be expected, [302];
  • an objection answered, [302].
• EXCHANGE: Exchange and Distribution, chap. l, [297];
  • author has attended at least fifty, [225];
  • concludes they were not what they might and should be, [225];
  • the reform must begin with the people, [225];
  • the lot of the public speaker, [225-6];
  • what is needed to render our annual Fairs useful and instructive detailed, [226];
  • each farmer should hold himself bound to make some contribution to his, [226];
  • an interesting and running commentary should given, [227-8];
  • liberal premiums should be given for proficiency in farming, [228-9];
  • need for improvement in the character of the public speaking, [229];
  • counties should be canvassed to enrol exhibitors, [230];
  • all in a locality should feel a common interest in their fair, [230].
• EXHIBITIONS (AGRICULTURAL)—Agricultural Exhibitions, chap. xxxviii, [225];
• EYE-SMART, [125].
  
• FABRICS, [200].
• FAIRS. See Exhibitions.
• FALL, the, [126], [173], [174], [193], [318].
  • Will Farming Pay, chap. i, [13];
    • will it pay considered, [13];
    • the case of a man without capital, [13];
    • difficulties common to all pursuits, [13-4];
    • Astor referred to, [14];
    • earning the first thousand dollars, [14];
    • instance of remarkable success in farming, near Boston, [15];
    • case of a farmer in Northern Vermont, [15-6];
    • Professor Mapes's success, [14];
    • profitable return from a fruit farm on the Hudson, [15-6];
    • that shiftless farming don't pay admitted, [17];
    • good farming profitable, [17];
    • farming not recommended as a pursuit to every man, [17];
    • it can never be dispensed with, [17];
    • it is the first, and most essential of human pursuits, [17];
    • all are interested in having it honored and prosperous, [17];
    • if unprofitable, it is from mismanagement, [17];
    • the author's aim in these essays, [17].
  • Good and Bad Husbandry, chap. ii, [18];
    • good and bad farming considered, [18];
    • necessity master of us all, [18];
    • dictates the line to follow in farming, [18-9];
    • application of the principle to pasturing, [19-20];
    • illustration of good farming, [20-21];
    • excuses for waste insufficient, [21];
    • truths on which good farming depend, [21];
    • good crops invariably practicable, [21-2];
    • rarely fail to pay, [23];
    • increasing productiveness of the soil the fairest single test, [22];
    • where to farm considered, [23];
    • experience of the author's father regarding the East and West, [23];
    • circumstances qualifying it, [23];
    • the difficulties of the pioneer's life, [23-4];
    • purchase of an "improvement" recommended in certain cases, [24];
    • civilized places are to be preferred for settlement, [24];
    • co-operation may change matters, [24];
    • good farming will pay everywhere, [25];
    • no one having a good farm advised to migrate, [25];
    • money is made by farming near New York as fast as in the West, [25];
    • where migration is advised, and its advantages, [25];
    • troubles attendant on buying on credit, [25];
    • the West will grow more rapidly than the East during the next twenty years, [26];
    • the South invites immigration, [26];
    • great inducements offered, [26];
    • combined effort recommended, [26];
    • good farming land cheapest in the United States, [27];
    • an incident in Illinois farming, [27];
    • counsel to intending purchasers, [27];
    • land cheap in every State, [28];
    • advantages of settling in colonies, [28];
    • the first steps toward doing so, [28];
    • division of the lands, [28];
    • laying out the town, [28];
    • the progress it ought to make, [28];
    • economy of capital accomplished, [28];
  • Preparing to farm, chap. iv, [29];
    • counsel intended for young men unaccustomed to farming, [29];
    • patience recommended, [29];
    • penalties of over haste, [29];
    • value of experience illustrated, [30];
    • an inexperienced young man advised to hire out, [30];
    • procure books, [30];
    • general counsel, [31];
    • how the course advised differs from running into debt, [31-2];
    • experience and practice essential, [32];
    • circumstances where theoretical study is approved, [32];
    • qualifying remarks, [32-3];
    • he who has mastered farming is competent to buy a farm, [33];
    • exceptions, [33];
    • a young man should not wait until he can buy a large farm, [33];
    • twenty acres ample for $2,000 capital, [33];
    • that extent is sufficient to test his aptitude, [33];
  • Buying A Farm, chap. v, [34];
    • it is better to buy good land than poor, [34];
    • poor land can be turned to account, [34];
    • the smallest farm should have its strip of forest, [34];
    • advantage of New England and countries of like surface over very fertile regions, [34];
    • cannot be divested of forest, [34];
    • "Five Acres" or "Ten Acres" not sufficient, [35];
    • exceptions, [35];
    • genuine farms, the general want, [35];
    • the remark "he has too much land," [35];
    • some men specially adapted for large farms, [35];
    • individual circumstances control, [35];
    • counsel to a young man intent on buying a farm, [36];
    • means of buying to be the main guide, [36];
    • capital the true limit, [36];
    • New England farms comparatively as cheap as Western, [36];
    • migration urged only for those who cannot buy farms in the Old States, [36];
    • success of the butter-makers of Vermont, [36];
    • also of New York cheese dairymen, [36];
    • insuperable barriers in the East to effective cultivation, [37];
    • cultivation by steam must render large farms necessary, [37];
    • grain growing not likely to be extended in the East, [37];
    • the West to be the source of supply of bread-corn to the East, [37];
    • main considerations in buying land in the Eastern States, [37];
    • in the West the case is different, [37];
    • social considerations, [38];
    • make a permanent investment, [38];
    • have confidence that industry will be rewarded, [38];
  • Laying off a Farm, chap. vi, [39];
    • the surface and soil of a farm should be carefully studied, [39];
    • misconception of the similarity of prairie farms, [39];
    • a Northern farm selected for illustration, [40];
    • preparatory steps in laying off, [40];
    • care necessary, [40];
    • a pasture to be first selected, [40];
    • what it should be, [41];
    • the one great error in relation to this matter, [41];
    • weeds inseparable from pasture, [42];
    • treatment of a pasture, [42-3];
    • it should have a rude shed, [43];
    • fodder to be brought to cattle, [43];
    • "too much" land and tree planting, [50];
    • farming in Westchester County, N. Y., [51];
    • management of grass lands a test of farming, [152];
  • The Farmer's Calling: chap. xxxi, [183];
    • merits of farmers as a class, [183];
    • the author would have advised one of his sons if spared to attain manhood to become a good farmer, [183];
    • difficulties attending the farmer's calling, [184];
    • author's reason for recommending farming as a vocation to his son, [184];
    • no other business in which success is so nearly certain as it, [184-5];
    • farming conduces to a reverence for honesty and truth, [185-6];
    • it is conducive to thorough manliness of character, [186-7];
    • advantages the farmer enjoys in that respect over persons in other pursuits, [187];
    • incidents of the author's experience as a journalist in this regard, [187-8];
    • independent position of the true farmer, [188];
    • difficulties a young farmer encounters as a pioneer, [248-9];
    • considerably obviated be co-operation, [250];
    • co-operation admits of wider application, [250-1];
    • fencing as an illustration of the want of co-operation, [251-2];
    • wide adaptability of co-operation, [252-3];
    • Mr. E. V. de Boissière's co-operative farm, [253-4];
    • farming in Colorado, [265];
    • mistaken calculations of inexperienced farmers, [299-300];
    • summing up: the farmer's calling, [308];
    • American farming, [309];
    • good farming is and must ever be a paying business, [310];
    • thorough tillage, [310];
    • choosing a location, [311];
    • prudence enjoined, [311-2];
    • the greed for land, [312-3];
    • shallow culture, [319];
    • need for study and inquiry, [320].
• FARMING—
  • naked magnitude has fascination for most minds, [292];
  • some men can farm a township, [292];
  • large farmers, [293];
  • the opportunities and expectations of the small farmer, [293];
  • making money from small farms, [293-4];
  • large farming can never enable us to dispense with small farms, [294];
  • evidence thereof, [294];
  • fruit culture, [294];
  • the production of eggs and the rearing of fowls, [294];
  • the inducements offered to fowl-breeders, [295];
  • this industry should comment itself to poor widows, [295];
  • the growing of market vegetables, [296];
  • the profits realized therein; [296];
  • general conclusions, [296-7].
• FARMS: Large and small Farms, chap. xlix, [292];
  • farmers divide into two classes, [254];
  • characteristics of those who do too little work, [255];
  • the farmers who work too much, [255];
  • illustration thereof, [255];
  • value of the club to them, [256];
  • who should form the club, [256];
  • its rules, [256-7];
  • the chief end to be attained, [257];
  • habits of observation and reflection, [257];
  • evidence of the need thereof, [257];
  • a genuine interest in their vocation is needed by farmers, [257-8];
  • false fancies to be removed, [258];
  • the officers of the club, [258];
  • grafts, plants or seeds for gratuitous distribution, [258];
  • an annual flower show, [259];
  • an exhibition of fruits, [259];
  • the organization of a farmers' club is the chief difficulty, [259];
  • how removed, [259].
• FARMERS' CLUBS—Farmers' Clubs, chap. xliii, [254];
  • labor arduous enough without adding inefficient implements, [237];
  • improvements therein during fifty years, [237];
  • proofs thereof, [237];
  • the inferior implements used in the greater part of Europe, [237-8];
  • the claim of inventors or their agents to attention, [238-9];
  • the stock of an implement warehouse, [239];
  • a co-operative plan will be found necessary to secure the needful implements, [240];
  • reasons therefor, [240];
  • greater inventions are certain to be made, [241];
  • inventions for plowing, [241].
• FARM IMPLEMENTS—Farm Implements, chap. xli, [237];
  • Fences and Fencing, chap. xxxvii, [219];
    • excessive fencing general, [219];
    • fences are commonly dispensed with in France and other parts of Europe, [219];
    • drivers must there keep their cattle from injuring the wayside crops, [219];
    • American railroads have largely superseded cattle-driving, [220];
    • fresh meat will ultimately come from the Prairies, in refrigerating cars, [220];
    • owners of animals should be responsible for their care, [220-221];
    • fencing bears with special severity on the pioneer, [221];
    • fences, where necessary, are a deplorable necessity, [221];
    • obstacles to introducing ditches and hedges, [221-2];
    • wire fences, [222];
    • stone walls, [222];
    • rail fences, [222-3];
    • posts and boards are the cheapest material for fences, [223];
    • Red Cedar posts, [223];
    • Locust posts, [223];
    • posts set top-end down last longest, [224];
    • general conclusions, [224];
    • forms one of the pioneer's many trials, [251];
    • it is different, but not better, with settlers on broad prairies, [251];
    • co-operation would secure an immense economy in, [252], [287];
    • should be scrutinized in winter, [306];
    • most American farms east of the Roanoke and Wabash have too many fences, [313].
• FENCES, [100-1].
  • Commercial Fertilizers—Gypsum, chap. xvii, [102];
    • Gypsum might be generally applied to cultivated land, with profit, [102];
    • the case where it costs $10, or over, per ton, considered, [102];
    • it should be used in all stables and yards, [102];
    • on meadows and pastures, [102];
    • time and mode of application, [103];
    • how Gypsum impels and invigorates vegetable growth, referred to, [103];
    • its value practically demonstrated in and around Paris, [303-4];
    • the nature of Gypsum, [104];
    • the chemists' theory of it, [104];
    • its actual effect assumed as the basis of these remarks, [104];
    • Gypsum ought to be extensively applied to pastures and slopes, [104-5];
    • a farmer's observations on its effects, [105];
    • it may be easily procured, [105];
    • its trial requested, [105-6];
    • soils can be improved by means of calcined clay, [105];
    • a successful trial thereof, [106].
  • Alkalis ... Salt—Ashes—Lime, chap. xvii, [107];
    • all our country's surface might be improved by the use of suitable fertilizers, [107];
    • not many acres but might be made more fertile by their use, [107];
    • comparative exhaustion of the soil soon renders them necessary, [107-8];
    • the good farmer's inquiry on the subject, [108];
    • the state of each soil respectively, the true guide in using fertilizers, [108];
    • alkaline substances might be universally applied with profit, [108];
    • the use of ashes considered, [108-9]
    • Marls of New Jersey, [109];
    • Salt, [109];
    • Potash, [109];
    • the author's trial of, [109-10];
    • Lime as a fertilizer, [110];
    • careful tests of the value of Alkalis suggested, [110-11].
  • Soil and Fertilizers, chap. xix, [112];
    • the farmer a manufacturer, [112];
    • the opinion that some lands are naturally rich enough, [112];
    • the great wheat product at the Salt Lake City Plain, [112];
    • the author's experience regarding the imperfect manuring of land, [113];
    • more manure and less seed should be applied by most farmers, [113];
    • the richest soils deteriorate after successive crops, [114];
    • Nature's law of inflexible exaction, [114];
    • rich soil from the West exhibited at the N. Y. Farmers' Club, [114];
    • chemical analysis made of same, [114];
    • Professor Mapes' remark thereon, [114];
    • the mistake of fertilizing poor lands only, [115];
    • better to produce the same quantity of Corn from a small than a large area in certain cases, [115];
    • barn-yard manure, and its use, [115-6];
    • no farmer ever impoverished by making and using manure of his own manufacture, [117];
    • Lime has been used without advantage, [111];
    • reasons therefor, [111];
    • adulteration of Lime, [111];
    • farmers advised to be discriminating, [111];
    • experiment recommended where there is doubt, [111];
  • Bones—Phosphates—Guano, chap. xx, [118];
    • wasteful outlay for fertilizers, [118];
    • fertilizers needed and used in Westchester Co., N. Y., [118];
    • where not needed, [119];
    • unprofitable use of Guano, [120];
    • exceptions to the general rule, [120];
    • the other fertilizers, [120];
    • author's trial of Guano, [121];
    • not of general application, [121];
    • experiments and careful observation recommended, [122];
    • results that may be expected, [123];
    • the earth closet, [123];
    • importance of it and kindred devices, [123];
    • oyster-shell lime is the best, [128];
    • the fertilizers to be used in preparing for an orchard, [142-3];
    • treatment of swamp muck for potatoes, [173];
    • fertilizers for potatoes when muck cannot be had, [173-4];
    • supposed inquiry of the people of Warren Co., N. Y, "How shall we obtain fertilizers?" [192];
    • answered, [193];
    • a Maine essayist on sourness of the soil and its remedy, [232-3];
    • necessity for scientific knowledge on the effects of, [232];
    • importance of some standard to go by in using, [234-5];
    • the digging and drawing of clay as winter work, [306];
    • value of clay for grass land, [306];
    • procuring commercial fertilizers, as winter work, [306].
• FERTILIZERS, Commercial.
  • culture of, [35], [37], [107];
  • ravages of insects on fruits, [129-30].
  • Peaches—Pears—Cherries—Grapes, chap. xxvii, [156];
    • adaptability of American climates as regards fruit-growing, [157];
    • why the climates of some sections are unfavorable for the most valued tree fruits, [156-7];
    • author's personal observations, [157];
    • difficulties attending the growing of finer fruits, [158];
    • counsel thereon to farmers mainly engaged in the production of grain and cattle, [157-8];
    • grape-growing, [159];
    • the mistake of neglecting vines, [159];
    • experiment recommended, [159];
    • necessary precautions, [160];
    • the course recommended to a farmer who proposes to grow pears, peaches, and quinces, [160-1], [168], [228], [232], [259];
    • the descriptions of fruit grown by small farmers, [294];
    • fruit culture would decline should small farms be generally absorbed into larger, [294];
    • treatment of fruit-trees in winter, [307].
• FRUIT: a profitable fruit farm on the Hudson, [14];
• 
  
• GAMMA GRASS, [261].
• GARDA, Lake, [75].
• GENESEE, Valley of the, [163], [165], [292].
• GEOLOGY, [30], [190], [231].
  • See also Corn.
• GERMANY, [289].
  • See also Fruits.
• GRAIN, [22], [35], [40], [107], [110], [118], [125], [126], [132], [157], [167], [186], [206], [228], [235], [239], [264], [266], [291], [293], [294], [296].
• GRAPES, [16], [59], [140], [226], [294].
• GREAT BASIN, the, [138], [278], [317].
  • See also Pasturing and Hay.
• GREAT BRITAIN, [179], [238].
  • own experience of the difficulties of securing a good start in life, [14];
  • remark of his father to, on migration toward the West, [23];
  • own evidence of the value of experience, [30];
  • is descended from several generations of tree-cutters, [44];
  • engaged for three years in land clearing, [44];
  • reference to Amherst, N. H., his birthplace, [52];
  • description of his farm, [62];
  • drainage thereof. [63-8];
  • observations in Italy, [74-6];
  • experiments in irrigation, [76-7];
  • observations in Virginia, [80];
  • experience of the plowing of his plat in New York city, [87-8];
  • tries deep plowing, [88];
  • plowing of the hill-sides on his farm, [94];
  • benefits thereof, [94];
  • judges that the gravelly hill-sides of his farm would repay applying 200 tons per acre of pure clay, [108];
  • experience of guano, [121];
  • raising locust from seed, [134];
  • hay product of his farm, [151];
  • helps in hay-making from swamps, [152];
  • hoed corn in his boyhood, [162];
  • observations on the corn-fields of the Mississippi valley, [163];
  • observations at Chicago twenty-three years ago, [164];
  • finds potatoes less prolific on his farm than in New Hampshire, [173];
  • speaks as a journalist's and farmer's calling, [187];
  • observations in Warren county, N. Y., [191];
  • the stone wall on his farm, [218];
  • experience of agricultural exhibitions, [225];
  • the plowing on his farm, [281];
  • mentions the sale of his apples as an illustration of the imperfect means of exchanging farm products, [298].
• GRASS, [22], [40], [43], [67], [68], [95], [107], [110], [121], [152-3], [191], [232], [238], [239], [264].
• GREELEY, Horace—Arrival in New York, [13-4];
• GREELEY, the city of, [262].
• GUANO, [116], [120], [121], [192], [318].
  • See also Fertilizers, Commercial.
• GULF STREAM, [178].
• GYPSUM, [120], [121], [122], [174], [233], [317], [318].
• 
  
  • Hay and Hay-making, chap. xxvi, [150];
    • importance of the grass crop, [150];
    • the portion made into hay, [150];
    • its quantity, [150];
    • the product and quality should be better, [151];
    • author's experience, [151];
    • the management of grass lands is a criterion of farming, [150];
    • hay-making in New England fifty years ago, [152];
    • too little grass-seed is now used, [152];
    • too little discrimination used in sowing grass seeds, [153];
    • the variety of good grasses will be increased, [153];
    • grass is cut in the average too late, [153];
    • consequences, [153-54];
    • the plea that our farmers are short-handed in the summer harvest, [154];
    • treatment of grass when cut, [154];
    • the author's anticipation of how hay-making will yet be carried on, [155];
    • the need for improvement in hay-making insisted on, [155];
    • explanation thereof, [155]. Also [167], [189], [191], [211], [235], [288], [291], [306].
    • See also Grass.
• HARLEM RAILROAD, [62].
• HAWK, the, [132].
• HAY, [20], [68], [78], [95], [119], [122], [147].
• HAY-MAKING, See Hay.
• HEMLOCK, [19], [58], [60], [66], [223], [287], [314].
• HICKORY, [53], [54], [55], [59], [135], [136], [215], [291], [314].
• HIGHWAYS, [249].
• HOES, [237].
• HOGS, [143].
• HOLLAND, [238].
  • carrots as food for, [182].
• HOMESTEAD LAW, [249].
  • a fruit farmer on the, [16];
  • the valley of the, [165];
  • banks of the upper, [191];
  • the valley of the upper, [190], [191], [317].
• HOPS, [164].
• HORSES, [132];
• HUDSON, the, [16];
• HUMBOLDT, the river, [81].
  • Northern, [163], [164];
  • prairies of, [164], [246], [264], [289].
• HUMBOLDT, the, or Canada Creek, [75].
• HUNGARY, [164].
  
  • the serious loss to farmers from insects, [129];
  • birds our best allies, [129];
  • what good they can do, [130];
  • ravages of insects not entirely due to the scarcity of birds, [130];
  • degeneracy of our plants largely causes their ravages, [130];
  • Gov. Packer of Pennsylvania's observations thereon, [130-31];
  • the case of wheat and other plants, [131];
  • a war against insects must continue for a generation, [131];
  • the destruction of birds, [132];
  • the measures to be adopted against insects, [132];
  • birds should be preserved, [132];
  • associations should be formed to do so, [132];
  • artificial posts, [133];
  • legal measures proposed, [133];
  • their ravages in Newcastle township, Westchester, N. Y., [147-8];
  • caterpillars, [148];
  • numerous from neglect, [148];
  • duties of farmers and fruit growers, [149].
• ILLINOIS, State of, [37];
  • years of rugged manual labor essential to success in hewing a farm out of the forest, [195];
  • value of education to the farmer, [196];
  • our average common schools defective in not teaching geology and chemistry, [196];
  • the leading principles and facts of these sciences ought to constitute the reader of the highest class in the common schools, [196];
  • counsel to the young farmer on agricultural books, [197];
  • their value demonstrated, [198];
  • a two-hundred acre farm will be found to give ample scope, [199];
  • instructions regarding particular books, [199];
  • men of the strongest minds and best abilities will be attracted to farming so fast and so far as it becomes intellectual, [199].
• INDIANA, [37], [163].
• INSECTS—Insects—Birds, chap. xxii, [129];
• INTELLECT (in Agriculture)—Intellect In Agriculture, chap. xxxiii, [195];
• INTEREST, relatively high in this country, [202].
  • Irrigation—Means and Ends, chap. xii. [74];
    • need of water for crops not often kept in view, [74];
    • the authors observations in Lombardy (Italy), [74-5];
    • the Atlantic Slope and Irrigation, [76];
    • author's experience in irrigation, [76-7];
    • results, [76];
    • irrigation of New England farms, [78];
    • advantages that would result therefrom, [78].
  • Possibilities of Irrigation, chap. xiii, [79];
    • natural facilities for irrigation
    • general, [79];
    • artesian wells on the prairies, [79];
    • wells in California, [80];
    • water as a fertilizer, [80];
    • crops in Virginia suffering from want of irrigation, [80-1];
    • counsel to farmers on irrigation, [81-2];
    • great profits to be realized by irrigation, [82-3];
    • need of irrigation in the Eastern and Middle States considered, [83];
    • the prairie States after 1900, [83];
    • common objections to irrigation, [84];
    • it must become general, [247];
    • wells will be sunk for the purpose, [247];
    • a steam locomotive for the purpose referred to, [247];
    • irrigation will become general, [247];
  • Western Irrigation, chap. xliv, [260];
    • irrigation is practicable everywhere, [260];
    • the portion of our country which cannot be cultivated without irrigation, [260];
    • its extent, [260];
    • its climate, [260];
    • it is spoken of as desert, [261];
    • the readiest means of irrigating the plains, [261];
    • their extent, [261];
    • the North and South Platte rivers, [261];
    • Union Colony, [262];
    • its location, [262];
    • location of Greeley, [262];
    • the first irrigating canal of Union Colony, [262];
    • branches and ditches therefrom, [262-3];
    • how the water is deflected to it, [263];
    • the larger and longer canal, [263];
    • doubts at first entertained respecting the capacities of the soil, [264];
    • proved baseless, [264];
    • products of the soil, [264];
    • the cost of irrigation is not in excess of cultivating without it, [264];
    • demonstration thereof, [265];
    • it would pay to expend $10 per acre for irrigating New England grass lands, [266];
  • More of Irrigation, chap. xlvi, [274];
    • irrigation of places bordered by streams referred to, [274];
    • the facilities the Platte offers for irrigation, [274-5];
    • results that may be attained, [275];
    • the Plains, [275];
    • obstacles to their cultivation, [275-6];
    • the change that will be yet effected, [276];
    • how the plains will be irrigated, [276-7];
    • artesian wells, [277-8];
    • the co-operation of railroad companies anticipated, [278];
    • rain increases as settlements are multiplied, [278];
    • the permanent character of the Plains, [279];
    • tracts needing irrigation in the East, [279];
    • summing up of the author's views on, [315-6]-7.
• IOWA, [27], [163], [164], [168].
• IRELAND, [170], [175], [289].
• IRRIGATION—
• IRON, [242].
• ITALY (Northern), [171].
  
  • the river, [279].
• KANSAS, [25], [26], [167], [249], [261], [264], [289].
• KANSAS PACIFIC, the railroad, [262].
• KENNEBEC, the valley of the, [165];
• KENTUCKY, [50].
• KIT CARSON, the, [277].
  
• LABORERS, Farm—Dearth of employment for, in winter, a great and growing evil, [303].
• LAKES, the Northern, [165].
• LANCASTER COUNTY, Penn., [110].
• LANCASHIRE (England), [76].
• LAND. See Farming.
• LANDS, public, [46].
  • as a fertilizer, see Fertilizers, Commercial;
  • also, [104], [110], [111], [120];
  • oyster shell, [121], [122], [128];
  • use in preparing for an orchard, [142], [143], [147], [167], [174], [192], [211], [232-3], [235], [306], [317], [318].
• LARD, [164].
• LIEBIG'S agricultural chemistry, [199].
• LIME, [104];
• LOCUST, the, tree, [53], [54], [55], [60], [134], [215], [223], [314].
  • New Hampshire, [171].
• LOMBARDY, [74], [75], [76].
  • Sound, [172].
• LONDON, [269].
• LONDONDERRY (Ireland), [171];
• LONG ISLAND, N. Y., [166], [251], [315];
• LONG'S PEAK, [262].
• LORING, Dr. George B. (of Mass.), [193].
• LUMBERING—How rocks in creeks are removed by a lumberman, [217].
  
• MACHINES, agricultural, [225].
• MAGGIORE, Lake, [75].
• MAGNESIA, [235].
• MAIDSTONE (England), [89].
• MAINE, [125], [171], [232].
• MANGANESE, [111].
• MANGOLDS, [271].
• MANUFACTURES, [164], [243].
• MANURE, [95].
  • See also Fertilizers, Commercial.
• MAPLE, [287].
• MAPES, Professor, [16], [85], [114], [128].
  • Eastern, [315].
• MARL, [109], [120], [122], [142], [167].
• MARTINEAU, Miss., [187].
• MARYLAND, [166], [251];
  • meat will be ultimately conveyed in refrigerating cars, [220], [266].
• MASSACHUSETTS, [171], [193].
• McCORMICK, C., [86].
• MEATS, [150], [164], [167], [200], [201];
• MECHANICS, [243].
  • Lake, [156].
• MELON, [226].
• MEXICO, [172].
• MICHIGAN, State of, [163];
• MIDDLE STATES, [139].
• MILK, [115], [167], [171].
• MILLS, [249], [250].
  • State of, [168];
  • the river, [260], [261], [279].
• MINNEHAHA, the, [285].
  • valley of the, [45], [69], [163];
  • the river, [163].
• MINNESOTA, [25], [26], [36], [37], [163], [164], [168], [206], [249], [289].
• MISSOURI, valley of the, [20];
• MISSISSIPPI, valley of the upper, [20], [38];
• MOLE PLOW, the, [72].
• MONMOUTH, N. J., [166].
• MORMONS, tree planting by, [46].
  • use in preparing for an orchard, [142].
  • Muck—How to Utilize it, chap. xxi, [124];
    • chemists will yet be able to determine the value of all kinds, [124];
    • use of muck profitable, [124];
    • the author's trial of it, [124];
    • how swamp muck forms, [124-5];
    • its vast extent, [125];
    • little benefit derived from applying it directly, [125];
    • the true course to adopt to secure good returns, [126-7];
    • practical evidence of its value, [127];
    • the course to be adopted by farmers having few animals, [127-8];
    • mixing salt with lime, [128], [147], [167];
    • diversity of opinion about, [233];
    • as an illustration of the need for more scientific knowledge, [233-4];
    • as an illustration of winter work, [304];
    • it is abundant and accessible, [304];
    • proof thereof, [305-6];
    • value of muck, [305];
    • where to procure, [318].
• MORTGAGE, buying land on, [31].
  • also, [200], [220].
• MIDDLE STATES, pasturing in, [19], [25], [69], [142], [179], [204], [215].
• MUCK, [95], [109], [116], [120];
• MUTTON. See Sheep;
• 
  
• NAPOLEON I, [33], [292].
• NEVADA, [46], [76], [83], [260].
• NEWBURG, N. Y., a fruit farm above, on the Hudson, [16].
  • Southern, [166], [167], [168], [169], [190], [251], [305], [315].
• NEWCASTLE (township), Westchester Co., N. Y., [62], [147].
• NEW ENGLAND, [25], [34], [36], [39], [45], [50], [69], [78], [79], [139], [152], [163], [164], [165], [171], [190], [206], [214], [266], [279], [286], [287], [289], [290], [291], [303].
• NEW HAMPSHIRE, [87], [140], [172], [237].
  • cheese dairymen of, [36], [47], [62], [68], [79], [102], [131], [140], [164];
  • Western, [163];
  • Eastern, [164], [165], [190], [286], [290].
• NEW JERSEY, [49], [85], [109], [165];
• NEW RIVER, Va., [86].
• NEW YORK (city), [13], [60], [87], [129], [269].
• NEW YORK STATE, [37], [49];
• NIAGARA, the falls of, [285].
• NINEVEH, [266].
• NITRATES. See Fertilizers.
  • valley of the river, [38];
  • the river, [53], [159].
• NITRATE OF SODA, [122].
• NORTHERN STATES, [48], [139], [140], [192], [297].
  
• OATS, [67], [92], [94], [113], [118], [121], [143], [189], [191], [210], [238], [245], [264], [265].
• OHIO, State of, [37], [163], [220];
• OLD STATES, the, [73], [249], [306].
  • valley, a broad, [101].
• ONIONS, [191].
• ONTARIO, Lake, [156].
  
• PACIFIC STATES, [178].
  • its pernicious effects, [19];
  • soiling is preferable to pasturing, [20];
  • a pasture should be the first field selected on a new farm, [40];
  • where it should be placed, [41];
  • misconceptions respecting indiscriminate pasturing, [41];
  • treatment of a pasture, [42-3];
  • should have a shed, [43];
  • appearance of pastures where there is bad farming, [152];
  • summing up of the author's views on pasturing, [313-4].
  • See also Hay.
• PACIFIC, the coast, [156];
  • also [129], [140], [161].
• PACKER, Gov. William F., of Penn., [130].
  • also [129], [139], [156], [204].
• PARIS, [103].
• PASTURES—Pasturing will soon disappear in the Eastern and Middle States, [19];
  • Eastern, [165], [172], [288].
• PEACH-TREES. See Fruits,
• PEARS. See Fruits,
• PEAS, [89], [90], [271], [296].
  • also [119], [121], [122], [192].
• PENNSYLVANIA, [23];
• PEMIGEWASSET, the river, [75].
• PHILADELPHIA, [156], [159].
• PHOSPHATES. See Commercial Fertilizers,
• PHOSPHORUS, [118], [119], [235].
• PIPPINS, [53].
• PITCH-PINE, [314].
• PILGRIMS, the descendants of the, [289].
  • irrigation of, [275-9], [316].
• PINE, [58], [223].
  • also [80], [173], [211], [232], [233].
• PINE BARRENS, [166].
  • valley of the, [274].
• PLAGUE, the, [268].
• PLAINS, the, [46], [101], [261];
  • Plowing, deep or shallow, chap. xiv, [87];
    • the Deep Plowing of all lands, not advocated, [85];
    • reasons therefor, [85];
    • instances where Deep Plowing was unadvisable, [85-6];
    • the primitive plow, [86];
    • plowing in New Hampshire in the author's boyhood, [87];
    • will Deep Plowing pay? [87];
    • author's experience of the plowing of a plat in New York city, [87-8];
    • plows deeply with profit, [88-9];
    • an English farmer's trial of Deep Plowing, [89-90];
    • the imperative reasons for Deep Plowing, [90].
  • Plowing—Good and Bad, chap. xv, [91];
    • misconceptions regarding Deep Plowing, [91];
    • the right conditions for Deep Plowing, [91];
    • case of a farmer of the old school cited, [91-2];
    • how Deep Plowing will prove profitable to him, [92-3];
    • how he should proceed, [92-3];
    • subsoiling hill-sides, [94];
    • author's own experience, [94];
    • the revolution that steam-plowing will cause, [95];
    • plowing of Grass land considered, [95];
    • treatment of Grass land that has been plowed, [95];
    • plowing of a poor man's rugged sterile farm, [97-9];
    • Fall-plowing, [99-100];
    • fences impede plowing, [100];
    • favored lot of the squatter on the prairie in regard to plowing, [101];
    • the plows of sixty years ago, [237];
    • the plows used in the greater part of Europe, [238];
    • improvement in plowing inevitable, [241];
    • the improved system would be adopted in the West, [241];
    • steam plows and their inventors, [243];
    • at work in Great Britain, [243-4];
    • the locomotive that is needed for steam-plowing, [244];
    • losses from want of such, [244-5];
    • necessity for greater rapidity in plowing demonstrated, [246];
    • advice of a German observer on plowing for Corn, [246-7];
    • author's experience of the cost and delay of plowing, [281-2];
    • not half so much or so thorough plowing done as there should be, [282];
    • the imperfect means of plowing, [282];
    • steam-plowing in England, [283-4]-5;
    • application of the facts to this country, [284].
    • See also Steam.
• PLASTER (Gypsum). See Commercial Fertilizers,
• PLATTE, the river, [82], [260], [261], [262];
• PLOWS, steel, [87].
• PLOWING:
• PLUM-TREES. See Fruits, also [129], [139], [294].
  • Esculent Roots—Potatoes, chap. xxix, [170];
    • their productiveness, [170];
    • cultivated universally in Europe, [170];
    • they alone form part of the every-day food of prince and peasant, [170];
    • the poor of New England depended on them when the grain crop was cut short, [171];
    • formed part of the regular supper in farmers' homes, [171];
    • the history of the Potato, [171];
    • it is essentially a mountainous plant, [172];
    • it may have grown wild on the sides of the great chain traversing Spanish America, [172];
    • everything there congenial to it, [172];
    • results attained by the author in growing potatoes, [172];
    • conditions which insure a good crop, [172-3];
    • swamp muck treated as described, makes an excellent fertilizer for, [173];
    • how to act where such is not to be had, [173-4];
    • instructions to a farmer having a poor, worn-out field of sandy loam, [174];
    • objections thereto considered, [174-5];
    • the potato blights, [175-6];
    • the kind of seed to plant, [176];
    • drills are preferable, in the author's judgment, [176-7];
    • preparation of the soil, [177];
    • varieties considered, [177];
    • growing from tubers tends to degeneracy, [177];
    • the originator of a valuable new potato entitled to a recompense, [177];
    • also, [189], [264], [296].
• PO, the river, [74-5].
  • valley of the, [317].
• PORK, [37], [99], [143], [186], [191], [220], [238], [291].
• POTASH. See Fertilizers, Commercial, also [109].
  • the farmer's sources and command of power less than the manufacturer's, [280];
  • both have the same opportunities, [280];
  • author's experience of the delay and cost of plowing, [281-2];
  • further illustrations of the imperfect means of plowing, [282];
  • steam plowing in England, [282-3]-4;
  • steam not commended as a source of power to the farmer, [284];
  • reasons therefor, [284];
  • wind as a source of power, [284-5];
  • the further anticipated sources, [285];
  • the triumphs of the future, [285].
• POTATOES, [88], [99].
  • prairies, the, of the West, [213];
  • the, [261].
• POTOMAC river, the, [53], [73], [140], [159];
• PORTUGAL, [237].
• POWER—Undeveloped Sources of Power, chap. xlvii, [280];
• PRAIRIE, [24];
• PRAIRIE STATES, [46], [83].
• PRUNING, [146].
• PUBLIC LANDS, [24], [46].
  • suggestions to have one act as factor of farm products, [301-2].
• PURSLEY, [125].
  
• QUINCES. See Fruits.
  
• RAG-WEED, [125].
• RAILROADS, their influence on the progress of the West, [26], [105];
• RALEIGH, Sir Walter, [171].
• "RANCHING," [292].
• RASPBERRIES, [90].
• REAPERS, American, [245].
• RED CEDAR, [58], [157], [223].
• RED OAK, [19], [53], [60].
• REPUBLICAN, valleys of the, [274].
• ROADS, [250].
• ROBINSON, SOLON, on fencing, [219].
  • all seek heat and moisture, [98], [126], [168], [206], [228], [242], [265];
  • Roots—Turnips—Beets—Carrots, chap. xxx, [178];
    • British and American climates compared as regards turnip culture, [178-9];
    • turnips may be profitably grown in the United States, [179];
    • cattle breeders should each commence with one or two acres per annum, [179];
    • the beet better adapted to our climate than the turnip, [180];
    • its value to Europe as a sugar producer, [180];
    • reasons for doubting that beet sugar will become an important American staple, [180-1];
    • beets will be extensively grown under a better system of tillage, [181];
    • the author's experience of growing carrots, [181];
    • reasons for not achieving eminent success therein, [181];
    • the carrot ought to be extensively grown for horse feeding, [182];
    • its value as such, [182];
    • the oat degenerates in very hot, dry summers, [182];
    • roots valuable to diversify food, [182].
• ROCK. See Stone.
• ROCKY MOUNTAINS, [206], [261], [262], [274].
  • winter, [43], [92], [143], [191], [192].
• ROMFORD, England, [269-70].
• ROOTS, culture of, [35], [43];
• RUTA BAGAS, [143].
• RYE, [21];
  • also [109], [114], [122], [127], [128], [143], [147], [174].
• 
  
• SAGE-BUSH, [261].
• ST. LOUIS, [156].
• SALEM, N. J., [166].
• SALT. See Fertilizers, Commercial;
  • Science in Agriculture, chap. xxxix, [231];
    • author disclaims being a scientific farmer, [231];
    • men have raised good crops, who knew nothing of science, [231];
    • science is the true base of efficient cultivation, [231];
    • the elements of every plant, [231];
    • necessity for scientific knowledge, [232];
    • author's personal experience, [232];
    • the assertion of a Maine essayist, as an illustration of the need of scientific information, [233];
    • the diversity of opinion as to the value of swamp muck as a further illustration, [233-4];
    • analysis of soils considered, [234];
    • the necessity for some standard to go by in manuring land, [234];
    • illustration thereof, [234-5];
    • science explains the impoverishment of soils, [235];
    • author's testimony on the value of science, from personal experience, [236];
    • a competence is reserved for young men fully conversant with agriculture, [236].
• SALT LAKE, [46].
• SALT LAKE CITY, [112].
• SAVOYS, [271].
• SCHOOLS, [249], [250].
• SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE, [32];
• SCOTCH-IRISH, the, [171].
  • causes which doomed ancient empires to decay, [266];
  • illustrations thereof, [266-7];
  • the soil must receive back the elements taken from it, [267];
  • obstacles thereto, [267];
  • location of ancient and modern cities, [267];
  • imperative necessity for cleansing treat cities, [267-8];
  • meaning given to sewage in England, [268];
  • conditions necessary for its equable diffusion over the soil, [268];
  • application of sewage, [268];
  • difficulties of utilizing it, [268-9];
  • the progress made, [269];
  • the measures taken to utilize sewage at Romford, England, [269];
  • farm whereon it was used, and the results attained, [269-70]-1-2-3;
  • conclusion therefrom, [273-4].
• SCOTLAND, [178], [269].
  • production of wool in the United States insufficient, [200];
  • they might profitably grow as much as they consume, [201];
  • reasons therefore, [201];
  • the increased price of mutton will make up for the reduction on wool, [201];
  • sheep-growing in England as an illustration, [201];
  • sheep soon make a return for the outlay on them, [202];
  • they successfully contend with bushes and briars, [203];
  • more mutton should be consumed, [202-3];
  • all farmers are not counseled to grow sheep, [203];
  • depredations of dogs, [203-4];
  • precautions against them, [204];
  • the change in the relative values of mutton and wool, [204];
  • the relative prices and product the farmer must expect in the future, [205];
  • growing sheep for mutton near New York, [205];
  • profit thereof, [205];
  • sheep-growing is no experiment, [205];
  • encouragement thereto, [205-6];
  • sheep growing in Colorado and other Territories, and its future, [206].
• SCRUB OAK, [314].
• SCYTHES, [239].
• SEASONS, Dry. See Drouth.
• SEWAGE—Sewage, chap. xlv, [266];
• SHEEP—Sheep and Wool Growing, chap. xxxiv, [200];
  • See Farmers' Clubs.
• SICILY, [267].
• SICKLE, [239].
• SILICA, [235].
• SMITH, William (Woolston, Eng.), [283].
• SOCIETY, Agricultural, an, [228].
  • inviting immigration, [26];
  • the inducements she offers, [26-7]-8, [178], [311].
• SODA, [235].
• SOILS, analysis of, [234].
• SORGHUM, stalks of, [43].
• SORREL, [125], [232].
• SOUTH, [25];
• SOUTH AMERICA, [200], [206].
• SPAIN, [86], [237].
• SPANISH AMERICA, [172].
  • application of steam to plowing, [95].
  • Steam in Agriculture, chap. xli, [241];
    • farmers have been slow in utilizing the natural forces around them, [241];
    • evidence thereof, [242];
    • steam as a source of power is hardly a century old, [242];
    • the revolution it has effected, [242];
    • it will effect still greater, [243];
    • steam has contributed very little to preparing the soil, [243];
    • disappointments of inventors of steam plows, [243];
    • steam plowing in Louisiana, [243];
    • steam plows in Great Britain, [243-4];
    • the locomotive that is needed for steam plowing, [244];
    • the saving it would effect, [244-5];
    • American reapers in England, their value appreciated, [245];
    • need for a machine to plow rapidly demonstrated, [246];
    • recommendation of a German observer regarding plowing, [246];
    • irrigation will become general, [247];
    • the locomotive referred to above could be used for sinking wells, [247];
    • steam plowing in England, [283-4]-5.
• SPRING, [67], [70], [73], [75], [76], [78], [81], [87], [88], [99], [111], [126], [127], [134], [135], [136], [137], [140], [141], [150], [168], [171], [173], [174], [193], [194], [202], [258], [303], [319].
• SPRUCE, [223].
• SQUASH, [226], [264].
• STARK COUNTY, Ohio, [110].
  • formation of the earth, [212];
  • diffusion of stones over the surface, [213];
  • these are sometimes a facility, but oftener an impediment to efficient agriculture, [213];
  • no rock on the surface of the great prairies of the West, and a portion of the valleys and plains of the Atlantic slope, [213];
  • advantages and disadvantages thereof to the pioneer, [214];
  • less use for stone now than formerly, [214];
  • the stone on Eastern farms to be yet utilized, [214-5];
  • very stony land should be planted with trees, [215];
  • rough, unshapen stones will be more and more used for building, [215-6];
  • instructions for building a barn partly with stone concrete, [216];
  • its advantages, [216];
  • blasting out stone considered, [216-7];
  • the mode a lumberman employs to remove rocks in creeks, [217];
  • the author's experience regarding the fencing of his farm, [218];
  • his stone walls, [218].
• STEAM IN AGRICULTURE, cultivation by, [37];
• STEAM PLOWS. See Steam.
• STEEL, [242].
  • maple, [19], [314].
• STEUBEN COUNTY, N. Y., [105].
• STONE—Stone on a Farm, chap. xxxvi, [213];
• STONES, [249].
• STRAWBERRIES, [16], [90].
  • the valley of the, [317].
• SUGAR, production of, from the beet, [180];
  • See Draining.
• SULPHUR, [104].
• SUMMER, [47], [59], [64], [67], [78], [83], [84], [86], [88], [99], [103], [124], [126], [130], [154], [173], [178], [189], [190], [191], [202], [260], [264], [279], [288].
  • Northern, [171].
• SUPER-PHOSPHATE, [174].
• SUSQUEHANNA, the, [279], [292];
• SWAMP LAND: about 50,000,000 acres of, in the old States (including Maine), [125];
• SWINE, [143].
  • (Western), [260].
• SWITZERLAND, [139];
• SYCAMORE, [59].
  
• TAMARACK, [223].
• TERRITORIES, the, [206], [249].
• TEXAS, [43], [205], [206];
  • rocky character of the author's own fields, [96];
  • clearing off stones profitable, [96];
  • cultivating wet lands without draining unprofitable, [97];
  • the course a poor man with a rugged, sterile farm should adopt, [97];
  • should reclaim one field each year, [97];
  • should plow often, deeply and thoroughly, [98-9];
  • reasons therefor, [99];
  • Fall plowing, [99];
  • enriches the soil, [99-100];
  • fences, [100];
  • the favored lot of the squatter on the prairie, [101].
  • See also, Plowing—Draining—Farming.
• TEXTILE FABRICS, [242].
• THEBES, [266].
• THISTLES, [42].
• THREAD, [200].
• TILLAGE: Thorough Tillage, chap. xvi, [96];
• THE TIMES (London),282
• TIMBER. See Trees.
• TIMOTHY GRASS, [38], [153].
• TOBACCO, [191].
  • New England must always be well wooded, [34], [37];
  • Trees—Woodlands—Forests, chap. vii;
    • the author not sentimental regarding the destruction of, [44];
    • utility the reason
    • and end of vegetable growth, [44];
    • profit the main consideration, [44];
    • the beauty and grace of trees, [44];
    • New England a favored section in regard to tree-growing, [45];
    • disadvantage of prairie land in that respect, [45];
    • trees once grew on "the Plains," [46];
    • tree-planting in Utah, and its climatic influence, [46];
    • failure of congress to pass a bill encouraging tree planting, [46];
    • mistake of the New York dairy farmers in destroying trees, [47];
    • Spain, Italy, and portions of France suffering from the destruction of their forests, [47];
    • other illustrations of improvidence, [48].
  • Growing Timber—Tree-Planting, chap. viii, [50];
    • proportion of a farm that should be devoted to trees, [49];
    • the question of "too much land" and tree-growing, [51-2];
    • its general application, [52];
    • timber should be culled out rather than cut off, [52];
    • the care of apple trees applicable to all trees, [52];
    • some woodlands, the cheapest property in the United States, [53];
    • another profitable field of labor, [54];
    • plant thickly, [54];
    • a common objection answered, [54];
    • the Far West and tree-planting, [55].
  • Planting and Growing Trees, chap. ix, [56];
    • timber general on most farms, [56];
    • suggestions for locating trees, [56];
    • trees once planted cost nothing for cultivation, [56];
    • the soil is richer even after repeated crops of wood, [57];
    • poor land improved by growing timber on it, [57];
    • springs and streams will be rendered more equable and enduring by tree-growing, [57];
    • trees should be set on all hill-sides and ravines, [57];
    • trees accumulate manure, [58];
    • they can be placed so as to modify agreeably the temperature of a farm, [58];
    • author's experience, [58];
    • trees on the crest of a hill improve the crops on the slope, [59];
    • trees may be placed with advantage on banks of rivers, &c., [59];
    • a good tree grows as thriftily as a poor one, [59];
    • evidence thereof, [60];
    • diversity profitable, [60];
    • wood-lot should be thinned out, not cleared, [60];
    • the future should be considered when cutting, [60];
    • evidence thereof, [60];
    • a plantation furnishes employment at all seasons, [61];
    • tree-growing will make springs appear, and cause rain, [61], [97].
  • About Tree-Planting, chap. xxiii, [134];
    • author's experience in raising Locust plants, [134];
    • general counsel on the raising of locust and most other trees, [135];
    • sowing seed and raising plants therefrom, [135];
    • the raising of Chestnut, Hickory, White Oak, [135-6];
    • how a farmer, having a rugged, stony hill should act, [136];
    • profits which can be realized, [137];
    • the utility of forests, [137-8];
    • tree-planting as a field for adventurous young men, [138];
    • how they should proceed, [138];
    • the great profits to be realized, [138];
    • drouths may be expected as the country is more and more denuded of its forests, [100];
    • how stony land may be advantageously used for tree-planting, [215];
    • treatment of forests in winter, [307];
    • summing up of author's views on, [314].
• TOMATOES, [264], [296].
• TRIBUNE, the, New York, [188].
• TURKEY, [86].
  • the city of Greeley its nucleus, [262];
  • irrigating canals of Union Colony, [262-4];
  • doubts of the fertility of the soil of its location, [264];
  • proved groundless, [264].
• TURNIPS. See Roots, also [178], [264], [300].
  • the annual hay crop of, [150], [151], [315].
• TREES: clearing off timber, [30];
• TREE-FRUITS. See Apples and Fruits.
  • the growing of market, as a source of profit, [296].
• TREE-PLANTING. See Trees.
  
• UNION COLONY—Its location, [262];
• UNITED STATES, [27], [53];
• UTAH, [46], [76], [181].
  
• VEGETABLES, culture of, [35], [37], [90], [107], [168], [228], [264], [265], [266];
• VENICE, [74].
• VERMONT—A grazing farm in Northern Vermont, [15], [25], [36], [48], [110], [159], [172].
  • elements of agriculture by, [199];
  • on drainage, [315].
• VINES. See Fruit.
  • See also Irrigation.
• VIRGINIA, [50], [80], [86], [140], [166], [191], [237].
  
• WALNUT, [54], [60], [135], [136].
• WARREN COUNTY, N. Y., [191], [192].
• WARING, on drainage, [72];
  • illustration of good farming drawn from, [20], [23], [25], [26], [27], [36], [37], [41];
  • regards tree growing, [45], [55], [142];
  • the granary of the East, [163], [165], [168], [169], [179];
  • the Far, [205];
  • the Great, [241], [291], [311].
• WATER, [231-2].
• WATER MELONS, [300]
• WEBER, the river, [81].
  • See also Corn.
• WEEDS, in pastures, [43].
• WEST, the, a farmer who migrated to, [16];
• WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N. Y., [49], [52], [62], [67], [118], [119], [125].
• WESTERN IRRIGATION. See Irrigation.
• WHEAT, [21], [22], [37], [92], [94], [112], [113], [121], [131], [162], [167], [169], [238], [242], [245], [264], [265].
• WHITE ASH, [291].
• WHITE BIRCH, [314].
• WHITE DAISY, [42].
• WHITE MAPLE, [53].
• WHITE MOUNTAINS, N. H., [172].
• WHITE OAK, [54], [55], [135], [215], [291], [314].
• WHITE PINE, [30], [48], [53], [54], [55], [215], [287], [314].
• WHITNEY, Eli, [86].
• WILLOW, [59].
  • Eastern, [163].
• WINDMILL, [276-7].
• WINDS—Utilizing the Winds for power, [284].
• WINTER, [47], [59], [73], [81], [89], [113], [126], [135], [140], [141], [150], [154], [156], [157], [171], [178], [179], [193], [206], [209], [222], [258], [262], [263], [288], [298].
• WINTER. See Work, Winter.
  • dearth of winter work a great and growing evil. [303];
  • consequences thereof, [303];
  • it is quite a modern evil, [303-4];
  • the hard-working farmer's claim to leisure, [304];
  • he errs in supposing that there is no winter work to be done, [304];
  • the drawing and preparing of muck as an illustration, [304-5]-6;
  • the work to be substituted where muck is not to be had, [306];
  • procuring commercial fertilizers, [306];
  • fences, [306];
  • fruit trees, [306];
  • forests, [307];
  • general counsel, [307].
• WISCONSIN, [25], [159];
• WOOD ASHES, [120], [147], [173].
  • torrid, [46].
• WOOL, [164]. See Sheep.
• WOOL GROWING. See Sheep.
• WORK, WINTER—Winter Work, chap. li. [303];
• WYOMING, [206].
  
• ZONE, temperate, [46];