Profile in black and white

by Howard H. Quint

REFERENCES

CHAPTER I

[5] George B. Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1952), pp. 291-293.

[6] Ibid., pp. 54, 59, 73, 89, and 91. See also Tindall, “The Campaign for the Disfranchisement of Negroes in South Carolina,” Journal of Southern History, XV (May 1949), 212-34.

[7] Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, p. 303. See also Tindall, “The Question of Race in the South Carolina Constitutional Convention in 1895,” Journal of Negro History, XXXVII (July 1952), 277-303.

[8] In 1905 the Charleston News and Courier was sued by a white man whom the News and Courier had referred to in a news story as a Negro. In awarding damages to the plaintiff the court held that “when we think of the radical distinction subsisting between the white man and the black man, it must be apparent that to impute the condition of the Negro to a white man would affect his (the white man’s) social status, and, in case anyone publish a white man to be a Negro, it would not only be galling to his pride, but would tend to interfere seriously with the social relation of the white man with his fellow white men.” Gilbert T. Stephenson, Race Distinctions in American Law, (New York: Association Press, 1911), p. 28.

[9] Quoted in Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, p. 238.

[10] Full inaugural address quoted in Lewis K. McMillan, Negro Higher Education in the State of South Carolina, (Privately published, 1952), pp. 249-251.

[11] Gustavus M. Pinckney (ed.), Carlyle McKinley, An Appeal to Pharaoh: The Negro Problem and its Radical Solution, (Columbia: The State Co., 1907), p. 107.

[12] Anthony Harrigan (ed.), The Editor and the Republic: Papers and Addresses of William Watts Ball (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), pp. 30, 72.

[13] New York Times, Mar. 1, 1944, p. 13. The Negro Citizens Committee of South Carolina condemned this resolution as “astonishing to the Negroes of South Carolina.”

[14] Ibid., Mar. 1, 1944, p. 13. Senator “Cotton Ed” Smith congratulated the House for its passage of this resolution, saying, “We are damned tired of these butterfly preachers who do not know conditions in the South.” Ibid., Mar. 2, 1944, p. 34.

[15] In 1932 the Chairman of the Columbia Board of Election Commissioners ruled that Negroes were excluded from voting in primary elections unless they had voted for Wade Hampton for governor in 1876 and presented ten witnesses to substantiate it. Ibid., Apr. 21, 1932, p. 24.

[16] “Why South Carolina Keeps the Poll Tax,” Christian Century, LXIII (Feb. 6, 1946), 166. The author of this article considered the above quote evidence that “the real issue is not race,” but that race was only a “smoke screen” which “a little oligarchy” used to maintain control of the state through the one-party system. However, it is the opinion of informed observers that although the “little oligarchy” does exercise more effective control through a one-party system, the real issue is race. The one party system is simply the most effective method of political control by whites.

[17] New York Times, Dec. 5, 1952, p. 14.

[18] Independent, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 2.

[19] See George S. Parthemos, The Supreme Court and the Rights of Negroes Under the Reconstruction Amendments, (Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Political Science, University of South Carolina, 1949), Chapter VII.

[20] New York Times, Apr. 14, 1944, p. 1.

[21] Quoted in To Secure These Rights, Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights, (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), p. 36.

[22] Parthemos, op. cit., p. 191.

[23] Judge Waring is one of the most interesting personalities encountered in the study of the race issue in South Carolina. Senator “Cotton Ed” Smith’s campaign manager in 1938, he was representative of the most “respectable” elements of Charleston society, was “a descendant of Confederates,” and had the support of the most orthodox of white supremacists when he was made a federal judge by President Roosevelt. After his decisions outlawing the white primary (and also after his divorce and remarriage to an “outsider” with “radical” views on the race question) he was completely ostracized by white Charleston and South Carolina society. He and his wife became complete integrationists. “The Southern advocates of white supremacy,” he said, “are mentally sick.” “We don’t have a Negro problem in the South, we have a white problem.” New York Times, Feb. 27, 1950, p. 17. See also “Judge Waring on the Civil Rights Issue,” Nation, CLXXIV (June 7, 1952), 540-541. For Mrs. Waring’s views see “Mrs. Waring Meets the Press,” American Mercury, LXX (May 1950), 562-569.

[24] To Secure These Rights, p. 36.

[25] Parthemos, op. cit., pp. 192-195.

[26] Ibid., pp. 194-195.

[27] New York Times, Apr. 20, 1948, p. 1.

[28] Ibid., July 28, 1948, p. 5.

[29] Ibid., Aug. 23, 1938, p. 5.

[30] Cassandra M. Birnie, “Race and Politics in Georgia and South Carolina,” Phylon, XIII (Sept., 1952), 241.

[31] David D. Wallace, South Carolina: A Short History, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1951), p. 679.

[32] New York Times, July 8, 1950, p. 14.

[33] Ibid., Feb. 29, 1948, p. 9; July 17, 1948, p. 3; Oct. 3, 1948, p. 40; Feb. 24, 1949, p. 15.

[34] Ibid., Feb. 7, 1952, p. 21.

[35] Other considerations, of course, entered into the revolt. Economic factors were important, for example, in the opposition of Southern financial and industrial interests to Truman’s proposal for repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, which contained provisions for state right-to-work laws. Other economic interests, e.g. oil interests, also supported the movement. Nevertheless the revolt was sold to the rank and file white South Carolinians on the grounds of race and they undoubtedly thought, this was the main consideration.

[36] New York Times, July 20, 1948, p. 1; Oct. 3, 1948, p. 40.

[37] Ibid., Aug. 1, 1948, p. 44; Aug. 12, 1948, p. 44.

[38] Ibid., Dec. 5, 1952, p. 14.

[39] Tindall, South Carolina Negroes 1877-1900, p. 222.

[40] Simkins, “Race Legislation in South Carolina since 1865,” South Atlantic Quarterly, XX (June 1921), 170.

[41] Quoted in McMillan, op. cit., pp. 257-58. Gov. Blease also wanted to secure as texts for the public schools “books, especially histories [written] by Southern authors for Southern children.”

[42] Grace Graham, “Negro Education Progresses in South Carolina,” Social Forces, XXX (May 1952), 431-432.

[43] Figures quoted below were taken from Harry S. Ashmore, The Negro and the Schools, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), pp. 152-53, 156-59.

[44] Ibid., pp. 115, 147, 160, 166.

[45] McMillan, op. cit., p. 219.

[46] Ibid., pp. 268, 199, 207, 211.

[47] Ibid., pp. 211-212.

[48] Parthemos, op. cit., pp. 94-96.

CHAPTER II

[49] New York Times, June 3, 1951, Section IV, p. 7.

[50] Julian Scheer, “The White Folks Fight Back,” Nation, CLXXXI (Oct. 31, 1955), 10.

[51] New York Times, June 3, 1951, Section IV, p. 7.

[52] Scheer, loc. cit., p. 10. For a competent account of the Clarendon situation see John Bartlow Martin, The Deep South Says Never (New York: Ballantine Books, 1957), pp. 43-77.

[53] News and Courier, May 18, 1954, p. 11.

[54] New York Times, May 29, 1951, p. 27; May 30, 1951, p. 12.

[55] Walter White, How Far the Promised Land, (New York: Viking Press, 1952), p. 47.

[56] New York Times, May 29, 1951, p. 27.

[57] Ibid., May 30, 1951, p. 12; News and Courier, May 18, 1954, p. 11.

[58] “Human Rights are Now,” Nation, CLXXIII (July 14, 1951), 24; New York Times, June 24, 1951, p. 72.

[59] New York Times, June 26, 1951, p. 40.

[60] Ibid., Mar. 19, 1951, p. 18; June 25, 1951, p. 19; July 10, 1951, p. 21; also Ashmore, op. cit., p. 96.

[61] New York Times, Dec. 11, 1952, p. 44.

[62] Ibid., May 27, 1951, p. 40.

[63] Howard G. McClain and Henry G. Ruark, “Education or Segregation?” Christian Century, LXX (Apr. 1, 1953), 378.

[64] First interim report of the Gressette Committee, July 28, 1954, quoted in S. C. Senate Journal (1955), p. 14; also News and Courier, June 16, 1954, p. 1.

[65] McClain and Ruark, loc. cit., p. 377; also New York Times, Mar. 14, 1952, p. 16.

[66] New York Times, Dec. 11, 1952, p. 44.

[67] Supreme Court of the United States, “Brief of Appellees on Reargument,” Case of Harry Briggs, Jr., et al., Appellants, against R. W. Elliott, el al., Appellees, October Term 1953, pp. 1-2.

[68] For full reply of the state to the question see ibid., pp. 8-83; see also p. 84.

[69] Full text of the Court’s opinion is quoted in Appendix I.

[70] News and Courier, Sept. 16, 1954, p. 1.

[71] Record, Nov. 15, 1954, p. 1.

[72] Full text of the implementing decision is quoted in New York Times, June 1, 1955, p. 26.

[73] Morning News, July 16, 1955, p. 1.

CHAPTER III

[74] Morning News, May 18, 1954, p. 1; May 20, 1954, p. 5-A; Mar. 2, 1956, p. 10-A.

[75] Ibid., Dec. 16, 1955, p. 1.

[76] Record, Jan. 24, 1957, p. 7-A.

[77] Independent, May 18, 1954, p. 1.

[78] News and Courier, May 18, 1954, p. 1; May 19, 1954, p. 4; May 21, 1954, p. 4-A; May 26, 1954, p. 4-A; Nov. 23, 1954, p. 14-A.

[79] Record, May 18, 1954, p. 4-A; May 19, 1954, p. 4-A; May 22, 1954, p. 4-A; May 26, 1954, p. 4-A; Nov. 23, 1954, p. 4-A.

[80] Independent, May 18, 1954, p. 4; May 25, 1954, p. 4; Dec. 1, 1954, p. 4.

[81] Morning News, May 18, 1954, p. 4; May 19, 1954, p. 4; Apr. 16, 1955, p. 4.

[82] News and Courier, May 28, 1954, p. 8-A.

[83] Independent, June 9, 1954, p. 8A [Italics mine].

[84] News and Courier, May 21, 1954, p. 10-A; May 24, 1954, p. 2.

[85] Record, June 20, 1955, p. 1; Independent, June 28, 1955, p. 1.

[86] Record, June 1, 1955, p. 4-A; Morning News, June 1, 1955, p. 4; Independent, June 2, 1955, p. 4; News and Courier, June 4, 1955, p. 6-A.

[87] Morning News, June 1, 1955, p. 1.

[88] Record, Jan. 27, 1956, p. 1; Mar. 23, 1956, p. 8-A; Independent, Aug. 13, 1956, p. 3; Mar. 8, 1956, p. 20.

[89] News and Courier, May 24, 1956, p. 12-A; May 25, 1955, p. 10-A; Nov. 25, 1954, p. 8-A; Nov. 13, 1954, p. 4-A; Dec. 5, 1954, p. 14-A.

[90] Record, Oct. 28, 1955, p. 4-A; Apr. 27, 1955, p. 4-A.

[91] Independent, Dec. 1, 1955, p. 4.

[92] State, June 27, 1957, p. 4; July 5, 1957, p. 4.

[93] Record, June 26, 1957; State, July 16, 1957, p. 4.

[94] James F. Byrnes, “The Supreme Court Must be Curbed,” U.S. News and World Report, XL (May 18, 1956), 50-58.

[95] News and Courier, Aug. 19, 1955, p. 10-A.

[96] State, Aug. 21, 1955.

[97] News and Courier, July 17, 1955, p. 9-A; Oct. 30, 1955, p. 1-E; Record, May 29, 1956, p. 4-A.

[98] News and Courier, Oct. 7, 1954, p. 4-A.

[99] Ibid., Aug. 1, 1955, p. 7-A.

[100] To Secure these Rights, Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights pp. 81-82.

[101] Thomas R. Waring, “The Southern Case against Desegregation,” Harper’s, CCXII (Jan. 1956), 39-45.

[102] Herbert R. Sass, “Mixed Schools and Mixed Blood,” Atlantic Monthly, CXCVIII, (Nov. 1956), 45-49.

[103] Oscar Handlin, “Where Equality Leads,” ibid., pp. 50-54.

[104] News and Courier, Sept. 14, 1956, p. 12-A; Apr. 28, 1955, p. 16-A; Nov. 17, 1954, p. 10-A.

[105] Record, Sept. 23, 1954, p. 4-A; Oct. 2, 1956, p. 4-A.

[106] Morning News, May 13, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 11, 1954, p. 4; Aug. 5, 1956, p. 4-A; Aug. 30, 1956, p. 4-A; Sept. 1, 1956, p. 4.

[107] Ibid., Jan. 19, 1955, p. 1; Apr. 7, 1956, p. 5; Record, Oct. 5, 1956, p. 1.

[108] Morning News, Sept. 2, 1955, p. 4-A.

[109] News and Courier, Sept. 5, 1954, p. 8-A.

[110] Record, Nov. 22, 1955, p. 4-A; News and Courier, July 20, 1955, p. 1-B.

[111] News and Courier, Mar. 15, 1956, p. 2-B; May 15, 1956, p. 1-B; Dec. 16, 1956, p. 8-C.

[112] Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Aug. 14, 1955, p. 12-A.

[113] Morning News, Sept. 23, 1956, p. 4-A; also James F. Byrnes, “The Supreme Court Must be Curbed,” U.S. News and World Report, XL (May 18, 1956), 58; News and Courier, June 6, 1954, p. 4-A.

[114] News and Courier, Aug. 28, 1955, p. 10-A.

[115] Ibid., April 28, 1956, p. 1; June 27, 1955, p. 6-A; July 2, 1955, p. 6-A.

[116] Ibid., Dec. 3, 1954, p. 10-A.

[117] Record, Nov. 26, 1954, p. 1.

[118] Ibid., May 31, 1954, p. 4-A; June 17, 1955, p. 4-A; July 11, 1955, p. 4-A; Oct. 12, 1956, p. 4-A.

[119] Independent, Dec. 1, 1954, p. 4.

[120] Morning News, Aug. 5, 1955, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 24, 1955, p. 10-A; Aug. 31, 1956, p. 18-A.

[121] News and Courier, July 19, 1955, p. 1-B.

[122] Record, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 3-B.

[123] Ibid., Oct. 17, 1957, p. 10-A; State, Oct. 18, 1957, p. 2-B.

[124] News and Courier, Jan. 15, 1957, p. 1.

[125] State, June 25, 1957, p. 1.

CHAPTER IV

[126] News and Courier, Sept. 21, 1956, p. 1-B.

[127] According to a News and Courier reporter, Eldridge Thompson, Klan membership rocketed during 1956 and 1957. In addition to Bickley’s organization the other principal Klan groups are the Association of South Carolina Klans with headquarters in West Columbia and the National Ku Klux Klan of South Carolina which operates out of Greenville. Ibid., Oct. 27, 1957, p. 12-A.

[128] Morning News, Aug. 21, 1955, p. 1

[129] Ibid., June 12, 1955, p. 1.

[130] Ibid., Mar. 25, 1956, p. 1; July 29, 1956, p. 1.

[131] News and Courier, Aug. 20, 1956, p. 2.

[132] Morning News, July 29, 1956, p. 1.

[133] State, July 26, 1957, p. 2-D; Aug. 5, 1957, p. 5-A; Aug. 10, 1957, p. 1-B; Jan. 15, 1958, p. 1-B; Jan. 21, 1958, p. 1-B; Jan. 22, 1958, p. 1; Record, Aug. 3, 1957, p. 1; Aug. 9, 1957, p. 1; Jan. 15, 1958, p. 8-A; Jan. 22, 1958, p. 1; Jan. 23, 1958, p. 1.

[134] Morning News, July 1, 1956, p. 4-A; Independent, Jan. 27, 1956, p. 4; News and Courier, June 11, 1954, p. 4-A; June 17, 1954, p. 12-A.

[135] Independent, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 4.

[136] Morning News, Aug. 23, 1955, p. 1.

[137] News and Courier, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 8-A.

[138] Ibid., Aug. 1, 1957, p. 8-A.

[139] Morning News, July 16, 1954, p. 1.

[140] Ibid., July 21, 1954, p. 1; July 17, 1954, p. 4.

[141] Ibid., Aug. 6, 1954, p. 4; News and Courier, Oct. 8, 1954, p. 4-A.

[142] Morning News, Mar. 11, 1955, p. 1.

[143] News and Courier, Feb. 4, 1955, p. 11-A.

[144] Morning News, Mar. 22, 1955, p. 4; June 11, 1955, p. 1; Aug. 19, 1955, p. 4-A.

[145] Ibid., Aug. 12, 1955, p. 9-A; June 17, 1955, p. 1.

[146] News and Courier, July 8, 1955, p. 10-A.

[147] Ibid., Aug. 13, 1955, p. 8-A.

[147] Ibid., July 1, 1955, p. 14-A; Feb. 10, 1957, p. 13-A.

[149] Ibid., Sept. 9, 1955, p. 14-A.

[150] Record, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 1; News and Courier, Dec. 31, 1955, p. 6-A.

[151] News and Courier, May 26, 1955, p. 14-A; Mar. 18, 1956, p. 2-C; Oct. 4, 1955, p. 8-A.

[152] Ibid., Sept. 15, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 16, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 17, 1955, p. 1.

[153] S. C. Senate Journal (1956), pp. 248-249.

[154] Morning News, Feb. 11, 1956, p. 7.

[155] News and Courier, Sept. 23, 1955, p. 10-A.

[156] Record, Sept. 6, 1955, p. 1.

[157] News and Courier, July 1, 1956, p. 14-C. By this date there were councils in the counties of Aiken, Allendale, Bamberg, Beaufort, Calhoun (2), Charleston (6), Clarendon (3), Darlington (4), Dorchester (2), Fairfield, Florence (7), Georgetown, Jasper, Kershaw, Lee (2), Lexington, Orangeburg (9), Richland (2), Spartanburg, Sumter and Williamsburg (7).

[158] By February 1957 there were 58 local councils in South Carolina. By this time leadership in the state organization had changed. Thomas D. Keels of Sumter was state chairman, Dr. W. M. Croswell of Timmonsville, vice-chairman and H. L. Bowling of Elloree, treasurer. News and Courier, Jan. 18, 1957, p. 1-B; Feb. 15, 1957, p. 10-A.

[159] Ibid., July 1, 1956, p. 14-C.

[160] Ibid., Feb. 24, 1957, p. 2-A.

[161] Ibid., Mar. 4, 1957, p. 12.

[162] Morning News, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1.

[163] News and Courier, July 1, 1956, p. 14-C; Jan. 9, 1956, p. 12.

[164] Ibid., May 6, 1956, p. 1.

[165] Ibid., May 27, 1956, p. 14-A.

[166] Record, Jan. 27, 1956, p. 1. Another indication of the support given the Council was the resolution unanimously adopted by the state legislature commending the formation of the Councils and offering the legislators’ “approval and encouragement” to the movement.

[167] News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1955, p. 10-A; Oct. 6, 1955, p. 6-A.

[168] Morning News, Aug. 16, 1955, p. 12.

[169] Ibid., Aug. 28, 1955, p. 1.

[170] Record, Feb. 11, 1956, p. 1.

[171] News and Courier, Oct. 10, 1955, p. 1.

[172] Morning News, Aug. 17, 1955, p. 12; Aug. 21, 1955, p. 3-A.

[173] This summary of the Orangeburg boycott was taken largely from Edward Gamarekian, “The Ugly Battle of Orangeburg,” Reporter, XVI (Jan. 24, 1957), 32-34, and an article written by W. D. Workman, Jr., in the News and Courier, Dec. 3, 1955, p. 1-E; see also Record, Apr. 13, 1956, p. 2-A.

[174] Gamarekian, loc. cit., pp. 32-34.

[175] Morning News, Jan. 25, 1956, p. 7; S. C. House Journal (1956), p. 101.

[176] Record, Mar. 26, 1956, p. 1.

[177] Ibid., Apr. 7, 1956, p. 1.

[178] Morning News, July 18, 1956, p. 6.

[179] Gamarekian, loc. cit., pp. 32-34.

[180] Record, Aug. 25, 1955, p. 4-A.

[181] News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1955, p. 10-A.

[182] Ibid., Aug. 24, 1955, p. 10-A.

CHAPTER V

[183] News and Courier, May 6, 1956, p. 16-A; July 1, 1956, p. 14-A.

[184] Morning News, Mar. 6, 1955, p. 4-A; May 19, 1955, p. 4-A.

[185] Independent, Oct. 22, 1954, p. 1.

[186] News and Courier, Oct. 24, 1954, p. 4-A.

[187] Ibid., Aug. 31, 1955, p. 10-A.

[188] Record, Sept. 6, 1955, p. 7-A.

[189] Morning News, Oct. 3, 1955, p. 1.

[190] Ibid., Sept. 15, 1955, p. 1.

[191] News and Courier, Sept. 6, 1955, p. 1-B.

[192] Morning News, Aug. 29, 1955, p. 4.

[193] Ibid., Dec. 28, 1955, p. 5.

[194] Morning News, Dec. 23, 1955, p. 5.

[195] News and Courier, Aug. 27, 1954, p. 1.

[196] Record, Aug. 15, 1957, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 16, 1957, p. 1.

[197] Morning News, Nov. 10, 1954, p. 5.

[197] Independent, Feb. 5, 1956, p. 1.

[199] Record, Feb. 21, 1956, p. 7-A.

[200] Ibid., Feb. 22, 1956, p. 10-A.

[201] State, June 27, 1957, p. 1; Sept 10, 1957, p. 7-A; Sept. 27, 1957, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Oct. 17, 1957, p. 1-B.

[202] News and Courier, May 8, 1956, p. 7-A.

[203] Independent, Apr. 19, 1956, p. 1.

[204] News and Courier, May 8, 1956, p. 7-A.

[205] Ibid., Oct. 7, 1955, p. 1-B.

[206] Morning News, Nov. 7, 1955, p. 1.

[207] News and Courier, July 15, 1955, p. 12-A.

[208] Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 1.

[209] News and Courier, Oct. 14, 1956, p. 14-A.

[210] Ibid., Sept. 19, 1954, p. 14-D; Sept. 8, 1954, p. 1.

[211] Ibid., Aug. 16, 1955, p. 8-A; Independent, Oct. 26, 1954, p. 14.

[212] Morning News, May 27, 1954, p. 4; May 29, 1954, p. 2.

[213] Record, Sept. 8, 1955, p. 1.

[214] News and Courier, July 18, 1956, p. 1-B; Aug. 28, 1955, p. 10-A.

[215] Morning News, Mar. 5, 1956, p. 5.

[216] News and Courier, May 30, 1954, p. 3-B.

[217] State, July 20, 1956, p. 10-B; News and Courier, Dec. 18, 1956, p. 10-B.

[218] News and Courier, Feb. 16, 1957, p. 9-A.

[219] Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 3-A.

[220] Independent, May 25, 1954, p. 6; June 1, 1954, p. 14.

[221] News and Courier, July 19, 1954, p. 4.

[222] Ibid., Feb. 5, 1956, p. 4-A.

[223] Ibid., Sept. 12, 1954, p. 4.

[224] Ibid., Sept. 11, 1955, p. 2-C.

[225] Ibid., Oct. 24, 1954, p. 12-A.

[226] Ibid., Sept. 4, 1955, p. 8-A; Feb. 13, 1956, p. 8-A; Aug. 31, 1954, p. 4-A.

[227] Morning News, May 13, 1954, p. 4.

[228] News and Courier, Feb. 28, 1956, p. 8-A.

[229] In this summary the following News and Courier editorials were considered: June 3, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 8, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 26, 1954, p. 4-A; Feb. 8, 1955, p. 8-A; June 12, 1955, p. 14-A; June 5, 1955, p. 14-A; Aug. 14, 1955, p. 12-A; Feb. 19, 1956, p. 12-A; May 6, 1956, p. 16-A; July 1, 1956, p. 14-A.

[230] Ibid., Aug. 31, 1954, p. 4-A.

CHAPTER VI

[231] Morning News, Sept. 4, 1955, p. 4-A.

[232] Ibid., Feb. 28, 1955, p. 1; News and Courier, June 29, 1954, p. 4-A.

[233] News and Courier, Dec. 7, 1955, p. 12-A; Aug. 26, 1955, p. 12-A; also Thomas R. Waring, “The Southern Case Against Desegregation,” Harper’s, CCXII (Jan., 1956), 43.

[234] News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1955, p. 3.

[235] Record, Aug. 5, 1954, p. 4-A.

[236] Independent, Feb. 27, 1956, p. 13-A. For comparison, 71 percent of the people outside the South (35 states) approved the decision, 24 percent disapproved it and five percent were undecided.

[237] News and Courier, Mar. 1, 1956, p. 13-A; Mar. 15, 1956, p. 2-B.

[238] Independent, June 13, 1956, p. 37.

[239] News and Courier, Mar. 16, 1956, p. 1-B; Nov. 24, 1955, p. 1-B.

[240] Record, Nov. 10, 1955, p. 1-B; Morning News, June 15, 1954, p. 10-B; Record, Jan. 14, 1955, p. 1.

[241] News and Courier, June 1, 1954, p. 6; May 26, 1954, p. 1; May 21, 1954, p. 10-A.

[242] Morning News, Mar. 7, 1956, p. 2; June 24, 1955, p. 6-B; Sept. 19, 1955, p. 8-A.

[243] News and Courier, Sept. 20, 1955, p. 8-A; Sept. 22, 1955, p. 14-A; Independent, Sept. 29, 1955, p. 4.

[244] News and Courier, Mar. 16, 1956, p. 1-B; Oct. 22, 1955, p. 1-B; Oct. 19, 1955, p. 12-A.

[245] Independent, May 6, 1954, p. 16.

[246] News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1955, p. 3; Record, Apr. 26, 1956, p. 2-B.

[247] News and Courier, Sept. 19, 1954, p. 14-D; May 4, 1956, p. 16-A.

[248] Independent, May 18, 1954, p. 1; News and Courier, May 20, 1954, p. 15-B.

[249] News and Courier, Oct. 7, 1955, p. 1-B.

[250] Record, June 22, 1955, p. 1.

[251] Independent, June 13, 1956, p. 37.

[252] Morning News, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, Dec. 5, 1955, p. 3; Record, Aug. 5, 1954, p. 4-A.

[253] News and Courier, Jan. 20, 1955, p. 11-A; Sept. 6, 1955, p. 1-B; Independent, July 5, 1954, p. 4.

[254] News and Courier, Sept. 4, 1955, p. 8-A; Independent, Nov. 14, 1956, p. 4; Morning News, Aug. 5, 1956, p. 4-A.

[255] Morning News, Aug. 5, 1956, p. 4-A; Aug. 30, 1956, p. 4-A.

[256] Ibid., Sept. 23, 1956, p. 4-A.

[257] News and Courier, May 28, 1956, p. 6-A; Sept. 8, 1955, p. 1-B; Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1-B; July 15, 1955, p. 12-A.

[258] Ibid., Nov. 21, 1955, p. 10.

[259] Morning News, Sept. 2, 1954, p. 3-A.

[260] News and Courier, Feb. 19, 1955, p. 8-A; Jan. 12, 1955, p. 8-A.

[261] For example there were only two Negro delegates to the state Democratic convention in 1956. Morning News, Mar. 22, 1956, p. 1.

[262] Independent, Aug. 2, 1956, p. 11.

[263] Morning News, Aug. 11, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, May 4, 1956, p. 1-B.

[264] News and Courier, Dec. 30, 1954, p. 12-A.

[265] Independent, Mar. 18, 1956, p. 1.

[266] NAACP Civil Rights Handbook (New York, Apr., 1953), p. 5.

[267] Record, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 4-A.

[268] Ibid., Mar. 26, 1956, p. 1.

[269] News and Courier, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 1-B; Nov. 7, 1954, p. 8-A.

[270] Independent, May 25, 1954, p. 5.

[271] News and Courier, Oct. 16, 1954, p. 7-A.

[272] Record, Sept. 12, 1955, p. 1.

[273] Morning News, June 30, 1955, p. 1.

[274] Ibid., July 1, 1955, p. 4-A; News and Courier, Aug. 11, 1955, p. 14-A.

[275] Morning News, Aug. 21, 1955, p. 3-A.

[276] Record, Sept. 1, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 14, 1955, p. 5-A.

[277] Evans to A. J. Clement, Jr., printed in program of 13th annual session of the state NAACP (1953).

[278] Morning News, Aug. 20, 1955, p. 4-A.

[279] Ibid., Aug. 20, 1954, p. 4-A; May 25, 1954, p. 4; Independent, Nov. 18, 1955, p. 4; Record, May 26, 1954, p. 8-A.

[280] Record, Oct. 11, 1955, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Apr. 2, 1956, p. 6-A; Feb. 15, 1956, p. 10-A.

[281] Record, June 30, 1956, p. 4-A; State, July 20, 1956, p. 5-A.

[282] Record, Dec. 12, 1955, p. 1. In a paper delivered at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Society in Washington, D. C. on August 29, 1957, Professor Wilson Record of Sacramento State College showed the wide divergences between the NAACP and the Communist Party in structure, methods, and basic ideology.

[283] Morning News, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1; Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 19, 1955, p. 4-A.

[284] News and Courier, Oct. 14, 1954, p. 15-A; May 30, 1954, p. 4-A; July 17, 1955, p. 6-A.

[285] Ibid., Aug. 25, 1955, p. 1-B.

[286] Record, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 4-A.

[287] In connection with the use of this system against labor organizers, Rep. Gary Brown of Abbeville County said, “As for unions we don’t have any trouble in the county.... We are expecting to get some new industry and I would pass 50 bills to protect it.” News and Courier, Apr. 22, 1957, p. 8.

[288] Independent, Aug. 24, 1955, p. 6.

[289] Morning News, Aug. 19, 1955, p. 4-A; Mar. 12, 1956, p. 4.

[290] News and Courier, July 20, 1955, p. 1-B; Record, Nov. 22, 1955, p. 4-A.

[291] News and Courier, Nov. 22, 1955, p. 1-B; Morning News, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1; S. C. House Journal (1956), p. 450.

[292] Record, Aug. 11, 1955, p. 4-A; Nov. 4, 1955, p. 7-A.

[293] Morning News, Sept. 22, 1955, p. 4-A.

[294] Myrdal, An American Dilemma, pp. 831, 820, 830.

[295] Record, Feb. 13, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, Feb. 25, 1956, p. 10-A; Dec. 19, 1954, p. 14-A.

[296] Record, Aug. 30, 1955, p. 1; Sept. 12, 1955, p. 1.

CHAPTER VII

[297] Morning News, Aug. 7, 1956, p. 5.

[298] News and Courier, May 19, 1954, p. 4; May 20, 1954, p. 4.

[299] Morning News, May 22, 1954, p. 4.

[300] News and Courier, May 30, 1954, p. 8-A.

[301] Morning News, May 21, 1954, p. 1; July 16, 1954, p. 3-A; Sept. 1, 1954, p. 1.

[302] Record, Jan. 4, 1956, p. 1; Morning News, Jan. 15, 1956, p. 3-B.

[303] News and Courier, July 30, 1956, p. 1.

[304] Independent, July 29, 1955, p. 1; Nov. 4, 1955, p. 28.

[305] News and Courier, Oct. 20, 1954, p. 8-A.

[306] S. C. Senate Journal (1956), p. 55.

[307] News and Courier, Jan. 20, 1955, p. 11-A.

[308] Record, Nov. 4, 1955, p. 7-A.

[309] South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), p. 15.

[310] Independent, June 26, 1956, p. 7.

[311] Morning News, Apr. 27, 1956, p. 10-A.

[312] News and Courier, Jan. 13, 1955, p. 14-A.

[313] Morning News, July 9, 1954, p. 4-A; Aug. 4, 1954, p. 4.

[314] South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), p. 15.

[315] News and Courier, May 21, 1955, p. 6-A.

[316] Ibid., Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; Sept. 8, 1955, p. 1-B; also South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), pp. 14-27; South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), pp. 38-44.

[317] Independent, May 26, 1954, p. 3.

[318] News and Courier, Aug. 9, 1954, p. 4.

[319] Independent, July 25, 1954, p. 4.

[320] News and Courier, Aug. 7, 1954, p. 16.

[321] Ibid., May 30, 1954, p. 8-A; Oct. 29, 1955, p. 8-A; May 25, 1956, p. 4.

[322] Morning News, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1956, p. 5.

[323] News and Courier, Aug. 1, 1955, p. 7-A.

[324] Morning News, May 28, 1954, p. 4.

[325] News and Courier, May 25, 1954, p. 6.

[326] Ibid., Oct. 10, 1954, p. 2-A.

[327] Morning News, Aug. 12, 1955, p. 1; Aug. 7, 1955, p. 1.

[328] News and Courier, June 30, 1955, p. 10-A; S. C. Senate Journal (1956), pp. 52-53.

[329] Independent, Jan. 9, 1956, p. 1.

[330] News and Courier, Mar. 29, 1957, p. 1.

[331] Independent, Oct. 26, 1955, p. 14.

[332] Ibid., Jan. 7, 1956, p. 5. According to the annual report of the state Superintendent of Education for 1953-54 South Carolina received $8,216,840 from the federal government for education in 1952-53 and $5,946,597 for 1953-54. These figures represented 8.88 percent and 4.38 percent respectively of the total school budget.

[333] News and Courier, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 8-A; Record, May 24, 1954, p. 4-A; Morning News, Aug. 26, 1955, p. 4-A.

[334] Independent, Dec. 17, 1955, p. 4; Morning News, July 15, 1956, p. 4-A.

[335] Record, Aug. 15, 1957, p. 1; State, Aug. 19, 1957, p. 4-A; News and Courier, Aug. 17, 1957, p. 6-A.

[336] News and Courier, Nov. 29, 1955, p. 1-B; South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), pp. 19-27.

[337] Morning News, Feb. 9, 1955, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1955, p. 1; Independent, Feb. 23, 1955, p. 1.

[338] Independent, Feb. 11, 1955, p. 4.

[339] News and Courier, Mar. 12, 1955, p. 6-A.

[340] Ibid., May 28, 1955, p. 1.

[341] South Carolina Senate Journal (1955), pp. 134, 652.

[342] Morning News, May 26, 1956, p. 10. A further example of the frame of mind of the legislature was the passage of a resolution which declared that the Confederate Battle Flag symbolized “the divine cause of human freedom for which our forefathers fought and for which the men, women and children of the South displayed a courage and devotion to duty unparalleled in the history of the world.” South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), p. 1185.

[343] News and Courier, Dec. 18, 1955, p. 1.

[344] Morning News, Dec. 29, 1955, p. 1; Feb. 15, 1956, p. 6.

[345] News and Courier, Feb. 7, 1956, p. 1-B.

[346] Record, May 1, 1956, p. 4-A.

[347] Ibid., Jan. 10, 1956, p. 4-A.

[348] Morning News, Dec. 30, 1955, p. 4.

[349] Independent, Feb. 1, 1956, p. 4; Feb. 5, 1956, p. 4.

[350] News and Courier, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 16-A; Dec. 17, 1955, p. 6-A; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 16-A.

[351] South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), p. 164.

[352] Ibid., pp. 150-155.

[353] Morning News, Jan. 11, 1956, p. 1.

[354] South Carolina House Journal (1956), p. 322.

[355] News and Courier, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.

[356] Independent, Feb. 9, 1956, p. 4.

[357] Record, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.

[358] Morning News, Feb. 3, 1956, p. 1.

[359] News and Courier, Sept. 4, 1957, p. 10-A; State, Sept. 5, 1957, p. 4-A; Sept. 7, 1957, p. 4-A.

[360] South Carolina Senate Journal (1956), pp. 387-388.

[361] News and Courier, Jan. 24, 1957, p. 12-A. Most, though not all of South Carolina’s Negro teachers apparently answered these questions satisfactorily. Those who did not lost their jobs. However, when considering this fact one should also bear in mind that the Palmetto Education Association, which represents the state’s approximately 7,000 Negro teachers, adopted a resolution in 1955 stating its approval of the Supreme Court’s desegregation decision and offering its assistance to white school authorities in “discussing, outlining, and implementing plans for universal public education” in South Carolina “within the framework of the recent ruling of the United States Supreme Court.”

[362] Morning News, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1.

[363] Ibid., Feb. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; Jan. 20, 1956, p. 4-A.

[364] Independent, Feb. 21, 1956, p. 1. The quotation from the Walterboro Press and Standard appears in this article.

[365] Record, Feb. 16, 1956, p. 4-A.

[366] News and Courier, July 15, 1955, p. 12-A; Jan. 21, 1956, p. 6-A.

[367] Morning News, Jan. 18, 1956, p. 1; Feb. 18, 1956, p. 7.

[368] Ibid., Mar. 1, 1956, p. 2.

[369] Jerrold Beim, The Swimming Hole, (New York: Morrow and Co., 1950).

[370] This summary of the Swimming Hole affair was taken from Morning News, Mar. 2, 1956, p. 1; Mar. 7, 1956, p. 1; and Mar. 9, 1956, p. 1; South Carolina House Journal (1956), pp. 936-937; Record, Mar. 10, 1956, p. 4-A; and News and Courier, Mar. 8, 1956, p. 16-A.

[371] News and Courier, Apr. 24, 1957, p. 1-B; Apr. 27, 1957, p. 8-A; State, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.

[372] State, Apr. 17, 1957; Apr. 24, 1957.

[373] News and Courier, Mar. 1, 1957, p. 1; Mar. 2, 1957, p. 8-A.

[374] Ibid., Feb. 10, 1957, p. 3-A; Apr. 25, 1957, p. 1; Apr. 8, 1957, p. 12; Jan. 17, 1957, p. 14-A; Mar. 8, 1957, p. 1-B.

[375] Record, May 2, 1957.

[376] State, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1; Sept. 10, 1957, p. 1; Record, Aug. 6, 1957, p. 1.

[377] Record, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 10-A.

[378] Radio WIS broadcast, Sept. 14, 1957.

[379] State, Sept. 21, 1957, p. 3-B.

[380] Morning News, Sept. 24, 1957, p. 4.

[381] Record, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; State, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1; Baltimore Afro-American, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 2.

[382] State, Jan. 1, 1958, p. 1; Jan. 3, 1958, p. 1; Record, Jan. 2, 1958, p. 1; New York Times, Jan. 3, 1958, p. 14.

[383] Record, Jan. 10, 1958, p. 1; State, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1; News and Courier, Jan. 11, 1958, p. 1-B.

[384] Record, Jan. 15, 1958, p. 8-B. On April 9 the South Carolina general assembly provided for a 6 man committee, 3 members from the Senate and 3 from the House, to probe Communism and Communist activities in the state. Ibid., April 9, 1958.

[385] U.P. Wire, Jan. 16, 1958.

[386] State, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; ibid., Jan. 17, 1958, p. 1-B; ibid., Jan. 23, 1958, p. 8-A; Record, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 3-A.

[387] State, Jan. 16, 1958, p. 1; Record, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 3-A.

[388] State, Jan. 17, 1958, p. 1-B.

[389] Record, Jan. 29, 1958, pp. 1, 6-A.

[390] State, Feb. 5, 1958, p. 8-B; Feb. 8, 1958, p. 1-B; Feb. 4, 1958, p. 9-B; Record, Feb. 1, 1958, p. 10-A.

[391] Record, Feb. 14, 1958, p. 6-A; Feb. 20, 1958, p. 1; State, Feb. 25, 1958, p. 9-A.

[392] News and Courier, Dec. 1, 1955, p. 1-B; Dec. 2, 1955, p. 8-A.

[393] S. C. Senate Journal (1956), pp. 226-227.

[394] News and Courier, Apr. 28, 1956, p. 1.

[395] Record, Apr. 23, 1956, p. 1; Apr. 26, 1956, p. 4-A; Morning News, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 1.

[396] Morning News, Apr. 24, 1956, p. 3; News and Courier, Dec. 8, 1955, p. 8-A; S. C. House Journal (1956), p. 15.

[397] Independent, July 24, 1955, p. 1; July 25, 1955, p. 3; Aug. 18, 1955, p. 1.

[398] State, June 26, 1957, p. 4-A.

CHAPTER VIII

[399] News and Courier, Feb. 14, 1956, p. 8-A; Sept. 15, 1956, p. 9-A.

[400] Independent, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 2.

[401] Ibid., May 26, 1954, p. 3; May 27, 1954, p. 22.

[402] Morning News, May 2, 1954, p. 1.

[403] Independent, May 9, 1954, p. 28; May 16, 1955, p. 22; May 19, 1954, p. 2; Morning News, May 2, 1954, p. 1.

[404] Quoted in Independent, June 3, 1954, p. 18.

[405] Record, May 22, 1954, p. 4-A.

[406] News and Courier, Jan. 9, 1956, p. 12; July 31, 1956, p. 8-A.

[407] Record, Apr. 23, 1955, p. 4-A.

[408] News and Courier, Mar. 10, 1956, p. 1-B.

[409] Morning News, Oct. 11, 1956, p. 4-A.

[410] Ibid., Mar. 6, 1956, p. 1.

[411] Ibid., Mar. 27, 1956, p. 1.

[412] S. C. House Journal (1956), pp. 1303-1304.

[413] Record, Mar. 22, 1956, p. 11-C.

[414] Ibid., June 20, 1956, p. 1; July 16, 1956, p. 10-A.

[415] Ibid., Aug. 2, 1956, p. 1; Aug. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.

[416] Morning News, July 13, 1956, p. 4-A.

[417] News and Courier, June 26, 1956, p. 8-A.

[418] Record, Aug. 3, 1956, p. 4-A.

[419] Independent, Aug. 11, 1956, pp. 1, 3.

[420] Morning News, Aug. 16, 1956, p. 2-A.

[421] News and Courier, Aug. 16, 1956, p. 16-A; Aug. 21, 1956, p. 8-A.

[422] Record, Aug. 17, 1956, p. 4-A.

[423] News and Courier, Aug. 19, 1956, p. 14-A; Record, Oct. 31, 1956, p. 4.

[424] Independent, Aug. 17, 1956, p. 4; Aug. 18, 1956, p. 4.

[425] Morning News, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 1.

[426] News and Courier, Aug. 28, 1956, pp. 1, 8-A.

[427] Independent, Feb. 10, 1956, p. 4; Mar. 7, 1956, p. 4.

[428] Morning News, Mar. 21, 1956, p. 4; June 26, 1956, p. 4; Aug. 22, 1956, p. 4.

[429] News and Courier, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 14-A; May 23, 1956, p. 12-A; June 25, 1956, p. 6-A; Aug. 2, 1956, p. 14-A; Aug. 9, 1956, p. 14-A; Aug. 24, 1956, p. 12-A.

[430] Ibid., Aug. 23, 1956, p. 8-A.

[431] Quotations in order are from News and Courier, Aug. 26, 1956, p. 15-A; Aug. 30, 1956, p. 17-A; Sept. 1, 1956, p. 6-A; Sept. 9, 1956, p. 12-A; Sept. 14, 1956, p. 12-A; Aug. 27, 1956 p. 7-A; Aug. 28, 1956, p. 10-A; Sept. 2, 1956, p. 11-A.

[432] Independent, June 6, 1956, p. 8.

[433] Morning News, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 28, 1956, p. 1.

[434] News and Courier, Oct. 2, 1956, p. 8-A.

[435] Ibid., Oct. 4, 1956, p. 1; Sept. 21, 1956, p. 1.

[436] Record, Oct. 25, 1956, p. 2-B.

[437] Morning News, Sept. 28, 1956, p. 6-B.

[438] News and Courier, Oct. 17, 1956, p. 10-A; Oct. 22, 1956, p. 6-A.

[439] Independent, Nov. 4, 1956, p. 28; Oct. 31, 1956, p. 11; News and Courier, Oct. 28, 1956, p. 4-C; Nov. 4, 1956, p. 12-A.

[440] Morning News, Oct. 27, 1956, p. 2-A; News and Courier, Oct. 28, 1956, p. 14-A; Independent, Oct. 27, 1956, p. 1.

[441] Record, Aug. 31, 1956, p. 3-A; News and Courier, Sept. 3, 1956, p. 6-A; Oct. 24, 1956, p. 10-A.

[442] Independent, June 7, 1956, p. 4; Oct. 19, 1956, p. 4; Oct. 24, 1956, p. 4.

[443] Ibid., Oct. 19, 1956, p. 4.

[444] Ibid., Oct. 21, 1956, p. 28; Morning News, Oct. 9, 1956, p. 8; Nov. 2, 1956, p. 9-B.

[445] Independent, Oct. 31, 1956, p. 10; Nov. 2, 1956, p. 5.

[446] Open letter from South Carolina Republican Party, signed by Oscar W. Pitts, chairman, undated.

[447] Morning News, Nov. 1, 1956, p. 1.

[448] Ibid., Oct. 31, 1956, p. 2.

[449] News and Courier, Oct. 22, 1956, p. 8-A.

[450] Ibid., Nov. 14, 1956, p. 12-A.

[451] Morning News, Nov. 8, 1956, p. 9-A.

[452] News and Courier, Jan. 16, 1957, p. 1-B. At the state Democratic Party Convention on March 25, 1958, the “Independent” faction made a bid to capture the party chairmanship but was decisively defeated.

[453] State, Nov. 27, 1956, p. 6-B.

CHAPTER IX

[454] News and Courier, July 18, 1955, p. 6-A; Sept. 21, 1956, p. 15-A; Mar. 27, 1957, p. 10-A.

[455] Morning News, July 1, 1956, p. 4-A.

[456] News and Courier, June 30, 1956, p. 10-A.

[457] Ibid., June 17, 1955, p. 12-A.

[458] Ibid., Jan. 26, 1957, p. 1-B.

[459] Ibid., Jan. 30, 1956, p. 12.

[460] Ibid., Apr. 15, 1955, p. 12-A.

[461] Ibid., May 12, 1956, p. 1; July 3, 1954.

[462] Ibid., Nov. 20, 1954, p. 14.

[463] State, July 15, 1957, p. 4.

[464] News and Courier, Aug. 1, 1957, p. 8-A.

[465] Ibid., Aug. 27, 1957, p. 8-A.

[466] State, Aug. 20, 1957, p. 4-A.

[467] News and Courier, Dec. 13, 1954, p. 8-A; July 3, 1955, p. 14-A; May 8, 1955, p. 14-A.

[468] Ibid., Mar. 3, 1955, p. 14-A; Dec. 18, 1956, p. 10-A.

[469] Ibid., Jan. 30, 1956, p. 12.

[470] Ibid., Aug. 2, 1956, p. 12.

[471] Ibid., Sept. 24, 1957, p. 8-A.

[472] State, Oct. 2, 1957, p. 1.

[473] News and Courier, May 8, 1955, p. 14-A; Oct. 29, 1954, p. 4-A.

[474] Ibid., July 13, 1955, p. 10-A; Feb. 19, 1956, p. 4-A; Independent, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 4.

[475] News and Courier, July 6, 1955, p. 1.

[476] Ibid., July 23, 1955, p. 4-A.

[477] Ibid., Sept. 24, 1957, p. 10-A. Much to the disgust of many members of the faculty, the University of South Carolina awarded David Lawrence an honorary degree in June, 1957.

[478] Ibid., Feb. 1, 1957, p. 1-B.

[479] Record, Apr. 9, 1956, p. 1.

[480] Independent, Apr. 10, 1956, p. 1; Apr. 13, 1956, p. 4; News and Courier, Apr. 11, 1956, p. 10-A.

[481] News and Courier, Feb. 6, 1957, pp. 1, 15-A; Feb. 27, 1957, p. 1.

[482] Ibid., Feb. 27, 1957, p. 1; Feb. 15, 1957, p. 1.

[483] Ibid., Feb. 28, 1957, p. 6-A.

[484] See Walter F. Murphy, “Some Strange New Converts to the Cause of Civil Rights,” Reporter, (June 27, 1957), 13.

[485] Douglass Cater, “How the Senate Passed the Civil-Rights Bill,” ibid. (Sept. 5, 1957), 9.

[486] State, Aug. 12, 1957, p. 1-B; Aug. 24, 1957, p. I; Independent, Aug. 29, 1957, p. 1.

[487] State, Aug. 28, 1957, p. 1-B.

[488] Ibid., p. 1; Record, Aug. 28, 1957, p. 1.

[489] Record, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 1.

[490] New York Times, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1; State, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 1; Record, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 1. Thurmond maintained that only purpose of the filibuster “was to arouse the American people.” He denied that he had broken any agreement with his fellow Southern senators. He contended that the caucus had agreed against an organized filibuster but permitted each individual Senator to “oppose the bill in his own way.” According to Thurmond, “Senator Russell said it would be up to each Senator as to how long he would talk, so a Senator was free to make a long speech if he chose to do so. I chose to make a long one and told Senator Russell in his office the following Wednesday that I was going to make a long speech face.... I spoke 24 hours and 20 minutes and do not think it was too long to talk against such a dangerous bill.” State, Sept. 5, 1957, p. 1-D. Senator Johnston, nettled by the filibuster of his colleague, sent out a circular letter to constituents which by indirection slapped hard at Thurmond. Without comment of his own, Johnston referred to the various criticisms of Thurmond’s action made by his Senatorial colleagues from the South.

[491] Record, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1; News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1.

[492] News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 8-A; Morning News, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 4; State, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 4-A.

[493] Independent, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 4.

[494] Record, Aug. 30, 1957, p. 3; News and Courier, Aug. 31, 1957, p. 1.

[495] State, Sept. 26, 1957, p. 4-A. The Record entitled its editorial comment on President Eisenhower’s sending of troops to Little Rock: “General Eisenhower Succumbs to Hysteria,” Sept. 25, 1957, p. 4-A. “Governor Faubus chose to follow the course of ultimate legal resistance. He made it clear that he would exhaust all avenues of appeal to overturn the injunction,” commented the Morning News, Sept. 22, 1957, p. 4. The Independent praised Governor Faubus for standing up to the pressure of Winthrop Rockefeller and other Arkansas businessmen who allegedly tried to get him to submit to integration without resistance and thus not discourage industrialists from investing in Arkansas. The Independent termed them the “Don’t Rock-the-Boat-Crowd.” Sept. 17, 1957, p. 4; ibid., Sept. 25, 1957, p. 4. Of South Carolina newspapers only the weekly Cheraw Chronicle, which has been an editorial voice of moderation in the state, censured Faubus. “Whatever his motives, Governor Faubus must be curbed,” it asserted. Quoted in News and Courier, Sept. 23, 1957, p. 12.

[496] Record, Sept. 28, 1957, p. 1. State Senator James Hugh McFaddin of Clarendon County also resigned his commission in the U. S. Army Reserve. In a letter to President Eisenhower he wrote: “In good conscience I could not obey the orders now being issued by you to bayonet innocent people and to force school children to eat lunch with undesirables, when the lunch is paid for by their parents.” Ibid., Sept. 30, 1957, p. 1.

[497] State, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 1.

[498] Ibid., Sept. 25, 1957, p. 1-B. The Washington Post and Times Herald editorially blasted Johnston for his remarks which it considered as seditious in character. Cited in Record, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 3-A.

[499] State, Sept. 27, 1957, p. 1.

[500] Ibid., Sept. 26, 1957, p. 1-B.

[501] Ibid., p. 1.

[502] Ibid., p. 1-B.

[503] Ibid., Oct. 7, 1957, p. 1-B.

[504] News and Courier, May 17, 1956, p. 1-B.

[505] Independent, Mar. 29, 1956, p. 4.

[506] Ibid., May 14, 1956, p. 4.

[507] News and Courier, Feb. 25, 1956, p. 8-A; Independent, Dec. 13, 1955, p. 8.

[508] News and Courier, Sept. 3, 1957, p. 10-A.

[509] News and Courier, Apr. 4, 1955, p. 12; July 1, 1956, p. 14-B; Mar. 8, 1955, p. 8-A.

[510] Morning News, Mar. 3, 1955, p. 8-A.

[511] News and Courier, Oct. 4, 1956, p. 1-B; Jan. 15, 1957, p. 1-B.

[512] Ibid., Jan. 16, 1957, p. 1-B.

[513] Ibid., Apr. 13, 1958, p. 10-B.

CHAPTER X

[514] Morning News, Feb. 26, 1956, p. 4.

[515] Record, Oct. 5, 1956, p. 1.

[516] News and Courier, May 30, 1954, p. 4-A; July 18, 1955, p. 6-A; Aug. 24, 1955, p. 10-A; Oct. 6, 1955, p. 6-A; Feb. 2, 1956, p. 14-A.

[517] Ibid., Aug. 29, 1955, p. 6-A.

[518] Ibid., Mar. 16, 1956, p. 16-A; June 20, 1956, p. 12-A.

[519] Ibid., Aug. 10, 1955, p. 1-B.

[520] Independent, July 10, 1954, p. 2.

[521] Record, May 24, 1954, p. 12-A.

[522] News and Courier, Feb. 5, 1956, p. 5-D.

[523] Record, July 2, 1957, p. 1.

[524] Morning News, July 16, 1957, p. 1.

[525] South Carolinians Speak: A Moderate Approach to Race Relations (Dillon, S. C., 1958).

[526] Record, Nov. 20, 1957, p. 1-A.

[527] News and Courier, Oct. 23, 1957, p. 10-A.

[528] South Carolinians Speak, p. 72.

[529] Ibid., p. 69.

[530] Record, Nov. 20, 1957, p. 1.

[531] Ibid., Dec. 7, 1957, p. 1.

[532] State, Nov. 28, 1957, p. 9-A.

[533] Ibid., Jan. 4, 1958, p. 1-B; Record, Jan. 13, 1958, p. 2.

[534] Ibid., May 19, 1954, p. 4; Feb. 5, 1956, p. 5-D; Mar. 26, 1957, p. 5.

[535] Ibid., Feb. 5, 1956, p. 5-D.

[536] Morning News, Dec. 5, 1956, p. 6; News and Courier, Aug. 8, 1955, p. 7-A; Oct. 12, 1954, p. 4-A; Sept. 3, 1955, p. 6-A.

[537] This summary of the Travelstead affair was taken largely from Chester C. Travelstead, “Turmoil in the Deep South,” School and Society, LXXXIII (Apr. 28, 1956), 143-147; and Harry L. Golden, “No Dissent in Dixie,” Nation, CLXXXI (Dec. 17, 1955), inside cover page.

[538] This summary of student reaction was taken from the Gamecock (University of South Carolina), Dec. 2, 1955, p. 2; Dec. 9, 1955, pp. 2, 6.

[539] News and Courier, Nov. 25, 1955, p. 12-A.

[540] Morning News, Nov. 26, 1955, p. 4.

[541] Ibid., May 13, 1954, p. 4; June 2, 1955, p. 4-A; June 3, 1955, p. 4-A; June 17, 1955, p. 4-A; Jan. 29, 1956, p. 4-A; May 2, 1956, p. 10.

[542] Ibid., Feb. 26, 1956, p. 4.

[543] “Retreat from Reason,” Time, LXVII (Apr. 2, 1956), 85.

[544] Morning News, Mar. 11, 1956, p. 4-A.

[545] Ibid., Apr. 1, 1956, p. 4-A.

[546] News and Courier, Mar. 30, 1956, p. 12-A; Nov. 26, 1956, p. 6-A.

CHAPTER XI

[547] Francis B. Simkins, “Tolerating the South’s Past,” Journal of Southern History, XXI (Feb. 1955), 5.

[548] Herbert R. Sass, “Mixed Schools and Mixed Blood,” Atlantic Monthly, CXCVIII (Nov. 1956), 45-49.

[549] News and Courier, Sept. 3, 1955, p. 6-A.

[550] Ibid., Apr. 24, 1955, p. 10-A.

[551] Franz Boaz, Race, Language, Culture (New York, Macmillan Co., 1940), pp. 19-21.

[552] News and Courier, Apr. 14, 1955, p. 16-A; Sept. 6, 1955, p. 9-A.

[553] Morning News, Feb. 28, 1956, p. 10.

[554] News and Courier, May 8, 1955, p. 14-A; Feb. 19, 1955, p. 12-A; Feb. 25, 1956, p. 8-A.

[555] Ibid., July 3, 1955, p. 14-A; July 14, 1954, p. 4.

[556] Record, Aug. 20, 1954, p. 4-A; May 20, 1954, p. 4-A.

[557] News and Courier, Feb. 27, 1956, p. 12; Record, July 7, 1956, p. 4-A.

[558] Morning News, Dec. 16, 1956, p. 11-A; News and Courier, Dec. 10, 1954, p. 12-A.

[559] News and Courier, Dec. 13, 1954, p. 8-A.

[560] Ibid., July 7, 1955, p. 15-A; Sept. 5, 1954, p. 8-A.

[561] Morning News, Dec. 16, 1956, p. 11-A.

[562] News and Courier, June 26, 1954, p. 4.